The variety of vehicles makes it difficult to account for them. To facilitate the work of control services for automotive technology, a certain classification was introduced, taking into account various models machines and categorizing them. This helps in the work of various driving schools for the training of drivers, allows you to quickly decipher digital letter designations models, and also contributes to the search for certain types of cars for the purpose of selection or for easy visual detection by a traffic police inspector, for example.

World Classification Practice

Despite globalization, there is no single global division of vehicles into types of vehicles. The reasons for this lie in historical development automotive industry, state system and market situation in various regions of the world.

For example, in Europe, where a common economic zone has long been established, letter designations for car classes have been adopted. Also, various specialized industries closely related to cars, such as car washes and car rental organizations, have their own production classification. In any case, any division into types or classes is rather arbitrary within the wide range of models produced.

However, the system adopted back in the Soviet Union in 1966, which separates the types of cars according to different features, is still used in Russia. Some manufacturers in the market deviate somewhat from the established norms, but in general the system is quite relevant for the modern automotive industry.

Main division by purpose

The principles for distributing cars by type are different for each type, but there is a general division into types of cars according to the purposes of their production and the main ways of using them.

• Passenger cars. These are machines, the main useful volume of which is intended for the transportation of people. This includes all kinds of passenger models, as well as buses as a separate category. Separately, because the rights to drive a bus require additional training and increased attention due to the large dimensions of the vehicle and the value of human life.

• Trucks. The payload compartment in such models occupies a significant part of the entire volume of the car - often more than half. This also includes truck tractors, which do not have their own cargo compartment, but are capable of transporting cargo in trailers.
• Cargo-passenger cars. hybrid models or trucks equipped with places for people in cargo hold. Most often they are created as modifications of trucks or cars, and are classified along with the models on the basis of which they were designed.
• Cars special purpose. This group includes a wide variety of vehicles equipped to perform certain technical or production tasks. Created on the basis of a passenger car and trucks, differ in that most of the usable volume is occupied by special equipment and machinery.

car brand

This classification parameter indicates the manufacturer of the vehicle. Only in the territory of the former Soviet Union there are more than two dozen large car factories and enterprises producing cars under their own brand. In the name of the model, most often the brand comes first.

Passenger car models

According to the industry standard 025270-66 adopted in the USSR, passenger cars are classified by engine size. This is reflected in the name of the vehicle model, namely in the first digit:

1. Subcompacts, the engine capacity of which does not exceed 1.2 liters.
2. The class of small passenger cars includes cars with an engine of 1.2-1.8 liters.
3. A personal passenger car of the middle class is equipped with an engine up to 3.5 liters.
4. Large passenger cars, the engine capacity of which exceeds 3.5 liters.
5. The highest class is not regulated by engine displacement.

Additionally, passenger models are usually divided by body type - so it is easier to visually distinguish them from each other. The body shape can be reflected in the brand name starting with the fifth digit, which indicates the modification. Main body types:

• Coupe.
• Universal.
• Sedan.
• Hatchback.
• Pickup.
• Cabriolet.
• SUV.
• Crossover.
• Limousine.

Truck types of vehicles

Such cars are more difficult to classify by engine displacement, so for them the determining parameter is the carrying capacity - the maximum permitted payload weight.

• Particularly small trucks can carry up to 1 ton of cargo.
• Small freight transport able to handle weights up to 3 tons.
• Middle class for loads up to 8 tons.
• Large - up to 15 tons.
• An especially large one can transport up to 26 tons of cargo.
• The extra-large class does not regulate the maximum load capacity.

According to the total weight, together with the payload, such machines are divided into 3 groups: up to 3.5 tons, 3.5-12 tons and over 12 tons. This division is relevant when crossing bridges, embankments and other areas pavement insufficient strength. According to the shape and purpose of the body, cargo vehicles are divided into a wide variety of types of vehicles, including special ones for certain types of cargo. Also, trucks are usually divided by the number of axles (from 2 to 5).

Bus classification

Passenger vehicles equipped with more than 9 seats, including the driver's seat, are classified as buses. A special classification is applied to them depending on the overall dimensions, namely the length. There are 5 classes: from small, up to 5 m in length, to extra large, up to 24 m in length.

Special transport

The classification of such transport has its own specifics, since vehicles for different purposes have different parameters. There is a division into types of cars, but it only applies to the area or area where the car is used. For example, an ambulance is produced in 3 classes depending on the built-in equipment, the purpose of which is from the usual transportation of patients to the resuscitation of the medical team during transportation. This also includes various agricultural machinery, the classification of which, due to the versatility of most models, is much more difficult.

