INTERSTATE STANDARD
UNIFIED SYSTEM OF DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
CONDITIONAL GRAPHIC SYMBOLS.
HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC MACHINES
GOST 2.782-96
INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION,
METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
PREFACE.
1. DEVELOPED by the Research and Design Institute of Industrial Hydraulic Drives and Hydroautomatics (NIIGidroprivod), All-Russian Research Institute for Standardization and Certification in Mechanical Engineering (VNIINMASH). INTRODUCED by the State Standard of Russia.2. ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Minutes No. 10 dated October 4, 1996). The following voted for the adoption:
|
State name |
Name of the national standardization body |
| The Republic of Azerbaijan | Azgosstandart |
| Republic of Armenia | Armstate standard |
| Republic of Belarus | Belstandard |
| The Republic of Kazakhstan | State Standard of the Republic of Kazakhstan |
| Kyrgyz Republic | Kyrgyzstandart |
| The Republic of Moldova | Moldovastandard |
| Russian Federation | Gosstandart of Russia |
| The Republic of Tajikistan | Tajik state center for standardization, metrology and certification |
| Turkmenistan | Turkmenglavstate inspection |
| Ukraine | State Standard of Ukraine |
1 area of use. 2 2. Regulatory references. 2 3. Definitions. 2 4. Basic provisions. 2 Annex A Rules for indicating the dependence of the direction of rotation on the direction of the flow of the working medium and position control devices for hydraulic and pneumatic machines. 8 Annex B Examples of designation of the dependence of the direction of rotation on the direction of the flow of the working medium and the positions of the control device for hydraulic and pneumatic machines. 8
GOST 2.782-96
INTERSTATE STANDARD
|
Unified system of design documentation. CONDITIONAL GRAPHIC SYMBOLS. MACHINES HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC. Unified system for design documentation. |
Introduction date 1998-01-01
1 AREA OF USE.
This standard establishes the conventional graphic symbols for hydraulic and pneumatic machines (pumps, compressors, motors, cylinders, rotary motors, converters, displacers) in diagrams and drawings of all industries.2. REGULATORY REFERENCES.
This standard uses references to the following standards: GOST 17398-72 Pumps. Terms and Definitions. GOST 17752-81 Volumetric hydraulic drive and pneumatic drive. Terms and definitions. GOST 28567-90 Compressors. Terms and Definitions.3. DEFINITIONS.
This standard uses the terms according to GOST 17752, GOST 17398 and GOST 28567.4. MAIN PROVISIONS.
4.1. Designations reflect the purpose (action), the way the devices work and external connections. 4.2. Symbols do not show actual design devices.4.3. The letters used in the designations are only alphabetic designations and do not give an idea of the parameters or parameter values.4.4. Unless otherwise specified, symbols may be drawn in any arrangement, as long as their meaning is not distorted. 4.5. The standard does not establish the sizes of symbols. 4.6. Designations built according to functional features should correspond to those given in table 1. If it is necessary to reflect the principle of operation, then the designations given in table 2.4.7 are used. Rules and examples of designations for the relationship between the direction of rotation, the direction of flow of the medium and the position of the control device for pumps and motors are given in appendices A and B.Table 1
|
Name |
Designation |
| 1. The pump is unregulated: - with non-reversible flow | |
| - with reverse flow | |
| 2. Adjustable pump: - with non-reversible flow | |
| - with reverse flow | |
| 3. Pump adjustable with manual control and one direction of rotation |
|
| 4. Single direction pressure regulated pump with adjustable spring and drain (see appendices A and B) |
|
| 5. Dosing pump | |
| 6. Multi-outlet pump (for example, a three-way variable pump with one plugged outlet) |
|
| 7. Hydraulic motor unregulated: - with non-reversible flow | |
| - with reverse flow | |
| 8. Adjustable hydraulic motor: - with non-reversible flow, with indefinite control mechanism, external drainage, one direction of rotation and two shaft ends |
|
| 9. Rotary hydraulic motor | |
| 10. Compressor | |
| 11. Non-adjustable pneumatic motor: - with non-reversible flow | |
| - with reverse flow | |
