Dimensions of the main types of trucks
In this section you can get acquainted with the technical characteristics of the main types trucks. First of all, these are the following parameters: length, width, height, volume, load capacity. Also provided are the distinguishing features various types a / m, their specificity for consumers transport services, applications, etc.
Gazelle
According to their main consumer qualities(tonnage, volume, overall dimensions) to cars of the Gazelle class can be attributed various models domestic and imported trucks. The cargo compartments of these vehicles may vary slightly in overall dimensions and, accordingly, volumes.
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of a Gazelle car:
| Length: | 2.8 - 3.2 m (there are elongated up to 4.5 m) |
| Width: | 1.8 - 1.9 m |
| Height: | 1.7 - 2 m |
| Volume: | 9 - 11 m3 |
| Load capacity: | 1.5 - 1.7 tons |
Cars this class are actively used on intracity and intercity routes of short and medium range (500-700 km). Specifications make it possible to guarantee a sufficiently high average speed(up to 100 km/h), and the cabin layout provides space for one or two passengers (forwarders).
The tented version of the cargo compartment suggests the possibility of tenting and getting an open cargo compartment. The vehicle may be equipped with lashing straps and other additional equipment(lift, hard sides).
ZIL-Bychok
According to their main consumer qualities (tonnage, volume, overall dimensions), various models of domestic and imported trucks can be attributed to cars of the ZIL-Bychok class. The cargo compartments of these vehicles may vary slightly in overall dimensions and, accordingly, volumes.
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of ZIL-Bychok cars:
| Length: | 3.7 m |
| Width: | 2.1 m |
| Height: | 2.2 m |
| Volume: | 17 m3 |
| Load capacity: | 3.5 tons |
Cars of this type are actively used on intracity and intercity routes of short and medium range (500-700 km). Technical characteristics allow to guarantee a sufficiently high average speed (up to 80 km / h.) A small axle load allows this car to drive freely in territories with entry restrictions trucks
ZIL
According to their main consumer qualities (tonnage, volume, overall dimensions), various models of domestic and imported trucks can be attributed to ZIL class vehicles. The cargo compartments of these vehicles may vary slightly in overall dimensions and, accordingly, volumes.
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of ZIL vehicles:
| Length: | 3.5 - 4 m |
| Width: | 2-2.3 m |
| Height: | 2.45 m |
| Volume: | 14-21 m3 |
| Load capacity: | 5 tons |
Cars of this type are actively used on intracity and intercity routes of short and medium range (500-700 km). Often used for transporting personal items, moving, etc.
10-ton tarpaulin
The class of 10 ton cars with a tented body includes various cars domestic and imported production.
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of a car with a carrying capacity of 10-15 tons:
| Length: | 5.0 - 8.0 m |
| Width: | 2.4 - 2.5 m |
| Height: | 1.8 - 3.0 m |
| Volume: | 25 - 60 m3 |
| Load capacity: | 5-15 tons |
* A significant variation in the parameters is explained big amount cargo bay options.
Trucks of this class are actively used on long-distance and international routes. Usually the cabin is equipped with a berth and provides a place for the freight forwarder. IN standard equipment the car is completed with fastening belts (to 6 pieces). The cargo compartment is adapted to different options loading / unloading (top, side). Import models trucks can be equipped with air suspension, which significantly improves the smoothness of the ride and provides better preservation light weight cargo. Cars can be equipped with an elevator.
10-ton thermal
The class of 10 ton vehicles with an isothermal body includes various vehicles of domestic and foreign production.
The class can be divided into several subclasses:
- Cars with a carrying capacity of up to 5 tons with a body volume close to the volume of a 10 ton car (36 m3)
- Cars with a carrying capacity of up to 10 tons with a body volume of up to 56 m3.
- Cars with a carrying capacity of up to 15 tons with a volumetric (50-60 m3) and long body(up to 8m).
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of a car with a carrying capacity of 10-15 tons *:
| Length: | 5.0 - 8.0 m |
| Width: | 2.4 - 2.5 m |
| Height: | 1.8 - 3.0 m |
| Volume: | 25 - 60 m3 |
| Load capacity: | 5-15 tons |
* A significant variation in the parameters due to the large number of options for cargo compartments.
Distinctive feature cargo compartment type "thermal van", is the ability to maintain for a long time (10-20 hours) the temperature at which the loading was carried out, provided the external temperature is from -10C to +20C. In addition, on some models, there is the possibility of heating the cargo compartment, which allows for a longer time and at lower external temperatures to maintain the internal temperature.
The sides of the cargo compartment are made of foam plastic sheathed with tin. The doors of the cargo compartment are equipped with a seal. There are ventilation holes. As a rule, the cargo compartment is equipped with an additional side door that facilitates loading / unloading. Imported truck models can be equipped with air suspension, which significantly improves the smoothness of the ride and ensures better safety of the easily breakable cargo. Cars can be equipped with an elevator.
10 ton with 20 feet container
In terms of consumer qualities, a car with an installed 20-foot sea container is close to 10 ton car with tarpaulin or isothermal body.There are various types of sea 20-foot containers (for more details, see the main characteristics of large-capacity containers). The most commonly used types are listed below. Regular 20ft container.
- 20 ft. thermal container (similar to an isothermal van)
- 20 ft. refrigerated container (isothermal van with built-in refrigeration unit)
- 20 ft. container with tarpaulin roof
- 20 ft. platform with racks
dimensions 20ft container:
| Length: | 6.0 m |
| Width: | 2.4 m |
| Height: | 2.4 m |
| Volume: | 34 m3 |
| Load capacity: | 10-20 tons (limited by vehicle capacity) |
All types of sea containers are used as a rule for the carriage of goods in mixed traffic (using various kinds transport). All containers have unified external dimensions. In Russia, there is a category of machines with containers of various types installed on a frame platform for permanent use in road transport.
