For the use of a number of Tesla's inventions, General Motors presented him with the most modern car. He removed the gasoline engine from it and replaced it with an 80 hp electric motor. and a rotation speed of 1800 rpm. From ordinary radio components, he assembled a device measuring 60x30x15 cm on twelve radio tubes, from which two rods protruded.
After that, with the words “Now we have energy,” he got into the car and drove off. For a week he drove at a speed of up to 150 kilometers.
per hour, and to questions about the nature of energy, he answered: "From the air around us all". When rumors appeared that he had entered into a relationship with an evil spirit, Tesla became angry, without any explanation, took the mysterious box out of the car and took it to his laboratory, where its secret sank into oblivion.
In Tesla's electric car diagram, what is mistaken for a receiver (a black box and two rods behind the driver's back) is obviously a transmitter. Two emitters are used. For three notes. Tesla loved the number 3. In addition to the main electric motor, the car had to have a battery and a starter. When you turn on the starter along with El. The engine turns the latter into a generator that feeds two pulsating emitters. The HF oscillations of the emitters support the movement of the electric motor. The electric motor, thus, can simultaneously be a source of rotation of the wheels of the car and a generator that feeds the HF emitters.
The traditional interpretation considers the two rods as receivers of some kind of cosmic rays. Then some kind of amplifiers (without power!) are attached to them so that they supply electricity to the EL. Engine.
Actually EL. The motor does not draw any current.
In the 1920s, Marconi demonstrated to Mussolini and his wife how he could stop traffic at a distance of several hundred meters. transport column using RF EM radiation.
The same effect can be used in reverse for electric motors.
The stop is caused by dissonant radiation. Movement is evoked through resonant learning. Obviously, the effect shown by Marconi works with gasoline engines, since they have an electric generator that powers the spark plugs. Diesel engines much less susceptible to such influences.
Tesla's electric motor was driven by electricity, whatever its origin, cosmic or some other, but resonant high-frequency oscillations in the medium, in the ether, causing a driving force in the electric motor. Not at the atomic level, as in J. Keely, but at the level of the oscillatory circuit El. Engine.
Thus, it is possible to depict the following conceptual diagram of the work of El. The engine on Tesla's electric car.
The battery drives the starter. Email The engine starts to move and starts to work like El. Generator. Power is supplied to two independent generators of high-frequency EM pulses, tuned according to the calculated formula in resonance with the oscillating circuit El. Engine. Independent oscillations of EM generators are tuned in a harmonious chord. A few seconds after starting, the starter turns off, the battery is disconnected. High-frequency EM pulses of 2 generators develop power in the EL engine, which sings in resonance with the HF generators, drives the car, works itself as an electric generator that feeds the HF emitters and does not consume any current.
Tesla electric car working principle
According to the law of cause and effect, if the second follows from the first, then the first can follow from the second. In physics, this is the principle of reversibility of all processes.
For example, phenomena of the occurrence of dielectric polarization under the action of mechanical stresses are known. This is called the "direct piezoelectric effect". At the same time, the opposite is also characteristic - the occurrence mechanical deformations under the action of an electric field - "reverse piezoelectric effect". Direct and reverse piezoelectric effects are observed in the same crystals - piezoelectrics.
Another example is with thermocouples. If the contact points of the thermoelement are maintained at different temperatures, then an emf (thermoelectric power) appears in the circuit, and when the circuit is closed, an electric current is generated. If, however, a current is passed through the thermoelement from foreign source, then on one of its contacts absorption occurs, and on the other - heat is released.
With the usual organization of the process, any electric motor consumes current and produces oscillatory disturbances in the environment, in the ether. What is called inductance. These inevitable disturbances of the environment are usually not used in any way. It is customary to ignore them as long as they do not interfere with anyone. Meanwhile, it should be understood that the energy costs, the power that the electric motor needs, are precisely caused by the fact that the electric motor does not work in absolute vacuum, but in the environment, and that the vast majority of the energy supplying the electric motor is spent on creating oscillatory disturbances in the environment. . Those same oscillatory perturbations, which are customary to turn a blind eye.
Here lies the most important point. It needs to be emphasized. Energy losses during the operation of any electric motor are not associated with rotor friction, not with air resistance, but with inductance losses, i.e. with the "viscosity" of the ether in relation to the rotating electromagnetic parts of the engine. The motionless (relatively) ether is spun by an electric motor, concentric waves appear in it, diverging in all directions. During operation of the electric motor, these losses amount to more than 90% of all its losses.
SCHEME OF ENERGY LOSS IN A CONVENTIONAL ELECTRIC MOTOR
What did Tesla do? Tesla realized that the electric motor, which inevitably "drives waves" in the ether, is not the most optimal device for this purpose. It is clear that vibrations of 30 Hz (1800 rpm) do not harmonize much with frequencies that are easily supported by the environment. 30 Hz. too low a frequency to resonate in a medium such as the ether.
In view of Tesla's understanding of the above, the solution was not technically difficult. He literally on his knees, in a hotel room, assembled an RF generator, a device that "raises a wave" in the space where the electric motor works. (The RF generator, and not the low-frequency one, simply because the low-frequency one would not allow the creation of a standing wave through resonance. Since the dispersion of the waves would outstrip the generator pulses). The frequency of the RF generator had to be in multiple resonance with the frequency of the electric motor. For example, if the motor frequency is 30 Hz, then the generator frequency can be 30 MHz. Thus, the RF generator is, as it were, an intermediary between the medium and the engine.
RF generator, which is in resonance with the ether, for normal operation minimum energy required. The energy supplied by the electric motor is more than enough for him. The electric motor does not use the energy of the RF generator, but the energy of a resonantly pumped standing wave in the Ether.
Naturally, such an electric motor will also be cooled. An engine that requires power heats up from the resistance of the medium that it has to spin. Here, the environment does not need to be untwisted. On the contrary, the medium itself spins the motor, from which, as a result, current flows out. There is no witchcraft and mysticism in this. Just a reasonable organization of the process.
The phase of absorption and dispersion. During the suction phase, the capacitors are charged. In the dispersal phase, they are given to the circuit, compensating for losses. Thus, the efficiency is not 90% but possibly 99%. Is it possible to get more than 99% by increasing the number of capacitors? Apparently not. We cannot collect more in the dissipation phase than the engine delivers. Therefore, the point is not the number of containers, but the calculation of the optimal capacity.