| 12. Adjustable pneumatic motor: - with non-reversible flow | |
| - with reverse flow | |
| 13. Rotary air motor | |
| 14. Pump-motor unregulated: - with the same direction of flow | |
| - with any flow direction | |
| 15. Adjustable motor pump: - with the same flow direction | |
| - with reverse flow direction | |
| - with any direction of flow, with manual control, external drain and two directions of rotation |
|
| 16. Pump-motor adjustable, with two directions of rotation, spring zero centering working volume, external control and drainage (signal n causes movement in the direction N) (see appendices A and B) |
|
| 17. Volumetric hydraulic transmission: - with fixed pump and motor, with one direction of flow and one direction of rotation |
|
| - with adjustable pump, with reverse flow, with two directions of rotation with variable speed |
|
| - with fixed pump and one direction of rotation |
|
| 18. Single-acting cylinder: - piston without specifying the method of return of the rod, pneumatic |
|
| - piston with spring return, pneumatic |
|
| - piston with rod extension by a spring, hydraulic |
|
| - plunger | |
| - telescopic with one-sided extension, pneumatic |
|
|
|
|
| 19. Double-acting cylinder: - with single-acting rod, hydraulic |
|
| - double-acting, pneumatic |
|
| - telescopic with one-sided extension, hydraulic |
|
| - telescopic with double-sided extension |
|
| 20. Differential cylinder (the ratio of the areas of the piston from the side of the rod and non-rod cavities is of paramount importance) |
|
| 21. Double-acting cylinder with a supply of the working medium through the rod: - with a single-sided rod |
|
| - with a double-sided stem |
|
| 22. Double-acting cylinder with constant braking at the end of the stroke: - from the piston side |
|
| - on both sides |
|
| 23. Double-acting cylinder with adjustable braking at the end of the stroke: - from the piston side |
|
| - on both sides and an area ratio of 2:1 |
|
| 24. Two-chamber double-acting cylinder |
|
| 25. Diaphragm cylinder: - single-acting | |
| - double acting | |
| 26. Pneumohydraulic displacer with separator: - translational | |
| - rotational |
|
| 27. Translational transducer: - with one kind of working environment | |
| 28. Rotary transducer: - with one kind of working environment |
|
| - with two kinds of working environment |
|
| 29. Cylinder with built-in mechanical locks |
|
table 2
|
Name |
Designation |
|
1. Manual pump |
|
|
2. Gear pump |
|
|
3. Screw pump |
|
|
4. Vane pump |
|
|
5. Radial piston pump |
|
|
6. Axial piston pump |
|
|
7. Crank pump |
|
|
8. Centrifugal vane pump |
|
|
9. Jet pump: General designation |
|
|
With liquid external flow |
|
|
With gas external flow |
|
|
10. Fan: Centrifugal |
|
APPENDIX A
(recommended)
RULES FOR DESIGNATION OF ROTATION DIRECTION DEPENDENCE ON WORKING FLOW DIRECTION AND CONTROL DEVICE POSITION FOR HYDRO- AND PNEUMATIC MACHINES.
A.1. The direction of rotation of the shaft is shown by a concentric arrow around the main designation of the machine from the power supply element to the power output element. For devices with two directions of rotation, only one arbitrarily chosen direction is shown. For devices with double shaft the direction is shown at one end of the shaft. A.2. For pumps, the arrow starts at drive shaft and ends with a tip at the outlet flow line. A.3. For motors, the arrow starts at the inlet flow line and ends with the point of the arrow at the output shaft. A.4. For motor pumps according to A.2 and A.3.A.5. If necessary, the appropriate designation of the position of the control device is shown near the tip of the concentric arrow. A.6. If the control characteristics are different for the two directions of rotation, information is shown for both directions. A.7. A line showing the positions of the control device and position symbols (for example, M - Æ - N) is applied perpendicular to the control arrow. The sign Æ indicates the position of the zero displacement, the letters M and N indicate the extreme positions of the control device for the maximum displacement. It is preferable to use the same designations that are printed on the body of the device. The point of intersection of the arrow showing the regulation and perpendicular to the line indicates the position "in stock" (Figure 1). 
Picture 1.
APPENDIX B
(recommended)
EXAMPLES OF DESIGNATION OF ROTATION DIRECTION DEPENDENCE ON WORKING FLOW DIRECTION AND CONTROL DEVICE POSITIONS FOR HYDRO AND PNEUMATIC MACHINES.