2 0-ton with 40' container
In terms of consumer qualities, a car with an installed 40-foot sea container is close to a 20-ton car with a tilt or isothermal body (Eurotent).There are various types of sea 40 foot containers. The most commonly used types are listed below:
- Regular 40 ft. container
- 40 ft. thermal container (similar to an isothermal van)
- 4 0 ft. refrigerated container (isothermal van with built-in refrigeration unit)
- 40 ft. container with tarpaulin roof
- 40 ft. platform with racks
Overall dimensions of a 40' container:
| Length: | 12.0 m |
| Width: | 2.4 m |
| Height: | 2.4 m |
| Volume: | 68 m3 |
| Load capacity: | 20-28 tons |
All types of sea containers are used as a rule for the transportation of goods in mixed traffic (using different modes of transport). All containers have unified external dimensions. In Russia, there is a category of vehicles with containers of various types installed on a frame platform for permanent use in road transport.
20-ton truck with isothermal semi-trailer
The isothermal semi-trailer with a volume of 82 m3 has similar consumer properties with smaller isothermal vans. There are a large number of modifications of semi-trailers (for details, see the catalog of technical characteristics of trucks), among which the most common ones can be distinguished: semi-trailers with a volume of 76-78 m3 - have a shorter length (12.5 - 13 m) and semi-trailers with a standard or larger length, width and height (13.6 m, 2.5 m, 2.7 m). The main consumer characteristic of this semi-trailer is the volume or number of pallets that can be loaded.
Overall dimensions of the isothermal semi-trailer:
| Length: | 13.6 m |
| Width: | 2.45 m |
| Height: | 2.45 m |
| Volume: | 82 m3 |
| Load capacity: | 20-25 tons |
| Europallet capacity: | 33 pcs |
The suspension of semi-trailers is executed in spring or pneumatic version. Air suspension guarantees the road train a smooth ride, ensuring the safety of easily breakable cargo.A distinctive feature of the cargo compartment of the "Thermovan" type is the ability to maintain for a long time (10-20 hours) the temperature at which the loading was carried out, provided that the external temperature is from -10C to +20C.
In addition, on some models, there is the possibility of heating the cargo compartment, which allows for a longer time and at lower external temperatures to maintain the internal temperature. The sides of the cargo compartment are made of foam plastic sheathed with tin. The doors of the cargo compartment are equipped with a seal. There are ventilation holes. As a rule, the cargo compartment is equipped with an additional side door that facilitates loading / unloading.
20 ton refrigerated truck
The refrigerated semi-trailer is cargo semi-trailer the temperature in which can change from minus (- 7-12C) to plus (0-10C) regardless of the external temperature. This ability of the cargo compartment is provided by an autonomous refrigeration unit. Modern refrigeration units have different levels of protection against emergency temperature changes, which ensures the safety of the cargo.
Installations may be writable temperature regime on specialized "blanks". The main scope of these semi-trailers is the transportation of perishable products or goods requiring special temperature conditions (see temperature conditions for the transportation of perishable products by road). The semi-trailer has the following overall dimensions:
Overall dimensions of the refrigerated semi-trailer:
| Length: | 13.6 m |
| Width: | 2.45 m |
| Height: | 2.45 m |
| Volume: | 82 m3 |
| Load capacity: | 20-25 tons |
| Europallet capacity: | 33 pcs |
There are a large number of modifications of semi-trailers, among which the most common ones can be distinguished: Semi-trailers with a volume of 76-78 m3 - have a shorter length (12.5 - 13 m) and semi-trailers with a standard or greater length, width and height (13.6 m, 2.5 m, 2.7 m).
The main consumer characteristic of this semi-trailer is the volume or number of pallets that can be loaded. The suspension of semi-trailers is executed in spring or pneumatic version. Pneumatic suspension guarantees the road train a smooth ride, ensuring the safety of easily breakable cargo.
Eurotruck tilt-covered
"Eurotent"- a conditional concept denoting a truck with a semi-trailer having overall dimensions close to the specified characteristics. In the eurotruck, as the eurotent is otherwise called, it fits across the width of 2 europallets 120 cm long each.
Overall dimensions of "Eurotent":
| Length: | 13.6 m |
| Width: | 2.45 m |
| Height: | 2.45 m |
| Volume: | 82 m3 |
| Load capacity: | 20-22 tons |
| Europallet capacity: | 33 pcs |
Semitrailer (Eurotrailer, Megatrailer). There are a large number of modifications of tilt euro trucks, among which are semi-trailers with a length of 12.5 to 13.6 m, a width of up to 2.45 m, a height of up to 3 m and a useful volume of 78 to 120 m3. Thanks to its excellent cross and maneuverability, the truck can deliver up to 20 tons or up to 120 cubic meters of cargo to the specified address. Trucks deliver consumer goods, industrial goods, foodstuffs, long or bulky goods, etc.
One of the advantages of cargo transportation by truck is the ability to load and unload the car from above, from the side and from behind. Loading and unloading can be done by a truck crane, a loader or using the forces of loaders. The awning of the truck is removed, which allows loading non-standard cargo from the side, pallets in the amount of 30 to 34 pcs.
