Hello dear readers, today we will present to your attention best cars THE USSR. As you understand, our TOP will include those cars that were popular among the population of the Soviet Union back in the middle of the 20th century. Perhaps you will meet some of them on the modern roads of the country. The list will be quite large, so I propose to immediately proceed to its consideration.
ZAZ 968
The well-known "Zaporozhets" was quite popular during the Soviet Union. In particular, this applies to the ZAZ 968 model. It was the dream of many. It was produced right up to 1994, but with the advent of more perfect technology gradually faded into history. Special modifications of this Zaporozhye giant were created, which were specially intended for the disabled. Engine power of 30 liters. With. in those years it was quite enough for trips around the city. In those days, in the first place was not speed, but quality. ZAZ 968 fully met the needs of the inhabitants of the Soviet Union.
Moskvich 412
This is the ninth place in our ranking. Even today you can find this model on the roads of our country. The peak of popularity of the steel horse came in the mid-70s. An engine capacity of 1.5 liters was enough to compete even with foreign brands which were quite rare then. Motor power - 72 liters. With. For the time it was pretty good. Our country in the 70s even exported the model to foreign countries. Moreover, the geography of distribution was quite wide.
VAZ 2107
The famous seven, which has not been published for just a couple of years, is in 8th place in our rating. In the early 80s, this particular brand was one of the most popular. Then she did it conscientiously. Engine power - 74 liters. With. It's just perfect for that time. At the same time, the car was very economical, and consumed only 7 liters of gasoline per 100 km. The design for that time is simply progressive. Today, a used model can be purchased at any car market for acceptable price, but since the 90s, the quality of the brand has deteriorated significantly.
GAZ 12 ZIM
Just luxury car, which was produced in the Soviet Union from 1948 to 1960. During that period, the peak of its popularity falls. Today it can only be found in the collection of rich oligarchs. The engine of the brand worked on the 72nd gasoline. The engine power was enough for the city of that time. This work of art was sometimes used as a taxi.
VAZ 2103
Sixth place goes to the VAZ 2103. A typical Zhiguli, which was developed jointly with the Italian company Fiat. It was produced at the Volga Automobile Plant from 1972 to 1984. The four-cylinder engine was capable of accelerating to hundreds in 16 seconds. Its power was 77 liters. With. Today, cars can be found on the streets of our country, but every year there are fewer and fewer representatives of this family.
VAZ 2108
The top five is opened by the VAZ 2108, which in the mid-80s made a revolutionary revolution in terms of design. After that, Soviet brands began to have a very respectable appearance. Years of release - 1984-2003. The standard engine had a power of 64 hp. With. At the same time, it allowed to accelerate to a speed of 100 km / h in 15 s. A very economical brand that consumed only 5.4 l / 100 km.
GAZ 2410
Our beloved Volga is on the 4th position of our list. It was produced for a relatively short time, only 7 years, starting in 1985 and ending in 1992. 2.5 liter engine had a capacity of 100 liters. With. For that time, very good indicators. At the same time, a person bought at his disposal a fairly roomy steel horse. There is even a limousine.
Volga 21
Volga 21 opens the top three. It was produced from 1955 to 1970. iron Horse in several modifications at once. At the same time, it was accessible to the middle class of the population of the Soviet Union. Perhaps that is why it became popular. The 2.5-liter engine had a power of 75 hp. With. Today, a car can be found on the roads of the country, but this happens less and less. The model cannot be called economical. It consumes in mixed mode 15 l / 100 km.
VAZ 2101
The penny is in the second position. This is definitely the most popular brand which has been in production for a long time. Official figures speak of 18 years of fruitful work of AvtoVAZ engineers. The 1.2 liter engine had a power of 62 hp. With. Even today you can meet this classic representative of the VAZ on the roads of our country. This speaks of the quality of production that existed in the middle of the 20th century at the plant. The brand accelerates rather slowly. Up to a hundred will have to accelerate it in about 20 s. With all this, its efficiency and reliability allows it to be located on the 2nd place in the hit parade.
GAZ 13 "Seagull"
It is this model that becomes the leader, and is rightfully considered the best of those that were produced in the USSR. From 1959 to 1981, she simply had no equal in terms of elegance. It was mostly ridden simple people, and representatives of high ranks, emphasizing their status. The engine displacement was 5.5 liters. At the same time, its power was 195 hp. With. A real monster of the time. He had 8 cylinders and 16 valves, which for that time was an undoubted progress. Few foreign cars could compare with the GAZ 13 in terms of performance.
Finally
Behind last years the territory of the former Union was flooded with cars made not in its expanses. Reliable and strict Germans, creative and sophisticated Japanese, stylish and powerful Americans, cheap French and sickening Chinese ... since foreign cars came, Soviet manufacturers are in the deepest ass! There are an order of magnitude more Cayennes and Escalades on the streets of Kyiv, Moscow, Minsk and those than Muscovites, Volga or Niv.
But what were they, the cars of the USSR? And how would we see them today, without the Internet and digital photography?..
In 1916, the Ryabushinskys concluded an agreement with the tsarist government for the construction of an automobile plant in Moscow and the production of trucks for the needs of the Imperial Army. The Fiat 15 Ter developed in 1912 was chosen as the base model of the car, which proved itself well in off-road conditions in the colonial wars of Italy. The plant was founded and received the name of the Moscow Automobile Society (AMO). Before the revolution, it was possible to assemble about a thousand cars from ready-made kits, but it was not possible to create their own production facilities.
In the early 1920s, the Labor and Defense Council allocated funds for the creation of a truck. The same Fiat was chosen for the sample. There were two reference copies and partially documentation.
The automobile industry of the Soviet Union started on November 7, 1924. On that day, Moscow saw the first cars of the country's first automobile plant. They passed through Red Square during the October parade - ten red trucks AMO-F15, which were manufactured at the plant, whose brand is known to everyone today as ZIL. The F-15 was produced with a power of 35 hp. and a volume of 4.4 liters. A year later, the first domestic 3-ton trucks were assembled in Yaroslavl, and in 1928 the first four- and five-ton trucks ... but we will talk about Soviet passenger cars mobiles
NAMI-1 (1927-1932), maximum speed 70 km/h, power 20 hp. With. First mass-produced passenger car Soviet Russia, approximately 370 copies were produced. The features of NAMI-1 included a spinal frame - a pipe with a diameter of 135 mm, an engine air cooling, the absence of a differential, which, in combination with a ground clearance of 225 mm, provided good cross-country ability, but affected increased wear tires. There were no instruments in NAMI-1, and the body had one door for each row of seats.