Table B.1
|
Name |
Designation |
| 1. Single-functional device (motor). The hydraulic motor is unregulated, with one direction of rotation. | |
| 2. Single-functional device (machine). The hydraulic machine is unregulated, with two directions of rotation. One direction of rotation is shown, related to the direction of flow. |
|
| 3. Single-functional device (pump). The hydraulic pump is adjustable (with a change in working volume in one line), with one direction of rotation. The designation of the position of the control device can be omitted, it is shown in the figure for clarity only. |
|
| 4. Single-functional device (motor). The hydraulic motor is adjustable (with a change in working volume in one direction), with two directions of rotation. One direction of rotation is shown, related to the direction of flow. |
|
| 5. Single-functional device (machine). The hydraulic machine is adjustable (with a change in working volume in both directions), with one direction of rotation. The direction of rotation and the corresponding position of the control device are shown in relation to the direction of flow. |
|
| 6. Single-functional device (machine). The hydraulic machine is adjustable (with a change in the working volume in both directions), with two directions of rotation. Shown is one direction of rotation and the corresponding position of the control device associated with the direction of flow. |
|
| 7. Pump-motor. The pump-motor is unregulated with two directions of rotation. | |
| 8. Pump-motor. The pump-motor is adjustable (with a change in working volume in one direction), with two directions of rotation. One direction of rotation is shown, related to the direction of flow, when operating in pump mode. |
|
| 9. Pump-motor. The pump-motor is adjustable (with a change in the working volume in both directions), with one direction of rotation. Shows the direction of rotation and the corresponding position of the control device, related to the direction of flow, when operating in pump mode. |
|
| 10. Pump-motor. The pump-motor is adjustable (using a displacement in both directions, with two directions of rotation. One direction of rotation and the corresponding position of the control device associated with the direction of flow are shown when operating in pump mode. |
|
| 11. Motor. Motor with two directions of rotation: adjustable (with change of displacement in one line) in one direction of rotation, non-adjustable in the other direction of rotation. Both possibilities are shown. |
|
When developing and drawing up projects and schemes for water supply and sewerage in paper and electronic documents, drawings and accompanying applications, symbols are used that characterize the parameters of devices, mechanisms, parts and elements, as well as alphabetic and numeric characters special purpose. For example, the designation of a pump on a water supply and sewerage scheme must be present on the drawings not only of industrial-scale construction projects, but also in individual construction projects, as well as symbols for pipelines and other units and mechanisms of engineering communications. All these symbols, designations and icons are described in detail in GOST 21.205-93, and their use is built into computer programs to create drawings of a water supply and sewerage system, such as AutoCAD, FreeCAD, T-FLEX CAD, DraftSight Free CAD, LibreCAD and others working in Computer Aided Design and Drafting (CAD) standards.
Why draw up drawings and projects of water supply and sewerage
All construction sites - industrial, residential or strategic buildings, to one degree or another, are equipped with sanitary systems that have some General characteristics and functions. Such systems are not unique - they consist of a complex of engineering and communication schemes and units, such as hot water and cold water, sewer lines, centralized gas supply, garbage chutes, storm sewer and snow retention systems, heating units, electrical and communication communications.
With so many complex systems in place, they all need to be standardized to minimize the risk of emergencies and other unplanned malfunctions. The most important engineering systems are sewage and water supply, so their layout should be clearly reflected in the drawings and network diagrams, in compliance with all accepted standards designations. Only by observing the symbols established by GOST, it is possible to launch an object that meets the rules of livability and comfortable operation.
- Water supply in a residential area in general and separately in each apartment has its own role - these systems provide not only the full life of the residents, but also preserve their health. Therefore, when compiling project documentation, it is impossible to allow the slightest deviation in the calculations and drawings, since in the future this will necessarily affect the way of life, and the health of people, and technical condition systems.
- Sewerage removes waste water, domestic sewage and crushed solid human waste from residential premises, and the garbage chute performs the same function. As in water supply, in the sewerage system, the first and necessary unit is the pump. Considering the aggressiveness of the environment and the constituent components of wastewater, the system must be as reliable as possible throughout the entire operation period, which means that the very first steps - drawing up drawings and documentation - must be taken responsibly.
All sewer drains, pipeline and gas pipeline taps on the diagrams, water supply and sewerage systems have their own conditional symbols and designation marks in project drawings, which should be displayed the same everywhere. Due to the complexity of drawing up such projects, it is recommended that such work be trusted to professionals so that not only the correct conventional signs and designations of water supply, pumps, valves, sewers, pipes and valves on the diagram, but their parameters are also calculated for long-term maintenance-free operation.
Features of schematic symbols
Before compiling the final version of the project, preliminary drawings are developed that take into account the specific operating conditions of the equipment in a particular room. The draft design will take into account geographic and technical features buildings, the number of residential and technical premises, the place and direction of water inlet and outlet, etc. After preliminary drawings and design documents have been drawn up for each room of the house, they are combined into one final project.
But on each drawing, on each diagram, only generally accepted conventions and symbols should be used so that any builder, architect or engineer can correctly read the drawing and accurately complete their part of the work.
It is strictly forbidden to use other conventional icons, symbols and designations in construction documentation GOST 21.205-93. There are several hundred installed and approved designations, so we will consider their use using the example of pumps - circulation, for pumping, and others.
