The system of maintenance and repair of motor vehicles. Work program "Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles

18.04.2019

Miscellaneous

Working programm

by discipline MDK 01.02 Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles

under the basic training program

specialties 23.02.03 Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles

graduate qualification technician

form of education full-time

1.1. Scope of the program

The program (hereinafter referred to as the work program) is part of the main professional educational program of the secondary vocational education in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard in the specialty of the secondary vocational education 23.02.03 Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles(basic training) in terms of mastering the main type of professional activity (HPA) and relevant professional competencies (PC):

PC 1.1. Organize and carry out maintenance and repair of vehicles.

PC 1.2.

1.2. Goals and objectives of the IBC - requirements for the results of the development of the IBC

In order to master the specified type of professional activity and the relevant professional competencies, the student in the course of mastering the MDT must:

have practical experience:

development and assembly of units and components of the car;

technical control of operated transport;

performing maintenance and repairs.

be able to:

develop and implement the technological process of maintenance and repair of vehicles;

carry out technical control of vehicles;

evaluate the efficiency of production activities;

carry out an independent search for the necessary information to solve professional problems;

analyze and evaluate the state of labor protection at the production site.

know:

device and fundamentals of the theory of road transport rolling stock;

basic circuits for switching on electrical equipment elements;

properties and quality indicators of automotive operating materials;

rules for drawing up technical and reporting documentation;

qualification, main characteristics and technical parameters of road transport;

methods of assessment and quality control in professional activities;

the main provisions of the current regulatory documentation;

the basics of organizing the activities of the enterprise and its management;

rules and regulations of labor protection, industrial sanitation and fire protection.

MDK 01.02:

total -720 hours, including:

the maximum study load of a student is 720 hours, including:

obligatory classroom teaching load of a student - 480 hours;

student's independent work - 240 hours;

laboratory-practical - 92 hours;

educational practice - 288 hours.

2. results of the development of MDK 01.02

The result of mastering the program is the mastery of the type of professional activity (VPA) by students Maintenance and repair of vehicles, including professional (PC) and general (OK) competencies:

	Name of learning outcome
	Organize and carry out maintenance and repair of vehicles.
	Carry out technical control during storage, operation, maintenance and repair of vehicles.


	Organize their own activities, choose standard methods and methods for performing professional tasks, evaluate their effectiveness and quality
	Make decisions in standard and non-standard situations and take responsibility for them.
	Search and use the information necessary for the effective implementation of professional tasks, professional and personal development
	Use information and communication technologies to improve professional activities
	Work both individually and in a team, communicate effectively with colleagues, management, customers
	Set goals, motivate the activities of subordinates, organize and control their work, taking responsibility for the result of completing tasks
	Independently determine the tasks of professional and personal development, engage in self-education, consciously plan advanced training
	Navigate in an environment of frequent technology change in professional activities.
	Perform military duty, including with the application of acquired professional knowledge (for young men)

3. STRUCTURE and content of MDK 01.02

3.1. Thematic plan

Codes of professional competencies	Names of sections of the professional module	Total hours	The amount of time allotted for the development of an interdisciplinary course (courses)				Practice
			Mandatory classroom workload of a student		Independent work of the student		educational,	Production (according to the specialty profile), (if dispersed practice is envisaged)
			Total,	including laboratory work and practical exercises,	Total,	including term paper (project),	educational,

PC 1.1-1.3	Section 1.
PC 1.1-1.3	Section 2
PC 1.1-1.3	Section 3. Diagnostics of technical means of cars
PC 1.1-1.3	Section 4. Car repair
	Industrial practice, (according to the profile of the specialty), hours (if a final (concentrated) practice is provided) Educational practice.....
Total:

Name of sections of interdisciplinary courses (IDC) and topics			Watch volume	Level of development

Section 1.
MDK 01. 02. Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles
	Introduction
Topic 1.1.Fundamentals of maintenance and repair of rolling stock
		Vehicle reliability and durability
		Rolling stock maintenance and repair system.
		Regulations on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock of road transport
		Fundamentals of diagnosing the technical condition of cars

Topic 1.2.Technological and diagnostic equipment for technical car maintenance and repair
		General information about technological and diagnostic equipment, fixtures and tools.
		Equipment for cleaning, washing and cleaning works.
		Inspection and handling equipment.
		Equipment for lubrication and filling operations.
		Equipment, fixtures and tools for dismantling and assembly work.
		Diagnostic equipment
Topic 1.3. Technology of maintenance and repair of rolling stock of road transport
		Daily vehicle maintenance
		General engine diagnostics
		Maintenance and current repair of crank and gas distribution mechanisms.
		Maintenance and current repair of cooling and lubrication systems.
		Maintenance and current repair of the power supply system of carburetor engines.
		Maintenance and current repair of the power supply system of diesel engines.
		Maintenance and current repair of the power supply system of engines running on gas fuel.
		Maintenance and current repair of electrical equipment.
		Maintenance and current repair of transmission.
		Maintenance and current repair of running gear and car tires.
		Maintenance and current repair of control mechanisms.
		Maintenance and current repair of bodies, cabins and platforms.
		Car diagnostics at the posts of general and element-by-element diagnostics.
	Laboratory works
		Engine diagnostics using built-in instruments.
		Maintenance and current repair of the crank mechanism.
		Maintenance and current repair of the gas distribution mechanism.
		Maintenance and current repair of the cooling system.
		Maintenance and current repair of the engine lubrication system.
		Maintenance and current repair of power system devices removed from the engine
		Maintenance and current repair of devices for cleaning and supplying fuel, air and exhaust gases.
		Determination and elimination of malfunctions in the power supply system of the carburetor engine. Carburetor adjustment.
		Diagnostics, maintenance and current repair of fuel cleaning and supply devices, diesel engine power systems.
		Diagnostics, maintenance and current repair of air purification devices, diesel engine power systems.
		Diagnostics, maintenance and current repair of injectors, AMOVT high pressure fuel pump.
		Determining and troubleshooting the diesel engine power system.

		Maintenance and current repair of the power supply system of engines from gas-balloon installations.
		Diagnostics, maintenance and current repair of devices of the power supply system.
		Diagnostics, maintenance and current repair of devices of the ignition system.
		Diagnostics of electrical equipment devices using a tester.
		Diagnostics, maintenance and current repair of engine electric starting devices.
		Diagnostics, maintenance and current repair of sound and light signaling devices, additional equipment and lighting devices.
		Diagnostics, maintenance and current repair of the clutch.
		Diagnostics, maintenance and current repair of the gearbox, driveline and drive axles.
		Diagnosis and installation of angles;
		Checking and adjusting clearances in pivots, ball bearings and wheel hub bearings, maintenance of the running gear.
		Chamber vulcanization. Tire repair.
		Installation and dismantling of pneumatic tires. Wheel balancing.
		Diagnostics, maintenance and current repair of steering.
		Diagnostics, maintenance and current repair of power steering boosters.
		Diagnostics, maintenance and current repair of brake systems with hydraulic drive and parking brake.
		Diagnostics, maintenance and current repair of pneumatic brake systems.
		General car diagnostics.
		Element-by-element diagnostics of cars.
Topic 1.4.Organization of storage and accounting of rolling stock and inventories.
		Storage of rolling stock of road transport.
		Storage, inventory accounting and ways to reduce the cost of material and fuel and energy resources.
Topic 1.5.Organization and management of the production of maintenance and current repairs.
		Classification of motor transport enterprises
		General characteristics of the technological process of maintenance and current repair of rolling stock.
		Organization of work of repair workers.
		Organization of car maintenance.
		Organization of current car repairs.
		Organization of quality control of maintenance and current repair of vehicles
Topic 1.6. Automated control systems in the organization of maintenance and current repair of motor vehicles
		Forms and methods of organizing and managing production
		Automated control systems in the organization of maintenance and current repair of vehicles
		Analysis and modeling production process maintenance and current repair of cars
		Automated workplace for employees of the technical service of a motor transport enterprise.
	Laboratory works
		Drawing up a shift-daily task for the repair team.
		Drawing up a report plan for the MCC dispatcher.
		Drawing up a shift-daily assignment for the pre-production area
		Calculation production program maintenance and current repair on a computer using simulation programs.
		Analysis and solution of problems of the type: AWP equipment for rolling stock, drawing up a reporting sheet.
Topic 1.7.Fundamentals of designing production sites of motor transport enterprises.
		Fundamentals of technological design of production sites of motor transport enterprises.

Independent work in the study of section 1

Fulfillment of tasks for the preparation and design of sections of the course project.

Fulfillment of individual tasks using technical and reference literature.

Correction of standards for maintenance and current repair of vehicles. Installation of the ignition on the car.

Automatic gearbox. Diagnosis and maintenance of an automatic transmission.

Modern equipment for diagnostics of running gear of passenger cars. Stands for checking shock absorbers. Tire markings. Anti-lock braking system (anti-lock braking system). Anti-skid system of air wheels, (stabilization system). Body work. Restoration of the body after a traffic accident. Applied equipment. Means for anti-corrosion treatment of the body (brands and application technology). Classification scheme for cleaning and washing equipment. Lift classification. Factors influencing the progressiveness of technologies for maintenance and current repair of cars. Means of technical diagnostics of systems that ensure the safety of the car. Means of technical diagnostics of the engine, its systems and operating properties.

Repair of electrical equipment. Repair of knots and details of transmission. Repair of components and parts of the chassis of the car. Repair of components and parts of control mechanisms. Car tire repair. Cabin repair. Development of schemes for the restoration of parts. Solving problems on rationing. Calculation of the main users for the design of repair production sites. Working out sections of the course project and making drawings.


MDK 01.02.
	Introduction
Topic 2.1. Automotive fuel
		Chemical composition fuel and lubricants. Methods for obtaining petroleum fuels.
		Automobile gasolines.
		Automotive diesel fuels.
		Automobile fuels gas and oil.
	Laboratory works
		Estimation of gasoline according to the passport, outward signs. Analysis for the content of water-soluble acids and alkalis. Determination of the density of gasoline. Determination of the fractional composition of gasoline.
		Assessment of diesel fuel according to passport data. Evaluation of the presence of mechanical impurities and water. Determination of the kinematic viscosity of diesel fuel at 20ºС. Determination of the pour point of diesel fuel. Determining the grade of diesel fuel according to GOST and deciding on its use.
Topic 2.2.Automotive lubricants.
		Automotive lubricating oils.
		Automotive greases.
	Laboratory works.
		Evaluation of engine oils according to passport data. Determination of the presence of mechanical impurities. Determination of kinematic viscosity of oil at 50ºС and 70ºС. Determination of the viscosity index. Determination of the viscosity grade according to GOST and the solution of the issue of its application. Determining the presence of water in engine oil.
		Evaluation of grease according to passport data. Lubricant solubility test in water and gasoline. Determination of the drop point temperature of the lubricant. Establishment of the brand of lubricant in accordance with GOST and the solution of the issue of its application.
Topic 2.3.Automotive special fluids
	Laboratory works
		Evaluation of an antifreeze sample according to passport data. Determination of appearance and presence of mechanical impurities. Determination of the composition and freezing point of antifreeze.
Topic 2.4.Organization of rational use of fuel and lubricants in road transport.
			Organization of rational use of fuel and lubricants on road transport.
Topic 2.5.Structural and repair materials.
		paints and varnishes
		Construction and operational materials
Topic 2.6. Safety and environmental protection when using automotive performance materials.
		Safety and environmental protection.
Independent work in the study of section 2 Systematic study of class notes, educational and special technical literature (on issues, paragraphs, chapters of textbooks compiled by the teacher). Preparation for lab/practice using guidelines compiled by teachers. Preparation of reports on completed laboratory work/ practical exercises and preparation for their defense. Independent study of electronic resources. Making abstracts. Preparation of messages, reports on topics set by the teacher individually. Use of Internet resources.
Topics of extracurricular independent work The development of the automotive industry in Russia. Suspension of the car and the power unit. Timing belt with lower valves. Coolants. Oils for engines. Ventilation of the crankcase of the engine. Automobile gasoline: neutralization of exhaust gases. Fuels for LPG vehicles. Diesel fuels. Detonation, influence of various factors on detonation. Hot ignition. Toxicity of exhaust gases. Ways to reduce toxicity. Features of the use of automotive operating materials in modern conditions. Main indicators of the quality of diesel fuels. Alternative fuels. Classification of motor oils according to SAE and API. Gear oils. Liquids for cooling systems. Liquids for hydraulic systems. Main measures to save fuels, oils, technical fluids in road transport. Influence of the quality of fuels and lubricants on the operation of the rolling stock of road transport. Paints and varnishes.