The Spartak plant, the former crew factory of P. Ilyin, where production was launched, did not have the equipment and experience for a full-fledged automotive production. In particular, therefore, the reliability of NAMI-1 caused a lot of criticism. In 1929, the car was modernized: the engine was boosted, a speedometer and an electric starter were installed. There were plans to transfer the production of NAMI-1 to the Izhora plant in Leningrad. However, this was never done, and in October 1930, the release of NAMI-1 was stopped.
The GAZ-A passenger car was manufactured according to the drawings of the American company Ford (1932-1936). Despite this, it was already somewhat different from the American prototypes: for the Russian version, the clutch housing and steering gear were reinforced. Max Speed 90 km/h, power 40 hp
Passenger car L-1 (1933-1934), maximum speed 115 km/h, power 105 hp. By 1932, the Krasny Putilovets plant (since 1934, the Kirov Plant) stopped producing obsolete Fordson-Putilovets wheeled tractors, and a group of plant specialists put forward the idea to organize the production of representative cars. The prototype of the car, which received the name "Leningrad-1" (or "L-1") was the American "Buick-32-90" in 1932. It was a very perfect and complex (5450 parts) car.
Passenger car GAZ-M-1 (1936-1940), maximum speed 100 km/h, power 50 hp On the basis of the GAZ-M1, modifications of the "taxi" were produced, as well as the "pickup" GAZ-415 (1939-1941). In total, 62,888 GAZ-M1 vehicles left the assembly line, and several hundred have survived to this day. Chassis this model exhibited in automotive department Polytechnic Museum in Moscow.
KIM-10 is the first Soviet mass-produced small car.
1940-41, top speed 90 km/h, power 26 hp
Passenger car ZIS-101. 1936-1941, top speed 120 km/h, power 110 hp
This model has been distinguished by many technical solutions, not previously encountered in practice domestic automotive industry. Among them: dual carburetor, thermostat in the cooling system, damper torsional vibrations on crankshaft engine, synchronizers in the gearbox, body heater and radio.
The car had a dependent spring suspension of all wheels, a spar frame, a vacuum brake booster, rod-driven valves located in the cylinder head. After modernization (in 1940), she received the ZIS-101A index.
Passenger car GAZ-11-73. 1940-1948, top speed 120 km/h, power 76 hp
Passenger car GAZ-61 (1941-1948). Maximum speed 100 km / h, power 85 hp.
Passenger car GAZ-M-20 VICTORY (1946-1958). Maximum speed 105 km / h, power 52 hp. Unique car Soviet automobile industry.
The GAZ-M20 prototype appeared in 1944. In terms of the design of the body-front suspension, the car was very close to the Opel-Kapitan, but on the whole it looked fresh and original, but it became especially obvious in the first post-war years, when they began to mass production"victories", and leading European firms revived the production of pre-war models. On prototypes of the GAZ M20 Pobeda, there was a b-cylinder engine;
In 1948, due to design flaws (the car was put on the conveyor in a terrible hurry), the assembly was suspended and resumed in the fall of 1949. Since then, the car has been reputed to be strong, reliable, unpretentious. Until 1955, a version with a 50-horsepower engine was built, then the M20 V version was modernized, in particular, with a 2-horsepower boost. motor. In small quantities for special services, the GAZ-M20 G was produced with a 90-horsepower 6-cylinder engine. In 1949-1954. built 14,222 convertibles - now the rarest modification. In total, until May 1958, 235,999 "victories" were made.
"ZIS-110" (1946-1958), maximum speed 140 km/h, power 140 hp
ZIS-110, a "representative" comfortable limousine, was indeed a design that took into account all the latest achievements at that time automotive technology. This is the first novelty that our industry mastered in the first peaceful year. The design of the car began in 1943, back in the war years, on September 20, 1944, samples of the car were approved by the government, and a year later, in August 1945, the first batch was already being assembled. In 10 months - an unheard of short time - the plant completed the necessary drawings, developed the technology, prepared the necessary tooling and equipment. Suffice it to recall that when the plant mastered the production of ZIS-101 cars in 1936, the preparation for their production took almost a year and a half. At the same time, it should be taken into account that all the most complex equipment is dies for manufacturing body parts, frame spars, conductors for welding body components - were obtained from the USA. For the ZIS-110, everything was made on their own.
"Moskvich-401" (1954-1956), maximum speed 90 km/h, power 26 hp
Moskvich-401 is actually not even a copy, but in its purest form Opel Kadett K38 of the 1938 model, with the exception of the doors. Some believe that the rear door stamps were lost in transit from Rüsselsheim and were remade. But the K38 was also produced with a 2-door, so it is possible that the stamps of this particular version of the car were taken out. The commander of the American occupation zone did not take the money brought by the Soviet delegation, and ordered to give the Russians everything they needed from the Opel factory. On December 4, 1946, the first Moskvich was assembled.
Indexes 400 and 401 - factory designations of engines. The rest indicate the body model: 420 - sedan, 420A - convertible. In 1954 there appeared more powerful model engine - 401. And the latest Moskvich-401s were equipped with new Moskvich-402 engines.
Passenger car MOSKVICH-402 (1956-1958), maximum speed 105 km/h, power 35 hp.
"GAZ-M-12 ZIM" (1950-1959), maximum speed 120 km/h, power 90 hp Engine. At its core, this is a six-cylinder GAZ-11 engine, the design of which the Gorky residents began in 1937. Its release was launched in 1940, and it was used on GAZ-11-73 and GAZ-61 cars, as well as on light tanks and self-propelled guns of the Great Patriotic War and GAZ-51 trucks.
"GAZ-13 CHAYKA" (1959-1975), maximum speed 160 km/h, power 195 hp. With.
Soviet dream car, made in the image and likeness of the Detroit Baroque.
"Seagull" was equipped with a V-shaped 5.5-liter engine, X-shaped frame, automatic transmission (!!! 1959 in the yard), the salon consisted of 7 seats. 195 l. With. Under the hood good acceleration, moderate consumption - what else is needed for complete happiness? But to say all this about "The Seagull" is to say nothing.