Piezoelectricity (from the Greek piezo - pressure and electricity), the phenomena of the occurrence of dielectric polarization under the action of mechanical stresses (direct piezoelectric effect) and the occurrence of mechanical deformations under the influence of an electric field (reverse piezoelectric effect). Direct and reverse piezoelectric effects are observed in the same crystals - piezoelectrics.
Crystal oscillator, low power oscillator electrical oscillations high frequency, in which the role of the resonant circuit is played by a quartz resonator - a plate, ring or bar cut in a certain way from a quartz crystal. When a quartz plate is deformed, electric charges appear on its surfaces, the magnitude and sign of which depend on the magnitude and direction of deformation. In turn, the appearance of electric charges on the surface of the plate causes its mechanical deformation (see Piezoelectricity). As a result, the mechanical oscillations of the quartz plate are accompanied by oscillations of the electric charge on its surface synchronous with them and vice versa. C.g. are characterized by high frequency stability of the generated oscillations: Dn / n, where Dn is the deviation (deviation) of the frequency from its nominal value n for short periods of time 10-3-10-5%, which is due to the high quality factor (104-105 ) a quartz resonator (the quality factor of a conventional oscillatory circuit is ~ 102).
The oscillation frequency of a CG (from several kHz to several tens of MHz) depends on the dimensions of the quartz resonator, the elasticity and piezoelectric constants of the quartz, and also on how the resonator is cut from the crystal. For example, for X - a cut of a quartz crystal, the frequency (in MHz) n \u003d 2.86 / d, where d is the thickness of the plate in mm.
Power K. g. does not exceed several tens of watts. At a higher power, the quartz resonator is destroyed under the influence of mechanical stresses arising in it.
Quartz clocks followed by frequency conversion (frequency division or multiplication) are used to measure time (quartz clocks, quantum clocks) and as frequency standards.
Natural Anisotropy- the most characteristic feature of crystals. It is precisely because the growth rates of crystals in different directions are different that crystals grow in the form of regular polyhedra: hexagonal prisms of quartz, cubes of rock salt, octagonal diamond crystals, various, but always hexagonal stars of snowflakes Resonance (French resonance, from Latin resono - sound in response, I respond), the phenomenon of a sharp increase in the amplitude of forced oscillations in any oscillatory system, which occurs when the frequency of a periodic external influence approaches certain values determined by the properties of the system itself. In the simplest cases, R. sets in when the frequency of the external action approaches one of those frequencies with which natural oscillations occur in the system, arising as a result of the initial shock. The nature of the R. phenomenon depends essentially on the properties of the oscillatory system.
R. proceeds most simply in those cases when a system with parameters that do not depend on the state of the system itself (the so-called linear systems) is subjected to periodic action. Typical features of R. can be found out by considering the case of harmonic action on a system with one degree of freedom: for example, on a mass m suspended on a spring, which is under the action of a harmonic force F = F0 coswt, or an electrical circuit consisting of series-connected inductance L, capacitance C, resistance R and source electromotive force E, changing according to the harmonic law. For definiteness, the first of these models is considered below, but everything said below can be extended to the second model. Let us assume that the spring obeys Hooke's law (this assumption is necessary for the system to be linear), i.e., that the force acting from the side of the spring on the mass m is equal to kx, where x is the displacement of the mass from the equilibrium position, k is the coefficient of elasticity (gravity is not taken into account for simplicity). Further, let the mass experience resistance from the environment when moving, proportional to its speed and coefficient of friction b, i.e. equal to k (this is necessary for the system to remain linear). Then the equation of motion of the mass m in the presence of a harmonic external force F has the form natural frequency systems. In this case, for each individual component, the phenomenon will proceed in the same way as discussed above. And if there are several of these harmonic components with frequencies close to the natural frequency of the system, then each of them will cause resonant phenomena, and the total effect, according to the superposition principle, will be equal to the sum of the effects of individual harmonic influences.
If the external influence does not contain harmonic components with frequencies close to the natural frequency of the system, then R. does not occur at all. Thus, the linear system responds, “resonates” only to harmonic external influences. In electrical oscillatory systems consisting of a series-connected capacitance C and an inductance L, R. consists in the fact that when the frequencies of the external emf approach the natural frequency of the oscillatory system, the amplitudes of the emf on the coil and the voltage on the capacitor separately turn out to be much greater than the amplitude of the emf created by the source , but they are equal in magnitude and opposite in phase. In the case of the action of a harmonic emf on a circuit consisting of a capacitance and an inductance connected in parallel, a special case of R. (antiresonance) takes place. When the external emf frequency approaches the natural frequency of the LC circuit, there is not an increase in the amplitude of forced oscillations in the circuit, but, on the contrary, a sharp decrease in the amplitude of the current in the external circuit that feeds the circuit. In electrical engineering, this phenomenon is called R. currents or parallel R. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that at an external influence frequency close to the natural frequency of the circuit, the reactances of both parallel branches (capacitive and inductive) turn out to be the same in magnitude and therefore flow in both branches of the circuit currents of approximately the same amplitude, but almost opposite in phase. As a result, the amplitude of the current in the external circuit (equal to the algebraic sum of the currents in the individual branches) turns out to be much smaller than the amplitudes of the current in the individual branches, which, with parallel R., reach largest. Parallel R., as well as sequential R., is expressed the sharper, the less active resistance branches of the circuit R. Serial and parallel R. are called, respectively, R. voltages and R. currents. IN linear system with two degrees of freedom, in particular in two related systems(for example, in two related electrical circuits), R.'s phenomenon retains the above main features. However, since in a system with two degrees of freedom natural oscillations can occur with two different frequencies (the so-called normal frequencies, see Normal oscillations), then R. occurs when the frequency of a harmonic external influence coincides with both one and with another normal frequency of the system. Therefore, if the normal frequencies of the system are not very close to each other, then with a smooth change in the frequency of the external action, two maxima of the amplitude of forced oscillations are observed. But if the normal frequencies of the system are close to each other and the attenuation in the system is sufficiently large, so that the radiation is "blunt" at each of the normal frequencies, then it may happen that both maxima merge. In this case, the P. curve for a system with two degrees of freedom loses its "double-humped" character and, according to appearance differs only slightly from the P. curve for a linear contour with one degree of freedom.
