Modern cars are divided in different ways: by engine, number of drive wheels or body type. But now it is customary to divide cars into categories, naming them with letters, depending on a whole range of parameters. Today we will try to analyze the classes of cars and find out the parameters of representatives of certain categories of cars.
How they share
For the first time, they began to single out one or another class of car in Europe, and later they decided to use this method in our country. At first, cars were divided into segments simply for informational purposes, so that it would be easier to divide all the abundance of cars. The most common are cars of the following categories:
They are basic, but in reality there are also various models, about which we will also say a few words.
Segment A
The first category A includes the smallest cars. Engines are installed here with a volume of up to 1.2 liters. The body is dominated by a four-seater, there are both two and four doors, but it is almost always crowded in the back row. This class of cars has an extremely small trunk, so carrying something oversized with you will not work. In length, the vehicle does not exceed 3.6 meters, and in width 1.6. Such compact cars are popular with the beautiful half of humanity, even manufacturers are trying to make a large color gamut for category A cars. 
Segment B
B class cars are among the most popular in the world. The small category of car combines the practicality of a small car, but also has a large cabin and trunk space. Class B includes models with engines from 1 to 1.6 liters and a cabin that can accommodate up to 5 people. The luggage compartment of such a car is quite spacious, even a few suitcases will fit here on the road. The class has dimensions within 4 meters in length and 1.7 in width. Despite the fact that the modern B class has almost caught up with the C class in size, it still remains a representative of the budget category.
Segment C
C class of cars is the most common in the world. The first C class car was the legendary Volkswagen Golf, previously the entire C class was named after the founder. These cars are extremely versatile - I feel good both in the city and on the highway. Accommodate 5 or more people and have a voluminous trunk. Class C has engines up to 2 liters. Many modern C-class hatchbacks and sedans catch up with the next level in size, but still fall short in comfort and equipment. Class C is popular in Europe in the form of hatchbacks, in our country Class C cars are popular in the sedan version.
Segment D
The next class of car that we will consider is the D segment. Unlike class C, these cars are not as popular, because they cost much more, although they are better equipped. The cars of this segment are significantly ahead of the compact class C in size - as much as 4.5 meters in length and 1.9 in width. Inside the spacious cabin, 5 people can easily fit, and several suitcases of things for a long trip will fit into the trunk. In such cars, everything is more solid and more expensive: from interior upholstery to engine and suspension parts. What you get is a big comfortable car that will suit most people both for city driving and for long trips on the highway. 
Segment E
The list of these cars includes most of the premium cars of our time. Unlike class C and D, here the main focus is on maximum comfort for passengers and the driver. Most businessmen and officials drive cars of this segment. Engines here are used with a working volume of more than 2.5 liters, and the length of the machines is usually more than 4.6 meters. The salon is made of expensive materials: leather, Alcantara, with natural wood inserts. At first glance, modern models of class C, D and E are quite difficult to distinguish, since they all look expensive and are expensive for their owners. In fact, automakers themselves distinguish which cars belong to one category or another. 
Other segments
For example, the F segment includes two subsections: factory-exclusive cars and those that are assembled by hand and to order.
These machines use advanced technology and the most modern materials, but they are extremely expensive. 
Another good example is the J segment. This includes most large four-wheel drive vehicles, otherwise they are called SUVs.
- The first section includes small crossovers, which are now becoming very popular.
- The second section covered large crossovers that can be driven on dirt roads and climb large curbs in the city.
- The third and fourth subsections, respectively, include frame SUVs and large pickup trucks. For these machines, off-road is not scary, they can accommodate up to 9 people and have a large carrying capacity.
A separate H segment are roadsters and convertibles. As a rule, they have only two seats; there may be an engine at the back. But category G has a 2 + 2 layout, the body, respectively, is a coupe. In this case, it will be very inconvenient for passengers in the back row to be, but such a car is not designed to carry a large number of people.
This term has other meanings, see Classification (meanings). Is it desirable to improve this article?: Find and arrange in the form of footnotes links to the author ... Wikipedia
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Books
- , Ogorodnov Sergey Mikhailovich, Orlov Lev Nikolaevich, Kravets Vladislav Nikolaevich. The textbook presents the designs of mechanisms and systems of automobiles and tractors, describes their structure and operation, and presents kinematic diagrams of units and assemblies. Considered in detail...