"The Seagull" appeared in 1959, at the very height of the Khrushchev thaw. After the gloomy "ZIS" and the gloomy "ZIM", she was distinguished by a surprisingly human, if not feminine, face. True, this face was created in other parts: in terms of design, the GAZ-13 was an unscrupulous copy of the last Packard family - the Patrician and Caribbean models. And far from the first copy, first with Packard they made a ZIL-111 for members of the Politburo, and later they decided to make a simpler limousine to replace the ZIMs.
"GAZ 21R VOLGA" (1965-1970), maximum speed 130 km/h, power 75 hp
"GAZ-24 VOLGA" (1968-1975), maximum speed 145 km/h, power 95 hp
"Volga GAZ-24", which got on the conveyor on July 15, 1970, was created for 6 whole years. Inventing a new car is not an easy task, but the Soviet automakers of the sixties knew the way. And when they received an order to prepare a replacement for the beautiful, but too ancient Volga GAZ-21, they did not suffer from doubts and remorse. They brought three overseas cars - "Ford Falcon", "Plymouth Valiant", "Buick Special" 60-61 years - and, armed with adjustable wrenches, screwdrivers and other tools for analysis, they began to learn from experience.
As a result, "24th" has become a real automotive revelation (compared to its predecessor "21R"). Judge for yourself: the dimensions have decreased, and the wheelbase has increased, the width has remained the same, but the interior has become more spacious, and the trunk is completely huge. In general, a typical case of "more inside than outside".
"ZAZ-965A ZAPOROZHETS" (1963-1969), maximum speed 90 km/h, power 27 hp
On November 22, 1960, the first batch of brand new cars, serially named ZAZ-965, went to happy customers. Which soon lined up a huge queue, since the price for the "Zaporozhets" was set very reasonable - about 1200 rubles. Then it was about the annual average salary.
Strange as it may seem now, but then the ZAZ-965 was more popular with the intelligentsia than with workers or collective farmers. The reason for this was in many ways too tiny trunk, which could not be loaded with bags of vegetables. The problem was solved only by the creation of a lattice pallet, fixed on the roof of the car, on which they immediately began to load half a ton of potatoes, then a whole stack of hay, which made the Zaporozhets look like Asian donkeys.
ZAZ-968 Zaporozhets, maximum speed 120 km/h, power 45 hp
ZAZ-968 was produced from 1972 to 1980. He had such features as an improved MeMZ-968 engine with an increase to 1.2 liters. displacement, while its power increased to 31 kW (42 hp).
He conquered space and launched a technology race that turned the whole world upside down in the future. world history. Thanks to best minds The USSR will then begin to develop the space industry. Together with space technologies, science and medicine, the automobile industry also developed in a large country. However, despite serious progress, the USSR lagged behind other countries in the automotive industry. But this does not mean at all that Soviet cars are bad. Meet the most famous representatives domestic auto industry, which today are considered retro classics.
The birth of the domestic auto industry
In 1927, the head of the Soviet Union, Stalin, demanded that during the first five-year plan - from 1928 to 1932 - a powerful and competitive automobile industry be created in the country. At that time, in comparison with the countries of Europe and the USA, the auto industry was virtually absent in the country, and the USSR was not a competitor for the world's auto giants. However, due to the rapid development of industrialization, by the middle of 1928, there were more than 3 million people employed in the production of automobiles.
When the first five-year plan ended, more than 6 million people were already working in the auto industry. Thanks to this plan, a new social class was formed in the USSR - these are workers for the automotive industry with good incomes for that time. But although a huge number of jobs were created and the standard of living grew, for many a car was a luxury even then. bought only wealthy working class. This is taking into account the fact that the capacity of car factories by 1932 reached about 2.3 million copies.
KIM: small car
The head of the auto industry in August 1938 proposes to develop and launch the production of small cars. It was planned to establish it at the Moscow car assembly plant created in honor of KIM.
To develop the car, a design department was formed at the plant. The process was led by a specialist from NATI A. N. Ostrovtsev. GAZ specialists worked on the design and construction of the body. To make the development go faster, they decided to take the American Ford Perfect, which was produced at that time in the UK, as a basis. The solutions that Ford engineers used were well known to engineers from the USSR - several car models based on Ford A and AA were already produced in the country. Although the English car was taken as the basis, the body design is completely Soviet. GAZ specialists worked on it. During the process, they created two options - a model with a closed body and two doors, as well as an open phaeton. Interestingly, the car was produced on equipment from the USA.
It was planned to connect many factories of the USSR to production. So, frames, springs, forgings were to be manufactured at ZIS. At GAZ, the main body parts and castings were made. A huge number of the most different industries it was supposed to provide the assembly shop with everything necessary - glasses, tires, upholstery materials, as well as all the details that simply could not be manufactured at KIM.
Exterior
The model was called KIM-10, and at that time it was a serious step for the entire automotive industry.
The appearance of the car was newer and fresher than the others. Soviet cars. The body shape and overall design practically did not differ from foreign samples. The body of this car was very progressive for its time.
The hood opened up and was of the alligator type. In order to open it, the designers created a nose decoration. The sides of the hood served as fairings for the headlights. The doors were wide enough in size, they were additionally equipped with swivel windows. Side windows could be dropped.
Design features
In addition to modern ideas, more conservative solutions were used at the time of the creation of this car. So, an engine with a lower valve arrangement did not have mechanisms for adjusting them. The connecting rod bearings were filled with babbitt. The thermosiphon cooling system is already outdated, but was used on KIM-10. Also among the conservative solutions are dependent suspension system, mechanical brakes. The turn signals were of the semaphore type.
Specifications
This car was made in two types of bodies - a two-door sedan and a phaeton with side parts. The car could accommodate four passengers.
The length of the body was 3960 mm, width - 1480 mm, height -1650 mm. Clearance - 210 mm. IN fuel tank fit 100 liters of fuel.
The engine was located in the front, longitudinally. It was a 4-cylinder carbureted four-stroke power unit. Its volume was 1170 cubic meters. see. The engine gave out 30 liters. With. at 4000 thousand revolutions. The motor was paired with a three-speed manual transmission. The car had rear-wheel drive, and its fuel consumption was only 8 liters per 100 kilometers.
The history of this machine ended in 1941.