Beginning drivers are always interestedclassification of cars by class. Knowledge about the classification of cars, differences and features will help when choosing a car for personal use. In this article, we will dwell on each group in detail.

Why do you need to classify a car

First of all, the classification of cars by class was created for the convenience of potential buyers - future owner will be able to assess their own capabilities for maintaining a car, acceptability only for themselves or the whole family, estimate how much constant refueling, periodic repairs and other nuances will cost in the future. Systematization of models will allow you not to waste time sorting through hundreds of types of cars in search of your own. The selection is influenced by the following criteria:

It is important to consider not only the classification of cars by class in the table, but also to calculate own forces to its content. The machine will require constant, professional inspection and repair. Insurance is required, the amount of which, as you know, depends on the model and other nuances.

Principle of classification in Russia

Considering that Europe is geographically closer to the Russian Federation, the market is filled mainly with local models. Also for classification cars influenced by the low demand for products of the domestic auto industry - in our country it is not yet at its best. In the EU countries, more than 20 categories of cars are accepted, but many of them are Russian market didn't hit. For example:

1. Full size SUVs. They are produced only in America and brought to Russia by special order.
2. There are no big pickup trucks and small Japanese subcompacts. This is due to the high cost of maintaining the former and the practical uselessness of the latter.
3. Fast cars are also made on request. Their predominant location is the megacities of our country. In other cases, the purchase is not advisable, since autobahns in Russia are rare.

However, our country has wide choose passenger cars for every taste and budget. How the class of the car is determined - we will find out further.

Rules for determining the category of a car

Classification is a non-permanent dynamically developing phenomenon. In the future, it will undoubtedly evolve, replenish with new models. How to find out the class of a car? To do this, there are rules for their definition:

Knowing your own needs, it is easy to determine from any class that is suitable to achieve the required goals.

Classification table

A detailed list of cars by class is in the table:

• Auto B-class. Comfortable for the driver and three passengers small car with front-wheel drive. Recently, the equipment of the car differs little from class C - the car falls short only in dimensions. The car is budgetary - the price is low, fuel consumption is sparing - up to 6 l / 100 km. Such models include Volkswagen Polo, Opel Corsa and others. In addition to technical equipment, the starting equipment includes alloy wheels.
  
  
• Auto C-class. Sometimes, cars of this type are called golf-class cars, since the Volkswagen Golf became the founder of the category. Standard medium body for five people, including the driver. From Russian car industry Lada Priora fits into this category. Many car owners note less comfort when the body is fully loaded.
  
  
• Auto D-class. roomy trunks, spacious salons. An example is the Audi A4 or our Volga. The category is divided into elite and family cars. The first are cars of increased comfort and engine power. All options are already included in basic configuration, which distinguishes them from family, almost budget models. The price of such a machine is high, but, nevertheless, it fully justifies itself.
  
  
• E-class. The business category distinguishes these car models increased comfort- luxury. Wide, roomy saloons, rich initial equipment, independent suspension, ensuring a safe, smooth ride and no fatigue for the driver, even after several hours on the road. Examples of business class cars are Toyota Camry, Nissan Teana. Our auto industry is not yet able to please the consumer with such models.
  
  
• F-class car. Representative category, accessible to narrow circles of the population and the government of the Russian Federation. They are distinguished by powerful engines - more than six cylinders, a developed electronic structure, the use of leather and other expensive materials in interior trim. The highest comfort of movement. As a rule, the owners of such cars do not drive the model themselves. During the trip, the passenger enjoys the road or solves everyday affairs without being distracted by what is happening behind the glass. Model examples: Audi A8, Volkswagen Phaeton.
  
  

Thus, the categories of cars are divided into classes. There are several more types of cars that differ from passenger "horses" in size ground clearance, body shape, capacity and / or the presence of all-wheel drive. Consider:

Roomy cars

These include "vans" - the division into microvans, compact vans and minivans. A distinctive feature of each type is the height of the model - from 1.5 m and the number seats- up to 9 pcs depending on the option. Such cars are rightfully considered family cars, designed for comfortable movement, tourism and long-distance travel. Representatives: Kia Soul, Opel Zafira tourer, Ford Galaxy- respectively.

SUVs and crossovers

SUVs have excellent cross-country ability. They are able to show themselves on a non-standard track - mountain slopes, forest paths, unstable soils. - These are off-road vehicles for city roads, which are in a deplorable state. Categories of SUVs, like passenger cars, have their own letters - B, C, D, E.

A similar classification of cars by class shows differences in body length and ground clearance. Model examples: Renault Duster, Nissan Qashqai, Kia Sorento and Toyota Highlander respectively.