Conventional graphic designations of pumps are given in the table:
Based on the symbols approved by GOST 21.205-93, all of the above programs work for drawing up drawings and 2-D or 3-D visualization of projects.
When developing a project for a sewer or hot water supply scheme, in heating schemes and other pipelines, developers indicate with symbols and other symbols the places for connecting hot or cold water, the inlet and outlet of drains, the location of plumbing fixtures and other equipment. The complexity of the scheme and installed equipment depends largely on the area and functional purpose of the room, therefore, even for the same premises, the wiring and connection schemes will always be different. When drawing up projects and drawings of hot water, cold water and sewage systems, only generally accepted special symbols are used. Discrepancies in the documentation are unacceptable, and it is not allowed to independently change the designations in the preliminary and final documents.
Symbols for water supply and sewerage in the drawing
Working data on the properties and parameters of the water supply and sewerage system in the diagrams and drawings of pipelines of engineering networks are entered into the design documentation with letters and numbers.
Any water supply network is indicated by the alphanumeric characters "B0", the pipeline for household and drinking needs is indicated by the symbols "B1", water communications for fire-fighting systems are indicated by the symbols "B2", pipes for supplying technical water are indicated as "B4". That is, all designations that have the symbol “B” at the beginning refer to the water supply of the facility.
General sewerage is indicated by the Cyrillic symbol "K", sewerage for domestic wastewater - by the symbol set "K1", storm water is designated "K2", industrial-scale sewerage is indicated by the symbols "K3".
In plumbing and sewer schemes, along with lines, special alphanumeric symbols and symbols are used in the drawing process. All designations are not accompanied by explanations, with the exception of industry-specific symbols in the diagram. Such designations (for example, a non-standard valve) are deciphered by indicating a reference to detailed description element. Not all symbols from those regulated by the standard should always be used in the design, but some are required, as well as water supply, sewerage, and heating system installed in all residential buildings. It can be a pump or valve on the drawing, a coarse filter or fine cleaning, the presence in the circuit of a heat exchanger or manual (automatic) valves.
Also, on the diagram of engineering communications at home, there are often lines like dotted lines with a dot, or straight and dotted lines. These are the designations of domestic wastewater, storm water and mixed sewerage systems.
In addition, schemes and drawings may contain elements and designations with long or short, supplemented by various symbols and elements: circles, cylindrical symbols, squares or rectangles, triangles or perpendicular segments of thin lines. All of these symbols and designations are different transcripts: they can indicate a sewer, the end of a pipe, a damper cut into the route, etc. The circle and letter symbol inside the circle means oil catcher, grease catcher, fuel flap, sump, etc. If there is no symbol in the circle, then such a designation indicates the presence of a sump in the circuit.
Special symbols on project plans also exist to indicate plumbing fixtures and other household equipment. The state standard of 1993 No. 21.205 provides for such designations as a shower stall with a hose and a sprayer, and sinks with mixer taps, and the baths themselves, and toilet bowls with different types of water flush. For different devices, even for the same purpose, there are different designations, symbols and icons. These can also be conditional drawings, in the lines of which you can immediately guess what equipment is indicated on the project drawing.
When developing project documentation during the construction of a house, designers take into account many more auxiliary and secondary conditions: it is necessary to designate not only the main components, but also the details that ensure their operation - pipes of a heating main, water supply or sewerage, valves and filters, traps and valves, fittings and turns. Such detailed information will help to read the drawing faster and more clearly, and to implement it in practice without errors. To indicate additional information also use letters, numbers, pictures, geometric figures and other designations.
In the drawings of the building project, it is necessary to display the layout of engineering and technical communications, such as the supply of hot water and cold water, sewerage and heating, the parameters of sewer, revision and collector wells, and other Technical information, which is recommended to be used in the process. It is not enough to rely only on nodal data - using additional information, the project will be implemented with a long-term perspective of operation, without accidents and unplanned repairs. The volume of design work is large enough for self-taught builders, so hiring professional designers will be the only right decision.
All designations and the form of numbers, Latin, Cyrillic and graphic letters, geometric shapes and symbols should be used only for their intended purpose, without distorting the display on the diagram. It is impossible to use images and designations of elements that are not regulated by GOST and SNiP in the drawings and diagrams of sewerage and water supply. The loss of the correct perception of the designation at any stage of construction or installation will break the entire scheme, which will lead to wasted time and labor costs.
Properly used symbols, letters, geometric shapes and symbols are a guarantee correct reading project documentation, which means that correct execution construction and installation works at the facility. By complying with all the requirements of GOST, you will achieve effective work all engineering networks, which means their long and uninterrupted operation.