Eurotruck with rigid van
A rigid wagon van is not as comfortable as a tilt van. Because of design features this body, only rear loading and unloading is possible.
| Length: | 13.2 - 13.6 m |
| Width: | 2.35 - 2.45 m |
| Height: | 2.30 - 2.50 m |
| Volume: | 82 - 86 m3 |
| Load capacity: | 20-22 tons |
| Europallet capacity: | 33 pcs |
IN transport logistics eurotruck, with a volume of 82 cubic meters, is considered the most popular and common vehicle. If there is a need to transport cargo in a rigid van, then for these purposes there is a furniture van.
Coupling 110, 120 semi-trailer + trailer (road train).
road train- this is a coupling of two truck trailers , usually with a volume of 60 m3. In general, a road train-coupler can carry 110-120 cubic meters of cargo on the roads general purpose without receiving special permits. But the coupling capacity, as a rule, does not exceed 20 tons. The truck of 120 cubic meters is most suitable for the transportation of bulk and light cargo.
110, 120, hitch- this is the name of trucks that allow you to transport the maximum volume (110, 120 cubic meters) of cargo on general roads without special permits. This road train (coupling), in contrast to the euro truck, consists of a car and a trailer of the same or different volume and load capacity, it depends on the design features of a particular vehicle. At the same time, the total characteristics remain 120/110 cubic meters / 20t. Advantages: fast loading (unloading) and large usable volume. Disadvantage: not suitable for transporting long loads.
Isothermal automatic coupler
Car with a body on one frame + trailer. It can hold a certain temperature for a long time. Advantage: fast loading (unloading) and large usable volume.
Overall dimensions of the automatic coupler:
| Length: | 13.2 - 13.6 m |
| Width: | 2.35 - 2.45 m |
| Height: | 2.30 - 2.50 m |
| Volume: | 1.0 - 120 m3 |
| Load capacity: | 20 tons |
| Europallet capacity: | 34 pcs |
Yumba or mega (Jumbo, Mega)
Another type of transport designed for the transportation of bulky goods is "yumba" and « mega » . Suitable for transporting high, cubic loads. A semi-trailer with a larger capacity than a eurotrailer. This is achieved due to the special "L"-shaped floor and the reduced diameter of the wheels of the semi-trailer.
Features of these types of bulk semi-trailers reduce the diameter of the wheels, due to this, the height of the semi-trailer increases, here it can reach 3.2 meters. They have one difference, an ordinary tractor is suitable for a "yumba", because. floor height of the L-shaped semi-trailer. The main part of the semi-trailer is 3-3.2 meters high, and the part that falls on the tractor saddle has a lower height.Minus the semi-trailer " Yumba» (jumbo or even jumbo) uneven floor height, difficulty loading, long loads cannot be transported.
Dimensions:
| Length: | 13.2 - 13.6 m |
| Width: | 2.45 m |
| Height: | 2.30 - 2.50 m |
| Volume: | 96 - 120 m3 |
| Load capacity: | 20 tons |
| Europallet capacity: | 34 pcs |
| Yumba body size | |
| Length: | 9.2 m |
| Width: | 2.45 m |
| Height: | 3.15-3.2 m |
| Yumba step size: | |
| Length: | 4.4 m |
| Width: | 2.45 m |
| Height: | 2.5-2.7 m |
The next option is the "mega" tent semi-trailer. Here, the semi-trailer has smaller diameter wheels and the trailer has smaller ones. By reducing the diameters of the wheels, the maximum permissible useful height of the semi-trailer is achieved. The volume of these semi-trailers is from 100 to 115 cubic meters. This type is ideal for the transportation of almost any type of cargo: pipes, all pallet cargo, special equipment and many, many others. The downside is that in the event of a breakdown of the tractor, the semi-trailer is practically not transported by other tractors.
Flatbed truck
Flatbed truck is more often used for transportation of building materials, equipment not afraid of precipitation.
Overall dimensions of the onboard truck:
| Length: | 11.7 - 13.6 m |
| Width: | 2.35 - 2.45 m |
| Load capacity: | 20-25 tons |
| Europallet capacity: | 34 pcs |
Loading is mainly done with a crane or a manipulator. The most optimal mode of transport for the transportation of building materials, heavy machinery and equipment, containers, lining and any other cargo are airborne, open cars, they are often called scows.
Open platform (Container platform)
Low bed container semi-trailers are designed to carry two 20' containers or one 40' high/standard container. The weight of the transported cargo on low-bed semi-trailers can reach 30 tons.
Overall dimensions of a container ship:
| Length: | 12.65 m |
| Width: | 2.50 m |
| Load capacity: | 30 tons |
It is applied to transportation of the goods steady against external weather influences. Can also be used for transport oversized equipment. For this cargo platform holds two 20' containers or one 40' container.
We all know that cars come in different configurations and sizes. Many will agree that it is the overall dimensions - main characteristic car.
Overall classes of cars, as a rule, are used by manufacturers in order to place cars on the sales market.
Dimensions of cars and trucks
If you look at the overall dimensions of the car, that is, along its length, width, height, thickness, then the cars are divided into classes. More cars are divided by type.
In Europe, a rather complicated classification of cars has been introduced, it is based on the dimensional dimensions of the cars. Let's start with the passenger classes. "A" - these are cars that can be no more than 3.6 meters long, and their width has the right to be no more than 1.6 meters.
Class "B" combines cars that should not exceed 3.9 meters in length, and, accordingly, no more than 1.7 meters in width. "Middle class cars, or as they are often called "golf" class, combines cars quite bigger size than in "A" and "B". Their length should not exceed 4.4 meters, and accordingly the width of 1.75 meters.
Well, “D”, “E”, “F” are larger than all previous classes, their length can reach 4.7 meters, width - 1.7 meters. All listed classes do not include vehicles such as SUVs and sports cars.