It can also be attributed to SUVs - trucks with open platform. They are easily recognizable. And station wagons with increased capacity - from domestic cars these include Gazelle, European models - Renault Kangoo Mercedes-Benz Citan. Recognize the station wagon, perhaps in height - it is even higher than the minivan.

sports cars

Sports classic cars- These are two or three-door cars such as a coupe or hatchback. Distinctive feature similar models - a low platform suitable for roads good quality- autobahns. Examples - Opel Astra GTC, Kia pro_cee'd. Also among the sports cars are convertibles and roadsters - Mercedes E class Cabrio, Audi A5 Cabrio.

The impact of demand on the cost of a passenger car

So, having learned what classes cars are divided into, it is logical to assume that the economy category is more competitive than business and premium. Recently, sales of crossovers and SUVs have increased - they are used not only in extreme conditions but also on city roads. For active owners, when buying, the convenience of the car, its capacity, and engine power are important.

In recent years, the quality of the foreign and Russian car industry has been growing. Manufacturers strive to equip their own offspring with all sorts of technologies that increase comfort. There is a tendency to increase the length of the body, the space inside the cabin and trunk, regardless of the class of car indicated in the table above.

Constantly expanding range road transport most buyers find it difficult to determine the choice future car. In this regard, the classification of cars by class became a necessity in the second half of the last century. Today, most passenger vehicles in Russia are classified according to the European system.

The modern classification of cars by class is presented in the following table.

Microcars (A-class)

Vehicles this class, for the most part popular among the fair half. However, in recent years, with ever-increasing fuel prices and traffic density in big cities, men are also choosing small cars.

First of all, the car, the class of which corresponds to this segment, is distinguished by small dimensions - a length of up to 3.5 m; low flow fuel - no more than 7 liters per 100 km; low-power power unit - working volume 0.6 - 1.2 liters. As a rule, the cost of cars of this class in the basic configuration does not exceed 500,000 rubles. An exception may be models of famous automakers in the maximum configuration.

The indisputable advantages of the A-class include high maneuverability, efficiency, compactness of the car allows you to park it even in the most difficult traffic conditions.

Most popular models in Russia:

• Ravon Matiz;
• Lifan Smily;
• Peugeot 107;
• Citroen C1.

Sports coupe (S-class)

Modern sports cars can reach quite impressive sizes. Their length varies between 4.6 - 5 m, and due to the fact that almost all representatives of the S-class are relatively low, the cars visually seem noticeably longer. However, dimensions are far from the most significant characteristic of the segment. All sports cars are equipped with extremely powerful powertrains and are capable of developing extremely high speed. At the same time their technical equipment regardless of the car model is always at the proper level.

• Ferrari F12 Berlinetta;
• Porsche Panamera;
• Ford Mustang.

Watch a video review of the Porsche Panamera S-Class.

Mercedes-Benz car classes

At the eminent automaker Mercedes, the classification of cars may differ slightly from the generally accepted European classification system.

In this regard, many people get confused when buying. Still, it's pretty easy to figure it out:

• A - compact cars;
• B - urban hatchback;
• C - middle class;
• CL - luxury coupe;
• CLK - coupe based on the middle class;
• E and Ecope - business class;
• CLS is an extravagant business class with an imitation of a coupe body, but this is a sedan;
• G and GL - SUVs;
• GLK - SUV;
• ML- light truck in the body of an SUV;
• R - family station wagon;
• S - executive car in a sedan;
• SL, SKL, SLS, SLR - sports roadsters;
• V - minivan.

In Russia, class G or G-Wagen cars are often called "Gelik".

G-Wagen "Gelik"

Conclusion

In conclusion, the topic should be noted that a single international classification of cars by class as such does not exist. In America and China, for example, cars are classified by their own system, and those models that are imported to Europe or the CIS countries are adapted to the local European system.

No matter how many models and design features of cars, they can be divided into several groups, types or classes. About exactly what signs the mentioned division occurs, we will tell later in the article.

Car classification

Vehicles, depending on their purpose, can be divided into certain types:

• cars;
• buses;
• motorcycles;
• trailers;
• semi-trailers.

The main types of vehicles are cars and trucks. And the first of them include vehicles with no more than 9 seats, including the driver's. They are designed to transport people and their luggage.

Cars in which goods are transported or installed special equipment are called cargo.

In more detail, each of the groups of cars is divided according to purpose, according to overall dimensions, by design features (layout), body type, as well as by engine type and volume.

Classification of trucks by purpose

By appointment trucks are divided into three main groups:

1. General purpose transport. These vehicles are designed to move goods on the roads. common use on which there are restrictions on the axial load.
2. Special vehicles. They have special equipment installed on the truck chassis: truck cranes, concrete mixers, fire tanks, aerial platforms.
3. Specialized. These trucks are designed to transport certain types of cargo. Examples of them are container ships, dump trucks, tanks.