Thus, in a system with two degrees of freedom, the shape of the R curve depends not only on the attenuation of the contour (as in the case of a system with one degree of freedom), but also on the degree of connection between the contours. R. is very often observed in nature and plays a huge role in technology. Most structures and machines are capable of performing their own vibrations, so periodic external influences can cause their R.; for example, the thrust of a bridge under the action of periodic jolts as a train passes along the rail junctions, the thrust of the foundation of a structure or the machine itself under the action of not completely balanced rotating parts of the machines, and so on. shaft.
In all cases, R. leads to a sharp increase in the amplitude of forced vibrations of the entire structure and can even lead to the destruction of the structure. This is a harmful role of radioactivity, and to eliminate it, the properties of the system are selected so that its normal frequencies are far from the possible frequencies of external influence, or they use the phenomenon of antiresonance in one form or another (so-called vibration absorbers, or dampers, are used).
In other cases, R. plays a positive role, for example: in radio engineering, R. is almost the only method that allows you to separate the signals of one (desired) radio station from the signals of all other (interfering) stations. It is necessary to choose the capacitance so that the phase shift occurs. Anti-phase is an aspect of opposition. Coincidence is an aspect of connection. Connections gives a throw, but also an equal fall. It is possible that maximum assistance is obtained when the aspect of the trine is working. This phase shift is not 180%, but 120%. The capacitance should be sized to give a phase shift of 120%, possibly even better than a connection. Maybe that's why Tesla loved the number 3. Because he used trigonal resonance. Trigonal resonance, in contrast to the connection resonance, should be softer (not destructive) and more stable, more tenacious. Trigonal resonance should keep the power and not go into overdrive. RF resonance creates a standing wave pump around the transmitter. Maintaining resonance in the ether does not require much power. At the same time, the resulting standing wave can have enormous power to make useful work. This power is enough to maintain the operation of the generator and to maintain much more powerful devices.
For many centuries, hundreds of scientists, including Leonardo da Vinci and Nikola Tesla, have been developing models of "perpetual motion machines" that are able to support themselves without being powered by energy from external sources- fuel, wind, sun, electricity, etc. Official science, on the other hand, does not get tired of hitting the heads of discoverers who dream of inexhaustible or free energy with a powerful “baton” of criticism.
However, is it really impossible to create " perpetual motion machine» or generator free energy? According to many scientists who are engaged in such developments, they prevent the introduction of such machines only the richest people planets for a couple with local officials.
According to many environmentalists and supporters of the environmental movement, it is these "kings" with billions of dollars of capital around the world that keep all of humanity on a leash and, like vampires, suck out the last money and blood of the inhabitants of the Earth. Already now, in their opinion, it is possible to completely abandon oil, gas, nuclear and thermal power plants that pollute the environment, and switch to free energy. Then mankind will become much more independent from the state and large corporations. Life will become easier, freer and cheaper.
Nothing is eternal under the Moon
As he wrote in his article " Farewell, perpetual motion machine. Long live free energy! » Vladimir Berdinsky, expression « perpetual motion machine” is a sad example of creating a negative label and deliberately holding back technological progress. As a result, attempts to rehabilitate the concept of " perpetual motion machine» are doomed to the opposite, negative result, instead of promoting the dissemination of advanced scientific technologies and knowledge.
Berdinskikh, a scientist who has been fighting for many years to eliminate contradictions in science, suggests that you stop banging your forehead against the wall in order to protect " perpetual motion machine”, and change the “defensive” tactics that scientists have to take. According to Berdinsky, instead of the "eternally" criticized concept of " perpetual motion machine”, new rational concepts should be used, which are supported by real examples from practice, for example, self-sustaining, self-organizing systems, living systems, devices on free energy etc.
« perpetual motion machine": time forward!
French Academy of Sciences, which from 1775 to this day refuses to accept any projects perpetual motion machines, froze technical progress for a long time, delaying the introduction of a whole class of amazing technologies and mechanisms. Very few developments have managed to break through this barrier.
Among them are autonomous watches, which, ironically, are produced today in France. They are fed with energy by fluctuations in air temperature and atmospheric pressure during the day. The hermetic container of the watch “breathes” a little, reacting to changes in the environment. These movements are transmitted to the mainspring and wind it up. At the same time, a change in the temperature of the environment by only 1 degree Celsius allows the clock to work over the next two days. And when properly maintained, they can last almost forever. Than not " perpetual motion machine»?
Nikola Tesla - the prophet of the era of free energy
Although the first generators free energy are starting to appear only now, almost a century ago, Nikola Tesla's "Electric Prometheus" was already nurturing ideas on how to develop such devices. However, they were never destined to be born. Through all the discoveries and experiments of Tesla, the idea that energy is spilling all over the world runs like a red thread. In 1891, he wrote: "We are faced with the daunting task of working out a way to use this energy."
"Superman" - so contemporaries dubbed Tesla. Nikola thought globally, caring not about himself or even about his country, but about all of humanity.
The main invention in the life of Nikola, which he failed to complete, is the Worldwide Wireless System for the Transmission of Energy and Information. The power transmission station would send electricity to any point on Earth, reflecting it from the upper atmosphere, and through the Earth itself. Everyone could use this energy - cars, planes, ships, factories. They would only need to have an installation for receiving energy. The same system would broadcast to the whole world exact time, music, texts, photographs, which is the prototype of the Internet, and free of charge - you would only have to buy an energy-receiving ministation. And from a regular phone, anyone could call anywhere in the world, also for free.
To create such a device, Tesla convinced his sponsor Morgan to build a huge tower in Wardenclyffe, USA, and tried to transmit energy with it. However, the first experiments failed. Soon the first World War, and at the request of the military, research was stopped. Most of Tesla's diaries are lost or destroyed. Many of his projects today can no longer be restored. Who destroyed them remains a mystery.
Potapov's car - oil is a death sentence
Doctor of Technical Sciences and Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences Yuri Potapov invented YUSMAR vortex heat generators, which are patented in Russia, Ukraine, the USA and other countries. They are produced by several enterprises under the brands from VTG-1 to VTG-10 of various capacities. The efficiency of heat generators, according to manufacturers, was initially 120%, and then it was increased to 200-400% and higher.