- Construction of cars and tractors. Textbook, Ukhanov A.P. The textbook provides a classification, marking and description of the general arrangement of cars and tractors. Issues related to the device and the principle of operation of piston ...
Now, many people turn to the Internet before choosing a specific model and even brand of car, but different classifiers have different parameters for different cars. And some buyers, who have already made their choice, look for more specific information in the press and also encounter unfamiliar definitions.
First of all, vehicles are divided according to their purpose - passenger, freight, cargo-passenger and special. We are only interested in the first category - passenger, and not buses, but cars for up to 8 people. And immediately a note - if the car looks like a passenger car, but it fits more than 8 passengers, then you need to get a category D driver's license. Cars are divided by class, body type, drive type and other indicators.
The most common classification today is the division into classes, it is sometimes called European classification. It is based on the division by car size, and it is very similar to the breakdown by model at Mercedes-Benz. The youngest A-class (this includes the smallest cars from Smart to Oka with a length of no more than 3.6 m), a little larger B-class(the so-called city cars of small size, up to 4 m long, and with engines of small and medium power), one of the most popular medium C-class(length up to 4.5 m), similar in size but more spacious D-class, longer E-class and the biggest F-class(the length of the main representatives varies about 5 m). A separate place is occupied by minivans, coupes, convertibles and various sports cars.
| European car classification(D-, E- and F-classes) | ||
 |
 |
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| Renault Laguna | Nissan Teana | Audi A8 |
Representatives of some classes may be given other names. So cars used to be the most popular Golf class, from the Volkswagen Golf, which was the standard city car. D and E categories belong to business class, and the F-class is executive cars.
It is worth noting that until recently, automakers, releasing the next generation of a particular car that has already received belonging to a certain class, added a few in size. Therefore, some "typical" representatives from their class in terms of physical size, but remain in it due to positioning. Now the reverse process of reduction begins, due to higher environmental requirements, to achieve which the fight against excess weight begins.
Another equally important classification is based on body type. The main concept here is "volume", that is, that part of the space that can be separated from other parts of the body. So a three-volume vehicle is a classic car with a separate engine compartment, interior and luggage compartment. The two-volume more often represents a separate compartment for the engine and a single interior and trunk (in some cars with a rear-engine layout, the interior and engine space are combined, and the trunk is located separately in front). One-volume means a single space for all parts of the car.
| The concept of "volume" in the classification of cars | ||
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 |
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| GAZ Siber | Lada Kalina | Citroen C4 Picasso |
So, the main types of cars are sedan and hatchback. Sedan(in England and Japan saloon, notchback in America) - a classic three-volume hardtop in which all three parts are structurally separated from each other. Among sedans, a separate subspecies should be distinguished: limousines- elongated for the comfort of second-row passengers sedans with a partition between the driver's seat and the rest of the cabin. hatchback- a two-volume hardtop, in which the interior and trunk are a single space, and the luggage compartment opens along with the glass. Both usually have 4 side doors, although there are exceptions.
| Representatives of sedans, limousines and hatchbacks | ||
 |
 |
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| Volkswagen Polo Sedan | Cadillac Presidential Limousine | Hyundai Solaris |
There are several intermediate types between a sedan and a hatchback. fastback- a sedan with a heavily sloping rear window, but a separate trunk lid. liftback- a sedan very similar to a hatch, thanks to the 5th tailgate, but unlike the second, the rear has the same overhang as the sedan. And the largest two-volume - station wagon, also has a large overhang, and its roof goes to the end of the entire car. It has many designations that are found in the names of models - Tourer, Estate, Kombi, Avant, Caravan and just Van.
| fastback,liftback andstation wagon | ||
 |
 |
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| Bentley Continental GT | Skoda Octavia | Volvo XC70 |
Station wagons are close to the other two directions. The first, which increased the usable space, was transformed into single-volume minivans(and their relatives with great body transformation capabilities - multivans). The second has increased cross-country ability and this includes SUVs(they are sometimes also called SUV-Sport Utility Vehicle), which have high ground clearance, high geometric cross-country ability, all-wheel drive, etc. However, sometimes these directions intersect and it turns out.
| Minivan, SUV and off-road multivan | ||
 |
 |
 |
| Chrysler Grand Voyager | Toyota Land Cruiser | Volkswagen Multivan PanAmericana |
Minivans and SUVs, which reached their heyday during the period of cheap gasoline, succumbing to market demands over time, while maintaining the shape of the body, began to decrease in size. This is how their medium and small representatives appeared, to the definition of which they began to assign the above classification ( B-class minivan). On the other hand, there was a whole class of compact SUVs made for the army and given civilian versions.