Section 3 Diagnostics of technical means of cars.
MDK 01.02.
	Introduction
Diagnostics of technical means of cars.
	Fundamentals and organization of technical diagnostics of cars.
		Requirements for technical diagnostics of vehicles during operation. Diagnostic parameters and their classification.
		Building a diagnostic algorithm. General requirements for technical diagnostic tools (STD).
		Nomenclature of means of technical diagnostics.
		Organization of technical diagnostics of vehicles for motor transport enterprises.
		Norms of diagnostic parameters and their normalization. Accuracy and reliability of vehicle diagnostics.
	Technology for diagnosing the technical condition of vehicles.
		General car diagnostics. Diagnosis of crank and gas distribution mechanisms.
		Diagnosis of cooling and lubrication systems.
		Diagnostics of devices of the power supply system of the carburetor engine and fuel injection systems.
		Diagnosis of the diesel engine power supply system. Preheater diagnostics.
		Diagnostics of power supply devices. Diagnostics of devices of system of ignition.
		Diagnostics of the start-up system and lighting and signaling devices.
		Diagnosis of transmission mechanisms.
		Chassis diagnostics. Steering wheel diagnostics.
		Diagnosis of brake systems with hydraulic drive.
		Diagnosis of systems with a pneumatic drive. Diagnostics of additional equipment.
Independent work in the study of section 3 Systematic study of class notes, educational and special technical literature (on issues, paragraphs, chapters of textbooks compiled by the teacher). Preparation for laboratory / practical classes using methodological recommendations compiled by teachers. Preparation of reports on completed laboratory work / practical exercises and preparation for their defense. Independent study of electronic resources. Making abstracts. Preparation of messages, reports on topics set by the teacher individually. Use of Internet resources.
Approximate topics of extracurricular independent work Determination of the nomenclature of structural and diagnostic parameters. Selection of diagnostic parameters for assessing the technical condition of vehicles. Development of a block diagram of structural and investigative links in the diagnosing chain. The main indicators of the reliability of technical diagnostics. Drawing up a table of technical diagnostic tools indicating: names, models, purposes. Typical types of work express - diagnosing. Limit values of the main diagnostic parameters of domestic cars and trucks. Diagnostics of cars by the parameters that determine the braking dynamics. Diagnosing the tightness of the valves in the seats. Diagnosis of the crankcase ventilation system. Drawing up a table of diagnostic parameters of the carburetor with an indication of their nominal and permissible values. Compilation of a table of diagnostic parameters of diesel power system devices with an indication of their nominal and permissible values. Search for the reasons for the lack of fuel and air supply to the combustion chamber of the heater boiler and the slow heating of the engine. Running the generator diagnostic circuit alternating current. Drawing up a table of diagnostic parameters for devices of a non-contact ignition system. Compilation of a table of diagnostic parameters of starter devices. Drawing up a table of permissible and nominal diagnostic parameters of the vehicle chassis. Drawing up a technological map for steering diagnostics, brake system with hydraulic drive and pneumatic drive. Diagnostics of the pump of the dump truck body lifting mechanism.

Section 4 Car repair
MDK 01.02.


	Introduction
		General provisions for car repair
		Fundamentals of the organization of overhaul of cars.
Topic 4.2. Vehicle overhaul technology.
		Acceptance of cars and units for repair and their external washing.
		Dismantling of cars and units.
		Washing and cleaning parts.
		Defection and sorting of parts.
		Compilation of parts.
		Assembly and testing of units.
		General assembly, testing and delivery of vehicles from repair.
	Laboratory works
		Cylinder block defect.
		Crankshaft failure.
		Detection camshaft.
		Connecting rod defect.
		Detection of spur gears and splined shafts.
		Detection of rolling and sliding bearings. Spring failure.
		Complete set of pistons with cylinder liners.
		Picking parts of the crank mechanism.
	Practical work.
		Calculation of size groups when completing pistons with cylinder liners.
Topic 4.3. Ways to restore details.
		Classification of ways to restore parts.
		Restoration of parts by metalwork and mechanical processing.
		Restoration of details by pressure.
		Restoration of parts by welding and surfacing.
		Restoration of parts by spraying.
		Restoration of parts by soldering.
		Restoration of parts with galvanized coating.

		Restoration of parts using synthetic materials.
Topic 4.4. Technology of restoration of details, repair of knots and devices.
		General provisions.
		Development of technological repair processes
		Repair of parts of the class "housing parts"
		Repair of parts of the class "round rods and rods with a shaped surface"
		Repair of parts of the "hollow cylinders" class
		Repair of parts of the class "discs with a smooth perimeter"
		Repair of parts of the class "non-circular rods"
		Repair of units and devices of cooling and lubrication systems.
		Repair of units and devices of power supply systems.
		Repair of electrical equipment.
		Car tire repair.
		Repair of bodies and cabins.
		Repair quality management.
	Laboratory works
		Cylinder block bore.
		Honing of the cylinder block.
		Valve seat repair.
	course design
		Maintenance and repair of the engine. Maintenance and repair of gearboxes.

		Maintenance and repair of vehicles running on gas. Maintenance and repair of KShM.
		Maintenance and repair of the starter. Maintenance and repair of running gear.
		Maintenance and repair of car cooling systems. Maintenance and repair of timing belt.

		Maintenance and repair of the brake system of cars. Maintenance and repair of the engine power system.

		Maintenance and repair of car ignition systems. Maintenance and repair of the diesel engine power supply system.

Independent work in the study of section 4 Systematic study of class notes, educational and special technical literature (on issues, paragraphs, chapters of textbooks compiled by the teacher). Preparation for laboratory / practical classes using methodological recommendations compiled by teachers. Preparation of reports on completed laboratory work / practical exercises and preparation for their defense. Independent study of electronic resources. Making abstracts. Preparation of messages, reports on topics set by the teacher individually. Use of Internet resources.
Topics of extracurricular independent work Restoration of parts under the repair size. Repair parts with additional repair parts. Restoration of parts by welding, surfacing. Restoration of parts by soldering. Restoration of parts using synthetic materials. Restoration of parts by spraying and electroplating. Restoration of parts with paint and varnish coatings. Restoration of engine parts. Repair of components and devices of the engine power system. Repair of nodes and devices of the cooling system. Repair of units and devices of the lubrication system. Repair of electrical equipment. Repair of knots and details of transmission. Repair of components and parts of the chassis of the car. Repair of components and parts of control mechanisms. Car tire repair. Cabin repair. Development of schemes for the restoration of parts. Solving problems on rationing. Calculation of the main users for the design of repair production sites. Development of sections of the course project and execution of drawings

4. conditions for the implementation of MDK 01.02 4.1. Minimum Logistics Requirements

The implementation of the module program implies the presence of classrooms - "Maintenance and repair of vehicles"; laboratories - "Electrical equipment of vehicles", "Automotive operating materials", "Internal combustion engines", "Maintenance of vehicles", "Repair of vehicles".

	Car maintenance


		engine layouts;
		car layout.



		computers;

		projector,





		Consumables.



	Automotive performance materials
		jobs by the number of students;
		workplace of the teacher;

		technical documentation;
		methodical documentation;

Main sources:

Organization of the production of maintenance and current repairs of cars - a textbook for students of secondary vocational education / V.M. Vinogradov, I.V. Bukhteeva, V.N. Repin, A.A. Sokolov - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2010.

INFRA-M, 2006

M.: FORUM - INFRA-M, 2006

Additional sources:

protection. Body. Part 2.

in 2 parts, 2009

5. Control and evaluation of the results of the development of the MDT

results
PC 1.1. Organize and carry out maintenance and repair of vehicles		Expert review fulfillment practical task Course project defense
		Expert assessment of performance practical task Course project defense
PC 1.3. Develop technological processes for the repair of components and parts.		Expert assessment of performance practical task Course project defense

results	Main indicators for evaluating the result	Forms and methods of control and evaluation
Understand the essence and social significance of your future profession, show a steady interest in it
results (mastered general competencies)	Main indicators for evaluating the result	Forms and methods of control and evaluation



		Observation and evaluation of achievements when performing assignments at laboratory and practical exercises, during the period of educational and production practices;
		Observation and evaluation of achievements when performing tasks in laboratory and practical classes, during educational and production practices; Evaluation of achievements based on the results of extracurricular independent work.
		Observation and assessment of achievements when performing tasks in laboratory and practical classes, during educational and production practices.
		Observation and assessment of achievements when performing tasks in laboratory and practical classes, during educational and production practices. Observation and evaluation of achievements based on the results of activities in extracurricular activities.
results (mastered general competencies)	Main indicators for evaluating the result	Forms and methods of control and evaluation
		Observation and assessment of achievements when performing tasks in laboratory and practical classes, during educational and production practices.
		Observation and assessment of achievements when performing tasks in laboratory and practical classes, during educational and production practices.

4. Conditions for the implementation of MDK 01.02

4.1. Minimum Logistics Requirements

Implementation of the module program presupposes the presence of classrooms - "Automotive device", "Maintenance and repair of vehicles"; workshops - "Forging and welding", "Turning and mechanical"; laboratories - "Electrical equipment of vehicles", "Automotive operating materials", "Internal combustion engines", "Maintenance of vehicles", "Repair of vehicles".

Equipment of classrooms and workplaces of classrooms:











	Car maintenance
		jobs by the number of students;
		stands for checking the maintenance of mechanisms and systems;
		engine layouts;
		car layout.

Technical training aids:
		computer desk for the teacher;
		computers;

		projector,
		general and professional software.

Workshop and workshop equipment
	Forging and welding
		jobs by the number of students;
		workplace of the teacher;
		forge forge;
		anvils, equipment for blacksmithing (hammers, sledgehammers, tongs, etc.)
		welding machines for the production of welding works (gas, electric)
		consumables (electrodes, carbide, etc.)

	Turning and mechanical
		jobs by the number of students;
		workplace of the teacher;
		lathes, milling, tool-grinding, etc.;
		blanks for turning work;
		tools;
		Consumables.

Equipment of laboratories and workplaces of laboratories:
	Vehicle electrical equipment
		jobs by the number of students;
		workplace of the teacher;
		a set of educational and methodological documentation;
		test stands for checking the technical condition of components and parts of electrical equipment of vehicles;
		charging device For batteries;
		stands for demonstration systems of electrical equipment;
		knots and details;
		instrumentation.

	Automotive performance materials
		jobs by the number of students;
		workplace of the teacher;

		technical documentation;
		methodical documentation;
		instruments and equipment for determining the quality of fuels and lubricants;
		devices for determining mechanical properties fuels and lubricants;
		microscopes, heating ovens, refrigerator;
		samples of tested fuels and lubricants\

	Internal combustion engines
		jobs by the number of students;
		workplace of the teacher;

		technical documentation;
		methodical documentation;
		internal combustion engine;
		stand for taking the traction characteristics of the engine.

	Car maintenance
		jobs by the number of students;
		workplace of the teacher;
		stands for checking the maintenance of mechanisms and systems;
		engine layouts;
		car layout;
		devices and equipment for diagnosing an internal combustion engine, transmission, running gear, steering and brake systems

	Car repair
		jobs by the number of students;
		workplace of the teacher;
		sets of measuring tools;
		components and parts for fault detection;
		workbenches for fastening parts.

The implementation of the module program implies mandatory work practice, which is recommended to be carried out in a concentrated manner.

4.2. Information support of training

Main sources:

Cars: Device automotive vehicles: textbook for students. SPO institutions / A.G. Puzankov 6th edition, ster. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2010.

Cars: Design, theory and calculation. Textbook for open source software. Puzankov A.G. M .: publishing center "Academy", 2007.

Quality control of automotive operating materials; workshop: textbook for students of secondary vocational education / Gelenov A.A., Sochevko T.I., Spirkin V.G. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2010.

Automotive operating materials - a textbook for students of secondary vocational education / Gelenov A.A., Sochevko T.I., Spirkin V.G. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2010.

Cars: Performance properties: A textbook for students. higher account institutions / Vakhlamov V.K. - 2nd edition, Ster.-M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2006.

Car maintenance and repair. Vlasov V.M. Textbook. M.: Academy, 2007.

Features of maintenance of KAMAZ vehicles with EURO-2, EURO-3 engines 5460-3902901 TO. 2008

Health Fundamentals technical systems. Road transport - textbook / V.G. Atapin - Novosibirsk: NSTU publishing house, 2007

Maintenance and repair of motor transport (Diploma design) / Svetlov M.V. M.: KNORUS. 2011

Car repair (course design) / Skepyan S.A.M.: INFRA-M. 2011

Professional engine repair. Gavrilov K.L. M.: FORUM. 2011

Car and engine repair. Karagodin V.I., Mitrokhin N.N. M .: "Academy". 2008

15. Vehicle device. Tutorial. / Perederiy V.P. M.: FORUM

INFRA-M, 2006

16. The device of cars. Tutorial. / Stukanov V.A., Leontiev K.N.

M.: FORUM - INFRA-M, 2006

Additional sources:

Acceptance for repair, repair and release from repair of VAZ car bodies by car maintenance enterprises. Specifications. (TU4538-140-00232934-98) (valid document).

2. Technological maps, time standards for current and post repairs of NefAZ 5299 buses produced on the KamAZ-5297 chassis.

3. Technological maps for the current repair of KamAZ vehicles, models: 5320, 5410, 5511, 4310, 43105 and their modifications (5 parts).

4. Typical technology for performing routine maintenance of the daily first, second and seasonal maintenance of the ZIL-4331 car.

5. Distributed fuel injection systems for VAZ vehicles - device and diagnostics. Maintenance and repair technology.

6. Electronic engine control system for cars of the LADA 110, LADASAMARA, LADA 2105, 2107 families with the M73 EURO-3 controller - device and diagnostics.

7. Electronic engine control system for cars of the LADAPRIORA, LADAKALINA, LADA 4x4 families with the M7.9.7 EURO-3 controller - device and diagnostics

Consumption rates for fuel and lubricants in a car

VAZ cars. Technology of repair, painting and anti-corrosion

protection. Body. Part 2.

VAZ cars. Removal and installation technology Nodes and units.

Brief automobile guide. Volume 1. Buses. 2002 2nd

edition, revised and supplemented, 2007.

12. Brief automobile guide. Volume 2. Trucks,

13. Brief automobile guide. Volume 3. Cars,

in 2 parts, 2009

14. Instructions for the maintenance and care of buses "Ikarus

15. Catalog special tools and accessories for technical

maintenance and repair of LADA cars.