Dump trucks are the most common type of specialized trucks. Bulk and bulk cargoes are unloaded by overturning the platform with sides. These machines are divided into groups according to dimensions and axial load.

Road dump trucks are universal, agricultural and construction trucks. Their carrying capacity can be from 1.5 to 45 tons.

Off-road is mining trucks. Their task is to export the breed and Construction Materials from quarries where open way minerals are being developed. These are the largest trucks. They can carry up to 400 tons of rock, but cannot travel on roads due to weight and size restrictions. They are delivered unassembled to the place of work.

Classification of trucks by carrying capacity and layout

Trucks can be classified according to several criteria. The main feature by which these vehicles are divided into groups is the carrying capacity. The number of axles is directly related to it, because the load of one axle on the road is regulated by law and should not exceed a certain value. Therefore, the greater the mass of the transported cargo, the more axles the truck should have.

The load capacity of the car is determined as follows:

• especially small if it can carry less than a ton of cargo;
• small - 1-2 tons;
• medium - 2-5 tons;
• large - 5 tons;
• especially large.

The latter group includes mining dump trucks, the carrying capacity of which is much higher than the limits set by the weight restrictions on the roads.

Now, in connection with the development of international safety requirements by special commissions at the UN, there is a generally accepted classification of trucks. According to European standards, car classes, in accordance with gross weight, look like this:

• N1 - up to 3.5 tons;
• N2 - from 3.5 to 12 tons;
• N3 - from 12 t.

In the US, trucks are further divided into eight classes by gross weight.

Classification of trucks by body type

There is a very detailed classification trucks and body type. The car body can be open, like a dump truck, or closed, like a container.

The first, both in terms of time of use and prevalence, is onboard. So they say when the space of the cargo platform is limited on four sides by the sides, which can be folded down if necessary.

If a fabric awning is stretched over the body on special removable ribs to protect the cargo from bad weather and prying eyes, then this is a tent body.

Instead, an all-metal van with lockable doors can be installed. On its basis, isothermal bodies with heat-insulating protection are manufactured, which allow protecting goods from sudden changes temperature.

An isothermal body with an air conditioner inside is already a refrigerator designed for transporting perishable goods over long distances. In turn, refrigerators are divided into 6 classes, depending on the temperature range.

A separate body type is tanks. They can be steel or aluminum, vary in shape, size and number of sections inside, have pumps and other additional equipment.

A loading platform is specially equipped for car carriers carrying several cars, as well as for container carriers and timber carriers.

Tractors as a separate type of freight transport

Truck tractors are also trucks designed to transport semi-trailers and trailers. Instead of a body, a special saddle is installed on them for a quick change of the trailer composition. In Australia, with its open spaces, there are five-trailer couplings, total weight more than 100 t.

Vehicle types vary in layout. So, American truck tractors are made according to the classic layout - bonnet. Europeans, on the other hand, place the engine under the cab, increasing usable length road trains.

For towing especially heavy loads, ballast tractors are used. They have a shortened body filled with ballast to increase the traction weight.

Delivery trucks

The class N1, mentioned earlier, includes the so-called delivery trucks. Their carrying capacity is less than 2 tons. The layout is wagon or half-bonnet. Car types differ in body shape.

Delivery trucks are equipped all-metal van with hinged rear and sliding front doors. By the way, pickup trucks, which are located on the border of trucks and cars, are a subspecies of delivery trucks.

These are either modifications of cars with cargo platform instead of trunk rear seats, which are found on the roads of Europe, or special models frame type with a cabin that can accommodate 2-3 or 5-6 people.

Russian delivery trucks are the Gazelle and Sobol families of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Pickup trucks and vans are produced by IzhAvto, UAZ and VAZinterService.

Classification of passenger cars by type of engine and drive

Types of trucks by engine and fuel for it are usually not separated - there are many other criteria. But cars can be divided into groups, according to the type of engine:

• gasoline;
• diesel.

Diesel engines are more technologically advanced, environmentally friendly and economical to operate, but they are more expensive than gasoline ones. They are reliable, but demanding on fuel quality, especially in cold weather. Machines with gasoline engines accelerate faster and to higher speeds.

The main classes of cars according to the domestic classification are determined depending on the engine size in cubic centimeters or liters as extra small, small, medium and large. The latter is divided into business class and luxury cars. domestic auto industry released in big class with an engine capacity of more than 3.5 liters, only government "Seagulls" and "ZiLs".

Mini-cars, the engine capacity of which is slightly more than one liter (Oka VAZ-1111), belong to a particularly small class.