| Compact minivan and SUV | ||
 |
 |
|
| Opel Meriva | Suzuki Jimny | |
SUVs have similarities with two more types of bodies. Pickups- the middle option between an SUV and a truck, these are usually three-volume vehicles, one part of which is a loading platform. AND crossovers(a derivative of the SUV and hatchback), which are becoming more and more like monocabs, characterized by short overhangs, high ground clearance and a beveled trunk lid, but sometimes the lack of all-wheel drive. Crossovers as well as SUVs can be of different sizes.
| Pickup, crossover and compact crossover | ||
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| Mitsubishi L200 | Mazda CX-9 | Subaru XV |
Another direction in the development of bodies was the creation of cars for egoists. Their concept was initially based on the fact that only the driver gets pleasure from the movement, but at the same time the passenger, who is often the only one. First of all, this applies to coupe, whose name comes from a two-seater horse-drawn carriage. The term used to be applied only to cars with two doors and two seats, which is still true today, but now it is often used to add sportiness to some very ordinary cars. Appeared four-door coupe, very similar in body structure to conventional sedans, and even coupe-crossovers.
| coupe,four-door coupe andcoupe-crossover | ||
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| Jaguar XKR | Mercedes-Benz CLS 63 AMG | BMW X6 M |
Also in the category of "machines for pleasure" can be attributed convertibles, that is, cars without a roof, which can be soft or hard, but completely retractable. This is their main parameter, and for all the rest, a convertible can be anything, and sometimes instead of an elegant cabrio coupe, there can be city hatchbacks and even SUVs.
| Convertibles | ||
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| Aston Martin V8 Vantage | Fiat 500C Abarth | Land Rover Defender SVX |
Convertibles have a narrower niche - roadsters. They are characterized by classic two-door bodies and powerful engines. Although this type also suffered the fate of a coupe, and sometimes this prefix appears in almost ordinary models. Sometimes in Europe and America they are also called spiders. Another sub-species targa, was distinguished by a safety arc and glass located behind the seats.
| Roadsters | ||
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| Smart Roadster Coupe | Lamborghini Gallardo LP570-4 Spyder | Porsche 911 Targa 4S |
There are several more body names that mainly refer to retro cars: phaetons(four-seater, usually comfortable cars without B-pillars with a soft roof), landau(with opening top over rear seat passengers), or to various sports destinations: rally cars,oil- (muscle) cars, hot rods, racing cars and others. Usually they have their own characteristics and their own classification.
| Unusual types of cars | ||
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| Phaeton Ford Model T Tourer (1912) | Chevrolet Indy Car Baltimore | Photo: Dakar.com |
Can share cars by engine type: depending on the fuel - gasoline, diesel, hybrid and electric, simple, turbocharged and mechanically supercharged compressors, by the amount of horsepower produced (relevant when calculating taxation), etc.
Quite indicative in terms of the classification of cars are various car awards.
One of the largest Russian awards "Car of the Year" divides the applicants both by bodywork and cost, adding the premium prefix. The result is 23 classes: city cars, small, small middle class, middle and business class, premium executive and executive class, coupe, premium coupe, granturers, convertibles and roadsters, premium convertibles and roadsters, off-road station wagons, compact, lightweight , medium and heavy SUVs, pickups, compact vans, minivans, mini vans, light vans and vans.
A respected Russian automotive publication selects the best cars, distributing them in the following categories: compact car, golf class car, middle class car, business class car, executive car, minivan, compact SUV, full-size SUV, sports modification, sports car, coupe and cabriolet, special transport.
One of the most respected awards of the British magazine "What car?" presents its award to two categories: new and used cars, dividing them into superminis, compact family cars, family cars, premium compact cars, premium mid-size cars, executive cars, station wagons, multivans, crossovers, SUVs, coupes, roadsters and convertibles , high-tech cars and charged hatchbacks
But the most important world award “Car of the Year”, the jury of which includes more than about 200 professional journalists, engineers and managers, does not divide cars into classes, but simply selects the best. This year the prizes will go to: Ford B-Max, Hyundai i30, Mercedes Benz A-class, Peugeot 208, Renault Clio, Subaru BRZ/Toyota GT86, Volkswagen Golf and Volvo V40.