External electrical power is only required to start the engine. The principle of operation of the power plant is based on the fact that water is injected into a turbine, in which a vortex flow of molecules is formed at a speed of over 500 meters per second. After the turbine accelerates, the air in it heats up, and the speed increases to 12 thousand revolutions per minute. Excess energy, according to the inventor, most likely arises from cold nuclear fusion, which is formed in a vortex.
But Potapov is not fed up with heat generators alone. Approximately on the same principles, he designed several more devices with a huge efficiency, including car engine, which also uses water for operation and is environmentally friendly.
An experimental model of a 4-cylinder engine with a capacity of about 30 horsepower is located in Chisinau, the capital of Moldova. Under high, more than 400 atmospheres, heated water is injected into the cylinders. Because of sharp drop pressure and sudden cooling, it breaks up into components - oxygen and hydrogen. The result is an explosion. The role of the pistons in the engine is played by the same water that flows from one cylinder to another during the explosion and produces mechanical work- shaft rotation. During the explosion, the gas mixture turns back into water and again becomes a piston.
A vicious cycle is formed. Water consumption is minimal, and there is no exhaust at all. Despite the fact that a small amount of fuel is needed to start the engine, which is used as gas, then the engine runs on water alone.
All these inventions have caused and continue to cause a lot of discussion. On the Internet, you can also find rather unflattering reviews about Yuri Potapov and his inventions, in which he is accused of all sorts of sins. For some time in Moldova, at the state level, it was forbidden for the press to mention Potapov's cars. The main trump card of opponents is that, according to classical physics, the efficiency cannot exceed one hundred percent.
Yes, this is a trump card from a school textbook on physics, - says Semyon Potapov, the son of a famous inventor and CEO NTF Yusmar, in an interview with Rossiyskaya Gazeta. - But disputes about the coefficient useful action- a play on words and numbers. To date, 220 phenomena are known, the efficiency of which is much higher than 100%. The efficiency of the Papersona cell is about 1200. If we calculate the efficiency during an atomic explosion, we get millions of units.
Be that as it may, Potapov's ideas are implemented in metal and continue to "violate" the laws of physics. According to Vladimir Barshev and Vladimir Bogdanov in their article about the inventions of Yuri Potapov, published in Rossiyskaya Gazeta, six cars have been running on this exotic fuel in the United States for more than eight years.
Anatoly Rykov from the public organization "Science and Technology" regarding the further developments of Yuri Potapov in the field free energy once made a prediction: if Potapov is not stopped, then the market economy, which is based on the huge industry of oil, gas and nuclear power plants, may soon collapse.
Independent Ukraine - free energy
Ukrainian scientists do not lag behind their foreign colleagues. The Dnepropetrovsk manufacturer of autonomous energy systems Agroindustria recently began to produce its own New Product- magnetic electric generator Adams-VEGA. Innovation does not need any external sources such as wind, fuel, sun, etc. and generates energy ranging from 1 to 5 kW, depending on the model.
The machine starts working when pushed by hand in a clockwise direction. In this case, the rotor begins to rotate without stopping, generating energy and charging the batteries connected to the device. According to the Agroindustriya company, 24 such electric generators are already successfully operating on the territory of Ukraine.
However, despite the optimism and faith in the success of modern device developers on “ free energy”, the powers that be have long put on humanity the lasso of dependence on energy carriers, for more than a century knocking out money from unsuspecting fellow citizens.
As a result, instead of environmentally friendly technologies that do not require the extraction and transportation of fuel, commercialized science has brought the Earth's ecology to a critical state. Due to dependence on energy carriers, the division into rich and poor has intensified, and social conflicts have aggravated. If the developments of Tesla and modern devices on " free energy» achieved success and spread around the world, then the car would be an affordable tool for everyone. Telephone communication and the Internet would be practically free. And the Ukrainian economy would not depend so heavily on Russian gas. There would not have been a war in Iraq, and the oil giant BP would not have spilled millions of tons of oil into the ocean, causing irreparable damage to the ecosystem ... You, dear reader, can continue for yourself, how different the scenario for the development of history would have been.
Perhaps a qualitative leap to free energy will not happen until the bulk of the people change the ingrained ideology - the desire to live at the expense of others. When people, like Nikola Tesla, take care of the fate of all mankind, and not just their own, - free energy for everyone and perpetual motion machines” will be put on the conveyor.
Translated by Rus Evens
This text was inspired by an article in the local newspaper, the Dallas Morning News. The article was placed under the heading "Verbal Portraits of the State of Texas" and was written by Mr. A.C. Greene. There is also a second file with the English author's thoughts on Tesla's "box of energy" (the file is listed on KeelyNet as TESLAFE2.ASC).
Sunday January 24th - Dallas Morning News, Texas State Portrait Feature
“The power source of the Triumph Electric Car is still a mystery.” A.C. Greene
Recently, Word Portraits of Texas told the story of Henry Garrett and his son with their car that runs on water. This car was successfully demonstrated in 1935 at White Lake Rocks in Dallas.
Eugene Langkop of Dallas (a Packard lover like many of us) points out that “ amazing car” of the future may be related to the restoration of the electric car. Such a car uses no gasoline, no oil - just some lubrication joints - no radiator to cool, no carburetor problems, no muffler to replace, and no pollutants.
Notable EVs in the past have included Columbia, Rauch & Lang and Detroit Electric.
Dallas had electric delivery vehicles in the 1920s and 30s. Many electric delivery vehicles were used in big cities well into the 1960s.
The main disadvantages of electric vehicles were slow speed and short range.
Within the last decade, two men, George Thiesse and Jack Hooker, have announced that they have developed batteries that run on magnesium from seawater, increasing their electric vehicle's range from a standard 100 miles to 400-500 miles.
But here we are talking about a completely different car. This is a mystery car, once demonstrated by Nikola Tesla (inventor of the use alternating current), which could bury all gasoline engines, forever.
Supported by Pierce-Arrow Co. and General Electric in 1931, Tesla removed the gasoline engine from a new Pierce-Arrow car and replaced it with an 80 hp AC electric motor. without any conventionally known external power supplies.