INTERSTATE STANDARD
UNIFIED SYSTEM OF DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
CONDITIONAL GRAPHIC SYMBOLS.
HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC MACHINES
GOST 2.782-96
INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION,
METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION
PREFACE.
1. DEVELOPED by the Research and Design Institute of Industrial Hydraulic Drives and Hydroautomatics (NIIGidroprivod), All-Russian Research Institute for Standardization and Certification in Mechanical Engineering (VNIINMASH). INTRODUCED by the State Standard of Russia.2. ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Minutes No. 10 dated October 4, 1996). The following voted for the adoption:
|
State name |
Name of the national standardization body |
| The Republic of Azerbaijan | Azgosstandart |
| Republic of Armenia | Armstate standard |
| Republic of Belarus | Belstandard |
| The Republic of Kazakhstan | State Standard of the Republic of Kazakhstan |
| Kyrgyz Republic | Kyrgyzstandart |
| The Republic of Moldova | Moldovastandard |
| Russian Federation | Gosstandart of Russia |
| The Republic of Tajikistan | Tajik State Center for Standardization, Metrology and Certification |
| Turkmenistan | Turkmenglavstate inspection |
| Ukraine | State Standard of Ukraine |
1 area of use. 2 2. Regulatory references. 2 3. Definitions. 2 4. Basic provisions. 2 Annex A Rules for indicating the dependence of the direction of rotation on the direction of the flow of the working medium and the position of the control device for hydraulic and pneumatic machines. 8 Annex B Examples of designation of the dependence of the direction of rotation on the direction of the flow of the working medium and the positions of the control device for hydraulic and pneumatic machines. 8
GOST 2.782-96
INTERSTATE STANDARD
|
Unified system of design documentation. CONDITIONAL GRAPHIC SYMBOLS. MACHINES HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC. Unified system for design documentation. |
Introduction date 1998-01-01
1 AREA OF USE.
This standard establishes the conventional graphic symbols for hydraulic and pneumatic machines (pumps, compressors, motors, cylinders, rotary motors, converters, displacers) in diagrams and drawings of all industries.2. REGULATORY REFERENCES.
This standard uses references to the following standards: GOST 17398-72 Pumps. Terms and Definitions. GOST 17752-81 Volumetric hydraulic drive and pneumatic drive. Terms and definitions. GOST 28567-90 Compressors. Terms and Definitions.3. DEFINITIONS.
This standard uses the terms according to GOST 17752, GOST 17398 and GOST 28567.4. MAIN PROVISIONS.
4.1. Designations reflect the purpose (action), the way the devices work and external connections. 4.2. The designations do not show the actual design of the device.4.3. The letters used in the designations are only alphabetic designations and do not give an idea of the parameters or parameter values.4.4. Unless otherwise specified, symbols may be drawn in any arrangement, as long as their meaning is not distorted. 4.5. The standard does not establish the sizes of symbols. 4.6. Designations built according to functional features should correspond to those given in table 1. If it is necessary to reflect the principle of operation, then the designations given in table 2.4.7 are used. Rules and examples of designations for the relationship between the direction of rotation, the direction of flow of the medium and the position of the control device for pumps and motors are given in appendices A and B.Table 1
|
Name |
Designation |
| 1. The pump is unregulated: - with non-reversible flow | |
| - with reverse flow | |
| 2. Adjustable pump: - with non-reversible flow | |
| - with reverse flow | |
| 3. Pump adjustable with manual control and one direction of rotation |
|
| 4. Single direction pressure regulated pump with adjustable spring and drain (see appendices A and B) |
|
| 5. Dosing pump | |
| 6. Multi-outlet pump (for example, a three-way variable pump with one plugged outlet) |
|
| 7. Hydraulic motor unregulated: - with non-reversible flow | |
| - with reverse flow | |
| 8. Adjustable hydraulic motor: - with non-reversible flow, with indefinite control mechanism, external drainage, one direction of rotation and two shaft ends |
|
| 9. Rotary hydraulic motor | |
| 10. Compressor | |
| 11. Non-adjustable pneumatic motor: - with non-reversible flow | |
| - with reverse flow | |