Choosing the right car in today's market is becoming increasingly difficult. New types and classes of cars appear almost every year. Even 5-8 years ago, urban crossovers and four-door coupes were considered novelties. And if the latter have remained niche cars, then the former are capturing more and more market shares. In addition, there is a blurring of class boundaries: the designations B + and C + are increasingly common. In this article, we will consider the general classifications of passenger cars by class and body type. It will help you navigate the types of cars and choose the right one. For clarity, we will give examples of popular models in each class.
Classification of cars by body type
Sedan
This is the most common and popular body, it is he who is associated with the word "car". Three-volume became its design feature - the engine compartment, interior and trunk are separated from each other and occupy separate volumes. Sedans are both B-class cars and F-class cars (see below for sizes and classes). This is due to the already mentioned popularity, which, in turn, stems from ease of use and conditional “status”. For some reason, this type of body is considered the most representative, stylish, and at the same time practical. So it is, or not - you decide.
hatchback
These are city cars, the luggage compartment of which is combined with the passenger compartment. They are deprived of the “tail” traditional for sedans - the rear overhang of such cars is much shorter. Such a design feature makes them practical for use in urban environments - parking and maneuvering on a hatchback is easier than on a sedan, because the body ends approximately at the rear window line.
station wagon
It is a hybrid between a sedan and a hatchback. Its trunk is also combined with the interior, but the rear overhang is “stretched” in the same way as that of a sedan. If you like to travel by car or often carry oversized cargo, this type of body is worth considering.
Other
There are actually a huge number of body types, but it makes no sense to describe absolutely everything - they are not very common, and are either extremely rare or have ceased to be used by automakers. However, we list some of them and give them a brief description.
- Coupe - two-door three-volume, generally similar to the sedan. The main difference is the reduced rear row of seats. The term "coupe" also refers to three-door hatchbacks with a small rear sofa.
- Minivan - a two-volume or one-volume body designed for comfortable transportation of passengers. Can be equipped with a third row of seats and sliding rear doors.
- Liftback - a hatchback with a long rear overhang. Looks almost like a sedan, but has a fifth door. This type of body has become a "signature" for Skoda cars.
- SUV. It is not entirely true to distinguish this type of body, but nevertheless, it is worth mentioning the so-called sports utility vehicles. This class includes all kinds of crossovers and SUVs. The first are cars built on the platforms of ordinary cars. They differ in the shape of the body, high ground clearance and the possibility of installing an all-wheel drive transmission. Such cars are designed primarily for the city - high ground clearance is needed to overcome curbs and small pits, and an increased body height helps to carve out a few extra centimeters of space for the driver, passengers and luggage compartment. SUVs are designed on the basis of a frame structure that provides them with increased cross-country ability and a spacious interior.
Classification of cars by class
Class A
The most compact class, perfect for use in urban environments. The length of the body of such cars does not exceed 3.6 m, and the width is 1.6 m. Class A cars are three- and five-door hatchbacks equipped with small engines. Examples of A-class cars:
- Ravon Matiz
- Ravon R2
- Lifan Smily
- Hyundai i10
Class B
Even 5-6 years ago, such cars were represented, for the most part, by five-door hatchbacks and sedans up to 3.9 m long and up to 1.7 wide. However, the development of the automotive market has led to the emergence of a whole segment of budget sedans in this class. Class B cars are also focused on urban operation: they are compact, maneuverable and at the same time roomy and comfortable. Popular models include:
- Ravon Nexia
- Volkswagen Polo Sedan
- Skoda Rapid
- Lada Kalina
Class C
This is the so-called "golf class", named after its founder - the Volkswagen Golf model. Machines of this segment do not exceed 4.3-4.5m in length and 1.8m in width. At the same time, cars are made in the bodies of "sedan", "hatchback" and "station wagon". The “middle” price segment begins with class C. Such cars are perfect for the role of a family city car: four people are comfortably accommodated in the cabin, but at the same time, the body dimensions allow them to easily maneuver in a stream of cars. Popular models include:
- Ravon Gentra
- Skoda Octavia
- Volkswagen Golf
- Ford Focus
- Kia seed
- Toyota Corolla
Class D
D-class cars are, for the most part, sedans and station wagons, up to 4.6 m long. These cars combine spacious interior with good equipment and driving characteristics. Most popular models:
- Volkswagen Passat
- Mazda 6
- Ford Mondeo
- Toyota Avensis
Class E
This is a "business class", such cars are distinguished by a rich package of options already in the "base", a more sophisticated suspension, a spacious interior and increased comfort. The length of the car body of class E is 4.8-5m, and the width is 1.8m. Common models:
- Toyota Camry
- Nissan Teana
- Skoda Superb
Class F
These are luxury executive cars of premium brands. They are aimed at those who prefer the rear sofa to the driver's seat. Rear seat adjustments and a separate climate control unit for passengers are standard options for such cars. They are long (from 5 m) and wide (from 1.9), which allows the driver and passengers to sit in the cabin with maximum comfort. Main models in the class:
- Mercedes-Benz E class
- BMW 7 series
- Audi A8
Class J
This is a separate class of cars, which includes SUVs and crossovers - SUV (sports utility vehicles). Inside it has its own car classification system, similar to the general one. In general, they are divided into compact, medium and full-size SUVs. By analogy with ordinary cars, there is also a division into B, C, D and E classes.