In this video, you will be told how to determine the dimensions of the machine and what you need to know for this.
Classification of dimensions of passenger cars:
- "A" - these are cars of the "OKA" type.
- "B" - cars that are larger than the previous class, but not by much. They are the size of a Tavria.
- "Middle" class or class "C" is a very common class of cars. One of the representatives are typical Zhiguli.
- "D" - the representative of this class is "Moskvich".
- "E" - this is the most overall class, differs in its length from all previous classes, the representative of the "Volga".
It is worth noting that "C" is the most common in Europe. The whole world prefers the "C" and "D" classes, although it is worth saying that the rest of the classes are only a small part behind them. There are also additional classes that are designed specifically for cars that do not fall into the above.
So, class "S", this class includes cars, such as sports cars, coupes or convertibles. Class "M", this category of dimensions includes minivans, or cars in which there is increased capacity. Class "J", this category includes cars such as crossovers.
There is also a class for SUVs. Most of all, this type of car is popular and in demand by residents in the United States, since this type of car is quite prestigious and comfortable.
Jaguar-X-type dimensions
The dimensions of trucks are made according to international standards, which facilitate the transportation of goods in containers or other containers. Trucks are specially sized to fit cargo containers that weigh twenty or forty feet.
Cars that are designed to carry cargo, in the amount of twenty feet contain a length of six meters and a height with a width of 2.4 meters. Of course, the truck is made for the purpose of transporting a cargo container with a size of forty pounds, has a length, width and height significantly larger than the previous one.
The length of such a car for the transport of goods is twelve meters, and the width and height, surprisingly, have not changed and are 2.4 meters. The next, so-called standard for the overall dimensions of a truck, is called "Eurotruck".
The body of a truck of the “Eurotruck” standard must accommodate two pallets of European quality and dimensions in its width. And it is for this reason that the length of this truck is twelve meters, and the width and height are 2.45 meters.
From this video, it will become clear to you how to measure the dimensions of any truck, such as Kamaz and even any kind of trucks.
A five-tonner may differ in body type. The length of the body of this machine, which is focused on the transportation of goods, is six meters, and the width and height are two and a half meters. A truck called a ten-ton truck is also quite popular in the world. The machines that are included in this type are very different in size from each other.
The length that the body makes up can be from 5 to 8 meters, depending on the car, but the width can also be different, but its dimensions are quite standard - 2.4 or 2.7 meters. The load that this type of car is capable of lifting is five, ten, fifteen tons.
Cars of this type can have two body types. Well, for trucks, which are not very large in size, there is no specific numbering in numbers, since they transport any cargo through settlements.
, you can find out by reading an interesting article on our website.
We recommend that in this, you will get acquainted with the video, from which you will learn how to adjust the VAZ 2107 valves.
You can find out how to make super-bright LEDs for cars with your own hands. This material is perfect for all lovers of tuning!
Also, public transport should have its own specific dimensions.
They cannot be longer than twelve meters (buses or trolleybuses), the height should not exceed 4 meters.
Comparison of cars and trucks
Each car has its own personality. Cars, both trucks and cars, have their positive and negative qualities. Many say that a car is not a luxury, it is a tool that helps to maintain strength and health.
Passenger cars are designed for recreation or for personal needs (go on vacation, go to work or on business).
And here trucks created for the purpose of transporting different types cargo materials(building materials or furniture) are created to make money on them.
The buyer chooses each type of car according to its technical characteristics and, of course, at the price that suits you the most.
Tire designation systems varied. In the designation of tires of a conventional profile with two numbers, the first and second numbers indicate the width of the profile and landing diameter V mm(for example, 240-508, 170-380) or in inches (for example, 6.70-15). When denoted according to another system, the first number shows rounded outside diameter tires, and the second - rounded profile width in mm(e.g. 1140 ´ 700). In some cases, the designation consists of three numbers: the first is the outer diameter, the second is the profile width, and the third is the rim diameter in mm(e.g. 1200 ´ 500-508). The first designation number car tires often indicate the width of the profile in mm, the second - the height of the profile as a percentage of its width, the third - the diameter of the rim in inches, and the radial - the letter R after the second number (for example, 175 / 70R13). The tire has a serial number, which is applied on the sidewall, in front of it is indicated the manufacturer and the date of issue. Chambers and rim tapes are often referred to in the same way as the tires for which they are intended.
By overall dimensions:
lightweight and easy truck tires, which are the most massive;
· truck tyres, including road construction, oversized (KGB), oversized (SKGB) and giant tires;
tires for tractors and agricultural machines;
aircraft tires
motorcycles and bicycles.
Tire performance define them operational properties and include load capacity, durability, traction, rolling resistance, shock absorption capacity, comfort, driving noise, flotation, reliability, economy, etc.
load capacity is the most important operating characteristic tire and is expressed by the maximum allowable static load, at which the specified values of durability and its other technical characteristics are provided. The dimensions and other design parameters of tires, internal pressure and the number of cord layers in them depend on this indicator. The load on the tire is also associated with its radial deformation (deflection), which determines the mode of operation of the cord and rubber. The relationship between load capacity Q and profile width IN is expressed by the approximate ratio: Q=HF 2 , Where TO- load capacity coefficient equal to 1.4-1.8 for passenger cars and 2.3-3.3 for truck tires. The load capacity of tires varies depending on their operating conditions. So, with a decrease in the speed of movement, it can be increased, and when working with large dynamic loads, especially in bad road conditions, it should be reduced.