Car GAZ-13 "Seagull"
The need for this car arose in the 50s. So, in the USSR they had to create a representative-level car that would correspond fashion trends that time. The designers also developed the project ZiS and ZIL. In addition, the ZIL-111 car is already outdated.
The result of the work of GAZ specialists was presented to the public in 1956. The car was launched into mass production only two years later, in the 59th. For those 22 years that this model was produced, only 3189 copies were produced. The eminent designer Eremeev worked on the legendary design of the described car. In the exterior of the car, you can trace the features
GAZ-13 "Seagull" became the way it was later remembered, far from immediately. In the process of working on the body, two options were created. From production models they were different rear lights, front sidelights, wheel arch moldings and frame windshield.
Specifications
This car was huge. The layout is front-engine, and rear-wheel drive. Surprisingly, even then a three-stage hydromechanical box gears.
There were two engines - GAZ-13 and GAZ-13D. These are eight-cylinder V-engines volume of 5.5 liters. But the first unit was calculated on A-93 gasoline, and the second on A-100. Also, the second motor differs more a high degree compression and a power of 215 hp. The first unit had a capacity of 195 liters. With. The design of the motor was innovative - this is an aluminum cylinder head and valves.
The engine was equipped liquid cooled and a carburetor consisting of four chambers. The motor, together with the automatic transmission, could accelerate the car up to 160 km. Up to 100 km, the car accelerated in 20 seconds.
As for fuel consumption, in the combined cycle the car consumed 18 liters per 100 kilometers. The automatic transmission allowed the use of three gears - this is neutral, first gear, movement and reverse. I had to switch them using the keys on the dashboard.
Modifications
So, GAZ-13 is the base model. Three rows of seats were installed in the back of the cabin, and the prototypes differed significantly in equipment from the serial ones.
GAZ-13A is the same basic model, but a partition was installed in the cabin between passengers and the driver.
13B is a convertible car, this modification was used in military parades.
13C is a station wagon. This modification did not enter the series. In total, about twenty such machines were produced.
Subcompact car "Moskvich" -400
This is the next model after KIM-10-52. Work on the car started after the war, in early 1946. Also after the war, the plant changed its name to Moskvich. This one should have been created before the war.
The car was made in the image and likeness of the Opel Kadett K38, which was developed in General Motors at 38. All the equipment was taken to Germany, the stamps for the production of bodies could not be saved, so they had to create their own, Soviet ones.
This car was developed by domestic and German engineers. The cost of the car, according to various sources, is from 8,000 to 9,000 rubles. It was a lot of money, and at first only a few could afford the new Moskvich-400, but in the 50s the well-being of people increased, and a whole queue lined up behind the car.
Exterior
Opel Kadett K38 was used as a basis. Stalin really liked the car, and he ordered that an exact copy be made in the USSR. It must be said that Opel was created in Germany before the war, and in the 40s the whole structure, together with the design, was very outdated. Opel at that time produced more interesting models, but no one dared to argue with Stalin. Later, the appearance will be updated a bit, but this will not affect the body.
Engine
Since there was no documentation on the power unit in Germany, Soviet engineers developed new motor. The car was equipped with a four-cylinder eight-valve unit, the power of which was only 23 liters. With. with a working volume of 1100 cubic meters. see Motor worked with a pair of three-speed manual transmission. The power unit was created for A-66 fuel. Consumption was 8 liters per 100 kilometers at a maximum speed of 90 km/h.
GAS
A lot of different interesting models were produced at this plant. One of them is GAZ A. The history of the car begins in Detroit. It was then that old man Henry Ford decided that the Ford T was simply hopelessly outdated. And he took it off the assembly line. Instead, model A was launched. First of all, the engine was finalized - after the transformation, its power changed from 23 hp With. up to 40. The volume increased to 3.2 liters. Also in the car was a dry single-plate clutch.
Then Ford created a truck - AA on the basis of passenger car A, and then a three-axle AAA machine went to the conveyor. It is this unified and generally universal car liked by the Soviet leaders. Based on it, they decided to create a simple, reliable and technologically advanced Soviet passenger car. So GAZ A was born. The model was produced from 1932 to 1938.
Design
The bumper was a failure of two elastic strips of steel. The radiator was covered with nickel, and the first nameplate adorned it. The wheels were equipped with wire spokes - their peculiarity was that they did not require adjustment.
Triplex glass was used for the windshield. It had a gas cap in front of it. The tank itself was on the back wall engine compartment- so it was possible to exclude the gasoline pump from the design. Gasoline got into the carburetor by gravity.
These Soviet cars were produced in a chaise-type body for 5 seats. In the event of rain, a tarpaulin awning could be pulled up.
Salon
The steering wheel was black, and the material for it was ebonite. Next to the signal on the steering wheel, the designers placed special levers - with the help of the first, the ignition timing was adjusted, and the second served to supply gas. The speedometer was a drum with numbers. Below the gas pedal, a special heel stand was installed.
Design features
If you disassemble the car, then only 21 bearings will be typed. It was also used, there was no possibility to adjust the valve, a low compression ratio of the engine - 4.2. As a suspension, transverse springs were used.
A little later, this model will be replaced by the GAZ M-1 sedan, which is also based on the Ford A, but modified for off-road patency. So, they increased the strength of the body, strengthened the suspension. The voracious 3.2-liter engine was modified so that its power increased to 50 liters. With.
This GAZ M-1 off-road limousine entered the series in 1936. Released more than 60,000 copies. It was a very successful model.
These are Soviet passenger cars in a body type "sedan". In mass production, the car was launched in 56, and it continued until the 70s. This is the most successful model domestic auto industry.
Development began in 1952. Initially, they worked on the M21 models. L. Eremeev and artist Williams worked on the design. In 1953, the first mock-ups of the M21 were created, the Williams project did not fit. Then, in the spring of 1954, the first prototypes of the Volga GAZ-21 were assembled.
Tests were carried out, during which the cars showed good results. The new "Volga" turned out to be economical, significantly superior in terms of dynamic characteristics to ZIM. In addition, the car has a unique design.
The first models were equipped with a lower-valve engine, its working volume was 2.4 liters. Engine power was already 65 hp. With. This is a motor from Pobeda, which was boosted at the factory. Paired with the power unit, a three-speed manual gearbox worked.
The owners of the car "Volga" (GAZ-21) talked about the high resistance of the body to corrosion, about the good cross-country ability of the car. Today it is already a retro car, and you can see its representatives in private collections.