At a local radio shop, he bought 12 vacuum tubes, some wires, a handful of assorted resistors, and put the whole thing together in a box 60 cm long, 30 cm wide and 15 cm high with a pair of rods 7.5 cm long sticking out from the outside. Reinforcing the box behind the driver's seat, he extended the rods and announced, "Now we have power." After that, he drove the car for a week, driving it at speeds up to 150 km / h.
Since the car had an AC motor and no batteries, the question rightly arises, where did the energy come from in it?
Popular comments attracted accusations of “black magic” (as if such an explanation immediately dotted the “i”). The sensitive genius did not like the skeptical comments in the press. He removed the mysterious box from the car, and returned to his laboratory in New York, and the secret of his power source died with him.
The original article, which Mr. Greene used when writing his note follows below
The Forgotten Art of Electric Vehicles
Arthur Abrom, (translated by Rus Evens)
Although electric cars were one of the earliest inventions, the fashion for them passed quickly. The development of electricity as a source of energy for humanity took place with great controversy.
Thomas A. Edison was the first to start selling electrical systems (i.e. power generators) that had any commercial value. His research and inventive talent led to the development of systems direct current. Courts were equipped with these systems, municipalities began to light the streets. At that time, Edison was the only source of electricity!
While the commercialization of electricity was gaining momentum, Edison hired a man who showed the world an unprecedented scientific talent and developed completely new approaches to electricity. This man was a foreigner Nikola Tesla. His developments overshadowed even Edison himself! While Edison was a great experimenter, Tesla was a great theorist. Edison's constant experiments irritated him somewhat.
Tesla preferred to mathematically calculate the possibility of a process than to immediately grab a soldering iron and constantly experiment. So one day, after another heated argument, he left Edison's lab in West Orange, New Jersey.
Working on his own, Tesla conceived and created the first alternating current generator. He, and he alone, is responsible for all the benefits we enjoy today thanks to AC electricity.
Angry with Edison in the early 1900s, Tesla sold his new patents to George Westinghouse for $15 million. Tesla became completely independent after which he continued his research in his laboratory on 5th Avenue in New York.
George Westinghouse started trading this new system generators creating competition for Edison. Westinghouse won, thanks to the obvious advantage of the new generators over the less efficient Edison generators. Today, alternating current is the only source of electricity for world consumption and please remember, Nikola Tesla is the man who made it available to people.
Now, as for the early development of electric vehicles. An electric car has a number of advantages that make noisy, moody, smoky cars with engines internal combustion cannot offer.
First of all, the absolute silence that accompanies the VAZ when traveling in an electric car. There is not even a hint of noise. Just turning the key and pressing the pedal - as the vehicle starts to move immediately. No rattling at the start, no shifting, no fuel pumps and problems with them, no oil levels, etc. Just flip a switch and go!
The second is the feeling of power and submissiveness of the engine. If you want to increase speed - just press on the pedal, and no jerk at the same time. Release the pedal and the vehicle immediately slows down. You are always in full control of the management. It's not hard to see why these vehicles were so popular around the turn of the century until almost 1912.
The big disadvantage of these cars was their range and the need to recharge every night. All of these electric vehicles used a range of batteries and DC motors. The batteries needed to be recharged every night and the range was limited to about 100 miles. This limitation was not severe at the beginning of this century. Doctors started going out on calls in electric cars because they no longer needed horses just to plug the car into an electric socket for the night! No movements interfere with making a net profit.
Many of the large department stores in the metropolitan areas have begun using electric vehicles to deliver goods. They were quiet and did not emit any pollutants. Electric vehicle maintenance was minimal. City life promised a great future for the electric car. However, note that all electric vehicles ran on direct current.
Two things happened that ended the popularity of the electric car. Everyone subconsciously craved the speed that captured all the auto enthusiasts of that era. Every manufacturer wanted to show how far his car could go and what was its top speed.
Built by Colonel Vanderbilt, Long Island's first solid straight-section racing orbit was the epitome of the passion for the "beautiful life". Newspapers constantly print reports about new records in speeds. And, of course, car manufacturers were quick to capitalize on the publicity effect of these new speed peaks. All this created the image of electric vehicles as vehicles for old ladies or retired gentlemen.
Electric vehicles could not reach speeds of 45 or 50 mph. Their batteries couldn't take it. Maximum speeds 25 to 35 mph could be maintained for a moment or so. Usually, cruising speed- depending on driving conditions, was from 15 to 20 mph. For the standards of the years from 1900 to 1910, this was an acceptable speed to get the satisfaction of an electric vehicle.
Please note that none of the electric vehicle manufacturers have ever used a DC GENERATOR. This would allow to feed a small battery charge while driving and thus increase the range of its run. This was seen as some kind of perpetual motion machine and of course was considered absolutely impossible! In fact, DC generators could work well and help the survival of electric vehicles.
As mentioned earlier, G. Westinghouse's AC electrical equipment was sold throughout the country. Earlier DC systems were removed and ignored. (As a side note: The Edison United Company of New York is still using one of Edison's DC generators installed at its 14th power plant and it's still running!) Around the time indicated, another giant corporation was formed and went into production. AC equipment - General Electric. This marked the absolute end of Edison's power systems as a commercial means of generating and distributing electricity.
Electric cars were not adapted to accommodate polyphase (AC) motors, since they used batteries as a power source, their extinction was a foregone conclusion. No battery can produce alternating current. Of course, a converter could be used to convert current to AC, but the size of the corresponding equipment at that time was too large to be placed on cars.
So around 1915, electric car sank into oblivion. True, United Parcel Service still runs a few electric trucks in New York today, but most of their vehicles run on gasoline or diesel. Today electric cars are dead - they are treated like dinosaurs of the past.
But, let us stop for a moment to consider the benefits of using electricity as a means of moving vehicles. Maintenance is absolutely minimal. Almost no oil is required for the engine. There is no oil to change, no radiator to clean and fill, no gears to foul, no fuel pumps, no water pumps, no carburetor problems, no crank mechanisms to rot or replace and no pollution emitted into the atmosphere. Isn't this the answer everyone seems to be looking for!
Therefore, these two problems before us, low speed with short travel distance and replacement by direct current with alternating current, can already be solved today. With today's technology, this no longer seems insurmountable. In fact, this problem has already been solved in the past. Distant past. And not very distant. Stop! Consider this for a few moments before continuing!