Durability tires characterize mileage to wear out of the lugs of the tread pattern . According to traffic safety conditions and to protect the frame from damage minimum height protrusions of the pattern of trucks and cars worn tires should be respectively 0.5 and 1.0-1.5 mm. Durability is expressed by mileage L V km depending on the height of the projections of the pattern h V mm new tire and determined by the formula: L=1000(h-h 1 )/Δ h, Where h 1 - minimal allowable height drawing; Δ h- specific pattern wear per 1000 km run. Tire durability depends on operational factors, declining as road and tire conditions deteriorate. climatic conditions, exceeding the permissible load and increasing the speed of movement. On roads with cobblestone pavement, tire durability will be 80-85%, and on roads in unsatisfactory condition at logging sites, construction sites and stone quarries - 50-60% of durability on roads with improved coverage. Compared to tire mileage on flat roads, mileage on mountain roads is reduced by 15-20%.
Tire wear and tear is accelerated by exceeding permissible load due to an increase in deformations and stresses in the tire material. Coefficient K L Q, which takes into account the dependence of the range L from load Q K L Q=L Q 1 /L Q=-0.2. Wherein
L Q And L Q 1 characterize the mileage at maximum permissible loadQ and load Q 1 respectively, and K Q=Q 1 / Q. With an increase in the speed of the car, tread wear and heat generation in the tire increase due to greater slippage of the elements of its pattern along the road surface. Coefficient K L V, taking into account the change in mileage L from speed V, is determined approximately by the formula: K L V = L V 1 / L V = -0.2, where L V and L V 1 -mileage at speed 50 km/h and speed V 1 respectively, K V = V 1 / V.
Proper operation and achievement maximum mileage tires are provided by maintaining an optimal internal pressure . With its increase, the amplitude of stresses and deformations in the tire decreases, which helps to reduce heat generation, but stresses increase and, accordingly, the risk of carcass rupture when hitting an obstacle. A change in the tire configuration under load and an increase in the specific pressure in the area of its contact with the road with an increase in internal pressure cause accelerated wear protector. With an increase in pressure in the tire, the amplitudes of deformations and stresses, heat generation and fatigue failure increase, which manifests itself in delamination from rubber and rupture of the cord, and with an increase, the pressure is redistributed over the contact area with the road. It decreases in the central part of the tread tread and rises along its edges, which causes accelerated tread wear in this area. Coefficient K Lp takes into account the dependence of the mileage L from internal pressure p and is determined by the formula: K Lp=L p 1 /L p=- 1,2K 2 p +2,9K p -0.7, where L p And L p 1 - mileage at optimal pressure p and at pressure p 1 respectively, and K p = p 1 / p.
Tire grip- one of critical factors safe driving . Insufficient traction is responsible for 25-40% of crashes on wet road surfaces and 5-10% on dry ones. Cohesion is estimated by the coefficient φ= R φ / Q, Where Rφ is the grip force of the tire with the road. Minimum allowed valuesφ vary from 0.4 to 0.6 depending on road conditions. The design features of the tread pattern do not significantly affect the grip of the tire with dry hard pavement, but largely determine the grip on wet road surfaces. In particular, the critical rolling speed of the tire depends on the tread pattern, above which water is wet road does not have time to be squeezed out from under the protrusions of the pattern (hydroplaning effect). In this case, a thin layer of water separating the tire from the road over its entire contact surface reduces the friction coefficient to 0.02. In recent decades, the problems of environmental safety by reducing the fuel consumption of a car and the amount of carbon black in the composition of tread rubber, polluting the human environment with products of combustion and wear.
rolling resistance tires determine the dynamic qualities of the car and fuel consumption on its movement, on which the amount of harmful combustion products emitted into the atmosphere depends. At speeds up to 100 km/h The main part of the power of the car engine is spent on overcoming the rolling resistance. This indicator significantly depends on the mass of the tire and the design of the tread, as well as on the materials from which they are made. Rolling resistance coefficient f=P To / Q, Where R k is the rolling resistance force. When operating on soft ground f= 0.3-0.4 and on good roads with asphalt concrete pavement f= 0,014-0,015.
Cushioning capacity- this is the property of a tire as an element of a car suspension to dampen dynamic loads, which manifests itself in noise reduction And improving driving comfort . It depends on the stiffness of the tire and is measured by the load per unit of radial deflection in kN/m or kgf/cm. Cushioning ability improves with increasing ratio H/IN and worsens with an increase in the thickness of the carcass, the angle of inclination of the cord threads in it and the internal pressure in the tire. Optimal depreciation of the car is achieved with the right combination of values of the damping capacity of the tire and other suspension elements of the car.
The classification of sizes is made according to the features listed in Table. 2.
By appointment, the dimensions are divided into executive and reference.
Executive (working) dimensions are subject to mandatory implementation according to this drawing.
Reference dimensions are indicated in order to improve the ease of use of the drawing: their presence in the drawing depends on generally accepted (but not always written) rules and on the desire of the draftsman.
Reference dimensions can be:
one of the sizes of a closed dimensional chain;
dimensions transferred from other drawings;
dimensions on the assembly drawing, which characterize the limit positions of the elements, the course of moving parts, determine the position of the mounting holes already made according to the detail drawing;
overall dimensions on the assembly drawing, transferred from the drawings of parts;
dimensions of the elements of parts, if they are elements of long products and are not processed according to this drawing, etc.
Dimensional dimensions are called dimensions that determine the limiting internal or external outlines of an object.
Installation and connecting dimensions name the dimensions of the elements of the product, according to which this product is installed at the installation site or attached to: another product.
Examples of the dimensions considered are shown in fig. 57.
Reference dimensions are distinguished among the executive ones with an asterisk (*). If there are only reference dimensions in the drawing, then asterisks are not put, but in the technical specifications they leave the entry “Dimensions for reference”.