18. Typical norms of time for the current repair of cars of the family

4.3. General requirements for the organization of the educational process

A prerequisite for admission to industrial practice (according to the specialty profile) within the framework of the professional module "Maintenance and repair of vehicles" is the development educational material in the relevant sections of the module.

When working on a course project, students are consulted.

4.4. Staffing of the educational process

Requirements for the qualification of pedagogical (engineering and pedagogical) personnel providing training in an interdisciplinary course (courses): the presence of higher professional education corresponding to the profile of the module "Maintenance and repair of vehicles" and the specialty "Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles".

Requirements for the qualification of teaching staff who manage the practice

Engineering and teaching staff: graduates - teachers of interdisciplinary courses.

Masters: the presence of 5-6 qualification category with a mandatory internship in specialized organizations at least 1 time in 3 years. Experience in organizations of the relevant professional field is mandatory.

5. Monitoring and evaluation of the results of development (type of professional activity)

results (mastered professional competencies)	Main indicators for evaluating the result	Forms and methods of control and evaluation
Organize and carry out maintenance and repair of vehicles.	Performing maintenance and current repairs in accordance with technological maps. Practical use of technological and organizational equipment. Compliance with safety requirements and rules and regulations of labor protection, industrial sanitation and fire protection	Expert assessment of performance practical task Course project defense
Carry out technical control during storage, operation, maintenance and repair of vehicles.	performance of quality control of maintenance and current repairs at various stages using appropriate equipment and tools ability to check the quality and properties of automotive operating materials	Expert assessment of performance practical task Course project defense
Develop technological processes for the repair of components and parts.	Ability to develop technological processes for the repair of units and parts in accordance with GOSTs, OSTs and TUs.	Expert assessment of performance practical task Course project defense

Forms and methods of monitoring and evaluating learning outcomes should allow students to check not only the formation of professional competencies, but also the development of general competencies and the skills that provide them.

results (mastered general competencies)	Main indicators for evaluating the result	Forms and methods of control and evaluation
Understand the essence and social significance of your future profession, show a steady interest in it	Demonstration of interest in the future profession in the process of mastering the educational program, participation in research work, olympiads, festivals, conferences	Observation and evaluation of achievements when performing tasks in laboratory and practical classes, during educational and production practices; Evaluation of achievements based on the results of extracurricular independent work;
results (mastered general competencies)	Main indicators for evaluating the result	Forms and methods of control and evaluation
		Observation and evaluation of achievements based on the results of activities in extracurricular activities.
Organize their own activities, choose typical methods and methods for performing professional tasks, evaluate their effectiveness and quality.	Selection and application of methods and methods for solving professional problems in the field of process organization; Evaluation of the effectiveness and quality of the performance of professional tasks.	Observation and assessment of achievements when performing tasks in laboratory and practical classes, during educational and industrial practice.
Make decisions in standard and non-standard situations and bear responsibility for them.	Correctness and objectivity of assessment of non-standard and emergency situations.	Observation and assessment of achievements when performing tasks in laboratory and practical classes, during educational and production practices.
Search and use the information necessary for the effective performance of professional tasks, professional and personal development	Efficient search, input and use of the necessary information to perform professional tasks	Observation and evaluation of achievements when performing tasks in laboratory and practical classes, during educational and production practices; Evaluation of achievements based on the results of extracurricular independent work.
Use information and communication technologies in professional activities	The use of information and communication technologies for solving professional problems	Observation and evaluation of achievements when performing tasks in laboratory and practical classes, during educational and production practices; Evaluation of achievements based on the results of extracurricular independent work.
Work in a team and in a team, communicate effectively with colleagues, management, consumers	Interaction with students and teachers in the course of training.	Observation and assessment of achievements when performing tasks in laboratory and practical classes, during educational and production practices.
Take responsibility for the work of team members (subordinates), the result of completing tasks.	Ability to make joint informed decisions, including in non-standard situations	Observation and assessment of achievements when performing tasks in laboratory and practical classes, during educational and production practices. Observation and evaluation of achievements based on the results of activities in extracurricular activities.
results (mastered general competencies)	Main indicators for evaluating the result	Forms and methods of control and evaluation
Independently determine the tasks of professional and personal development, engage in self-education, consciously plan professional development	Organization of self-study during the study of the professional module; Planning for students to improve their qualifications in the field of motor transport.	Observation and assessment of achievements when performing tasks in laboratory and practical classes, during educational and production practices. Evaluation of achievements based on the results of extracurricular independent work.
Navigate in the conditions of frequent technology changes in professional activities	Application of innovative technologies in the field of organization of technical maintenance and repair of vehicles.	Observation and assessment of achievements when performing tasks in laboratory and practical classes, during educational and production practices.
Perform military duties, including with the use of acquired professional knowledge (for young men)	Showing interest in performing military duties; The manifestation of logical thinking.	Observation and evaluation of achievements when performing tasks in laboratory and practical classes, during educational and production practices, military training

Specialty: Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles

The car has long and firmly entered our lives. The production and operation of automobiles increases the need for people who can maintain them in good condition and repair them in the event of a breakdown. Training in the specialty "Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles" is carried out in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of Secondary Vocational Education

Henry Ford was born into a family of emigrants from Ireland. At the age of 16, he ran away from home and went to work in Detroit. Worked as a mechanical engineer. In 1893, in his free time, he designed his first car. He became a major industrialist, the owner of car factories. Famous people

Job Responsibilities: Production and technological - maintenance and repair of motor vehicles in accordance with the requirements of regulatory and technical documents; - selection of components and assemblies of the vehicle for replacement during operation; -carrying out works on maintenance and repair of transport; - implementation of technical control during the operation of transport; - Carrying out standard and certification tests.

Job responsibilities: Organizational and managerial - organization of the work of the team of performers; -planning and organization production work; - work with clients; - selection of optimal solutions when planning work in non-standard situations; -implementation of quality control of works; -participation in the evaluation of the economic efficiency of production activities; - implementation of technical control of products and services.

Michael Schumacher Seven-time world champion, holder of numerous Formula 1 records and the most successful racer in the history of motorsport has always been distinguished by healthy careerism and faith in victory. Therefore, his every step on the path to glory was carefully thought out. From childhood, Michael helped his father, who owned his own car repair shop. Growing up, he trained as an auto mechanic, which later helped him "feel the car like himself." Famous people

Job responsibilities: Design and technological - designing sites and workshops of operational and repair motor transport enterprises; - development of design and technological documentation for the repair, modernization and modification of vehicles.

A specialist can work as a technician: - enterprises and organizations of the motor transport complex of various organizational and legal forms of ownership, - research, design and technological organizations, - motor transport enterprises, - car repair enterprises.

Applications of the profession: A motor vehicle maintenance and repair technician is a middle manager in production management or a specialist in the operation of technological equipment. He can work as a foreman, head of the site at the enterprise, or he can work individually for the maintenance of vehicles or special equipment. Specialists of this profile are also in demand in state structures, for example, in the traffic safety inspection. It is possible to establish your own business in the field of car service (this area brings stable decent income), but for this the ability to repair cars is not enough, knowledge in the field of management, economics, and jurisprudence is required.

The technician himself sets tasks for himself and his subordinates. At the same time, it is guided in decision-making by a set of norms, rules and technical requirements. Working conditions: Work in the production room, a mobile way of activity

Kudrin Alexey Leonidovich Russian statesman, Minister of Finance in the Russian government from May 18, 2000 to September 26, 2011. After graduating from school, he could not immediately enter the Faculty of Economics of the Leningrad State University and had to work as an auto technician in a garage for two years. “You can start from any position and, if you wish, come to serious results,” Alexey Leonidovich wished the students of Kazan University. Famous people

Students study: - classification, main characteristics and technical parameters of road transport; - technology of maintenance and repair of motor vehicles; - the main provisions of the current regulatory documentation; - bases of the organization of activity of the enterprise and its management; - the main indicators of production and economic activity of the enterprise; - basics of transport and vehicle management, taking into account technical, financial and human factors

During industrial practices in the workshops of a technical school, an educational complex and at advanced motor transport enterprises, students acquire the skills: -development of the technological process of maintenance and repair of vehicles; -calculation of the main technical and economic indicators of the site; -assessment of the effectiveness of production activities; -technical control of operated transport; -formulation of tasks and finding ways to solve them within the framework of professional competence; - implementation of an independent search for the necessary information to solve professional problems, using modern information technologies; -analysis and assessment of the state of safety at the production site; - car control.

Lyudmila Simeonova Beauty Queen An auto mechanic and a fashion model are two manifestations of one girl. She feels equally comfortable under the camera lens and under the hood of a car. Lyudmila became interested in cars at the age of 7. At first, she only gave tools to her father. Now with technology on "you": both behind the wheel and under the hood. In her free time, Lyudmila is a model. After winning the beauty contest, she graduated from a modeling agency. Famous people

Professionally important qualities for successful activity as a technician: -physical endurance and strength; -good vision and an eye gauge; - mobility, coordination and accuracy of movements of the hands and fingers; -fine muscle and auditory sensitivity; - good figurative and working memory; - technical intelligence; -observation; -patience; -quick response to emergency signals; -discipline; -responsibility.

Eduard Vladimirovich Markman General Director of Petrovsky Avtotsentr, the largest official dealer of Renault in Russia. At first he was engaged in car diagnostics, then he got into the rally team of the Expansia sports club, where he was a diagnostician mechanic. And when the rally team ceased to exist, he moved to the company, which was soon to become Petrovsky Autocentre. Working in the company since 1995, he went all the way - from mechanic to CEO. Famous people

A graduate who has mastered the main professional program of secondary vocational education in the specialty "Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles" is prepared for the development of the main professional educational program of higher professional education in the specialties of the training direction "Operation of transport and transport equipment", "Automobiles and the automotive industry", " Agricultural machinery and equipment" in a shortened time frame. In related specialties, universities accept graduates of the technical school based on the results of the interview

TO Category:

Car maintenance

Vehicle maintenance and repair system

Maintenance (TO) is a preventive measure carried out in a planned manner after a certain duration of mileage or the period of operation of the rolling stock,

Maintenance is designed to maintain the rolling stock in a technically sound condition, reduce the wear rate of parts, as well as to identify failures and malfunctions in order to eliminate them in a timely manner.

Maintenance or repair operations are carried out with or without preliminary control. The main control method is technical diagnostics, which makes it possible to determine the technical condition of the vehicle, its units and mechanisms without disassembly, and which refers to one of the technological elements of maintenance and repair.

Compliance with the established terms of maintenance and its high-quality implementation in the required volume ensure high technical readiness of the rolling stock, increase its service life, reduce the need for repairs and the cost of its maintenance.

Regulations on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock of road transport (M.: Transport, 1986) defines the basic principles for organizing maintenance of rolling stock, establishes standards for the frequency of maintenance and repairs; runs of cars and their main units up to the first KR; the complexity of maintenance and repair and other operational impacts that ensure high technical readiness and reliability of vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers.

For the operational accounting of changes in the design of the rolling stock and operating conditions, the Regulation provides for two parts.

The first part of the Regulation sets out the basics of maintenance and repair of rolling stock, defines the system and principles for the maintenance of rolling stock, It establishes systems and types of adjustments to standards, principles for organizing maintenance and repair of rolling stock, and other fundamental points.

The second part, in relation to specific models of various car families, establishes the types of maintenance and repair, lists of operations performed at the same time and their labor intensity; overhaul runs; contains a chemotological map and other materials necessary for planning and organizing maintenance and repair. It is developed in the form of separate annexes to the first part and is approved by the Ministry of Motor Transport of the RSFSR as the design of cars, their operating conditions and other factors require adjustment of the initial settings of the first part of the Regulation.

Technical maintenance of the rolling stock according to the frequency, as well as the labor intensity, are divided into the following types: daily maintenance (EO); first TO (TO-1); second TO (TO-2); seasonal maintenance (SO).

The SW includes control and inspection work aimed at ensuring traffic safety, as well as work to maintain a proper appearance, refueling, oil and coolant, and for some types of specialized rolling stock, body sanitization. The SW is performed at the ATP after the rolling stock has been operating on the line. The control of the technical condition of cars before leaving the line, as well as when changing drivers on the line, is carried out by them at the expense of preparatory and final time.

When planning maintenance, the following recommendations should be considered.
1. The frequency of maintenance of trucks KAMAZ, MA3-5335, GAZ-53-12, bus J1A3-4202 is established by the second part of the Regulations for a specific family of rolling stock.
2. Permissible deviation from the maintenance frequency standards is ± 10%,
3. The frequency of replacement of oils and lubricants is specified depending on the types (models) and design features of units and mechanisms, as well as the brand of oil or lubricant used.
4. The maintenance intervals of trailers and semi-trailers are equal to the maintenance intervals of their tractors,
5. SA is carried out 2 times a year and includes work to prepare the rolling stock for operation in the summer and winter periods.
6. As a separately planned type of maintenance of rolling stock, it is recommended to carry out in areas of very cold, hot dry and very hot dry climates. For most conditions, CO is combined mainly with TO-2 with a corresponding increase in labor intensity.
7. All types of maintenance of the rolling stock are carried out in accordance with the list of basic operations given in Appendix 5 and the chemical map of the Regulations. With regard to specific models of rolling stock, maintenance operations are specified in the second part of the Regulation.
8. Maintenance must ensure trouble-free operation of the rolling stock within the established intervals when performing the required maintenance operations.
9. Labor intensity standards TO-1 and TO-2 do not include the labor intensity of the SW.
10. The CO standards in relation to the labor intensity of TO-2 are: 50% for areas of very cold and very hot dry climates, 30% for areas of cold and hot dry climates and 20% for other climatic regions.
11. Labor intensity standards do not take into account labor costs for performing work that does not exceed 30% of the total labor intensity of TO and TP for ATP.