Somewhat earlier in this article, I mentioned a man, Nikola Tesla, and stated that he was the greatest genius that ever lived. The US Patent Office has 1,200 patents registered in Nikola Tesla's name, and it is estimated that he could have patented an additional 1,000 or so from memory!
But back to our electric cars - in 1931, funded by Pierce-Arrow and George Westinghouse. In 1931, Pierce-Arrow was selected to be tested on factory grounds in Buffalo, N.Y. Standard engine internal combustion was removed and 80 hp. 1800 rpm electric motor, was mounted on the clutch to the transmission. The AC motor was 100 cm long and 75 cm in diameter. The energy that fed him was "in the air" and no more sources nutrition.
At the appointed time, Nikola Tesla arrived from New York and inspected the Pierce-Arrow car. He then went to the local radio shop and bought 12 tubes, wires and various resistors. The box measured 60 cm long, 30 cm wide and 15 cm high. Having fixed the box behind the driver's seat, he connected the wires to the brushless motor air cooling. Two rods with a diameter of 0.625 mm. and about 7.5 cm long sticking out of the box.
Tesla ranked driver's seat, connected these two rods and declared, "Now we have energy." He pressed the pedal and the car drove off! This vehicle, driven by an AC motor, developed up to 150 km / h and had better performance than any car with an internal combustion engine at that time! One week was spent testing the vehicle. Several newspapers in Buffalo reported on this ordeal. When asked: “Where does the energy come from?”, Tesla answered: “From the ether around all of us.” People said that Tesla was insane and somehow allied with the sinister forces of the universe. Tesla was angered by this, he removed the mysterious box from the vehicle and returned to his laboratory in New York. His secret went with him!
Here I would like to note that accusations of magic constantly accompanied Tesla's activities. His lectures in New York were very popular, and people far from physics came. And not only because Tesla had the ability to explain physical laws in a simple human language of analogies, but rather because during his lectures he demonstrated experiments that even today could surprise students of radio electronics departments, not like ordinary people.
For example, Tesla took out of his briefcase a small TESLA TRANSFORMER that operated at high voltage and high frequency alternating current at an extremely low current strength. When he turned it on, lightning began to writhe around him, while he calmly caught them with his hands, while people from the first places in the hall hurriedly moved back. This trick is much more fun than sawing a person.
Also a good show was an experiment with electric lamps. Tesla turned on his transformer and an ordinary light bulb began to glow in his hands. It was already amazing. When he took out a light bulb without a filament spiral from his briefcase, just an empty bulb, and it still glowed, there was no limit to the surprise of the listeners, and they could not explain it otherwise than by mass hypnosis or magic.
“Tricks” with light bulbs are explained simply if you know some laws. As Tesla wrote, at a certain frequency of oscillation, rarefied air conducts current as well as or even better than a copper wire. Of course, this would be impossible if there was no single wave medium (“ether”). In the absence of air, ether becomes a pure conductor, while air only interferes because it is an insulator.
Some researchers use the Earth's magnetic field, which Tesla could use in his generator, to explain the work of Tesla's electric car. It is quite possible that using a high-frequency high-voltage alternating current circuit, Tesla tuned it into resonance with fluctuations in the Earth's “pulse” (about 7.5 hertz). At the same time, obviously, the oscillation frequency in his circuit had to be as upstart as possible, while remaining a multiple of 7.5 hertz (more precisely, between 7.5 and 7.8 hertz.).
(c) 2003 Rus Evens, independent researcher.
In Tesla's electric car diagram, what is mistaken for a receiver (a black box and two rods behind the driver's back) is obviously a transmitter. Two emitters are used. For three notes. Tesla loved the number 3. In addition to the main electric motor, the car had to have a battery and a starter. When you turn on the starter along with El. The engine turns the latter into a generator that feeds two pulsating emitters. The HF oscillations of the emitters support the movement of the electric motor. The electric motor, thus, can simultaneously be a source of rotation of the wheels of the car and a generator that feeds the HF emitters.
The traditional interpretation considers the two rods as receivers of some kind of cosmic rays. Then some kind of amplifiers (without power!) are attached to them so that they supply electricity to the EL. Engine.
Actually EL. The motor does not draw any current.
In the 1920s, Marconi demonstrated to Mussollini and his wife how, at a distance of several hundred meters, he could stop the movement of a transport column using RF EM radiation.
The same effect can be used in reverse for electric motors.
The stop is caused by dissonant radiation. Movement is evoked through resonant learning. Obviously, the effect shown by Marconi works with gasoline engines, since they have an electric generator that powers the spark plugs. Diesel engines are much less susceptible to such effects.
The driving force of Tesla's electric motor was not an electric current, whatever its origin, cosmic or some other, but resonant high-frequency oscillations in the medium, in the ether, causing a driving force in the electric motor. Not at the atomic level, as in J. Keely, but at the level of the oscillatory circuit El. Engine.
Thus, it is possible to depict the following conceptual diagram of the work of El. The engine on Tesla's electric car.
The battery drives the starter. Email The engine starts to move and starts to work like El. Generator. Power is supplied to two independent generators of high-frequency EM pulses, tuned according to the calculated formula in resonance with the oscillating circuit El. Engine. Independent oscillations of EM generators are tuned in a harmonious chord. A few seconds after starting, the starter turns off, the battery is disconnected. High-frequency EM pulses of 2 generators develop power in the EL engine, which sings in resonance with the HF generators, drives the car, works itself as an electric generator that feeds the HF emitters and does not consume any current.
Understanding how Tesla's electric car works.
According to the law of cause and effect, if the second follows from the first, then the first can follow from the second. In physics, this is the principle of reversibility of all processes.
For example, phenomena of the occurrence of dielectric polarization under the action of mechanical stresses are known. This is called the “direct piezoelectric effect”. At the same time, the reverse is also characteristic - the occurrence of mechanical deformations under the action of an electric field - the “reverse piezoelectric effect”. Direct and reverse piezoelectric effects are observed in the same crystals - piezoelectrics.
Another example is with thermocouples. If the contact points of the thermoelement are maintained at different temperatures, then an emf (thermoelectric power) appears in the circuit, and when the circuit is closed, an electric current is generated. If a current from an external source is passed through the thermoelement, then absorption occurs on one of its contacts, and heat is released on the other.