Small class - cars with an engine from 1.1 to 1.8 liters - these are all other domestic cars, with the exception of the Volga, which belonged and belongs to the middle class (1.8-3.5 liters).

Vehicle types can also be determined by the type of drive:

• rear-wheel drive, with rear-wheel drive;
• front-wheel drive, with a leading front pair of wheels;
• all-wheel drive.

The first Russian front-wheel drive passenger car was the VAZ-2108, and the all-wheel drive, without the ability to disable this function, was the Niva.

Classification of passenger cars by body type

Body type is the most common criterion by which passenger cars are distinguished. It is classified by a combination of three volumes (passenger compartment, luggage compartment and engine) and by design features.

Depending on the presence of a roof, cars are divided into closed (sedan, coupe, hardtop, fastback, hatchback, wagon, limousine), open, with an opening or removable roof (cabriolet, phaeton, brogue), as well as cars with a partially folding or removable top (lando, targa and pickup).

The most common:

• a sedan with a three-volume body, two or three rows of seats, there can be two, four or six side doors;

• coupe with two or three volumes, two doors and two rows of seats (the rear can be cramped);
• hatchback with a two-volume body and a large back door. Due to the rear seats, the luggage compartment here can be significantly increased;
• station wagon, with a body not divided by a stationary partition into passenger and luggage compartments, and a door at the back. A variation is a minivan with a higher suspension;
• limousine, the body of which has a partition behind the front seats;
• convertible in which the roof is folded and lowered side windows(glasses are removed in the phaeton).

Types of passenger cars

Leading foreign automotive publications divide passenger cars into four types according to their functionality.

1. General purpose vehicles that are designed to travel on paved roads. The basic models of this type are three-volume (sedan) and two-volume (hatchback) bodies. On their basis, coupes, station wagons, convertibles and even pickups and vans are created. As a rule, these machines are designed for 4-5 seats, their overall height is from 1.3 to 1.47 m.
2. station wagons off-road(English abbreviation APV). These are cars with a capacity of up to 7 people and more luggage compartment. The height of these vehicles is up to 1.85 m. steering and suspension borrowed from general purpose vehicles. Outstanding Representatives of this type - Chrysler Voyager, Renault Espace Chevrolet Lumina APV.
3. Off-road vehicles or, in other words, jeeps and SUVs with a high ground clearance of up to 0.2 m, all-wheel drive, short overhangs and base. Overall height due to the high landing of passengers up to 2 m.
4. sports cars, powerful engine, often double with the lowest possible landing and a roof height of no more than 1.33 m.

Classification of passenger cars by overall dimensions

In Europe, there are only 4 groups of cars by body type and six by size.

Mini-cars belong to class A (especially small). These small-trunk babies are nimble and fuel-efficient, making it easy to drive and park in big cities (Smart, for example).

Small class B is a hatchback car body with two or four doors with small dimensions. For example, Hyundai Getz or Ford Fusion.

Small medium C, in honor of the founder of this intermediate class VW Golf, is also called the “golf class”. It can also be attributed to Renault Megane and Opel Astra.

The middle class D includes cars with an optimal ratio of dimensions, comfort and price - Ford Mondeo, Opel Vectra or the more expensive Jaguar X-type.

The upper middle E includes business class cars with high level comfort and quite impressive size, for example, Nissan Maxima, Audi A6, Peugeot 607.

The highest F class includes luxury cars - representative as Rolls-Royce Phantom or sporty like the Jaguar XJ.

Body type - the criterion by which cars that do not fall into the classes are divided into coupes / convertibles (small, sporty, stylish Ferrari or Opel Speedster), SUVs (multi-purpose front-wheel drive passenger or cargo passenger cars Volvo XC70, Nissan Patrol, Ford Expedition), minivans/UPVs (with up to nine seats, like the Nissan Quest or Renault Kangoo) and crossovers.

Types of cars and their classification according to various criteria is a rich topic, which has many interpretations and interpretations. Purpose, engine type, design features, comfort, price and many other criteria combine vehicles into non-matching different countries groups.

Even the division into cars and trucks (it would seem, which is much easier) is conditional. After all, the more cars become, and the more more manufacturers trying to satisfy the needs of consumers, the more difficult the classification becomes.

Modern vehicles are classified according to different criteria: engine displacement, carrying capacity, capacity, wheel formula, axial load, overall dimensions; purpose, engine type, body type, etc.

1.3.1. Engine marking

Marking (identification number) of engines is applied:

on engines mod. 402.10, 4021.10 and their modifications on a special platform located on the left side of the engine, on the cylinder block between the flanges of the gasoline pump and the ignition distributor drive;

on engine mod. 4062.10 and its modifications on a specially machined platform located on the left side of the engine, on the cylinder block, above the bosses of the front engine mount.