GAZ-24
Later, in 1968, the GAZ-24 was released on the basis of this car. The car was produced in two bodies - sedan and station wagon. At one time it was the most prestigious car. The model began to be developed immediately after the launch of the 21st Volga. The car managed to survive three restyling, the design gravitated to the features american cars. But there were original features in the exterior, which gave the body swiftness.
Vehicle Specifications
GAZ-24 was produced, as already noted, in two bodies. Ground clearance was 180 mm. The engine was located in front of the longitudinal. As the power unit was chosen gasoline engine 2.4 l. Its power was 95 liters. With. He worked in tandem with a four-speed manual transmission. Fuel consumption - 13 liters per 100 km. With this unit, the maximum speed is 145 km / h.
On the basis of the described Volga, many different modifications were then released. They also produced models for export. Finished production in 1985.
I must say that Soviet cars are much more interesting than those that are produced today. It is now that everything seems uninteresting to modern people, but then each new model was a real treat for motorists. These cars are now being filmed in films, are in museums and private collections, the ZIS-110 car is very popular abroad, including in the USA and Europe. Many motorists give huge sums for the purchase and restoration of such cars. This is real retro. And let them scold the domestic auto industry, but back then in our country they knew how to make good cars.
We all love our auto industry very much, we don’t have a soul in it. But at the same time, many of us are not aware of the opportunities that Soviet engineers and designers were endowed with. And the possibilities were almost limitless.
Here I have compiled a list of rare, unique and simply unusual Soviet cars that you will never see with your own eyes.
I am proud of the Soviet engineers and resent the Soviet officials, who spoiled a lot of promising developments.
And what technological backlog was lost as a result of Perestroika is simply incomprehensible to the mind.
I promise it will be interesting.
Let's start with government projects in the automotive industry.
PROTOTYPES
GAZ-62 - our answer to the Americans
GAZ-62 (1952) - a prototype of an army off-road vehicle, created to replace the Dodge 3/4, which had proven itself in the army during the war (which was supplied to the USSR under lend-lease).
The car had dimensions 5000x2100x1800 mm and wheelbase size 2850 mm, was designed to carry 12 people or 1200 kg of cargo, the maximum speed of the all-terrain vehicle was 85 km / h. A 6-cylinder 76-horsepower engine was used as a power unit.
A number of progressive solutions for that time were used in the design of this car: to prevent the ingress of water, dirt and sand, the drum wheel brakes were sealed, rubber pads in the seals of the springs reduced the amount of maintenance. The all-terrain vehicle was distinguished by comfort: there was a powerful heater with a windshield blower, and rear springs possessed variable stiffness providing a high level of smoothness.
In addition to the main passenger version, a cargo modification of the car was also developed - GAZ-62A with an enlarged body and a horizontal spare wheel.
GAZ-62 passed all the necessary tests and in 1958 was demonstrated as a promising model of the Gorky Automobile Plant at the All-Union Industrial Exhibition in Moscow (later - VDNH), but for unknown reasons it was not put into production.
ZIS-E134 layout No. 1
In the summer of 1954, the newly formed SCV ZIS, which initially numbered only 20 people, was given the task of creating a fundamentally new medium multi-purpose four-axle (8 × 8) ultra-high cross-country vehicle (aka the ATK-6 high-speed artillery tractor) with a payload capacity of 5 -6 t.
Since there was no experience in developing such machines, to study the issues of increasing cross-country ability wheeled vehicles, as well as to assess the influence of individual design parameters on the patency during July-August 1955, an experimental four-axle (8 × 8) truck ZIS-E134 layout No. 1 was built.
Experienced ZIL-E134 proved its worth. Practically not inferior to the caterpillar tractor in terms of cross-country ability and traction, it had a number of significant advantages - higher speed on the highway and a running gear resource, cheaper operation. The tests carried out made it possible to identify the directions further research. Both the developer and the customer wanted to see a more advanced machine. According to the requirements of the military, its carrying capacity was to be at least 6 tons, the weight of the towed gun doubled. Nevertheless, the invaluable experience gained in the design, construction and testing of the ZIL-E134 layout No. 1 gave confidence in the successful completion of the new task at a high technical level.
ZIS-E134 layout No. 2
In order to determine the parameters and constructive solutions on April 9, 1956, a prototype 8 × 8 ZIS-E134 layout No. 2 was built. It differed from its predecessor in a displacement body, the absence of an elastic wheel suspension (based on the experience of testing the ZIS-E134 model No. 1), the presence of a water cannon (not installed immediately) with a swivel nozzle that performs the functions of a water rudder. Working wheel the water cannon was borrowed from the PT-76 tank. By power plant, transmission, propulsion and control system new car did not differ from the ZIS-E134 layout No. 1.
MAZ-505
MAZ-505 (1962) - experienced four wheel drive truck with an onboard platform, created for the army. This model did not go into mass production, most likely giving way to another novelty of those years - the GAZ-66.
ZIL-132R - super truck for the agricultural industry
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The machine, created under the leadership of the chief designer A. I. Filippov in the department of the chief designer of the ZIL, headed by V. A. Grachev, had a number of interesting features. The chassis had a uniform placement of three (2100 + 2100 mm) axles along the base, the power unit (ZIL-130 engine, boosted to 165 hp) with a clutch and gearbox was located between the first and second axles, and a fiberglass cabin with steel doors - in front of the engine. The transmission was carried out according to the n-shaped scheme, that is, with on-board distribution of the power flow so that the wheels of each side had a rigid (non-differential) kinematic connection with each other. The double-disk clutch was supplied with a hydraulic drive, and the mechanical 5-speed gearbox was equipped with a remote control. The cylindrical differential of the inter-board transfer case was equipped with a locking mechanism. A power take-off mechanism with a hydraulic pump was mounted on the gearbox to drive a tipper body or fertilizer application equipment.
The change in direction of movement was provided by turning the front and rear steered wheels due to the hydraulic system without a rigid connection between the front and rear controlled axles. Tires 16.00-20 with a diameter of about 1400 mm were installed on the car, which, in combination with an independent suspension, provided ground clearance from 480 to 590 mm, centralized system air pressure control in tires and ventilated disc brakes with dual-circuit hydraulic drive, which were not located in the wheel hubs, but on the final drives of the front and rear steered wheels. Among the serial trucks ZIL-132 R at that time there was no equal. Moreover, the cross-country performance of the car was so high that it freely competed, and in many cases surpassed caterpillar tractors used in the countryside.