According to the geometric feature, the dimensions are divided into linear, which determine the length of some segments, including the length, width and height of the object, diameters, rounding radii, and angular, which determine the angles between the surfaces of the elements and the angular coordinates of the position of the elements (Fig. 58).
According to the function performed, the sizes are distinguished, which determine:
the size of the product or its elements;
position of the product or its elements (coordinating dimensions).
These two groups of dimensions are always present in the detail drawing, and the same dimension can simultaneously perform both functions.
According to the time and method of execution, sizes are distinguished:
● performed during the formation of blanks;
● performed at machining blanks;
● performed during assembly, installation or installation operations.
Table 2 Size Classification
|
Classification- tional sign |
Name of sizes |
Definitions and explanations |
|
Purpose |
Executive Reference |
Dimensions to be made according to this drawing Dimensions for convenience |
|
Geometric feature |
Linear |
Dimensions defining length, width, height, diameter, rounding radius, arc length Dimensions that determine the angular magnitudes of elements and the angular coordinates of the position |
|
Determining the magnitude coordinating |
The size of an object or its element Dimensions that determine the position of a product or its element |
|
|
Method and execution time |
Performed during the formation of the workpiece (without removing the layer of material) Performed during machining Assembly, assembly, installation |
Dimensions related to cast, stamped and pressed surfaces Dimensions that remove a layer of workpiece material Dimensions performed during assembly, installation and installation work |
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Entry form |
Complex Unspecified |
The vast majority of sizes Dimensions that comprehensively determine the parameters of standard threads, corrugations, etc. in a special form of writing. Executed by default or by indirect instructions |
Rice. 57. Examples of overall, installation and connecting dimensions:
29.6* min, 27.1* max - overall dimensions; 12 ± 0.5, 10 ± 0.5 - mounting dimensions;
65 ± 0.2, 8 ± 0.2, 15 ± 0.2, 30 ± 0.1 - mounting dimensions
Rice. 58. Examples of linear (a, b) and angular (e) dimensions
According to the form of recording in the drawings, the dimensions are divided into two groups:
● dimensions applied in the usual form in accordance with the type of element being determined;
● sizes that give an idea of the size of an object or its element using a conditional notation (symbol) that defines a set of sizes. Some of these dimensions (for example, standard thread designations) may partially define the geometry of an object or its element.
The last dimensions will be called complex.
In table. 2 mentions unspecified sizes, i.e. the dimensions of the radii of the roundings of the inner corners and outer edges that are not shown. These dimensions should not include the dimensions of the depicted elements, the value of which is specified in technical requirements drawing with entries like " Unspecified rounding radii 2 mm», « All bevels 2 45º».
An entry like " All ribs blunt with a radius of 2 mm» also excludes the display of fillets on the edges. If the word "radius" is present in the technical requirement record, then the radius sign is not placed before the dimension number.
In this subsection, it is recommended to familiarize yourself with the following ESKD standards: GOST 2.307 - 68 "Dimensioning and limit deviations", GOST 2.109-73 "Basic requirements for drawings", GOST 2.318 - 81 "Rules for simplified application of hole sizes".
Main parameters: length, width, height, volume, load capacity.
Additional: features of various types of vehicles, their specifics, applications, etc.
1.5 ton ( "Gazelle")
The cargo compartment of the car is tented, which allows you to remove the awning, thus obtaining an open cargo compartment. Vehicle equipment may include lashing straps and other types of accessories, such as hard sides or a lift.
According to the main consumer qualities (tonnage, volume, overall dimensions) to cars of the Gazelle class. The cargo compartments of these vehicles may vary slightly in overall dimensions and, accordingly, volumes.
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of Gazelle class vehicles:
Length: 2.8 - 3.2 m (there are elongated options up to 4.5 m)
Width: 1.8 - 1.9 m
Height: 1.7 - 2 m
Volume: 9 - 11 m3
Load capacity: 1.5 - 1.7 tons
Cars of this class are actively used on intracity and intercity routes of short and medium range (500-700 km). Technical characteristics allow to guarantee an average speed (up to 100 km/h) and the cabin layout provides space for one or two passengers (forwarders).
The tented version of the cargo compartment suggests the possibility of tenting and getting an open cargo compartment. The car can be equipped with fastening straps and other additional equipment (elevator, hard sides).
5-tonner ("ZIL-Bychok")
Such cars are today quite often used in international and intercity transportation. Imported models of such trucks are equipped with air suspension, which improves ride comfort and ensures the safety of fragile goods. Cars can be equipped with elevators. The length of the body of such a car is on average 3.7-6 meters.
According to its main consumer qualities (tonnage, volume, overall dimensions) to cars of the ZIL-Bychok class. The cargo compartments of these vehicles may vary slightly in overall dimensions and, accordingly, volumes.
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of ZIL-Bychok class vehicles:
Length: 3.7m
Width: 2.1 m
Height: 2.2 m
Volume: 17 m3
Load capacity: 3.5 tons
Cars of this class are actively used on intracity and intercity routes of short and medium range (500-700 km). Technical characteristics allow to guarantee a sufficiently high average speed (up to 80 km / h), a small axle load allows this car to drive freely in areas with restrictions on the entry of trucks
"ZIL"
According to its main consumer qualities (tonnage, volume, overall dimensions) to cars of the ZIL class. The cargo compartments of these vehicles may vary slightly in overall dimensions and, accordingly, volumes.Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of ZIL class vehicles:
Length: 3.5 - 4 m
Width: 2 - 2.3 m
Height: 2.45 m
Volume: 14 - 21 m3
Load capacity: 5 tons
Cars of this class are actively used on intracity and intercity routes of short and medium range (500-700 km). Often used for transportation of personal items, moving.