In the marking of engines, letters of the Latin alphabet (except for the letters I, O, Q) and Arabic numerals are used.

Letters and numbers are applied with the help of stamps by the impact method.

Marking consists of two components: descriptive and indicative.

The descriptive part of the marking consists of six characters and has the following structure.

In the first place is the abbreviated numerical designation of the base engine model. If the designation of the engine model includes less than six digits, then zeros are embossed in the empty places of the last characters (on the right). For example: "402000"; "402100"; "406200".

To reflect the version of the engine completeness, which is different from the base one, the conditional letter code of this completeness is used, which is located on the last sign (on the right). The conditional completeness code is assigned by the manufacturer (ZMZ).

For example: "40200G"; 40620F", etc.

The index part of the marking consists of eight characters (numbers and letters).

The first character is the conditional letter code of the year of manufacture of the engine (V-1997; W-1998:X-1999).

The second character is a conditional digital code of the assembly shop (conveyor) that assembled the engine (O, 1, 2 ...).

Subsequent characters are the serial number of the engine assigned by the manufacturer (ZMZ). Zeros are embossed on the unfilled places of the index part of the marking.

For example: "W1002774", where

1 - code of the assembly shop (conveyor);

2774 - engine number.

At the beginning and end of the marking, as well as between its components, a separating sign is stamped - a five-pointed star.

Marking example: *40200G*W1002774*; 40620F*W4000774*

By weight and axial load(weight per axle), as well as overall dimensions (height, width, length), all vehicles are divided into two groups: road and off-road.

Roadcars - These are vehicles designed for use on public roads. The axle loads and dimensions of such vehicles comply with certain restrictions that are taken into account in the design and construction of roads and road structures.

Vehicles outside these limits are off-road. They operate off public roads.

Examples of off-road vehicles are dump trucks: BelAZ - 75404, BelAZ - 75553, BelAZ - 75131, BelAZ - 75303, etc.

By purpose, cars are classified into transport and special (Fig. 1.1). At the same time, the purpose of the automatic telephone exchange and some design features according to OH 025.270-66 are reflected in their designation (indexation).

KamAZ-5320: KamAZ - the code name of Kamsky car factory; 5 - class, a truck with a gross weight of over 14 to 20 tons (KAMAZ-5320 has about 15 tons); 3 - view, flatbed trucks; 20 is the serial number of the model.

It would seem that everything is simple. But what about machines developed on the basis of one or another basic model? For example, with off-road and off-road vehicles, modifications of station wagon cars, taxis with a special body? In accordance with the industry normal, they are not considered modifications of the main model (that is, they do not acquire the fifth digit in the index), but receive independent third and fourth digits - in short, they are considered as separate models. But ambulances created on the basis of station wagons are considered as modifications of the latter and, thus, have a five-digit index. Finally, special vehicle indices are assigned to ambulances based on truck chassis from the respective classes.

The appearance of a new car model, which is given an independent index, is, first of all, a change in one of the main parameters of its characteristics - the total weight, engine displacement, wheel formula, operational purpose, as well as the body. In this case, we are talking about the third and fourth digits of the index. The main automobile plants are allocated a group of 10-12 digits, which serve for numbering basic models. At the same time, the normal recommends keeping, if possible, the third and fourth digits of the index (that is, the model number) when designating other types of specialized and special vehicles based on them. , tank truck - 0601, van - 0701 and special vehicle - 0901.

And what about road trains? Their designation must consist of the code name of the company that produces the tractor, a dash, the index of the tractor model, a hyphen and the index of the semi-trailer model. For example: KAMAZ-5320-8350.

Now a few words about the five-digitand six-digit indices. Vehicle modification means a set of qualitative changes made to the design of the base model, limiting or expanding the scope of its application in operation. It is indicated in the index of the base model by adding the fifth character in ascending order. The first modification will receive the index 00001, the second - 00002, etc., and the ninth (last) - 00009. So, the long-wheelbase modification of the Kamaz-5320 truck has the designation Kamaz-53202. If the tenth modification appears, it is allowed to assign a new model index to it with the number 1 in the modification sign.