| 12. Adjustable pneumatic motor: - with non-reversible flow | |
| - with reverse flow | |
| 13. Rotary air motor | |
| 14. Pump-motor unregulated: - with the same direction of flow | |
| - with any flow direction | |
| 15. Adjustable motor pump: - with the same flow direction | |
| - with reverse flow direction | |
| - with any direction of flow, with manual control, external drain and two directions of rotation |
|
| 16. Adjustable pump-motor, with two directions of rotation, spring centering of zero working volume, external control and drainage (signal n causes movement in the direction N) (see appendices A and B) |
|
| 17. Volumetric hydraulic transmission: - with fixed pump and motor, with one direction of flow and one direction of rotation |
|
| - with adjustable pump, with reverse flow, with two directions of rotation with variable speed |
|
| - with fixed pump and one direction of rotation |
|
| 18. Single-acting cylinder: - piston without specifying the method of return of the rod, pneumatic |
|
| - piston with spring return, pneumatic |
|
| - piston with rod extension by a spring, hydraulic |
|
| - plunger | |
| - telescopic with one-sided extension, pneumatic |
|
|
|
|
| 19. Double-acting cylinder: - with single-acting rod, hydraulic |
|
| - double-acting, pneumatic |
|
| - telescopic with one-sided extension, hydraulic |
|
| - telescopic with double-sided extension |
|
| 20. Differential cylinder (the ratio of the areas of the piston from the side of the rod and non-rod cavities is of paramount importance) |
|
| 21. Double-acting cylinder with a supply of the working medium through the rod: - with a single-sided rod |
|
| - with a double-sided stem |
|
| 22. Double-acting cylinder with constant braking at the end of the stroke: - from the piston side |
|
| - on both sides |
|
| 23. Double-acting cylinder with adjustable braking at the end of the stroke: - from the piston side |
|
| - on both sides and an area ratio of 2:1 |
|
| 24. Two-chamber double-acting cylinder |
|
| 25. Diaphragm cylinder: - single-acting | |
| - double acting | |
| 26. Pneumohydraulic displacer with separator: - translational | |
| - rotational |
|
| 27. Translational transducer: - with one kind of working environment | |
| 28. Rotary transducer: - with one kind of working environment |
|
| - with two kinds of working environment |
|
| 29. Cylinder with built-in mechanical locks |
|
table 2
|
Name |
Designation |
|
1. Manual pump |
|
|
2. Gear pump |
|
|
3. Screw pump |
|
|
4. Vane pump |
|
|
5. Radial piston pump |
|
|
6. Axial piston pump |
|
|
7. Crank pump |
|
|
8. Centrifugal vane pump |
|
|
9. Jet pump: General designation |
|
|
With liquid external flow |
|
|
With gas external flow |
|
|
10. Fan: Centrifugal |
|
APPENDIX A
(recommended)
RULES FOR DESIGNATION OF ROTATION DIRECTION DEPENDENCE ON WORKING FLOW DIRECTION AND CONTROL DEVICE POSITION FOR HYDRO- AND PNEUMATIC MACHINES.
A.1. The direction of rotation of the shaft is shown by a concentric arrow around the main designation of the machine from the power supply element to the power output element. For devices with two directions of rotation, only one arbitrarily chosen direction is shown. For double shaft devices, the direction is shown at one end of the shaft. A.2. For pumps, the arrow starts on the drive shaft and ends with a point on the outlet flow line. A.3. For motors, the arrow starts at the inlet flow line and ends with the point of the arrow at the output shaft. A.4. For motor pumps according to A.2 and A.3.A.5. If necessary, the appropriate designation of the position of the control device is shown near the tip of the concentric arrow. A.6. If the control characteristics are different for the two directions of rotation, information is shown for both directions. A.7. A line showing the positions of the control device and position symbols (for example, M - Æ - N) is applied perpendicular to the control arrow. The sign Æ indicates the position of the zero displacement, the letters M and N indicate the extreme positions of the control device for the maximum displacement. It is preferable to use the same designations that are printed on the body of the device. The point of intersection of the arrow showing the regulation and perpendicular to the line indicates the position "in stock" (Figure 1). 
Picture 1.
APPENDIX B
(recommended)
EXAMPLES OF DESIGNATION OF ROTATION DIRECTION DEPENDENCE ON WORKING FLOW DIRECTION AND CONTROL DEVICE POSITIONS FOR HYDRO AND PNEUMATIC MACHINES.