10-ton tarpaulin
Cars with a carrying capacity of up to 15 tons with a volumetric (50-60 m3) and a long body (up to 8m).
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of a car with a carrying capacity of 10-15 tons *:
Length: 5.0 - 8.0 m
Width: 2.4 - 2.5 m
Height: 1.8 - 3.0 m
Volume: 25 - 60 m3
Trucks of this class are actively used on long-distance and international routes. Usually the cabin is equipped with a berth and provides a place for the freight forwarder. As standard, the machine is equipped with mounting straps (up to 6 pieces). The cargo compartment is adapted to various loading / unloading options (top, side). Imported truck models can be equipped with air suspension, which significantly improves the smoothness of the ride and ensures better safety of the easily breakable cargo. Cars can be equipped with an elevator.
10-ton thermal
The class of 10 ton vehicles with an isothermal body includes various vehicles of domestic and foreign production.The class can be divided into several subclasses:
Cars with a carrying capacity of up to 5 tons with a body volume close to the volume of a 10 ton car (36 m3)
Cars with a carrying capacity of up to 10 tons with a body volume of up to 56 m3.
Cars with a carrying capacity of up to 15 tons with a volumetric (50-60 m3) and a long body (up to 8m).
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of a car with a carrying capacity of 10-15 tons *:
Length: 5.0 - 8.0 m
Width: 2.4 - 2.5 m
Height: 1.8 - 3.0 m
Volume: 25 - 60 m3
Load capacity: 5 - 15 tons
* A significant variation in the parameters due to the large number of options for cargo compartments.
A distinctive feature of the cargo compartment of the "thermovan" type is the ability to maintain for a long time (10-20 hours) the temperature at which the loading was carried out, provided that the external temperature is from -10C to +20C. In addition, on some models, there is the possibility of heating the cargo compartment, which allows for a longer time and at lower external temperatures to maintain the internal temperature. The sides of the cargo compartment are made of foam plastic sheathed with tin. The doors of the cargo compartment are equipped with a seal. There are ventilation holes. As a rule, the cargo compartment is equipped with an additional side door that facilitates loading / unloading.
Imported truck models can be equipped with air suspension, which significantly improves the smoothness of the ride and ensures better safety of the easily breakable cargo. Cars can be equipped with an elevator.
10 ton with 20 feet container
In terms of consumer qualities, a car with an installed 20-foot sea container is close to a 10-ton car with a tilt or isothermal body.
There are various types of sea 20 foot containers. The most commonly used types are listed below. Regular 20 ft. container.
20 ft. thermal container (similar to an isothermal van)
20 ft. refrigerated container (isothermal van with built-in refrigeration unit)
20 ft. container with tarpaulin roof
20 ft. platform with racks
Overall dimensions of a 20' container:
Length: 6.0 m
Width: 2.4m
Height: 2.4 m
Volume: 34 m3
Load capacity: 10 - 20 tons (limited by vehicle load capacity)
20t with 40ft container
In terms of consumer qualities, a car with an installed 40-foot sea container is close to a 20-ton car with a tilt or isothermal body (Eurotent).
There are various types of sea 40 foot containers. The most commonly used types are listed below:
Regular 40 ft. container
40 ft. thermal container (similar to an isothermal van)
40 ft. refrigerated container (isothermal van with built-in refrigeration unit)
40 ft. container with tarpaulin roof
40 ft. platform with racks
All types of sea containers are used as a rule for the transportation of goods in mixed traffic (using different modes of transport). All containers have unified external dimensions.
In Russia, there is a category of vehicles with containers of various types installed on a frame platform for permanent use in road transport.
Overall dimensions of a 40' container:
Length: 12.0 m
Width: 2.4m
Height: 2.4 m
Volume: 68 m3
Load capacity: 20-28 tons
20-ton truck with isothermal semi-trailer
The isothermal semi-trailer with a volume of 82 m3 has similar consumer properties with smaller isothermal vans. The following overall dimensions can be considered reference for this type of semi-trailer:
Overall dimensions of an isothermal semi-trailer with a volume of 82 m3:
Length: 13.6 m
Width: 2.45 m
Height: 2.45 m
Volume: 82 m3
Load capacity: 20-25 tons
There are a large number of modifications of semi-trailers semi-trailers, among which the most common ones can be distinguished: semi-trailers with a volume of 76-78 m3 - have a shorter length (12.5 - 13 m) and semi-trailers with a standard or greater length, width and height (13.6 m, 2.5 m, 2.7 m).
The suspension of semi-trailers is executed in spring or pneumatic version. Pneumatic suspension guarantees the road train a smooth ride, ensuring the safety of easily breakable cargo.
A distinctive feature of the cargo compartment of the "Thermovan" type is the ability to maintain for a long time (10-20 hours) the temperature at which the loading was carried out, provided that the external temperature is from -10C to +20C. In addition, on some models, there is the possibility of heating the cargo compartment, which allows for a longer time and at lower external temperatures to maintain the internal temperature. The sides of the cargo compartment are made of foam plastic sheathed with tin. The doors of the cargo compartment are equipped with a seal. There are ventilation holes. As a rule, the cargo compartment is equipped with an additional side door that facilitates loading / unloading.