And how are modernizednew cars and variant versionsniya? Modernization (the sum of improvements) that does not change the parameters of the car specified in its technical characteristics is not reflected in its index. Modernization, which significantly changes individual parameters, characteristics and appearance of the machine, is reflected in a two-digit digital “suffix” with the advent of a variant. So, the designation of the upgraded version of the model is made up of the conditional name of the manufacturer, a dash, a four-digit index, a hyphen and a digital two-digit "suffix" of the variant.

export variants are assigned a unique numerical designation in the form of the sixth character of the model index. If there is no modification, the fifth character of the model index will be zero. The following figures are set for export versions of products: 6 - export version; 7 - export version for tropical climate; 8, 9 - reserve for other export options;

Designation of experimentswheeled vehicles and their options. They are assigned a model index in due course. It is recommended to put the letter E in front of the model index for the first version of the experimental sample, 2E for the second, etc. When the design is finalized and approved, the signs E, 2E, etc. are removed from the index, and it remains unchanged.

The normal for the classification and designation of cars allows you to get a brief, accurate idea of ​​​​the car and its purpose from the index. We think that familiarity with this system will be useful for any motorist.

Rice. 1.1. PBX classification by purpose

Transport vehicles- these are automatic telephone exchanges intended for the carriage of goods and (or) passengers, i.e. performing transport work. They are divided into passenger, cargo and cargo-passenger.

Passenger cars include two types: 1 - cars; 2 - buses. Trucks are divided into 2 large groups: general purpose and specialized (Fig. 1.1). General-purpose vehicles, as a rule, have an open cargo side platform (some of the vehicles have sorted platforms covered with an awning) and are intended primarily for the transportation of piece (container) cargo, i.e. goods placed on pallets, in containers of small capacity, in bags, boxes and other containers. They include two types of cars: 3 - airborne; 4 - truck tractors. The latter serve exclusively for towing semi-trailers and do not have a platform for placing cargo. All other transport vehicles are specialized, i.e. those that are designed for certain types of cargo. Specialized vehicles are divided into 4 types:

5 - dump trucks (for transportation of bulk and bulk cargoes);

6 - tanks (for transportation of liquid, gaseous cargoes and some types of bulk cargoes):

7- vans (for the transportation of goods that need protection from the adverse or harmful effects of the external environment);

8 - reserve;

The use of specialized vehicles is intended to ensure increased safety of the cargo and (or) reduce the time of loading and unloading operations.

Cargo-passenger vehicles are designed to carry both passengers and goods.

Special cars, unlike vehicles, are not designed to carry goods or passengers; transport work, but are used to move special equipment that is mounted on a chassis and is designed to perform various technological operations. Such vehicles include truck cranes, auto repair shops, fire trucks, radio stations, measuring laboratories, sports, etc. All special vehicles belong to the 9th type.

Thus, all automatic telephone exchanges are divided into 9 types according to their purpose.

Passenger cars, buses and trucks are further divided into classes. In this case, the main classification features are:

a) for trucks - gross weight;

b) for buses - overall length;

c) for passenger cars - engine capacity (i.e. "displacement") and "dry" weight.

Trucks are divided into seven classes according to their gross weight; all trailers, regardless of their gross weight, are assigned to the eighth class, and semi-trailers are assigned to the 9th class (Table 1.1).

Gross vehicle weight refers to the curb weight of the vehicle with rated payload, accessories, driver and passengers in the cab.

Table 1.1

Car classes

	Indicators	Car classes
Freight	Full mass							Over 40	trailers	Semi trailers
Cars	Displacement (l)				3.5 or more
Buses	Overall length (m)						16.5 or more

M A = M O + M UAH + M D + M uh (1.1)

where M 0 \u003d M s + M 3 + M s - the dead weight of the car;

M s - "dry" (constructive) mass of the car:

M E is the mass of refueling (fuel, coolant, engine and transmission oil);

M s - weight of equipment (set of keys, spare parts and accessories);

М UAH - nominal weight of cargo;

M D - mass of additional equipment (entrenching tool, snow chains, fire extinguisher);

M uh, - the mass of the crew.

M uh = ( m 4+ m 6 )P To, (1.2)

where m 4 is the estimated mass of one person;

m 6 - estimated weight of baggage;

P to - cabin capacity (including the driver's seat).

The total mass of a passenger vehicle is determined by the formula

M A = M O + M UAH + ( m 4+ m 6 )P H + M D (1.3)

where P N - nominal capacity car (total number of seats for passengers, attendants and driver),

The estimated weight of the driver of a truck and a unit of bus service personnel is 75 kg. and the mass of the driver and passengers passenger car and bus - 68 kg. Estimated baggage weight is taken equal to:

23 kg - for intercity and tourist buses;

13 kg - for buses of local lines;

3 kg - for suburban buses;

0 kg - for trucks, cars and city buses.

The nominal capacity is the sum of seats for passengers, attendants (tour guides, conductors, medical workers, etc.) and the driver, i.e.