But the car was built in single copy.
ZIL-E167 - snowmobile off-road
ZIL-E167 (1963) - experimental wheeled all-terrain vehicle off-road, designed for use in complete off-road conditions in adverse climatic conditions. The machine was created using components and assemblies from the 135L chassis, which was practically ready by that time, the frame of which was additionally reinforced.
The super all-terrain vehicle was driven by two ZIL-375 engines of 118 hp each. each, the power was transmitted according to the onboard circuit. The engines were placed at the rear, for better cooling, air intakes were provided on the sides of the body. Huge wheels, shod in tires with a dimension of 21.00-28 and a diameter of 1790 mm on unique fiberglass (!) Prefabricated disks with metal elements, weighed almost three times less than their metal counterparts. The ground clearance of the car with these wheels was 852 mm, the bottom was covered with steel sheets to protect the units and better glide through snow and mud.
The cabin of the driver and passengers was also made of fiberglass; longitudinal seats were installed in the cabin. The cabin, borrowed from the ZIL-135L, and the interior were heated by independent heaters. Among other things, a winch with a pulling force of 7 tons was installed on the machine.
Suspension corresponded to that of 135L, drum brakes were actuated by a hydropneumatic system. During the tests, the car proved to be excellent, the maximum speed in winter on the highway was 75 km / h, on virgin snow 10 km / h. However, the all-terrain vehicle did not go into series, because due to the complexity of the transmission design, it was inferior in terms of maintainability to the GT-1 tracked tractor.
ZIL-49061
ZIL-49061 is a three-axle all-wheel drive floating vehicle based on the ZIL-4906 all-terrain vehicle. It is part of the search and rescue complex "Blue Bird".
These amphibians were equipped with ZIL-131 engines with mechanical boxes gear; applied independent suspension all wheels, two propellers; front and rear wheels made controllable, and the connection between the two was provided by a hydrostatic servo drive, due to which the rotation rear wheels begins after turning the front ones at an angle greater than 6 °. It was a very unusual decision brake mechanisms: they are disc, but they were not placed in the wheels, but in the body of the car.
The machines of the 490 complex have successfully passed the tests and have been mass-produced for many years. These "Blue Birds" are still serving in the Military Space Forces. There is no replacement for them. Two 4906s were sent to Germany during the floods that swept over it in the summer of 2002, where they were used very effectively to evacuate residents from flooded areas. In Europe, there was nothing like it, which caused the Germans a feeling of admiration and outright envy.
In addition, the Blue Bird complex included ZIL-2906.
ZIL-2906 is a rotary auger snow and swamp vehicle carried on a cargo ZIL-4906. After the improvement, he received the index 29061.
The swamp vehicle was equipped with two VAZ rotary piston engines with an onboard transmission scheme, the body and augers were made of aluminum alloy, and the cabin was made of fiberglass.
To this day, no other country in the world has such a unique complex, which, thanks to the ZIL-29061, has almost absolute all-terrain capability.
ZIL-4904
The auger snow and swamp all-terrain vehicle ZIL-4904 was built in 1972 and is the largest in the world. Payload - 2.5 tons. However, he developed a very low speed - 10.1 km / h on the water, 7.3 km / h in the swamp, 4.45 km / h on the rafting, 10.5 km / h on the snow.
Lightweight hollow or polymer-filled (for example, foam) augers allow the machine to float on water, cross such deadly places where any wheeled and tracked vehicles get stuck or sink. However, since the augers are made of a hard material, usually non-ferrous metals, an auger-rotary all-terrain vehicle is completely unsuitable for paved roads. On asphalt, concrete and even rubble, such a car will have to be transported on a tow truck.
VAZ-E2121 "Crocodile" - an early prototype of the legendary Niva
VAZ-E2121 "Crocodile" (1971) - an early prototype of the experimental VAZ-2121, with a frame and open body, switchable front and rear axles. IN further construction The car was almost completely changed, only two prototypes of this model were produced.
AZLK-2150 - a prototype of the off-road Moskvich
AZLK-2150 is a light SUV from AZLK, created in the USSR in 1973, as part of a project to create a compact comfortable SUV. The aggregate part of the prototype was unified with the M-2140 model, which was planned for production at that time. In total, two prototypes of the M-2150 were created with canvas and hard tops.
The Moscow SUV turned out to be different in concept from the Niva, closer to the "classic" SUVs - with a separate spar frame, continuous axles and stiff springs. In the competition of three plants (at AvtoVAZ - the future VAZ-2121 Niva, and at IZH-mash - Izh-14), AvtoVAZ won, having managed to create the most comfortable and competitive on the world market, although less "off-road" design.
The military department became interested in the M-2150 prototype, formally an order was received from the Ministry of Defense for the production of 60 thousand vehicles per year at a plant in the city of Kineshma, but the matter never came to production.
VAZ-E2122 - an army SUV from Togliatti
VAZ-E2122 (1976) - the first version of an experimental, floating off-road vehicle, developed by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense (initially, the project was created on the plant's own initiative). The car was designed using components and assemblies of the civilian VAZ-2121 Niva car, which was being prepared for production at the same time.
E2122 differed from analogues in the first place original design, which did not give out an amphibian in it, small size and maneuverability (for example, the turning radius on water and land practically did not differ). The sealed body allowed the car to move through the water at a speed of 4.5 km / h by rotating the wheels. 1.6 liter engine, permanent four-wheel drive, contributed to the good maneuverability of the car (on land and on water), which was not at all inferior to the "old man" UAZ-469. From UAZ (for the purpose of unification), the prototype got a winch and a tow bar, at the request of the military, the bumpers were made as flat as possible, with lights recessed into them so that a car stuck in front could be pushed, the windshield and side door frames folded. In addition, the "jeep" was equipped with two gas tanks, and the body structure provided for the installation of a stretcher.
On the first version of the car, the awning did not have side windows, but during the tests it became clear that rear visibility was sorely lacking and they were included in the design. However, the tightness of the body was badly affected by the temperature regime of the "Nivovsky" units, as a result of which they quickly failed, the light body could not withstand serious loads. But the customers still liked the prototype, it was decided to continue work and design the second version of the jeep.