The structure of auxiliary works includes: maintenance and repair of equipment and tools; transport and handling operations related to maintenance and repair of rolling stock; driving cars inside the ATP; storage, acceptance and issuance of material assets; cleaning industrial premises associated with the maintenance and repair of rolling stock.

Below is a list of works performed during various types of rolling stock maintenance.

Daily Maintenance

The daily maintenance of the rolling stock consists of cleaning and washing, control and inspection, lubrication and refueling work performed by a special team.

Cleaning and washing works include cleaning the body (cabin) and platform, washing and drying the car (trailer, semi-trailer), sanitizing special rolling stock, cleaning and wiping the rear-view mirror, headlights, sidelights, direction indicators, rear lights and brake lights , front and side windows of the cab and license plates.

Control and inspection work includes an external inspection of a car (trailer, semi-trailer) in order to identify external damage, as well as checking the performance of the most important units, mechanisms and systems. An external inspection checks the condition of the cab doors, platform, windows, rear-view mirrors, sun visors, plumage, license plates, door mechanisms, the locking mechanism of the tilting cab, locks on the sides of the platform, hood, trunk lid, tailgate of the dump truck and its mechanism lock, frame, springs, wheels, fifth wheel (towing) device, semi-trailer road wheels, reliability of the trailer hitch, correctness and integrity of the sealing of the speedometer and taximeter, operation of lighting and light signaling devices, sound signal, windscreen wipers, windshield washers and headlights, heating and glass heating systems (with low temperatures), ventilation systems.

You should also check the condition and tightness of the power steering, the steering wheel play, the condition of the limiters maximum angles turning the steered wheels, driving the brakes and the clutch release mechanism, power supply systems, lubrication and cooling of the engine, hydraulic systems for the lifting mechanism of the dump truck platform, tensioning the drive belts. The operation of the speedometer, taximeter and other instrumentation, engine, clutch, steering, brakes must be checked while the vehicle is moving. When the engine is stopped by ear, check the operation of the centrifugal oil filter by the characteristic hum.

Specific control and inspection work on buses consists in inspecting the condition of the floor, footboards, handrails, seats, glass windows and doors of the bus interior, checking the serviceability of the mechanism for opening covers of ceiling ventilation hatches, tightness air suspension, checking the operation of door opening mechanisms, for buses with a hydromechanical gearbox - the engine crankshaft speed at Idling(if necessary, adjust it so that the unbraked bus remains stationary on level ground with the gear engaged and the accelerator pedal released).

It is also necessary to check the operation of the alarm from the passenger compartment to the driver, the serviceability of the lighting devices in the passenger compartment and the steps, marker lights, the presence of route indicators, the serviceability of the ventilation system, the interior heating (at low temperatures), the loudspeaker, the condition of the base of the body, pneumatic cylinders, suspension, storage cash registers and composters. It is necessary to clean the salon, clean the upholstery of the pillows and seat backs, clean the bins for used tickets.

For a car with an engine running on liquefied or compressed gas, before leaving the line, it is necessary to check the condition and fastening of gas cylinders, reducer, valves, mixer (carburetor-mixer), solenoid valve and other equipment, tightness of gas system connections by ear with open consumables and main valves, ease of starting and engine operation at idle and at various crankshaft speeds, engine operation on gasoline. After returning the car from the line, it is necessary to clean the cylinder fittings and gas equipment from dust and dirt and, if necessary, wash it. Close the flow valves of the cylinders and release gas from the system, close the main valve, drain the sludge from the gas reducer low pressure.

Lubrication, cleaning and filling work. These include checking the oil level in the crankcases of the engine and the hydromechanical gearbox, in the high pressure fuel pump and the engine crankshaft speed controller, the fluid level in the hydraulic brakes and the clutch release mechanism. When parking the car, it is necessary to refuel the car with fuel, fill the reservoirs of the windshield and headlight washers with water, drain the condensate from the water separator of the air cylinders of the pneumatic actuator of the brakes, sediment from fuel filters and a fuel tank (the latter for diesel cars in winter). When cars are stored outside the garage in winter, the water from the engine cooling system and the starting heater is drained, and before starting the engine, the system is refilled with hot water.

First maintenance

At TO-1, it is necessary to carry out the following control (diagnostic), fixing and adjustment work (rolling stock arrives after washing and cleaning).

Carry out general control and inspection work of the SW. Check the fastening of the engine and the components of the power supply and exhaust systems, the action of the withdrawal spring and the free travel of the pedal and the tightness of the hydraulic clutch release system. Check the fastening of the bracket and components power cylinder pneumatic booster, fastening and operation of the gearbox, transfer case and divider on stationary car, fastening the hydromechanical gearbox to the base of the bus, oil pan and the condition of the engine oil pipelines, the tips of the electrical wires, the correct adjustment of the control mechanism for the peripheral spools.

Check the play in the hinges and spline joints of the cardan transmission, the condition and fastening of the intermediate support and support plates of the needle bearings, the flanges of the cardan shafts, the tightness of the connections of the drive axles, the fastening of the gearbox housing, the flanges of the axle shafts and the wheel gear covers.

Check fastening and splinting of nuts of ball pins, bipods, levers of pivot pins, condition of kingpins and lock washers of nuts, play of the steering wheel and steering rod joints, tightness of nuts of steering propeller shaft wedges, play of wheel hub bearings.

Visually check the external condition of the compressor, its operation by ear and on the pressure gauge, the pressure it creates, the condition and tightness of the pipelines and brake system devices, the effectiveness of the brakes on the stand, the pins of the brake chamber rods of the pneumatic brake drive, the stroke of the brake chamber rods, the free and working stroke brake pedal, check the serviceability of the brake valve of the pneumatic brake drive, the condition and tightness of the booster master cylinder, wheel cylinders and their connections with pipelines, the serviceability of the drive and the operation of the parking brake.

Check the condition of the frame, suspension components and parts, the towing (fifth wheel) device, the condition and operation of the mechanism for lifting the semi-trailer road wheels, the fastening of the stepladders and spring pins, the fastening of the wheels, the tightness of the air suspension, the condition of the tires and the air pressure in them. Remove foreign objects stuck in the tread and between the twin wheels.

Check the cab, platform (body) and plumage of the vehicle, the condition and operation of the locking mechanism, the stop of the limiter and the insurance device of the tipping cab, the operation of the locks, hinges and handles of the cab doors, the fastening of the platform to the vehicle frame, spare wheel, fenders, steps, mudguards. Inspect the cabin and platform surfaces, if necessary, clean them of corrosion and apply protective covering.

Check the condition of the devices of the power supply system, their fastening and tightness of the connections. On diesel vehicles, check the operation of the fuel control actuator. If necessary, adjust the content of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases of carburetor engines.

Works on the power supply system of vehicles running on liquefied and compressed gases are as follows. Before putting the car on the maintenance post (line), check the tightness of pipelines and fittings of gas cylinders (at least once every 3 months, check the operation of the gas reducer safety valve). Close the flow valves of the cylinders and exhaust the gas from the system (until the engine stops). Close the main valve and switch to engine operation on gasoline. If necessary, remove the gas from the cylinders. Check by inspection the tightness of the electromagnetic shut-off valves-filters of the gas and petrol systems, condition and fastening of gas cylinders, flow and main valves, gas pipelines, high and low pressure gas reducers, carburetor-mixer, heater and gas supply pipelines. Lubricate the threads of the stems of the main, filling and supply valves, remove, clean and reinstall the filters of the high and low pressure reducers and the filter element of the main filter. Drain the sediment from the low pressure gas regulator.

Check the tightness of the gas and gasoline supply systems with compressed air or nitrogen, start and operate the engine on gas, and then idling at various crankshaft speeds, the same on gasoline, the operation of electromagnetic shut-off valves on gas and gasoline, if necessary, adjust the content carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases when the engine is running on gas, and then on gasoline.

Before checking the operation of the engine on gasoline, it is necessary to completely turn off the gas supply and develop gas from the fuel system (before the engine stops).

When servicing electrical equipment, it is necessary to clean the battery from dust and dirt, traces of electrolyte, clean the ventilation holes in the plugs, check the condition of the wire lugs and their attachment to the output pins, and the electrolyte level. Check the operation of the sound signal, lamps on the instrument panel, lighting and signaling, instrumentation, headlights, sidelights, rear lights, brake light and light switch, and in the cold season of electrical equipment of the heating system and preheater, fastening of the generator and starter and the state of their contact connections, the fastening of the distributor. Wipe the breaker contacts with a linen cloth.

Check the reliability of fastening the speedometer drive with a mechanical drive, the integrity of the flexible shaft shell, its tips, the condition and fastening of the speedometer with electric drive and its sensor, correct sealing of the speedometer and its drives in accordance with the instructions.

Lubricate the friction units and check the oil level in the crankcases of the units and reservoirs of hydraulic drives in accordance with the chemotological map; check the fluid level in the brake and clutch hydraulic drives, in the windshield and headlight washer reservoirs, and in the cold season and in the anti-freeze protection of the brake drive supply system with compressed air. Clean the breathers of the gearbox and axles, wash the air filters of the hydraulic vacuum (vacuum) brake booster. Drain the condensate from the air cylinders of the pneumatic brake drive, clean the air intake grids on the torque converter housing from dust and dirt.

For diesel vehicles, drain the sediment from the fuel tank and the coarse and fine fuel filters, check the oil level in the high pressure fuel pump and the engine crankshaft speed controller.

When working in dusty conditions, change the engine oil, drain the sediment from the oil filters and clean the inner surface of the centrifugal oil filter cover from deposits; rinse the pan and filter elements air filters engine power supply and crankcase ventilation systems, filter coarse cleaning.

After servicing the car, it is necessary to check the operability of units, mechanisms and devices by running the car or at the diagnostic station.

Additional work on dump trucks and tractors consists in checking the condition of the subframe, subframe bars and hinged devices for lifting the platform, the fifth wheel and towing devices, the condition and tightness of the connections of oil lines, hoses, the action of lifting the platform, the safety stop of the platform, the condition of the rear sides and action of its locking device, the state and fastening of the power take-off, the covers of the axles of the tipping platform, the connections of the rod and the cylinder of the platform lifting device. It is necessary to check the oil level in the reservoir of the platform lift mechanism, if necessary add oil or replace (according to the schedule).

Special maintenance works for buses and cars include checking the condition of the frame, floor, seat upholstery, locking windows and hatches, handrails, brackets, fastening and operation of marker lights, lamps for lighting the route indicator and route number, the condition of doors and their opening mechanisms, actions power windows, door locks, hoods, trunk lids, instrument panel status, body upholstery (for passenger cars), signaling from the passenger compartment to the driver. The serviceability of the air suspension and the body position regulator, the condition of the trusses, the side members of the body base, compressors and storage cash desks, the ticketing mechanism are checked.

Second maintenance

At TO-2, they perform all the work provided for by TO-1, and additionally control and adjustment work. If necessary, change the oil in the engine, transmission units, steering, high pressure pump, etc.

Devices of engine cooling and power systems, electrical equipment, hydraulic and pneumatic brake drives, power steering and others must be carefully checked on the car, and the most complex of them (carburetors, gas reducers, fuel pumps, injectors, generators, relay-regulators, starters etc. must be removed from the car, checked and adjusted on special devices and stands.

It is necessary to check the angles of installation and rotation of the front wheels, the condition and adjustment of the bearings of all wheels.

With TO-2 buses and cars, it is necessary to additionally check the condition and fastening of the body base parts, frames, sidewalls, interior lining, partitions, doors, steps, steps, floors, frames, windows, seats, skylights and handrails. Check the condition of anti-corrosion coatings and painted surfaces of the body. If necessary, clean the surface from corrosion and apply a protective coating. In the engine compartment, the condition of the driver's seat and the mechanism for its regulation, the hatch door of the route indicator are checked. Check the interior lighting, the operation and tightness of the heating system. Door control mechanisms are removed, disassembled, cleaned and parts checked, worn parts are replaced, then the mechanisms are assembled, lubricated and checked for their operation. Upon completion of these works, it is necessary to disinfect the interior of the bus (according to the schedule), wash its walls, ceiling, handrails, windows, doors, cushions and seat backs with warm water and detergent, and then wipe it with a dry cloth.

Seasonal maintenance

Seasonal maintenance is carried out at the next TO-2 in order to prepare the car for operation in winter or summer operating conditions. When the vehicle’s CO, all types of work provided for by TO-2 are performed, and additionally they flush the engine cooling system, preheater, check the condition and operation of the drain valves of the cooling, power and brake systems, check and fill the systems with the appropriate liquid. Change the oil in the engine, transmission units, steering and high pressure pump to the appropriate winter or summer oils. The replacement is carried out with a preliminary flushing of the crankcases with kerosene (except for the engine and the high pressure fuel pump), and the gearboxes of MAZ vehicles and its modifications are washed only mineral oils. Bring the density of the electrolyte of charged batteries to the norm corresponding to the winter period. Batteries are insulated. It is also necessary to check the operation of the relay-regulator and, if necessary, adjust it. Clean and blow out the internal cavities of the generator and starter, if necessary, disassemble them, replace worn parts and lubricate the bearings, replace the lubricant of the flexible shaft of the speedometer mechanical drive and cylindrical gears electric speedometer, check the correct sealing of the speedometer and its drive. Check the windshield wipers, thermostat and radiator shutters, the serviceability of the cooling fan clutch engagement sensor and the alarm sensors for the coolant temperature and oil pressure in the lubrication system, the condition of the door and window seals.