With the usual organization of the process, any electric motor consumes current and produces oscillatory disturbances in the environment, in the ether. What is called inductance. These inevitable disturbances of the environment are usually not used in any way. It is customary to ignore them as long as they do not interfere with anyone. Meanwhile, it should be understood that the energy costs, the power that the electric motor needs, are precisely caused by the fact that the electric motor does not work in absolute vacuum, but in the environment, and that the vast majority of the energy supplying the electric motor is spent on creating oscillatory disturbances in the environment. . Those very oscillatory perturbations to which it is customary to turn a blind eye.
Here lies the most important point. It needs to be emphasized. Energy losses during the operation of any electric motor are not associated with rotor friction, not with air resistance, but with inductance losses, i.e. with the "viscosity" of the ether in relation to the rotating electromagnetic parts of the engine. The motionless (relatively) ether is spun by an electric motor, concentric waves appear in it, diverging in all directions. During operation of the electric motor, these losses amount to more than 90% of all its losses.
What did Tesla do? Tesla realized that the electric motor, which inevitably "drives waves" in the ether, is not the most optimal device for this purpose. It is clear that vibrations of 30 Hz (1800 rpm) do not harmonize much with frequencies that are easily supported by the environment. 30 Hz. too low a frequency to resonate in a medium such as the ether.
The RF generator, which is in resonance with the ether, requires a minimum of energy for normal operation. The energy supplied by the electric motor is more than enough for him. The electric motor does not use the energy of the RF generator, but the energy of a resonantly pumped standing wave in the Ether.
Naturally, such an electric motor will also be cooled. An engine that requires power heats up from the resistance of the medium that it has to spin. Here, the environment does not need to be untwisted. On the contrary, the medium itself spins the motor, from which, as a result, current flows out. There is no witchcraft and mysticism in this. Just an understanding of the organization of the process.
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An important factor in the growth of TSLA shares on the NASDAQ was the way the electric motor works.How does an electric motor work?
Tesla Roadster uses a three-phase AC induction motor. Unlike some other motors that use permanent magnets, the Roadster's engine is based on a magnetic field generated entirely by electricity.
The Tesla electric motor has a rotor and a stator. The rotor is a steel sleeve through which copper plates are passed, allowing current to flow from one side of the rotor to the other. Electricity is not supplied directly to the rotor. Current occurs when a conductor of copper plates passes through a magnetic field, which is created by an alternating current in the stator. The rotation of the bushing sets the wheels in motion.
The stator is a thin steel plate through which a copper wire winding is passed. Through it, electricity is supplied to the engine from the power module. Wires are divided into three types according to the number of phases of electricity, which can be imagined as waves of sinusoidal oscillations, a smooth combination of which ensures an uninterrupted supply of electricity.
The alternating current in the copper winding of the stator creates a rotating magnetic field and induces a flow of particles in the rotor. The current generates a second magnetic field in the rotor, which follows the moving stator field. The result of this process is torque.
When the driver presses the gas pedal, the power module places the stator field behind the rotor field. As a result, the rotor has to slow down in order for its field to reach the level of the stator field. The direction of the current in the stator is reversed and energy begins to flow through the power module back into the battery. This is called energy regeneration.
The motor acts either as a generator or as an engine, depending on the actions of the driver. When you press the gas pedal, the power module senses the need for torque. If the pedal is pressed to 100%, the available torque is fully selected, and if not, then partially. If not throttled, the engine will be used to recover energy. It becomes a motor only when the power module sends the right amount of AC current to the stator, which generates torque.
The Tesla motor is designed to run at high speed, but even so it requires heat dissipation. For this purpose, cooling plates are made, through which the fan drives the air.
The traction motor is very small, about the size of a watermelon, and is as light as possible thanks to the use of aluminum. The power module delivers up to 900 amps of current to the stator, which is wound with significantly more copper than a conventional motor. The copper wires are insulated with special polymers that provide heat transfer and durability when driving in extreme conditions.
Unlike conventional induction motors, which use aluminum as a conductor, copper plays this role in the Roadster electric motor. It is more difficult to work with, but it has less resistance, so it conducts current better.
Top drivers for TSLA shares on Nasdaq
TSLA securities on Nasdaq are also rising under the influence of other factors besides the motor:
- Settlement of vehicle safety issues. State Security Administration traffic The US has confirmed the safety of Tesla electric vehicles.
- Growth of the Chinese electric vehicle market. The formation of a sales market through the volume of orders is becoming more and more transparent. The company managed to get a significant number of orders in China. China is the largest market for luxury cars, despite the difficulty of charging electric motors and obtaining license plates. The obstacle in the form of a lack of ready-made options for charging a car is likely to be eliminated at the expense of the Chinese themselves, who agree to seek the installation of charges in garages. The regulation of license plates in China has reduced their issuance from 500,000 to 150,000 per year, of which 20,000 are reserved for cars that drive alternative sources energy. The total number of plates issued will remain unchanged, but the number of plates reserved for alternative fuel vehicles will increase to 30,000 in 2015 and 60,000 in 2016. Few in China available brands luxury cars, so expanding the quota gives TSLA a competitive advantage.
- Increasing the financial stability of the company. TSLA can be expected to improve its net sales margin. The target assembly rate of 800 cars per week is likely to be exceeded, despite the fact that in the 3rd quarter of 2013 the company assembled 510 cars per week. Management and R&D spending in the second half of 2014 should decline as a percentage of revenue. Costs will also come down as battery supplier Panasonic will first expand supply moderately in mid-2014 and then increase it sharply after a refurbished plant is put in place that will build about 1.8 billion batteries between 2014 and 2017.
Tesla Model The S has become the car of choice for most car enthusiasts. After all, it has so many advantages - it does not need rising in price gasoline, does not litter the environment, in addition, it is the most reliable in the whole world. Consider the car in more detail.