VAZ-2E2122 - the second version of the floating jeep
VAZ-2E2122 (1977) - the second version of the floating SUV for the army, created on the basis of the E2122 prototype. On this prototype, VAZ designers tried to take into account all the wishes of the military department and get rid of the shortcomings of the first version: overheating of the engine and transmission, breakdowns in exhaust system, poor visibility, and work out several other important points, like the ability to start at low temperatures.
UAZ-452K - triaxial loaf
UAZ-452K (1973) - an experimental sixteen-seater bus with a 6x4 wheel arrangement. Based on this bus, Medea resuscitation vehicles were developed for the needs of Georgian mine rescuers. There was also a variant with a 6x6 wheel formula, later in Georgia a small-scale production of reanimobiles was established from 1989 to 1994, approximately 50 units per year.
But this project was not buried - the car was produced from 1989 to 1994 by the Vezdekhod cooperative from the Georgian city of Bolnisi.
ZIL-4102 - the prototype of the last "membership"
ZIL-4102 is a promising limousine that was supposed to replace the outdated five-seater ZIL-41041 sedan. In 1988, the sixth ZIL workshop produced two prototypes of the car. The fundamental difference between the new model and others Soviet limousines consisted in the absence of a frame, in connection with this, the ZIL designers had to do a lot of work to reduce the vibrations of the supporting body. New sedan was half a meter longer than the Volga, and weighed half a ton less than the ZIL-41041. Roof and floor panels, trunk lid, hood and bumpers were made of fiberglass.
NAMI-0284 "Debut" (1987)
A car - a concept car, as they wrote then, "a particularly small class", was built with the prospect of using some solutions for stock car ZAZ.
The original body was good aerodynamics(coefficient drag Cx - 0.23). The Oka engines (VAZ-1111 and VAZ-11113) were installed on the car, and the MeMZ-245 was installed on a later version with a slightly modified finish ("Debut-II"). They also planned to test a car with turbocharged VAZ-11113 and MeMZ engines with a 16-valve block head. "Debut" was equipped with an electrovacuum clutch, a cruise control system.
AZLK 2142 "Moskvich" - an experienced sedan
AZLK 2142 "Moskvich" (1990-96) is an experimental sedan created on the basis of AZLK-2141 and presented to the general public in 1990. The car was fully tested and practically ready for production, it was planned to send the car to the conveyor already in 1992, equipping it with a new Moskvich-414 engine.
After the collapse of the USSR, the death of the then general director of AZLK V.P. Kolomnikov, these plans were not destined to come true, but with various engines the prototype was assembled for several more years. Moreover, a car that did not actually exist later served as the basis for the small-scale models "Prince Vladimir" and "Ivan Kalita" produced in small batches.
Project "Istra"
AZLK-2144, "Istra" - experienced car AZLK plant, created in the mid-late 1980s. It was made in a single copy around 1985-88, never mass-produced.
Distinguished by a whole range unique solutions, including - duralumin body without central pillar; two wide side doors opening vertically upwards; diesel, rapeseed oil powered; night vision device and indication of instrument readings on windshield; unique automatic transmission.
Istra was ahead of its time in many ways. At that time, this machine was much superior to its predecessors.
The only model sample, previously kept in the AZLK museum, is now in the museum on Rogozhsky Val in Moscow.
UAZ-3170 Simbir
In 1975, at UAZ, under the chief designer Startsev, development began, and in 1980 a demonstration model of a "car general purpose off-road" UAZ-3170 "Simbir". The car had a ground clearance of 325 mm and a height of 1960 mm - both parameters differed from the "469th" (215 and 2050 mm). The suspension was dependent spring.
Alexander Sergeevich Shabanov was the lead designer of the GAK theme and the head of the test group. Military samples of the machine were tested and protected by the project in the Moscow Region in 1982-1983.
Subsequently, according to the results, the second version of Simbir was born - UAZ-3171 (1985-1987).
Simbir 1990 army
Simbir 1990 civil
NAMI-LuAZ "Proto" - the ghost of a Russian country road
NAMI-LuAZ "Proto" (1989) - a prototype created in the Leningrad branch of NAMI as part of a competition announced by the Ministry of Autoselkhozmash, a team of designers and designers led by G. Khainov. The body was a metal frame, on which were hung plastic panels, which simplified the repair, improved the performance of the car.
The MeMZ-245 engine from Tavria was used as a power plant, the transmission was developed almost from scratch: non-switchable cardan gear, gear box driving and pluggable front axle(without transfer box). Gearbox, front-wheel drive power take-off, front final drive were assembled in one block. Front suspension independent (McPherson), rear dependent (De Dion). The motor, along with the front suspension and radiator, was mounted on a removable subframe, which facilitated the repair and assembly of the car.
Salon "Proto" is designed for four passengers, the seats have been transformed, forming a single bed. Rear end the roof was removed, it was possible to install an awning.
In parallel with the Proto, LuAZ developed its own version of the future car, which had serious differences, as part of the competition.
LuAZ 1301 (1984/88/94) is a prototype of a light SUV, which was supposed to replace the outdated 969M model on the conveyor. The first version of the car was designed back in 1984 and was the same 969M with a new body. The 1988 prototype was different frame-panel body(steel frame and plastic panels), pneumatic elements in independent spring suspension, allowing you to change the ground clearance. The upgraded MeMZ-245 engine from Tavria was used as a power plant.
The drive of all wheels is permanent, the transmission had a lockable center differential. The roof and sidewalls were removed, making it easy to convert a jeep into a pickup truck, and a soft top version was also planned. The rear door of the car was made of two sections - upper and lower, spare wheel and a set of tools were placed in niches under the front seats, thus completely freeing the luggage compartment.
But for unknown reasons, not a single version of the machine was chosen, and a year later it was completely out of time for prototypes.
MAZ 2000 "Perestroika"
Brilliant title. Well, it just delivers wildly.
MAZ 2000 "Perestroika" (1988) - prototype main truck, which was distinguished by an original modular design: most of the units were located in front - the engine, gearbox, drive axle and steering. If necessary, any of the "passive" bogies was replaced by a similar set of units, allowing you to build road trains of any length and carrying capacity.
It was the first Soviet car designed specifically for truckers. In the autumn of 1988, on Paris Motor Show this design was highly praised, but the prototype never made it into production, for obvious reasons.
The wrong country was called Honduras.