Clean the corroded surfaces of the body, cab and fenders and paint them; apply anti-corrosion mastic to the lower surfaces of the wings and bodies of buses and cars; adjust carburetors and high pressure fuel pumps for operation in winter conditions; equip cars with snow chains, trenching tools, insulating covers for the hood and radiator, and towing cables.

Before carrying out the SS of vehicles running on liquefied or compressed gases, it is necessary to drain (release) the gas from the cylinders, and degas the cylinders with inert gas, blow the gas pipelines with compressed air, check the response pressure of the cylinder safety valves, the operation of the maximum crankshaft speed limiter, the serviceability of pressure gauges with entering the results of the check in the log of control checks; remove the gas reducer, mixer (carburetor-mixer), fuel pump, evaporator, main valve from the car, disassemble them, rinse, troubleshoot, assemble, adjust and check the tightness; remove the covers of the filling and supply valves (without turning the bodies out of the gas cylinders) and check the condition of the parts; remove the solenoid shut-off valves, disassemble them, clean the parts and check their serviceability, assemble the valves and check their tightness. Check the filter elements of the main gas filter, gasoline filter valve, gas reducer filter. Drain the sediment from the fuel tank and flush it. Check the high and low pressure gauges, seal and put a stamp with the date of the next check (performed by an employee of the quality control department of the enterprise).

The list of works (services) to maintain the rolling stock in a technically sound condition includes maintenance No. I (TO-l), maintenance No. 2 (TO-2), seasonal maintenance (SO), maintenance and overhaul.

THAT-l characterized by a strictly regulated list and scope of work and strict implementation of the daily or shift program in compliance with the maintenance schedule. The implementation of TO-l is combined with a large number of repair actions, the maintenance itself. Both TO-l and TO-2 carried out after a certain mileage of the car.

Seasonal maintenance (SO) It is held twice a year and is intended to prepare the rolling stock for operation in the cold and warm seasons. Separate SS is carried out for the rolling stock operating in the cold climate zone. For other conditions, it is combined with TO-2 (or TO-l) with a corresponding increase in labor intensity.

Current and capital repairs of the rolling stock are carried out as required. However, the repair of buses, taxis, ambulances and firefighters, vehicles carrying dangerous goods, and others that are subject to increased requirements for traffic safety and uptime must be carried out in a preventive manner.

Maintenance rolling stock is carried out at motor transport or car service enterprises, and overhaul- at specialized repair enterprises.

15. Methods used during maintenance and repair of motor vehicles

When carrying out work to maintain the rolling stock in a technically sound condition, the in-line method, the method of specialized brigades, integrated brigades and the aggregate-sectional method can now be used.

Stream method can be used when carrying out TO-l in large ATP. It provides for the performance of work on a production line, which consists of specialized posts and jobs located in a technological sequence, for the simultaneous and continuous implementation of the entire maintenance process. The in-line method, under certain conditions, makes it possible to mechanize and sometimes automate maintenance processes, to make more intensive use of technological equipment and production areas, to improve conditions and increase the productivity of workers.

On the TO-l line, as a result of preliminary calculations, a clear breakdown of the work of the technological process by operations, posts and performers is established. This breakdown provides for each worker a different in nature, but the same in terms of labor intensity, the amount of work. Based on the complexity of work at each post and the accepted number of workers, the service line cycle is determined, i.e. the time between successive movements of cars from post to post. It is most clearly possible to organize in-line production of TO-l when servicing cars of the same brand, although the possibility of servicing cars of different brands, but of the same type (trucks, cars, buses) on a stream is not ruled out. Based on the range of work performed, there should be at least three specialized posts on the service line: control and fastening, adjustment and lubrication work.

At ATP with fewer vehicles, it is advisable to carry out TO-l at dead-end universal posts.

Method of specialized teams provides for the formation of production units on the basis of their technological specialization by types of technical impacts. Brigades are being created, each of which, depending on the amount of work, is planned to have a certain number of workers with the necessary specialties. The specialization of brigades by types of impacts (daily maintenance (EO), TO-l, TO-2, diagnostics, TP, repair of units) helps to increase the productivity of workers through the use of progressive technological processes and mechanization, improve the skills and specialization of performers to perform assigned tasks. them a limited range of technological operations.

With such an organization of work, technological homogeneity of each section (zone) is ensured, prerequisites are created for effective operational management of production due to the maneuver of people, spare parts, technological equipment and tools, and accounting and control over the implementation of certain types of technical actions are simplified.

A significant disadvantage this method organization of production is the weak personal responsibility of the performers for the work performed. In the event of a premature failure, it is difficult to analyze all the causes, to establish a specific culprit for the decrease in reliability, since the unit is serviced and repaired by workers from various departments. This leads to a significant increase in the number of failures and downtime for repairs. The efficiency of this method increases with centralized production management and the use of special maintenance and repair quality management systems.

The method of complex teams provides for the formation of production units on the basis of their subject specialization, i.e. assigning a certain group of vehicles to the brigade (for example, cars of the same column, cars of the same model, trailers and semi-trailers), for which the brigade conducts TO-1, TO-2 and TR. As a rule, EO, diagnostics and repair of units are performed centrally. Complex brigades are staffed with performers of various specialties (mechanics, locksmiths, electricians, oilers) to perform the work assigned to the brigade.

Each team, as a rule, has jobs assigned to it, posts for maintenance and repair, its own basically universal technological equipment and its own tools, a stock of turnaround units and spare parts, i.e. there is a reduction in the program and dispersion of material resources of the ATP, which complicates the organization of the production of maintenance and repair of vehicles.

The difficulties of managing with this method are explained by the difficulties of maneuvering production capacities and material resources and regulating the load of individual performers for various integrated teams.

There are situations when the workers of one integrated team are overloaded, and the other is underloaded, but the teams are not interested in mutual assistance.

However, a significant advantage of this method is the team responsibility for the quality of maintenance and repair work.

Essence aggregate-sectional method consists in the fact that all work on maintenance and repair of the rolling stock of the ATP is distributed among the production sites responsible for the performance of all types of maintenance and repair work of one or more units (assemblies, mechanisms and systems) for all vehicles of the ATP. Responsibility for maintenance and repair with this form of organization of production becomes personal.

However, this method is not without drawbacks, the main of which is the decentralization of production.

In accordance with the chosen method of performing maintenance and repair, the technological process of the ATP and the structure of the technical service are being developed.

MACHINE MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR SYSTEM

To ensure the operability of the car during the entire period of operation, it is necessary to periodically maintain its technical condition with a set of technical actions, which, depending on the purpose and nature, can be divided into two groups: actions aimed at maintaining the units, mechanisms and components of the car in working condition for the greatest period of operation; impacts aimed at restoring the lost performance of units, mechanisms and components of the car.

The complex of measures of the first group constitutes a maintenance system and is of a preventive nature, and the second - a recovery (repair) system.

Maintenance. In our country, a planned preventive maintenance and repair system for cars has been adopted. The essence of this system is that maintenance is carried out according to plan, and repairs - on demand.

The fundamental foundations of the preventive maintenance and repair system for vehicles are established by the current Regulations on the maintenance and repair of road transport rolling stock.

Maintenance includes the following types of work: cleaning and washing, control and diagnostics, fastening, lubricating, refueling, adjusting, electrical and other work, performed, as a rule, without disassembling the units and removing individual components and mechanisms from the vehicle. If during maintenance it is impossible to verify the full serviceability of individual components, then they should be removed from the vehicle for control on special stands and instruments.

According to the frequency, list and complexity of the work performed, maintenance in accordance with the current Regulations sub is divided into the following types: daily (EO), first (TO-1), second (TO-2) and seasonal (SO) maintenance.

The regulation provides for two types of car repair and its units: maintenance(TR) performed in motor transport enterprises, and overhaul(KR), performed at specialized enterprises.

Every the type of maintenance (TO) includes a strictly established list (nomenclature) of works (operations) that must be performed. These operations are divided into two components - control and performing.

Control part of the (diagnostic) maintenance operations is mandatory, and the performing part is performed as needed. This significantly reduces material and labor costs during maintenance of the rolling stock.

Diagnostics is part of the technological process of maintenance (TO) and current repair (TR) of cars, providing initial information about the technical condition of the car. Vehicle diagnostics is characterized by its purpose and place in the technological process of maintenance and repair.

Daily maintenance (EO) is performed daily after the car returns from the line between shifts and includes: inspection and inspection work on mechanisms and systems that ensure traffic safety, as well as the body, cab, lighting devices; cleaning and washing and drying and cleaning operations, as well as refueling the car with fuel, oil, compressed air and coolant. Car washing is carried out on demand, depending on weather, climatic conditions and sanitary requirements, as well as on the requirements for the appearance of the car.

First maintenance (TO-1) lies in the outer technical inspection of the entire vehicle and the performance of control and diagnostic, fixing, adjusting, lubricating, electrical and refueling work in the prescribed volume with a check of work engine, steering, brakes and other mechanisms. The complex of diagnostic works (D-1), performed at or before TO-1, serves to diagnose the mechanisms and systems that ensure the safety of the vehicle.

TO-1 is carried out between shifts, periodically through the installation data mileage intervals and should ensure the trouble-free operation of the units, mechanisms and systems of the car within the established frequency.

An in-depth diagnosis of D-2 is carried out 1-2 days before TO-2 in order to provide information to the TO-2 zone about the upcoming scope of work, and if a large amount of current repair is detected, redirect the car to the current repair zone in advance.

Second maintenance(TO-2) includes the performance of fixing, adjusting, lubricating and other works in the prescribed volume, as well as checking the operation of units, mechanisms and instruments during operation. TO-2 is carried out with the removal of the car for 1-2 days from operation.

At ATP, D-1 and D-2 are combined in one area using combined stationary stands. At large ATPs and at centralized service bases, all diagnostic tools are centralized and optimally automated.

Determining the place of diagnostics in the technological process of maintenance and repair of vehicles allows us to formulate the basic requirements for its tools. To diagnose D-1 mechanisms that ensure traffic safety, high-speed automated tools are required for diagnosing brake mechanisms and steering.

To diagnose the car as a whole (D-2) and its units, stands with running drums are needed to determine the power and economic indicators, as well as the state of systems and assemblies, as close as possible to the conditions for their diagnosis to the conditions of the car. For diagnostics combined with maintenance and repair, mobile and portable diagnostic tools and devices should be used.

Seasonal maintenance (SO) held 2 times a year is the preparation of the rolling stock for operation in the cold and warm seasons. It is recommended to conduct a separate SS for the rolling stock operating in the cold climate zone. For other climatic zones, CO is combined with TO-2 with a corresponding increase in the labor intensity of the main type of service.

Maintenance (TR) is carried out in motor transport enterprises or at service stations and consists in eliminating minor faults and failures of the car, contributing to the fulfillment of the established norms of car mileage before overhaul.

The purpose of diagnosing during current repairs is to identify a failure or malfunction and establish the most effective way to eliminate them: on the spot, with the removal of the unit or assemblies with their complete or partial disassembly or adjustment. Current repair consists in carrying out disassembly and assembly, plumbing, welding and other work, as well as replacing parts in units (except for basic ones) and individual components and assemblies in a car (trailer, semi-trailer), requiring current or major repairs, respectively.

poi during the current repair, the units on the car are changed only if the unit repair time exceeds the time required for its replacement.

Capital repair (CR) of cars, units and assemblies is carried out at specialized repair enterprises, factories, workshops. It provides for the restoration of the performance of vehicles and units to ensure their mileage until the next overhaul or write-off, but not less than 80% of their mileage from the mileage standards for new vehicles and units.

When overhauling a car or unit, it is carried out complete disassembly on components and parts, which are then repaired or replaced. After completing the parts, the units are assembled, tested and sent to the assembly of the car. With the impersonal method of repair, the car is assembled from previously repaired units.

Cars and buses are sent for overhaul if a major overhaul of its body is necessary. Trucks are sent for overhaul if overhaul of the frame, cab, as well as overhaul of at least three main units is necessary.

During its service life, a complete car is subjected, as a rule, to one major overhaul.

The purpose of diagnostics during a major overhaul is to check the quality of the repair.

Maintenance of crank and gas distribution mechanisms

Maintenance of engine mechanisms and systems begins with its control inspection, which consists in identifying its completeness, leakage of oil, fuel and coolant, checking its fastening and, if necessary, tightening the bolts and nuts of its fastening, as well as fastening the oil pan.

The control inspection allows you to identify obvious defects in the engine and determine the need for its maintenance or repair.

To identify the technical condition of the engine, its general diagnosis is carried out according to diagnostic parameters without identifying a specific malfunction. These parameters are fuel and oil consumption (waste), oil pressure.

Fuel consumption is determined by the methods of running and bench tests, as well as on the basis of its daily accounting and comparison with the standards.

Oil waste is determined by its actual consumption and for a slightly worn engine can be 0.5-1.0% of fuel consumption. Increased oil burnout is accompanied by noticeable smoke at the outlet [З].

Oil pressure at a low crankshaft speed below 0.04-0.05 MPa for a carburetor engine and below 0.1 MPa for a diesel engine indicates its malfunction [З].