Conclusion
In this article, we have given a general classification of cars by class (size) and body, which will help you navigate the market and choose a car that meets your needs. It is worth noting that, with the exception of class F, we did not mention the premium brands. Cars of such manufacturers are distinguished by high price, manufacturability and level of equipment. A premium compact hatchback can be packed with options normally associated with full-size D or E class sedans and cost to match. Therefore, in order to avoid confusion, we ignored the "expensive" brands.
Plan:
1 Purpose
2 Classification
2.1 Passenger cars
2.2 Buses
2.3 Trucks
3 History of the car
4 General structure
4.1 Chassis
4.2 Engine
4.3 Transmission
4.4 Control mechanism
5 Car applications
6 Automotive manufacturing
7 Automotive enterprises of Ukraine
8 Car problems
9 Interesting Facts Notes
Literature
Introduction
Introduction
Modern passenger car Mercedes-Benz CLS 350 BlueEFFICIENCY
car, car, car(from Greek. αὐτός - "Sam" and lat. mobilis- "The one that moves") - a self-propelled wheeled vehicle that is driven by an engine installed on it and designed to transport people, goods, tow vehicles, perform special work and transport special equipment on trackless roads. Moves mostly dry.
1. Appointment
The car is designed to carry passengers and goods, originally considered as a mechanized version of the horse team.Most modern cars have four wheels, liquid (usually antifreeze is used in cooling systems) or air-cooled engine, carburetor, injection or diesel internal combustion engine.
Battery-powered vehicles and hybrid vehicles are also being developed.
2. Classification
road train
Modern cars according to their purpose are divided into:
transport- the main group, designed to transport people and cargo (transport vehicles also include special towing and truck tractors designed to work as part of a road train):
cargo,
passenger:
cars,
buses;
special- are equipped with appropriate equipment and are designed to perform certain production operations (truck cranes, aerial platforms, auto compressors, fire trucks, mobile repair shops, etc.);
racing- are used for sports competitions.
2.1. Cars
Cars intended for individual transportation of passengers, having from 2 to 8 seats, including the driver's seat, and are classified according to the engine cylinder capacity, which is determined in liters. There are the following classes of cars:
micro-displacement (up to 0.57 l),
subcompact (0.75-2 l),
mid-displacement (2-4 l),
large-capacity (more than 4 liters).
limousines (closed body),
convertibles (closed body with cloth top),
chaises (open body with awning).
2.2. Buses
Buses are designed for group transportation of passengers. By the number of seats are divided into:
buses of small capacity (up to 25 seats),
medium (from 26 to 35),
large (from 36 to 45),
especially large capacity (more than 45 seats).
city,
intercity,
specialized, differing in body layout, equipment, seating equipment, speed of movement.
2.3. Trucks
Trucks are classified according to their carrying capacity. There are the following classes of trucks:
very low carrying capacity (less than 0.75 tons),
small (0.75-2.5 tons),
medium (2.5-5 tons),
large (5-10 tons),
very large load capacity (over 10 tons).
universal - have an open platform with folding sides,
special
dump trucks (with a flip open platform),
vans (with a closed body),
tanks (for liquids),
cement trucks and others.
3. The history of the creation of the car
car model Velo Karl Benz (1894) designed for the first automobile races.