Tesla Model S is made by American by Tesla motors. This is a 5-door car, the body of which was called "fastback", and the first prototype could be seen on Frankfurt Motor Show in 2009. In the USA deliveries this car started 2 years ago. As for the price, it varies from 62 to 88 thousand dollars. The most expensive version of the car is able to overcome as much as 425 km without recharging, and it will accelerate to 100 in just 4.2 seconds. The results of the first quarter of 2013 are impressive - 4,750 Tesla Model S units were sold in the US alone. This fact suggests that the car has outperformed its luxury sedan competitors - the Mercedes-Benz S-Class, as well as the BMW 7 Series. In Europe, a certain breakthrough of this car was recorded - in Norway for 2 weeks of September of the same year, 322 cars were sold, thereby overtaking Volkswagen Golf(only 256 were sold) If you look under the Tesla hood, there is nothing there. Instead of an engine there is a trunk, there is another roomy trunk in the back. If necessary, you can install child seats in it, which will be located facing the glass. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), one full charge lithium ion battery, having a capacity of 85 kW / h, is enough to overcome 426 km. This indicator made this model a leader among similar cars from other manufacturers. The company planned to produce two varieties of the car. They differed only in battery capacity - 60 kW / h and 40 kW / h. Their autonomy was 335 km and 260 km, but since the popularity of the model with a 40 kW / h battery was not very large, the manufacturer decided to abandon the release of this model. Tesla Model S is basic. It is installed liquid cooling, and the AC motor is capable of producing 362 horsepower. The car's battery is made of 7,000 AA batteries, which are placed in a special way. There is a distribution of positive and negative ions. June 2013 was marked for this car by the fact that the possibility of replacing battery automatically. During the demonstration, it was shown that changing the battery takes only 90 seconds. It's in order faster refueling full tank of regular fuel. Elon Musk, president of the company, said that the so-called slow charge lasts from 20 minutes to half an hour and will be free on special filling stations. At the same time, replacing the battery will cost the owner of an electric car about $80.
Let's take a look inside the car
You may notice that there is no familiar dashboard. Instead, a display is installed, with the help of which the owner can control all the functionality of the car, as well as monitor the working condition of the car. At the moment when the car is charging, in place of the speedometer, information is displayed on how charged the car is, as well as on how many kilometers this charge will last. In the place where the tachometer is usually installed, the company's engineers placed an ammeter.
The back of the car looks pretty simple. The windows on the doors do not have frames, and the company symbol is located on the turn signal, which fits very concisely into the design of the car. When it comes to charging your car, all you need is an ordinary outlet. The standard charger works from a network of 100-240 W, so you can charge from any outlet that is nearby.
The car can be charged in two ways. The first is a regular power supply. He works from ordinary socket 220 V. An 85 kWh battery will be charged from it for 36 hours. If your car has a 40 kWh battery, the charging time is halved. The outlet must have a working ground, otherwise nothing will be charged. The only difficulty is the fork. It has American standards, so you can not do without an adapter. You need to purchase a high-quality model, because the load will be about 12A.
To charge the car in just 14 hours, you need to use the second charger connector. It has the NEMA 14-50 standard. Here you can not do without a professional electrician, because you need to give 50 amperes to 1 phase, which not everyone can do. This requires high-quality electrical wiring. It doesn't matter which method you choose, because the process of connecting the charger is the same. You just need to open the trunk, take out the charger, connect it to the mains, wait until the green lights turn on, and then connect the charger to the car. There is another charging method, but it is even more difficult, because 80A must be given out for 1 phase. For charging in this case, a stationary charger is used, which is hung on the wall.
In Russia, there are still no special stations that replace the battery, and it is very difficult to issue 80A, so it is best to use an outlet. If you use the car, for example, as a racing car, then the battery consumption will be 1.5 times more, which means that the battery reserve is enough for about 300 km. If you drive about 200 km a day, then you can charge the car daily, while the charging time will be reduced by half, or by 2/3, and this is much more convenient than charging a completely dead car for as long as 36 hours.
Tesla Model S price
Tesla began deliveries with 1,000 limited-edition Signature and Signature Performance sedans equipped with 85kWh batteries and costing $95,400 and $105,400, respectively. The price of a Tesla car starts at $ 62.4 thousand and reaches $ 87.4 thousand (in Russia, you can buy a Tesla Model S from 4.5 million rubles). The most expensive option is a car with a range of almost 425 kilometers, capable of reaching a hundred in 4.4 seconds. In 2014, the Tesla Model S P85D was released, which develops 100 km / h in 3.2 seconds.Battery
The 60 kWh battery fitted to the S model provides a range of 370 km, while the 85 kWh battery provides 510 km, with an estimated constant speed 55 miles 89 km/h.
The batteries also have an energy-saving mode that turns off the display and other on-board electronics, after which the car goes into sleep mode. This feature reduces the loss in vehicle range when not in use (currently 13 km per day). Tesla also uses regenerative braking to restore energy, the essence of which is that during braking, part of the motion energy is returned back to the batteries in the form of electricity. 85 kW battery contains 7104 lithium ion cells power supply in 16 modules interconnected. Each module contains six groups of 74 elements connected in parallel; six groups, in turn, are connected in series to form a module. The battery uses galvanic cells from Panasonic with nickel-cobalt-aluminum cathodes. The location of the battery under the cab floor lowers the vehicle's center of gravity. The battery is warranted for eight years or 201,000 km for the base 60 kWh model. For an 85 kWh battery, there are no mileage restrictions. A separate battery replacement warranty is effective after the eighth year at a cost of $10,000 for a 60 kWh battery and $12,000 for an 85 kW battery.
On top of everything else, Model S, it turns out, is also very “smart”. Since the end of September 2014, all new S models have been equipped with a mini-camera mounted on the top of the windshield, a forward-looking radar in the lower grille, and ultrasonic sensors on the front and rear bumpers that provide a 360-degree buffer zone around the vehicle. This equipment allows Model S to detect road signs, markings, obstacles and other vehicles. In addition to adaptive cruise control and lane departure warning, a $4,250 $4,250 "Tech Package" is available that will enable semi-autonomous driving and parking. New models available for sale starting October 9, 2014 are designed for the autopilot function. The latter enables automatic driving in different situations. Compatible vehicles will receive the software via an over-the-air update, without the need to visit the dealer. The car is also crammed with sensors that determine the condition of units and structural elements. In the event of an accident, the system cuts off power from the battery. Now let's talk a little about the interior of this model. In 2015, it is planned to launch the Tesla Model X crossover, built on the basis of the Tesla Model S fastback.