20 ton refrigerated truck
The refrigerated semi-trailer is a cargo semi-trailer, the temperature in which can change from minus (-7 - -12С) to positive (0 - 10С) regardless of the external temperature. This ability of the cargo compartment is provided by an autonomous refrigeration unit. Modern refrigeration units have different levels of protection against emergency temperature changes, which ensures the safety of the cargo. Installations may be able to record the temperature regime on specialized "blanks". The main scope of these semi-trailers is the transportation of perishable products or goods requiring special temperature conditions. The semi-trailer has the following overall dimensions:
Overall dimensions of a refrigerated semi-trailer with a volume of 82 m3:
Length: 13.6 m
Width: 2.45 m
Height: 2.45 m
Volume: 82 m3
Load capacity: 20-25 tons
There are a large number of modifications of semi-trailers, among which the most common ones can be distinguished: Semi-trailers with a volume of 76-78 m3 - have a shorter length (12.5 - 13 m) and semi-trailers with a standard or greater length, width and height (13.6 m, 2.5 m, 2.7 m).
The main consumer characteristic of this semi-trailer is the volume or number of pallets that can be loaded.
The suspension of semi-trailers is executed in spring or pneumatic version. Pneumatic suspension guarantees the road train a smooth ride, ensuring the safety of easily breakable cargo.
Eurotent
"Eurotent" is a conditional concept denoting a truck with a semi-trailer having overall dimensions close to the specified characteristics. In the eurotruck, as the eurotent is otherwise called, it fits across the width of 2 europallets 120 cm long each.
Overall dimensions of "Eurotent":
Length: 13.6 m
Width: 2.45 m
Height: 2.45 m
Volume: 82 m3
Load capacity: 20-22 tons
There are a large number of modifications of semi-trailers, among which there are semi-trailers with a volume of 76-78 m3 - with a shorter length (12.5 - 13 m) and semi-trailers with a standard or greater length, width and height (13.6 - 15 m; 2 .5 m; 2.7 m)
The design of the semi-trailer allows you to remove the tarpaulin and thus makes it possible to load / unload from the side or from above. In addition, a semi-trailer without an awning allows you to use the semi-trailer as an open area with a side height of 35 to 50 cm.
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Semi-trailers are produced in many modifications, including semi-trailers with a volume of 76 to 78 cubic meters, but with a short length of 12.5-13 meters, and semi-trailers with a standard or large length, width and height (for example, the length of a semi-trailer is 13.6-15 meters, width - 2.5 meters, and height - 2.7 meters). The design features of the semi-trailer allow you to remove the tarpaulin, making it possible to unload or load cargo from above or from the side. In addition, semi-trailers without awnings can be used as open areas with sides, the height of which can reach 35-50 centimeters. classification freight transport by number of axles:
Classification of freight transport according to axial loads(on the busiest axle):
Awning 55 cubic meters
Tent 68 cubic meters
Awning 82 cubic meters DIMENSIONS length Width Height Awning85 cubic meters
DIMENSIONS length width height Awning 90 cubic meters
JUMBO (Jumbo, yumbo)
96 cubic meters
DIMENSIONS length width height 110, 120, hitch - this is the name of trucks that allow you to transport the maximum volume (110, 120 cubic meters) of cargo on general roads without special permits. This road train (coupling), in contrast to the euro truck, consists of a car and a trailer of the same or different volume and load capacity, it depends on the design features of a particular vehicle. At the same time, the total characteristics remain 120/110 cubic meters / 20t. Tent 110 cubic meters
DIMENSIONS length width height Tent 120 cubic meters
DIMENSIONS length width height
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standard
Mega
road train
Van
Minibus
Classification of freight transport by groups:
Group I: flatbed vehicles
(general purpose vans)
II group: specialized
(dump trucks, vans, refrigerators, container ships, truck tractors with semi-trailers, ballast tractors with trailers)
Group III (conditionally): tank cars
Classification of freight transport by composition
- single vehicle;
- Road train consisting of:
- trailer;
- Semi-trailer.
by engine type
- Petrol;
- Diesel.
Freight transport classification by load capacity
- Small;
- Middle;
- Big;
- From 1.5 to 16 tons;
- Over 16 tons.
Onboard tentovanny semi-trailer (Tent-semi-trailer).The most common type of truck. It is suitable for transportation of the majority of types of cargoes. The semi-trailer's removable tarpaulin allows for top, side and rear loading. |
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Curtainsider semi-trailer type "jumbo"Tilt semi-trailer with higher capacity. This is achieved due to the special "L"-shaped floor and the reduced diameter of the wheels of the semi-trailer. |
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Car awning - hitchis a tilt car + tilt trailer. |
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RefrigeratorSemi-trailer-refrigerator. It is used as a rule for the transportation of food products, and goods requiring compliance with the temperature regime during transportation. As a rule refrigerators can maintain the set temperature from +12`С to - 20`С. |
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IsothermThere is a semi-trailer, automatic coupling and single. Typically used to transport food. It can maintain a certain temperature for a long time, but does not have its own refrigeration unit. |
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Timber carrierIt is used for the transportation of goods that are resistant to external influences, it is mainly used for the transportation of timber. |
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Open Platform - Container ShipIt is used for the transportation of goods resistant to external influences such as containers, concrete blocks, ceilings, building construction etc. It can also be used to transport oversized cargo. |
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Platform for transportation of oversized cargoUsed for transportation of oversized cargo by car. The carrying capacity of such platforms can reach 83 tons, the special design of the platforms allows you to transport high loads, and the so-called telescopic platforms allow you to unfold the trailer up to 29 meters in length, which allows you to transport long goods. |
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car transporterIt is intended for transportation of cars. It is a two-level platform on which cars are placed. |
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tank truckIt is applied to transportation of food and not food liquid products. Load capacity: 12-20 tons. |