Table B.1
|
Name |
Designation |
| 1. Single-functional device (motor). The hydraulic motor is unregulated, with one direction of rotation. | |
| 2. Single-functional device (machine). The hydraulic machine is unregulated, with two directions of rotation. One direction of rotation is shown, related to the direction of flow. |
|
| 3. Single-functional device (pump). The hydraulic pump is adjustable (with a change in working volume in one line), with one direction of rotation. The designation of the position of the control device can be omitted, it is shown in the figure for clarity only. |
|
| 4. Single-functional device (motor). The hydraulic motor is adjustable (with a change in working volume in one direction), with two directions of rotation. One direction of rotation is shown, related to the direction of flow. |
|
| 5. Single-functional device (machine). The hydraulic machine is adjustable (with a change in working volume in both directions), with one direction of rotation. The direction of rotation and the corresponding position of the control device are shown in relation to the direction of flow. |
|
| 6. Single-functional device (machine). The hydraulic machine is adjustable (with a change in the working volume in both directions), with two directions of rotation. Shown is one direction of rotation and the corresponding position of the control device associated with the direction of flow. |
|
| 7. Pump-motor. The pump-motor is unregulated with two directions of rotation. | |
| 8. Pump-motor. The pump-motor is adjustable (with a change in working volume in one direction), with two directions of rotation. One direction of rotation is shown, related to the direction of flow, when operating in pump mode. |
|
| 9. Pump-motor. The pump-motor is adjustable (with a change in the working volume in both directions), with one direction of rotation. Shows the direction of rotation and the corresponding position of the control device, related to the direction of flow, when operating in pump mode. |
|
| 10. Pump-motor. The pump-motor is adjustable (using a displacement in both directions, with two directions of rotation. One direction of rotation and the corresponding position of the control device associated with the direction of flow are shown when operating in pump mode. |
|
| 11. Motor. Motor with two directions of rotation: adjustable (with change of displacement in one line) in one direction of rotation, non-adjustable in the other direction of rotation. Both possibilities are shown. |
The hydraulic diagram is an element of technical documentation, which, using symbols, shows information about the elements hydraulic system, and the relationship between them.
According to ESKD hydraulic diagrams are designated in the cipher of the main inscription by the letter "G" ( pneumatic diagrams- the letter "P").
As can be seen from the definition, hydraulic scheme conditionally shows the elements that are interconnected by pipelines - designated lines. Therefore, in order to correctly read the hydraulic circuit, you need to know how this or that element is indicated on the diagram. Conventions elements are specified in GOST 2.781-96. Study this document and you will be able to find out how the main elements of hydraulics are indicated.
Designations of hydraulic elements on the diagrams
Consider the main elements hydraulic circuits.
Pipelines
The pipelines on the hydraulic diagrams are shown with solid lines connecting the elements. Control lines are usually shown as a dotted line. The directions of fluid movement, if necessary, can be indicated by arrows. Often on hydraulic diagrams they indicate lines - a letter P denotes the pressure line, T - drain, X - control, l - drainage.
The connection of lines is shown with a dot, and if the lines intersect in the diagram, but are not connected, the intersection point is indicated by an arc.
Tank
Tank in hydraulics - important element, which is the repository hydraulic fluid. A tank connected to the atmosphere is shown on the hydraulic diagram as follows.
A closed tank or container, such as a hydraulic accumulator, is shown as a closed loop.
In the designation of the filter, the rhombus symbolizes the body, and the dashed line symbolizes the filter material or filter element.
Pump
Several types of pump designations are used on hydraulic diagrams, depending on their types.
Centrifugal pumps are usually depicted as a circle, in the center of which a suction line is connected, and a discharge line is connected to the perimeter of the circle:
Volumetric(gear, piston, lamellar, etc.) pumps denoted by a circle, with an arrow triangle indicating the direction of fluid flow.
If two arrows are shown on the pump, then this unit is reversible and can pump fluid in both directions.
If the designation is crossed out with an arrow, then the pump is adjustable, for example, the volume of the working chamber can change.
hydraulic motor
The designation of the hydraulic motor is similar to the designation of the pump, only the triangle-arrow is deployed. IN this case the arrow shows the direction of fluid supply to the gyromotor.
The same rules apply for designating a hydraulic motor as for designating a pump: reversibility is indicated by two triangular arrows, the possibility of regulation by a diagonal arrow.
The figure below shows an adjustable reversible pump motor.
Hydraulic cylinder
hydraulic cylinder- one of the most common hydraulic motors, which can be read on almost any hydraulic diagram. The design features of a hydraulic cylinder are usually reflected in the hydraulic diagram, let's look at a few examples.
The double-acting cylinder has supplies to the piston and rod end.
The plunger hydraulic cylinder is depicted on the hydraulic diagrams as follows.
circuit diagram telescopic hydraulic cylinder is shown in the figure.
Distributor
Hydraulic distributor is shown by a set of square windows, each of which corresponds to a certain position of the spool (position). If the distributor is two-position, then in the diagram it will consist of two square windows, a three-position one - of three. Within each box, it shows how the lines are connected at that position.
Consider an example.
The figure shows four linear (four lines A, B, P, T are connected to the distributor), three position (three windows) distributor. The diagram shows the neutral position of the distributor spool, in this case it is in the central position (the lines are connected to the central window). Also, the diagram shows how the hydraulic lines are connected to each other, in this example in the neutral position lines P and T are interconnected, A and B are muffled.