The main signs of a malfunction of the crank mechanism are: a decrease in pressure at the end of the compression stroke (compression) in the cylinders; the appearance of noise and knocks during engine operation;

gas breakthrough into the crankcase, increased oil consumption; oil dilution in the crankcase (due to the penetration of working mixture vapors during compression strokes); oil entering the combustion chamber and getting it on the spark plugs, which causes carbon deposits on the electrodes and sparking worsens. As a result, engine power is reduced, fuel consumption and CO content in exhaust gases increase.

Malfunctions of the gas distribution mechanism are wear of pushers and guide bushings, valve plates and their sockets, gears and camshaft cams, as well as violation of the gaps between the valve stems and pushers or rocker toes.

Failures of the gas distribution mechanism include breakage and loss of elasticity of the valve springs, breakage of the teeth of the timing gear.

Diagnosis of the crank and gas distribution mechanisms is carried out at the D-2 post when low traction qualities of the diagnosed vehicle are detected at the traction and economic qualities stand.

The following methods of engine diagnostics at the D-2 post are the most accessible in ATP conditions: determining the pressure at the end of the compression stroke (compression), determining the vacuum in the intake piping, and leaking compressed air from the over-piston space.

Rice. Compressometers

Compression serves as an indicator of tightness and characterizes the condition of cylinders, pistons, rings and valves. To measure compression, use compression gauges (Fig. 4.2) with a fixed arrow, with a scale for carburetor engines up to 1.5 M Pa and diesel engines up to 10 M Pa, and compression meters with a recorder - compressographs

The compression of the carburetor engine is checked with the candles turned out with the engine warmed up to a temperature of 70-80 "C and completely open air and throttle valve. Having installed the rubber tip 1 of the compression gauge in the hole of the spark plug of the cylinder being checked, turn the engine crankshaft 10-15 revolutions with the starter and record the readings of pressure gauge 2. Compression for a technically sound engine should be 0.74-0.80 MPa. The maximum allowable compression value is 0.65 MPa.

Check perform 2-3 times for each cylinder. The difference in readings between the cylinders should not be more than 0.07-0.1 MPa [Z].

To identify the cause of the malfunction, (20 + 5) cm is poured into the hole for the candle fresh butter for the engine and repeat the test. An increase in the compression gauge indicates air leakage through the piston rings. If the readings do not change, then the valves may be loose or the edges of the valve plates or their seats may be burned.

Compression in a diesel engine is measured while running (with a speed of 450-500 rpm) and warmed up (up to a temperature of 70-80 ° WITH) engine. The compression gauge is installed instead of the nozzle of the cylinder being checked. In a serviceable engine, the compression should not be lower than 2-2.6 MPa, and the pressure difference between the cylinders should not exceed 0.2 MPa.

Rice. . Device K-69M

To determine the leakage of compressed air from the over-piston space, the K-69M device is used. Air is supplied to the cylinders of a warm engine either through the reducer 1 of the device, or directly from the line through the hose 4 to the cylinder 7 through the fitting 6, screwed into the hole for a candle or nozzle, to which hose 3 is connected using a quick-release coupling 5.

In the first case, they check for air leakage or pressure drop due to non-densities in each engine cylinder. To do this, use the gear knob 1 to adjust the device so that when the clutch valve 5 is fully closed, the pressure gauge needle is against zero division , which corresponds to a pressure of 0.16 M Pa, and with a fully open valve and air leakage into the atmosphere - against division of 100%.

The relative leakage of the cylinder-piston group is checked when the piston of the cylinder under test is installed in two positions:

at the start and end of the compression stroke. The piston from movement under compressed air pressure is fixed, including the gear in the car gearbox.

The compression stroke is determined by a signaling whistle inserted into the hole of the candle (injector).

The condition of the piston rings and valves is assessed according to the readings of the pressure gauge 2 at the piston position in the top dead center, and the condition of the cylinder (cylinder wear in height) - according to the pressure gauge readings at the piston position at the beginning and end of the compression stroke and by the difference of these readings.

The obtained data are compared with the values at which further operation of the engine is unacceptable. Ultimately allowed values air leaks for engines with different cylinder diameters are indicated in the instrument manual.

To determine the location of the leak (malfunction), air at a pressure of 0.45-06 MPa is supplied from the line through hose 4 to the engine cylinders.

The piston is installed at the end of the compression stroke at top dead center.

The place of air breakthrough through the leak is determined by listening with a phonendoscope.

Air leakage through the engine valves is detected visually by the fluctuation of the fluffs of the indicator inserted into the hole of the candle (injector) of one of the adjacent cylinders, where the valves are open in this position.

Air leakage through the piston rings is determined only by listening with the piston in the N.M.T. position. in the zone of minimum cylinder wear. Leakage through the cylinder head gasket is detected by bubbles in the radiator neck or in the plane of the connector.

Fixing work at TO-2 is carried out in addition to fixing work performed at TO-1. At the same time, they include control and fastening of the head to the cylinder block by tightening the nuts torque wrench. The tightening torque and sequence are set by the manufacturers. The cast-iron cylinder head is fixed in a hot state, and the aluminum alloy cylinder head is fixed in a cold state, which is explained by the unequal coefficient of linear expansion of the material of the bolts and studs (steel) and the head (aluminum alloy). Tightening is performed from the center to the edges diagonally.

Adjustment work is Xia final. If a knock is detected in the gas distribution mechanism, check and adjust /cm. rice. 4.4) thermal clearances between the mountaineers of the valve stems and the pushers or rocker noses (with the upper arrangement of the valves. The clearances are checked with a lamellar barrel 1 with the valves fully closed, if necessary, adjusted on a cold engine. The valve clearances are adjusted starting from the first cylinder, in sequence, corresponding to the order of operation of the engine cylinders.The gap is changed to the desired value by turning the adjusting screw of the pusher or screw 3 of the rocker arm 1, lowering the lock nut 2. The gap must correspond to the factory data.For example, for engines ZAZ-53, ZIL-130, YaMZ-236, the gap should be equal to 0.25-0.30 mm.

Rice. Checking and adjusting the thermal gap

To install the piston of the first cylinder in v.m.t. during the compression stroke use installation marks engine.

Maintenance of the engine cooling system

The engine cooling system keeps it running at optimum temperature regime, equal to 85-90°C, under various operating conditions.

Typical malfunctions of the cooling system are leaks and insufficient engine cooling efficiency. The first is due to damage to the hoses of their connections, the water pump seal, damage to the gaskets, cracks, and the second is due to “Slippage of the fan belt or its breakage, breakdowns of the water pump, thermostat malfunction, internal or external contamination of the radiator, as a result of scale formation .

Signs of a malfunction in the cooling system are engine overheating and boiling of coolant in the radiator, if they are the result of a long and heavy engine load or incorrect adjustment of the ignition system or power system.

Diagnosis of the engine cooling system consists in determining its thermal state and tightness, checking the fan belt tension and thermostat operation. The temperature difference between the upper and lower radiator tanks with a fully warmed-up cooling system should be within 8-12°C. The tightness of the system is controlled on a cold engine. A coolant leak can be detected by traces of leaks through the fluid pump stuffing box, at the junction of pipes, etc. Tightness is checked under pressure of 0.06 MPa.

The tension of the belt 1 of the fan drive or liquid pump (Fig. 4.5) is checked by measuring the belt deflection when pressed in the middle between the pulleys with a force of approximately 30-40 N. The deflection should be within 8-14 mm.

Rice. Checking and adjusting the drive belts of the liquid pump, compressor, generator and power steering pump

The operation of the thermostat is checked when the engine warms up slowly after starting or, conversely, when it warms up quickly and overheats during operation. The removed thermostat is immersed in a heated bath of water, controlling the temperature with a thermometer. The moment of the beginning and end of the opening of the valve should

Rice. 4.5. Checking and adjusting the drive belts of the liquid pump, compressor, generator and power steering pump

occur respectively at temperatures of 65-70 and 80-85 "C. The faulty thermostat is replaced.

With EO, the tightness of the cooling system is checked by carefully inspecting all connections. If necessary, tighten the connections. The liquid level in the radiator should be 20-30 mm below the top edge filler neck. Add liquid if necessary.

At TO-1, when performing cleaning and washing work, the engine is thoroughly washed, removing dirt and oil stains from its surface, the radiator is washed with a strong stream, directing it from the engine compartment through the radiator to the outside. Check the tension of the fan and water pump belts and, if necessary, adjust using the adjustment points 2 provided for by the design of this vehicle. Check the operation of the steam air valves, radiator caps. Lubricate the bearings of the water pump and the pulley of the fan device (for YaMZ-236 and GAZ-53A engines). Check the operation of the radiator shutters and its drive.

At TO-2, tighten the fastening nuts of the hub of the fan pulley. Check the operation of the sensor and the coolant temperature gauge. Check the operation of the hydraulic clutch or electric clutch for turning on the fan.

With CO (after 40-60 thousand kilometers), to remove sludge, the cooling system is washed with a jet of water under a pressure of 0.15-0.2 MPa (with the thermostat removed) separately (first the cooling jacket, and then the radiator) in the direction opposite to circulation coolant. Rinsing is carried out until clean water appears.

To remove scale, which leads to a decrease in engine power, an increase in fuel consumption (by 5-6%), the occurrence of detonation, and intensive wear of parts of the cylinder-piston group, the cooling system is washed with various solutions. The most effective solution is hydrochloric acid with inhibitor, wetting agent and defoamer. The solution is poured into the cooling system, the engine is started and the solution is heated to a temperature of 60 ° C (the thermostat must be removed). After 10-15 min. the solution is drained, and the system is washed with hot water.

Drain taps are cleaned with a soft wire.

To reduce the formation of scale in the cooling system, it is necessary to use water of low hardness. Water softening can be ensured by pre-boiling, adding soda, lime or passing it through magnetic filters, as well as adding various anti-scale agents to the water.

Most dangerous in winter time defrosting the cooling system. To improve the reliability of the system, antifreezes are used (liquids with a low freezing point - minus 40 ° C). Antifreeze has a higher volumetric expansion coefficient, so the system must be filled by 90-95% (if there is no expansion tank).

Maintenance of the lubrication system

The operation of the lubrication system determines the reliability and durability of the engine, in which all the main rubbing pairs are lubricated under pressure. During engine operation, the quality of crankcase oil deteriorates, and its quantity decreases as a result of waste and oil losses through leaks in the lubrication system.

The deterioration of the quality of the oil during engine operation occurs due to its dilution with fuel, contamination with mechanical impurities and oxidation, as well as due to the operation of additives that give the oil better properties.

Fuel dilution of lubricant leads to increased wear of engine parts. Fuel enters the engine crankcase when the cylinder-piston group is significantly worn, the spark plug or nozzle is not working, or the fuel pump diaphragm is ruptured. The ingress of coolant into the lubrication system is possible as a result of a violation of the tightness of the cylinder head gasket or the sealing rings of the cylinder liners.

The presence of water in the oil causes intensive wear of engine parts. The loss of tightness is eliminated by replacing the sealing rings or gaskets. At plummet pressure in the lubrication system (damage to the oil line or oil pump drive), the engine must be stopped.

During EO, the tightness of the lubrication system and its connections is checked by inspection. Control the oil level in the crankcase with an oil dipstick. If necessary, add oil to the upper mark. They control the oil pressure in the system when starting the engine and during the operation of the car.

At TO-1, the fastenings of oil pipelines and devices of the lubrication system are checked. When loosening the fasteners, tighten the nuts and bolts. The sludge from the filters is drained on a warm engine.

At TO-2, the oil in the crankcase is replaced. After draining the used oil, it is recommended to flush the system using a special installation and flushing oil. Flushing can also be done with low-viscosity spindle oil, a mixture of oil and diesel fuel, or a flushing fluid consisting of 90% white spirit and 10% acetone. To do this, pour into the crankcase washing liquid in a volume equal to half the capacity of the lubrication system, the engine is started and allowed to run for 4-5 minutes at an increased idle speed (800-1000 rpm | min), then the flushing fluid is drained and fresh oil is t.

The filter element of the fine filter is replaced when changing in the engine. Before changing, it is necessary to drain from the body into the sludge. After removing the filter element, rinse the inside of the housing with kerosene and wipe it dry with a rag. coarse cleaning is removed, thoroughly washed in kerosene with a brush and blown with compressed air. 1stand and clean the centrifuge. Before installing the casing, check whether the centrifuge rotates by hand. After the final test, the operation of the centrifuge is checked by attenuation of rotation (it will stop 2-3 minutes after the engine stops). An oil change checks the crankcase ventilation system, fastening of parts and the absence of deposits in the pipes and valves.

Maintenance of power system devices

The technical condition of the power system determines the power and gnomic performance of the car, its impact on the environment.

Typical malfunctions of the power supply system: leakage, fuel leakage from fuel tanks, pipelines, contamination of fuel and air filters.

In carburetor engines, the throughput of the calibrated holes and carburetor jets changes, the idle jets are de-adjusted, the tightness of the needle valve of the carburetor float chamber is broken, the fuel level in the float chamber changes, the elasticity and length of the spring in the limiters of the maximum speed of the crankshaft change. In the fuel pump of a carburetor engine, diaphragm breaks and a decrease in the stiffness of the diaphragm spring are possible.

Diesels show wear and tear plunger pairs high pressure pump and nozzles, loss of tightness of these mechanisms. Wear of the nozzle holes, their coking and clogging is possible. These malfunctions lead to uneven operation of the fuel pump in terms of the quantity and angle of the supplied fuel, deterioration in the quality of fuel atomization by the injector, and a change in the moment the fuel supply starts.