Of course, this is not the whole list. There were still a lot of interesting projects that remained in single copies. And even in the form of drawings.
Why were these projects not implemented? There are reasons for that. The Soviet system, again, was imperfect, often it gave rise to brilliant projects and revolutionary ideas but immediately killed them.
What happened in our time with many of these exhibits?
HOME-MADE CARS
Why not? If you have a technical education, cooks a bowler hat, and claws do not grow from your ass - so why not build your own car?
In the USSR it was quite possible.
In the 1960s, the well-known magazine Tekhnika-molodezhi led the movement of amateur automotive industry in the USSR. For 20 years, on the pages of the magazine, on TV screens, during many car runs around the country, the eyes of millions of readers and viewers have appeared dozens self-made cars. A huge thing in the popularization of the amateur car industry in the 80s was the transfer "You Can Do It" (computer), which enjoyed popular attention. For each 45-minute broadcast, television received up to half a million letters (!!!).
Of all the projects of that time, I selected the most interesting ones.
"Pangolina"
Like the first products of Ford and Benz, the legend of the Soviet author's automotive industry - "Pangolina", was designed and built by almost one person. Alexander Kulygin. Unlike the amusing “Shelf” or “Ant”, Kulygin’s “Pangolin” was a full-fledged car, created by an experienced and talented designer.
The main structural material of the body was fiberglass. Work on the creation of the Pangolin body began with the formation of a master model - a plywood base for fiberglass. The main operations were carried out in Moscow. After Kulygin left for Ukhta, the master model was destroyed. The process of adapting the body to the chassis of the VAZ penny took place in the city of Ukhta. The original engine from the VAZ 2101 was used as the engine - a forced alternative to the planned boxer engine, which never appeared in final version"Pangolins".
Connoisseurs claimed that Kulygin's inspiration was Lamborghini sports car Countach. This is indicated by the shape of the body and the original design of the mechanism for opening and closing doors - implemented in the form of a movable cap that captures part of the roof. A periscope prism was used as a rear-view mirror.
Our online publication invites you to view a collection of rare photographs. We are sure that many of you are not familiar with some of the cars, the photos of which we have found for you. All over the world, our auto industry is a mystery. Maybe that's why in the USSR, many automobile factories, trying to stand out on the world stage, created such.
AZLK plant (currently closed). IN Soviet years Moskvich cars were a dream for many.
Model 1964 Moskvich 408 Tourist. The maximum speed is 130 km/h. Amazing rare car in the back of a convertible. Unfortunately, at that time the country's leadership decided that this model was too luxurious and did not correspond to the spirit of the Soviet proletariat.
Idea to do Soviet convertible switched to baby products. could be bought in many children's worlds of the USSR. The children's car was equipped with pedals, from which baby transport set in motion. The dream of many boys and girls of the Soviet era.
AZLK 2139 Arbat (prototype 1987)
This was to be new revolution on the Russian car market in the 1990s. Unfortunately, with the collapse of the USSR, the project of this car was shelved.
Alsoin the Soviet years, a prototype sports version was developed(Moskvich 2141 KR) with a capacity of 175 hp. The maximum speed is 200 km/h. But this project was also not implemented because of the events in the country in the early 90s.
At the same time, while the AZLK plant was trying to bring a luxury car to the USSR market, factories such as Gorky (GAZ) and Volzhsky (VAZ) were developing an amphibious car.
AZ 2122 River. This car was developed in the late 70s and early 80s by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense. This one could move through the water at speeds up to 5 km / h. Unfortunately, for unknown reasons, after successful tests, this project was closed.
UAZ 3907 Jaguar . The same fate awaited the amphibious car of the Gorky Automobile Plant. This machine was developed in the late 70s, which could move through the water with the help of propellers. The car accommodated up to 7 people with full equipment. This vehicle demonstrated amazing operating characteristics for that time (the car could be used at temperatures from -47 to + 45 degrees Celsius). The project was also closed due to hyperinflation in the country, which was associated with the collapse of the USSR.
UAZ 3907 Jaguar was not the only car that the GAZ plant tried to make for movement on water. In the mid-70s, an experimental Volga GAZ-24-95 , which could also move on water.
Volzhsky car factory(WHA)made attempts to produce their own sports cars. But really, in partnership.
So in 1978 in Vilnius (Lithuania), VFTS produced a model Lada Samara Eva . The car was based on the VAZ-2108. It was a sports car rear wheel drive 300 hp
Also in the Soviet years there was another modification of the Lada - Lada Samara T3. In fact, there was nothing Soviet in this car. The car was equipped with components from Porsche, the car was assembled by a French company. The car participated in various European championships in the 1990-1991 season. Also, the car was a participant in the Paris-Dakar rally in 1990.
Surprisingly, in the USSR, sports cars were also developed in the early 30s of the last century. On the basis of the ZIL plant (in the 30s of the ZIS), sports were developed Vehicle. But the country's leadership believed that cars should serve only civil servants, so promising projects never came to fruition.
The most famous sports car of Soviet times is the legendary ZIL 112-S, which was released in 1961. The power of the machine was 240 hp. The maximum speed is 240 km/h. Externally, the car resembled the Ferrari Testarossa of that time. For production sports car model components were used GAZ-21 .
By the way, the first Kamaz in history was actually first developed and produced at the ZIL plant at the end of 1975. The model was called ZIL-175. Later, the model changed the name of the brand. Subsequently, KAMAZ vehicles became the winners of the Paris-Dakar race more than once.
In the photo on the left you can see a prototype car M3MA 444 Moskvitch 1957, which later became ZAZ-965(Zaporozhets). In the photo, the car of the Zaporozhye plant in 1960.
concept car Russian SUV Lada Niva E2121 Crocodile .
On the basis of this prototype, later in 1979, the first serial SUV Niva 2121.
Prototype ZAZ 966 (Zaporozhets) . The car was equipped with front-wheel drive. Pay attention to the hood and wheels, which are reminiscent of VAZ-2101. Unfortunately, the ZAZ-966 model did not enter mass production in this form. As a result, the model "966" went on sale with rear-wheel drive and with a completely different appearance.
We tried to bring many of you back to the past, and to show younger people a small part of the history of the USSR auto industry. We will try to periodically upload such collections about Soviet era engineering. If you have any interesting photos with old Soviet cars in your family archives, then send us and we will definitely include them in our future collections.