As you know, the distributor, switching, can connect different lines, this is shown in the hydraulic diagram.
Consider the left window, which shows that by switching the distributor will connect lines P and B, A and T. This conclusion can be made by virtually moving the distributor to the right.
The remaining position is shown in the right window, connected lines P and A, B and T.
The following video shows the principle of operation of the hydraulic valve.
Understanding the principle of the distributor, you can easily read hydraulic diagrams that include this element.
Control devices
In order to control an element, such as a distributor, you need to influence it in some way.
The conventions are shown below: manual, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electromagnetic control and spring return.
These elements can be arranged in various ways.
The following figure shows four-line, two-position valve, with electromagnetic control and spring return.
Valve
Valves in hydraulics are usually shown as a square, which symbolically shows the behavior of the elements when actuated.
Safety valve
The figure shows the symbol safety valve. The diagram shows that as soon as the pressure in the control line (shown by the dotted line) exceeds the setting of the adjustable spring, the arrow will move to the side and the valve will open.
pressure reducing valve
Also in hydraulic and pneumatic systems quite common pressure reducing valves, the control pressure in such valves is the pressure in the outlet line (at the outlet of the pressure reducing valve).
An example of a designation for a pressure reducing valve is shown in the following figure.
Open valve
Purpose check valve- to pass liquid in one direction, and to block its movement in another. This is also reflected in the diagram. In this case, when flowing from top to bottom, the ball (circle) will move away from the saddle, indicated by two lines. And when the liquid is supplied from below - up, the ball will press against the seat, and will not allow the flow of liquid in this direction.
Check valve diagrams often show a spring under the ball to provide preload.
Throttle - adjustable hydraulic resistance.
Hydraulic resistance or non-adjustable throttle in the diagrams is represented by two curved lines. The possibility of regulation, as usual, is indicated by the addition of an arrow, so an adjustable throttle will be indicated as follows:
Measurement devices
In hydraulics, the most commonly used are: measuring instruments: pressure gauge, flow meter, level indicator, the designation of these devices is shown below.
Pressure switch
This device switches the contact when a certain pressure level is reached. This level is determined by the spring setting. All this is reflected in the pressure switch diagram, which, although a little more complicated than those presented earlier, is not so difficult to read.
The hydraulic line is connected to the filled triangle. A changeover contact and an adjustable spring are also present in the diagram.
Combining elements
Quite often, in hydraulics, one block or apparatus contains several simple elements, such as a valve and a throttle, for ease of understanding, on the hydraulic diagram, the elements included in one apparatus are outlined with a dash-dotted line.
In order to correctly read the hydraulic diagram, you need to know the symbols of the elements, understand the principles of operation and the purpose of hydraulic equipment, be able to gradually delve into the features of individual sections, and correctly combine them into a single hydraulic system.
For the correct design of the hydraulic circuit, you need to draw up a list of elements in accordance with the standard.Shown below scheme hydraulic drive , allowing you to move the rod of the hydraulic cylinder, with the possibility of charging the accumulator.
The hydraulic scheme is an element of technical documentation, which, using symbols, shows information about the elements of the hydraulic system, and the relationship between them.
According to the ESKD standards, hydraulic circuits are designated in the main inscription cipher with the letter "G" (- the letter "P").
As can be seen from the definition, hydraulic scheme conditionally shows the elements that are interconnected by pipelines - designated lines. Therefore, in order to correctly read the hydraulic circuit, you need to know how this or that element is indicated on the diagram. Symbols for elements are indicated in GOST 2.781-96. Study this document and you will be able to find out how the main elements of hydraulics are indicated.
Designations of hydraulic elements on the diagrams
Consider the main elements hydraulic circuits.
Pipelines
The pipelines on the hydraulic diagrams are shown with solid lines connecting the elements. Control lines are usually shown as a dotted line. The directions of fluid movement, if necessary, can be indicated by arrows. Often on hydraulic diagrams they indicate lines - a letter P denotes the pressure line, T - drain, X - control, l - drainage.
The connection of lines is shown with a dot, and if the lines intersect in the diagram, but are not connected, the intersection point is indicated by an arc.
Tank
The tank in hydraulics is an important element that is the storage of hydraulic fluid. A tank connected to the atmosphere is shown on the hydraulic diagram as follows.
A closed tank or container, such as a hydraulic accumulator, is shown as a closed loop.
Shown below hydraulic drive diagram, allowing you to move the rod of the hydraulic cylinder, with the possibility of charging the accumulator.