As a result of the listed malfunctions, fuel consumption increases and the toxicity of exhaust gases increases.

Diagnostic signs of malfunctions of the power system are: difficulty starting the engine, increased fuel consumption under load, a drop in engine power and overheating, a change in the composition and an increase in the toxicity of exhaust gases.

Diagnosis of the power supply system of diesel and carburetor engines is carried out by the methods of running and bench tests.

When diagnosing by the method of sea trials, the fuel consumption is determined when the vehicle is moving at a constant speed on a measured horizontal section of the road with low traffic intensity. Movement is carried out in both directions.

The control fuel consumption is determined for trucks at constant speed 30-40 km / h and for cars - at a speed of 40-80 km / h. The amount of fuel consumed is measured by flow meters, which are used not only to diagnose the power system, but also to teach drivers how to drive economically.

Diagnosis of the car power system can be carried out simultaneously with testing the traction qualities of the car on a stand with running drums, which significantly reduces the loss of time and eliminates the inconvenience of the sea test method. To do this, the car is installed on the stand in such a way that the drive wheels rest on the running drums. Before measuring fuel consumption, preheat the engine and transmission of the car for 15 minutes. at a speed of 40 km / h in direct gear and at full throttle, for which a load is created on the drive wheels by the load device of the stand. After that, for carburetor engines, the operation of the fuel pump is checked (if the stand with running drums is not equipped with a pressure gauge to control the operation of the fuel pump) with a model 527B instrument for the pressure it develops and the tightness of the carburetor float chamber valve. The pressure is measured at a low engine speed and with the shut-off valve open. The results of the check are compared with the data of the table placed on the cover of the instrument case, and, if necessary, troubleshooting is carried out.

The normal pressure at the fuel pumps B-9 and B-10 of ZIL-130, GAZ-53A, Ural-375D and Ural-377 vehicles is 0.025-0.03 MPa. To determine the fuel consumption, having disconnected the 527B device, a flow meter is connected. According to the amount of fuel consumed during the test, the fuel consumption (in l/100 km) corresponding to a certain speed is calculated, and the result is compared with the standard.

Toxicity of exhaust gases of engines is checked at idle. For carburetor engines, gas analyzers are used, and for diesel engines, photometers (smoke meters) are used. For measurements by gas analyzers GAI-1 and GAI-2, the gas sampling device is inserted into the exhaust pipe to a depth of 300 m from its cut. 6 n min (where n min is the rated speed of the engine crankshaft).In the first case, the CO content should not exceed 1.5% by volume, in the second - 2%. Gas sampling is carried out with a warm engine and a fully open air damper. replacements, the engine must run for at least 1 minute in the "check" mode. The composition of the exhaust gases characterizes the combustion process occurring in the engine cylinders, and the quality of the working mixture.

The opacity of the exhaust gases is estimated by the light penetration (optical density) of the exhaust gases and is determined by the scale of the device. The basis of the device is a transparent glass tube, which crosses the light flux. The degree of light absorption depends on the smoke content of the gases passing through the tube.

Smoke measurement is carried out at TO-2 after repair or adjustment fuel equipment idling in two engine operating modes: free acceleration (i.e. engine acceleration from minimum to maximum crankshaft speed) and at maximum crankshaft speed. The exhaust gas temperature must be below 70°C.

The opacity of the exhaust gases in the free acceleration mode should not exceed 40%, and at the maximum crankshaft speed - above 15%.

Works performed on the power supply system of carburetor engines. When EO, before leaving the car on the line, check the tightness of the connections of pipelines and devices of the power system (filter - sump, fuel pump, fine filter, carburetor). Fuel leakage is not allowed. The amount of fuel in the tank is checked on the scale of the fuel gauge on the instrument panel.

At TO-1, the operation of the throttle drive is checked and air damper. To do this, remove the air filter and check the completeness of the opening and closing of the air damper and throttles. With incomplete opening and closing of the throttles and dampers, adjust the lengths of the corresponding cables of the device.

Drain the sediment from the sediment filter by unscrewing the drain plug. After that, wrap the cork and wipe the sump filter dry. Check the fastening of the carburetor to the intake manifold. The oil-contact air filter is removed from the engine, disassembled, the oil is drained, washed with kerosene or gasoline, blown with compressed air and pure engine oil is poured into the housing until required level, assemble the filter v install it on the engine. Check and, if necessary, adjust the content of carbon monoxide (CO) in the exhaust gases

At TO-2, they check and, if necessary, adjust the fuel level in the carburetor float chamber and the tightness of the float chamber shut-off valve.

Works performed on the power supply system of diesel engines. With EO, check the oil level in the high pressure fuel pump and in the speed controller. If necessary, add oil to the level of the upper mark. Drain the sediment from the coarse and fine fuel filter by unscrewing the drain plug. After draining the sludge, wrap the plug and start the engine, letting it run for 3-4 minutes to remove air pockets from the filters. Check the air filter clogging indicator.

At TO-1, the tightness of the connections of pipelines and devices is checked. Air leakage in the internal part of the system (from the tank to the fuel priming pump) leads to a malfunction of the fuel supply equipment, and the lack of tightness of the pressurized part of the system (from the fuel priming pump to the injectors) causes leakage and excessive fuel consumption. inlet part fuel line check for tightness using a special device-tank

Maintenance of electrical equipment.

When EO, before leaving the line, the operation of external lighting devices is checked by turning them on and off, as well as the operation of alarm devices. Turning on the ignition and starting the engine, make sure that the control devices are working, that the generator is charging.

At TO-1, they clean the surface of the batteries by wiping it with a cloth moistened with a 10% solution of ammonia or bicarbonate of soda, and clean the ventilation holes.

Terminals in the presence of their oxidation are cleaned with a metal brush or scraper. After connecting the wires, the terminals are lubricated with technical petroleum jelly.

The electrolyte level in the battery should be 10-15 mm above the plates. Check the level with a glass tube with divisions with a diameter of 3-5 mm. To do this, the tube is lowered into the filler hole of the battery until it stops in the safety shield, the end of the tube is closed with a finger and it is removed. The height of the electrolyte column in the tube corresponds to its level above the plates. If necessary, add distilled water to the level.

The fastening of the generator, starter, battery in the socket, breaker - distributor and other electrical equipment is checked with wrenches. Loose fittings are tightened.

Lubricate the bearing of the roller of the breaker-distributor with Litol-24 grease, turning the cover of the cap oiler 1/2 turn. The axis of the lever of the movable contact of the breaker and the wick of the cam clutch are lubricated with one or two drops of engine oil. The cam clutch bushing is lubricated with three to four drops of engine oil.

With TO-2, the entire range of diagnostic and adjustment work on electrical equipment is carried out at the post of in-depth diagnostics D-2 before the planned setting of the car in TO-2. Below, the technological operations TO-2 of the electrical equipment of the car are carried out, which are not included in the scope of diagnostic work, but are performed according to the conclusion of the diagnosis D-2.

When performing dismantling and installation work related to the removal and installation of the breaker-distributor, check and adjust the breaker-distributor and the initial ignition setting.

Checking and adjusting the breaker-distributor before installation on the engine is as follows. The outer surface of the breaker-distributor is thoroughly cleaned, and the inner surface of the distributor cap, the spacer plate (rotor) and the breaker contacts are wiped with suede soaked in pure gasoline. Burnt breaker contacts are cleaned with an abrasive plate or file. After stripping, the contacts are blown with compressed air and washed with gasoline. If there is a lot of wear, the contacts are replaced.

Maintenance of transmission units.

At TO-1, they check the fastening of the clutch, gearbox, driveline, rear axle and, if necessary, tighten the fasteners. Check and, if necessary, tighten the mounting of the bearing of the intermediate support of the cardan shaft. Free play h of the clutch pedal is checked with a ruler, which is installed next to the pedal on the cab floor. The engine 1 on the ruler is brought to the pedal, pressing the pedal with your hand until resistance appears. The distance between the engines 1 and 2 on the ruler indicate the free play of the clutch pedal.

The free play of the clutch pedal corresponds to the set clearance between the release bearing and the clutch levers (1.5-3 mm) and for most domestic trucks is 30-50 mm, and for cars - 20-40 mm. For cars of the MAZ family, the free play of the clutch pedal is also checked, but with the air deflated from the pneumatic system.

For cars with a mechanical clutch drive of the ZIL, GAZ, MAZ, LAZ families, they regulate the free play by changing the length of the clutch drive rod. At the clutch of cars with a hydraulic drive "Volga", "Moskvich", VAZ, the free travel of the clutch pedal is adjusted by changing the length of the rod of the working (executive) cylinder.

For a KamAZ car, the clutch release drive is regulated in two ways: by adjusting the gap between the pusher and the master cylinder piston and by adjusting freewheel clutch release lever. The gap between the master cylinder piston and the piston pusher is adjusted with an eccentric pin, on which the upper end of the pusher is fixed. This gap should ensure that the pedal moves within 6-12 mm. The free travel of the release fork lever is adjusted using the spherical nut of the pusher of the pneumatic hydraulic booster, turning which, you should set the free travel of the fork lever within 3.7-4.7 mm. As a result, the free travel of the clutch pedal should be 30-42 mm.

Lubrication work consists of the following operations. The pedal axle bushings and the clutch release fork of the ZIL-130 car are lubricated through grease fittings grease US-1 until fresh grease appears. The release bearing is lubricated by turning the cap oiler by 2-3 turns or through two grease fittings with a grease gun (cars of the MAZ, KamAZ family). For ZIL-130 cars release bearing during operation they are not lubricated, as it is filled during assembly at the factory.

Control and, if necessary, replenish the oil level in the gearbox, rear axle, transfer case, wheel drive of the rear axle (cars of the MAZ family and buses of the LAZ and LIAZ families).

Lubricate the cardan bearings and the bearing of the intermediate support with Litol-24 or 158 grease until lubrication appears through a special valve on the cardan cross. Check the condition of the seals of the cardan crosses and rubber covers on splined joints.

With TO-2, they control and, if necessary, adjust the gearbox and divider drives. Clean the gearbox and rear axle breathers. Check and, if necessary, adjust the bearings of the drive gear shaft of the gearbox and the car by changing the number of shims that provide the preload of the bearings, change the oil.

With CO, the oil in the crankcases of the transmission units is replaced in accordance with the season. When changing the oil, the transmission crankcases are washed with diesel fuel and the magnetic plugs are cleaned.

Maintenance of the hydromechanical gearbox

When EO is checked and, if necessary, oil is added to the GMF. At TO-1, the fastening of the HMF to the base of the body, the fastening of the oil pan and the condition of the oil pipelines are checked. Check the fastening of electrical wires, the correct adjustment of the control mechanism for peripheral spools.

At TO-2, they check the fastening of the bearing caps and the torque converter housing to the gearbox housing, the correct adjustment of the modes automatic switching gears, oil pressure in the system, serviceability of the oil temperature sensor, condition and fastening of the speedometer sensor.

Maintenance of carrier systems and tires

During the operation of the car, especially in difficult road conditions, the longitudinal and transverse beams of the frame are bent, kinks, cracks appear in them, rivet and bolted connections weaken. IN front axle the axle beam bends, and sometimes the axle beam twists, the bearings and their seats in the wheel hubs wear out, the kingpins and their bushings wear out, holes are developed in the disks for the studs for fastening the wheels to the hub, the elasticity of the springs and suspension springs of passenger cars is lost, the spring sheets break, the rims are deformed , tires are damaged, tires wear out and collapse (cracks, punctures). For passenger cars, deformations of the anti-roll bars, failure of shock absorbers, etc. may occur. As a result of these malfunctions, the angles of the front wheels change (pivot angles, toe-in and camber, the ratio of angles when turning), driving becomes difficult, wear increases tires and increases fuel consumption due to increased vehicle resistance.

The destruction of tires in operation occurs as a result of increased or decreased air pressure in tires against the norm. Reduced pressure causes increased deformation of the tire and overstressing of the tire materials, an increase in internal friction and heat generation in the tire, as a result of which the carcass threads exfoliate from the rubber, fray and tear. Excessive air pressure in the tire reduces its deformation and the area of contact with the road, which increases the tension of the carcass threads and the specific pressure of the tire on the road. This leads to premature destruction of the carcass and intensive wear of the tread.

Premature wear and destruction of tires also occur with an increase in the maximum allowable loads, the effect of which on the tire is similar to the effect of reduced pressure. Mechanical damage to tires is also possible when driving on bad roads with faulty springs when the car is overloaded, which causes the tires to touch the body. With insufficient air pressure in dual tires, the gap between them decreases, which, with an increase in load and deformation of the tires, leads to their mutual contact and

abrasion of the side surfaces. Chambers are destroyed due to intense heating and punctures.

Diagnosis and maintenance of bearing systems consists in a systematic check of the gaps in the pivot joints, the play of the wheel hub bearings, the assessment of the condition of the spring suspension and shock absorbers, the bolted and riveted joints of the frame, the determination of the angles of the steered wheels, the inspection of the discs and checking their fastening to the hub, measuring the pressure | air in tires and wheel balancing.

When EO, they inspect the condition of the springs, check the fastening of the clamps, center bolt, spring pins and stepladders. Inspect wheels and tires. Identified faults are eliminated.

At TO-1, the fasteners are checked and, if necessary, clamps, stepladders, spring pins, wheel nuts and other suspension parts are tightened.