Self-propelled carriages of various schemes and designs were developed by many inventors back in the 16th - 18th centuries. Particularly interesting inventions were made in Russia. In 1751 - 1752 L. Shamshurenkiv built a "self-beagle stroller" that was propelled by pedals. In 1784 - 1791, the famous Russian inventor I. P. Kulibin built a "scooter", which had a kind of gearbox, flywheel, mechanical brakes, roller bearings. The invention of the steam engine enabled the French engineer Cugno (1769 - 70) to create the first steam car. The rapid development of automobiles began after the advent of high-speed and economical internal combustion engines. Such an engine was the first carburetor gasoline engine, created in 1879 by the Russian inventor-designer A. S. Kostovich. Its engine weighed 240 kg and developed a power of 60 hp. The invention of a lightweight, compact piston internal combustion engine was of great importance for the creation of a modern car. In 1885 - 1887, the German designers K.-F. Benz and Daimler built the first cars with internal combustion engines. An important role in improving and improving the performance of the car was played by the Soviet Scientific Automobile School, created by M. G. Briling and E. A. Chudakova.
4. General structure
4.1. Chassis
The undercarriage consists of a frame, front and rear axles (axles), suspension and wheels with pneumatic tires. The frame is the basis for fastening all mechanisms of vehicles, as well as the body or cab and loading platform in trucks. In passenger cars and buses, frameless structures are widely used, in which all mechanisms are attached to the body of an all-metal load-bearing body. Vehicle axles transfer the vertical load from the frame or body to the wheels, and pushing and braking forces from the wheels to the frame or body. The front axle consists of a beam and swivel pins pivotally connected to it, with the help of which the car makes a turn. The rear axle is usually made hollow. It houses part of the power transmission mechanisms. The suspension elastically connects the axles to the frame and, together with the tires, softens the shocks and shocks that occur during the movement of cars.Springs (elastic beams made up of individual steel sheets) or coil springs are used as an elastic suspension element; rod (torsion), rubber, pneumatic and pneumohydraulic suspensions are also used. For the front wheels of passenger cars, the so-called independent suspension is widely used, in which an elastic element connects the frame or body directly to the wheel. To dampen suspension vibrations, hydraulic or mechanical (friction) shock absorbers are installed in all cars and some trucks.
To improve maneuverability, vehicle wheels are set at specific camber and climb angles. To control and regulate these parameters, special (laser or computer) wheel alignment stands are used.
In addition, the wheels of vehicles are subject to periodic balancing on special balancing machines.
4.2. Engine
Engine Mercedes V6, 1996 release.
The main type of engine in modern cars is a piston internal combustion engine. A car with a gas turbine internal combustion engine has significant development prospects. Electric (battery) vehicles are used for urban transportation of light and small goods. Steam cars are almost non-existent now. By type of fuel used for piston internal combustion engines, there are:
petrol,
gas-balloon,
gas generating,
diesel.
Diesel vehicles are predominantly heavy-duty trucks and buses of medium and large capacity. CNG and gas generator vehicles run on local fuels.
The engine converts the thermal energy of the fuel into mechanical energy, resulting in a torque on the engine shaft. Modern carbureted car engines operate on a four-stroke workflow. They have power from 25 (minicompact cars) to 450 hp. (high-end passenger cars) at a crankshaft speed of 3,000-4,500 rpm. Diesels use four-stroke and two-stroke power from 100 to 450 hp. at 1,500-2,500 rpm. The number of cylinders is from 2 (small cars) to 12 (powerful engines of heavy trucks and engines of large cars). The placement of the cylinders is usually vertical single-row or V-shaped. The engine is placed in front of the car along its longitudinal axis or on the driver's side. In passenger cars and buses, the engine is often placed at the rear along or across the body.
4.3. Transmission
A typical power transmission diagram of a passenger car.
The power transmission (transmission) is used to transmit torque from the crankshaft of the engine to the driving wheels of the vehicle. It consists of a gearbox, clutch mechanism, driveline, final drive, differential and axle shafts connected to the drive wheel hubs. The gearbox allows you to increase the torque on the driving wheels of the car with increasing resistance to movement (for example, on a rise, during acceleration). In addition, it allows you to reverse and provides a long decoupling of the engine from the drive wheels, necessary during engine start-up and idling. According to the method of changing the gear ratio, gearboxes are divided into:
stepped,
stepless,
combined.
frictional - the torque is transmitted due to the forces of friction between the driving and driven elements of the mechanism (usually disks pressed against each other by springs),
hydraulic (fluid coupling) - the torque is transmitted using a fluid circulating between the driving element - the pump impeller and the driven element - the turbine wheel,
combined - used in cars with a simple speed gearbox, so the fluid coupling provides a very slow acceleration of the car, but does not prevent impacts between the teeth of the gears of the gearbox when they are switched like a friction clutch.