P H = P n + P O +1=(P forces + P st )= P O +1. (1.4)

where P n is the number of seats for passengers;

P forces, P st - respectively, the number of seats for seated and standing passengers;

P about - the number of seats for staff.

In the domestic and foreign automotive industry, in terms of establishing requirements for designs and test methods, it is widely used international classification ATS, adopted in the UNECE Regulations. It takes into account the purpose and weight of the PBX. According to this classification, all automatic telephone exchanges, depending on the purpose, are divided into 3 categories: M - passenger cars; N - trucks; 0 - trailers and semi-trailers.

Each of the three indicated categories, depending on the number of seats for passengers and the gross weight, has its own gradations.

Passenger ATS:

M 1 - having, in addition to the driver's seats, no more than 8 seats

M 2 - having, in addition to the driver's seats, no more than 8 seats and a gross weight of up to 5 tons;

M 3 is the same. but the total mass is over 5 tons.

Trucks:

N 1 - with a gross weight of up to 3.5 tons;

N 2 - gross weight over 3.5 tons but not more than 12 tons;

N 3 - gross weight over 12 tons;

Trailers and semi-trailers:

O 1 - single-axle trailers with a gross weight of less than 0.75 tons;

O 2 - trailers and semi-trailers with a gross weight of 0.75 to 3.5 tons;

0 3 - the same, but with a gross weight of more than 3.5. but not more than 10 tons;

About 4 - Same. but with a gross weight of more than 10.0 tons.

In recent decades, it has become a rule to create families of cars to meet the needs of the country's national economy in cars. different type and appointments.

families - this is a set (number) of models and modifications of cars that are different in their purpose and parameters, which are produced on the basis of unified main components and assemblies (drive axles, gearboxes, engines, cabins, etc.)

The conditional name of the family and the indexing of the models and modifications of cars included in it are produced on the basis of the so-called "basic" model.

base model- this is the main model of the family, the predominant part of the components and assemblies of which is used to create other cars of the family.

Derived Model- this is a car model that uses the main units and components of the base car model, and the operational properties or purpose of which differ from the base model. Example: flatbed car general purpose NDZ-5336 - basic model, truck tractor MAZ-5432 - derivative model. Note that when indexing derived models, they receive a different number than the base model.

A modification should be distinguished from a derived model.

Modification models- this is a product that differs from the basic model in some operational parameters, scope or design of individual parts.

The modification of the model is marked with the 5th digit (from 1 to 9) in the indexing. Example: MAZ-6422 - truck tractor: MAZ-64221 - modification of the MAZ-6422 truck tractor. characterized by increased engine power.

A model or modification can be made in various configurations, i.e. with a different range of minor components that do not significantly affect the parameters of the car and its scope.

To change any operational properties and increase the competitiveness of the car can be manufactured in several versions.

The northern version provides for increased power of the body and interior heating system, the presence of an engine preheater and other design measures aimed at improving the vehicle's adaptability to work in the north.

The tropical version also aims to adapt the car to work in the specific climatic conditions of the tropics and subtropics (reinforced anti-corrosion coating, sealing the cabin or cabin from moisture and dust, etc.).

The export version differs from a conventional car in the increased quality of the cabin (interior), seats (seats), dashboard, etc. as well as the presence of some additional devices and devices, which mainly provide an increase in comfort, improvement appearance, fuel efficiency and safety.

Tractor transport. This type of transport occupies the second place in agricultural production in terms of importance, it accounts for 20 ... 27% of the transported goods.

Tractor transport is used mainly for intra-estate and intra-farm transportation in difficult road conditions.

In transport work, they mainly use wheeled tractors and self-propelled chassis of the T-16M, T-25A, T-40M (AM), MTZ-160 and other modifications, as well as T-150K, K-744, which are employed in these works for more than 50% of the year.

Caterpillar tractors are used for transport work only in off-road conditions and for short distances.

Tractor trailers, depending on the purpose, are divided into universal and special, and according to the number of axles - into one-, two- and three-axle.

The most widespread are single-axle tractor trailers of the 1-PTS-2 and 1-PTS-4 types with a load capacity of 2000 and 4000 kg, respectively, as well as two-axle trailers of the 2-PTS-4-887B type (with a load capacity of 4000 kg) and 2-PTS-6-8526 - with a load capacity of 6000 kg. Trailers with a carrying capacity of 4000 and 6000 kg are aggregated mainly with tractors of the MTZ-80 type.

The semi-mounted two-axle trailer MMZ-771B with a load capacity of 9000 kg is aggregated with tractors of the T-150K and K-744 types, and three-axle trailers 3-PTS-12B with a load capacity of 12000 kg - with a K-744 tractor. All tractor trailers are equipped with hydraulic lifts for unloading.