The main gear is designed to increase torque and transfer it from the driveshaft to the differential and then on the axle shafts located at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. The main gears are divided into:
gear:
single,
double;
worm.
4.4. control mechanism
The vehicle control mechanism consists of two systems: steering and braking system. The steering consists of a steering mechanism and a steering gear. The steering mechanism converts the rotation of the steering wheel into an angular movement of the steering arm. The steering gear connects the bipod with the pivot pins of the steered wheels. It consists of a tie rod, trunnion arms and a tie rod.In heavy trucks and buses, the steering system includes hydraulic or pneumatic boosters (servo mechanisms) that increase the driver's efforts and greatly facilitate his work. There are two systems for braking in a car:
main, operates from the brake pedal
auxiliary (parking), operating from a hand lever.
5. Car application
In the process of improving the design and production technology of automobiles, the scope of their application has significantly expanded, which has led to the emergence of specialized vehicles. Special vehicles are used in particular for the needs of:
armed forces (armored vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles, mobile missile systems, radar installations, etc.).
construction and installation organizations (truck cranes, drilling rigs, etc.).
motor sports
emergency services (fire trucks, ambulances, etc.).
public utilities (snow removal, garbage trucks, harvesters, etc.).
6. Car manufacturing
More than 300 million cars are produced annually in the world.Between 1951 and 1991, the number of cars on English roads increased from 2 million to 20 million.
In the 1st quarter of 2007, for the first time overtaking GM Toyota came out on top in terms of the number of cars sold. Toyota has this figure: 2.348 million, and GM has 2.26 million cars. The perfection of the design and suitability of vehicles for use in various operating conditions are evaluated by their dynamic (speed) qualities, driving stability, cross-country ability, smoothness, ease of control, fuel efficiency, and reliability. These performance qualities of cars are determined by its design, geometric and weight parameters. The production of domestic automobiles is characterized by a significant need to improve the reliability and durability of mechanisms due to improved quality of materials, improved manufacturing technology of parts, strengthening their rigidity, and improving the oil and air filtration system in engines. An important problem is the ergonomics and comfort of domestic cars. Measures are being taken to facilitate maintenance, in particular, a central lubrication system for undercarriage parts and control mechanisms is introduced.
7. Automobile enterprises of Ukraine
Auto technology
Anto-Rus
GALAZ
KrASZ
Eurocar
Stry-Auto
8. Car problems
The number of passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants of the country.
The creation of engines that do not pollute the environment has removed the environmental problems of large cities.
A car is a complex system, a set of mechanisms and components that can fail. Therefore, cars require regular maintenance. It is often necessary to check tire pressure, oil (oil) and brake fluid levels, and engine temperature. Based on this, most cars are equipped with indicator devices that allow you to monitor these parameters. Tire pressure is measured with a tire pressure gauge.
During the operation of a car, tires and galvanized pads are most often worn. Tires can also be damaged when objects are hit on the hospital (flowers, screws, slope, skinny). Poshkodzhenі tires often require repair and accessories for further operation. Worn galvanized pads must be replaced with new ones. At this point, there is a problem of utilization of worn out pads, which are prepared for asbestos, which is safe for people. In the rest of the hour, the craft will switch to the preparation of asbestos-free galmium blocks.
Utilization and recycling will also require vikoristane oil, tire wear, batteries, galmive motherland, thin. Vikoristane oil is processed into olive oil. Worn tires are split into metal cord and humus, then vicor cord, like metal brucht, and vicor humus for the preparation of secondary humic fibers or add to asphalt. Accumulator batteries are most often vicorous for remelting on lead ingots.
Literature
Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia. In 12 volumes. / Ed. M. Bazhan. - 2nd ed. - M., 1974-1985.
Nesvitsky Ya. I. Trucks. K., 1953. (Rus.)
Automobile (descriptive course). Ed. G. V. Zimeleva. M., 1955. (Rus.)
Gold B. V., Falkevich B. S. Theory, design and calculation of the car. M., 1957. (Rus.)
Abramovich A. D. Technical characteristics of automobiles. M., 1958. (Rus.)
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