Steering Maintenance

Typical failures and malfunctions of the steering are: loosening of the steering gear housing, increased wear of the steering gear parts, ball joints of rods and levers, loosening of the steering wheel and steering column, chipping of the worm gear and improper adjustment (overtightening of parts) of the steering gear.

Power steering malfunctions are:

insufficient or too high level oil in the pump reservoir, presence of air (foam in the oil reservoir) or water in the system, pump malfunction, increased oil leakage in the steering gear, clogged filters, malfunction bypass or safety valve of the pump (periodic freezing, jamming, turning off the seat), insufficient tension of the pump drive belt.

These malfunctions lead to an increase in the free play (play) of the steering wheel, the effort to turn the steering wheel rim when turning, knocks in the steering mechanism, oil from the pump breather (power steering wheel), etc. Jamming or jamming of the steering mechanism is possible.

The total backlash in the steering during rectilinear movement of the vehicle must not exceed the following limit values, deg:

For passenger cars and those based on them

Trucks and buses.............................................. 10

Trucks ................................................................ ......... 25

The force applied to the steering wheel rim with the wheels suspended should be within the range of 30-40 N for trucks, 7-12 N for cars. The fastening and condition of the steering linkages are also checked. The backlash is determined using a dynamometer-backlash meter fixed to the steering wheel rim with clamps 1.

The angular movement of the wheel is determined under the action of a force of 10 N applied to the dynamometer 2. On vehicles with hydraulic power steering, the play is measured with the engine running.

Definition total backlash does not give an idea of what interface or node caused its increase, if you do not first check and tighten the steering gear housing, steering arm; eliminate gaps in the steering rod joints; Check tire pressure and wheel bearing adjustment.

When EO, the tightness of the hydraulic booster connections is checked. Make sure there is no fluid leakage. Tighten fasteners if necessary.

Check the condition of the steering drive by external inspection, making sure that there are cotter pins, nuts of the swivel pins and that the rods are not bent.

Rice. Dynamometer-backlash meter

With TO-1, the steering mechanism is controlled by a dynamometer-backlash meter with the wheels of the car in a straight position. They control the efforts of turning the steering wheel with the front wheels hanging out.

Check and, if necessary, eliminate the play in the swivel joints of the steering rods. It is more convenient to check the backlash together: one sharply turns the steering wheel to the right and left, and the other looks at the movement of the swivel. If one part of the joint moves and the other is stationary, then there is play; if both parts move at the same time, then there is no play.

You can also determine the play in the swivel joints by moving the rod with your hands in the longitudinal direction. If, for example, the longitudinal rod moves with the bipod, then there is no play in the articulated joint. To adjust the play, it is necessary to unpin the plug and tighten it special key to a noticeable resistance, and then unscrew the plug to the first position at which it can be cottered.

| They check the splint of the nuts of the ball pins by inspection and, having removed the cover of the hydraulic booster reservoir, check the oil level in it and the oil level in the steering gear housing, top up if necessary.

Check and, if necessary, adjust the tension of the hydraulic booster pump drive belt (deflection under a force of 40 N should be no more than 8-14 mm).

At TO-2, the steering wheel mount is checked. Slightly move the steering wheel along the shaft or shake it in a direction perpendicular to the plane of rotation of the wheel. If a loosening of the fastening is detected, remove the signal button and tighten the wheel nut on the steering shaft with a spanner wrench.

The axial clearance in the roller bearings of the steering gear worm is usually adjusted by gaskets located under the bottom cover of the steering gear housing.

Logistics(MTO)

Road transport is a process of supplying automobile enterprises with rolling stock, units, spare parts, car tires, batteries and materials necessary for their normal operation. Proper organization of logistics plays an important role in improving the use of vehicles by keeping them in good condition.

Rolling stock. Currently, the country produces about 250 models and modifications of automotive equipment (trucks and cars, buses, specialized vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers) of various brands: ZIL, GAZ, MAZ, KrAZ, KamAZ, Ural, BelAZ, LAZ, LiAZ, PAZ, UAZ, RAF, VAZ, Moskvich, ZAZ, etc.

ATPs are usually equipped with several car models, and in some cases their number reaches 20 or more.

Spare parts. They account for about 70° of the range of products and materials consumed by road transport. The range of spare parts for trucks and cars used in the national economy totaled over 15 thousand, and for passenger cars of the population - about 10 thousand items. Spare parts are divided into: mechanical parts and assemblies, parts and assemblies of fuel equipment, parts and assemblies of electrical equipment and instruments, rolling bearings, products made of glass, rubber, asbestos, felt and textiles, cork, plastic, cardboard and paper.

Nomenclature notebooks, according to which ATP order the necessary spare parts, contain 0.7-0.8 thousand items of spare parts for each car model. Consequently, to ensure the performance of 7-10 car models, which is typical for an average ATP, it is necessary to have a range of 5-8 thousand items [I].

Car tires and batteries. These types of technical products are not included in the range of automotive spare parts, so they are distributed and accounted for separately.

The country produces about a hundred models of various tires and their corresponding tubes for tires of cars and trucks, buses and trailers. The range of batteries used in cars includes more than 10 items.

Fuels and lubricants. The existing car park uses about 60 types of fuels and lubricants, including: gasoline of six grades (A-66, A-72, A-76, AI-93, AI-95, AI-98); diesel fuels of three grades (L, 3, A); two types of gaseous fuel (LPG, LNG);

motor oils of more than 10 brands (M-8B, M-8V, M-12G, M-bz / Yug, etc.); gear oils of more than 10 grades (TAD-17i, TAP-15V, TSp-14gip, etc.); greases of more than 10 brands (grease grease S, grease Zh, grease 1-13, Konstalin-1, Litol-24, Fiol-1, etc.).

Technical liquids. Their total number is about 20 items. Depending on the purpose, they are divided into:

coolants (antifreeze grades 40 and 65, antifreezes A-40 and A-65):

brake (BSK, GTZh-22M, "Neva"); for hydraulic lifting systems (I-22A.I-ZOA, I-12A, AU, AMG-10, MVP); mountain shock absorbers (AZH-16.AZH-12T, MGP-10); launchers (Kholod-D40, NIIAT PZh-25, Arktika).

Paints and varnishes. To maintain the proper appearance of cars and protect painted surfaces from corrosion, paints and varnishes (varnishes, paints, primers, fillers, solvents, etc.) are used, numbering more than a hundred items.

Technological equipment. There are more than 200 items of cleaning and washing, lifting and transport, lubrication and filling, diagnostic, repair and other equipment, as well as special tools used in the maintenance and repair of rolling stock.

Other materials. The list of materials that are used to meet the economic needs of the ATP is also quite large. Among them: metals (round and hexagonal bars, sheet steel, wire, channels, I-beams and angles of various sizes, lead, tin, copper, solder, steel and brass tubes, etc.); cutting and measuring tools (drills, dies, taps, files, cutters, cutters, reamers, forgings, calipers, micrometers, rulers, indicators, etc.); electrical materials (wires, electric motors, transformers, starters, fuses, switchboards, incandescent and daylight lamps, etc.); household goods and chemicals (solvents and general purpose paints, sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, adhesives, drying oils, technical shampoos, polishing paste, etc.); repair and building materials (boards, plywood, cement, alabaster, | brick, etc.); overalls for workers.

Thus, to ensure the uninterrupted operation of road transport, it is necessary to have several thousand (names of various products and materials) in stock. Workers | MTO, supplying the ATP, need to order them in advance and in the right quantity, receive them on time, distribute them correctly and store them carefully. this is what the tasks of the MTO are reduced to.

Methods for calculating the consumption rates of spare parts

1. Calculation and analytical method

The main indicators used in the calculation of consumption rates - * yes spare parts by calculation and analytical methods are: | the average resource of a part before its replacement, the average resource (average life | service life) of the machine and the average annual operating time of the machine.

The resource of a part before replacement is understood as:

For a non-repairable part - the operating time from the start of operation to replacement in accordance with the current technical documentation and requirements for flaw detection;

For a repaired part - the operating time before replacement, taking into account all the repair effects provided for by the design and technological documentation.

Average resource ( Rcp ) is determined by the formula:

a) for a non-repairable part (full sample case)

R cp = 1/n i-1 R i

b) for the repaired part

R cp = R I + R mi (d mi - a mi )

where n - number details;

mi - number of repairs;

R i - resource of the i-th part;

R1 - average resource of a part up to the 1st repair;

R mi - part resource between (mi- 1) and mi-th repair;

dmi- share of the initial number of parts received in mi - that repair;

a mi is the part replacement factor for mi repair.

Average resource before decommissioning of these machines (R) is determined on the basis of the approved standard service life (T n) according to the formula:

R= T n *W

Where W- average annual operating time of machines in physical units. It is determined according to statistical data and data of planning organizations and farms for the year of implementation of the norms.

If the actual service life of the machine differs significantly from the standard, then it is recommended to calculate it using the formula:

The average resource before the decommissioning of machines in this case is determined by the formula:

R=R1+ r kp Rkp

Where: R1- average resource of the machine until the 1st overhaul;

r kp - quantity overhauls held over the life of the machine;

R kp - average overhaul life of the machine.

From probable positions, taking into account the value of the after-repair resource of the machine, the average number of overhauls can be equal to both an integer and a fractional number.

Organization of warehousing and inventory management at ATP

In the total value of the production reserves of ATP, spare parts and assemblies account for 40-60%, materials 10-12%, tires 8-15 ° o, fuel 4-8%, tools, inventory and overalls 15-28%

Spare parts and materials are stored in closed warehouses on multi-tiered racks or in cabinets. Vehicle units are stored on racks or installed on a wooden floor.

The range of technical products and materials stored at ATP reaches 3,500 items. Usually they are divided into 10 main groups: metals, tools and fixtures, electrical materials, hardware, household goods and chemicals, repair and construction materials, auxiliary materials, overalls, machine tools and accessories, various materials. For the convenience of the warehouse, each of the groups is also divided into 10 subgroups based on the homogeneity of materials and receives its second item number. Each subgroup, in turn, is divided into 10 parts, each of which receives its own item number, etc. Thus, each material has a specific three- or four-digit number that fully characterizes it and makes it possible to arrange the materials in the warehouse in a certain sequence. Such a classification of material assets is called a ladder classification and is widely used in ATP warehouses.

Products and materials are placed on special racks, allowing you to quickly find what you need for production.

Metals in bars are stored on multi-tiered racks in a horizontal position, and if their diameter is more than 100 mm - on low roller stands. Sheet metals - in bales or in a vertical position in shelving cages.

Flammable materials and acids (varnishes, paints, sulfuric and hydrochloric acids) are stored in a fire-resistant room, isolated from other rooms. Acid bottles are placed separately in a fenced-off room in a special soft container.

Intermediate warehouses are arranged in large ATP workshops to speed up the receipt of the necessary materials and parts.

Mounting, cutting, control and measuring tools and fixtures are stored in the tool-distributing pantry. Here they are carried out minor repairs, for example, sharpening. Tools are stored in multi-tiered cell racks so that each item number has its own separate cell.

The pantry of the driver's tool serves for storage and delivery of the tool assigned to the car. In addition, the completeness and technical condition of the tools are checked here and the faulty ones are handed over for repair.

Tools are stored in standard boxes or canvas

bags on cage racks with the number of cells corresponding to the number of cars. A tool book is entered for each car, in which all the tools issued for the car are recorded.

In the rigging pantry, they store and issue loading equipment (tarpaulins, ropes, chains, crowbars, shovels), as well as carry out its drying and repair, accounting and replenishment of the necessary set. For storage of rigging, multi-tiered shelving is used, and for drying it, drying compartments with hangers are arranged.

The scrapyard accepts unusable property and materials from production and hands them over to the relevant organizations for recycling.

Tires and other rubber products and materials are stored in special warehouses, preferably in basements or semi-basements, the temperature in which must be maintained within minus 10 - plus 20 ° C, and relative humidity 50-60%. Tire storage rooms must be protected from daylight, for which special glass is inserted into the windows. In warehouses for the storage of rubber materials, it is not allowed to store materials that adversely affect rubber: kerosene, gasoline, turpentine, oil.

Tires are stored on wooden or metal racks in a vertical position and are located at a distance of at least 1 m from heating devices. During long-term storage, tires must be periodically (once a quarter) rotated, changing the fulcrum. Stacking tires in stacks is not allowed. The cameras are stored on special hangers with a semicircular shelf slightly inflated, powdered with talcum powder or embedded in new tires. Periodically (after 1-2 months) the chambers are also rotated, changing the points of support.

Raw rubber used in repairs is stored in rolls suspended by a wooden core on the shelves of racks, and thick plastic rubber is rolled out. Repair glue is stored in a closed glass container.

Thus, at least three warehouses must operate at any ATP: the main material warehouse (spare parts, materials, property), a specialized warehouse for receiving, storing and issuing fuel and lubricants; scrap warehouse. The main warehouse should contain sections for tires, paints and other chemicals, the storage of which should be organized in accordance with special rules.

The range of stored units, assemblies and parts, as well as the levels of their stocks in the warehouses of the ATP depend on the type of rolling stock, the operating conditions of the auto enterprise, and the control system! reserves and in the general case are determined in accordance with the recommendations of the "Regulations on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock of road transport". revolving fund

is created and maintained due to the receipt of new and repaired units and assemblies, including P credited from decommissioned vehicles, and is adjusted on the basis of information obtained in the process of functioning of the inventory management system on the scale of the association, which includes this ATP. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the following limitation - the cost of all spare parts and materials stored at the ATP, according to the upper level of stock is not | must exceed the standard of working capital under this article.

PROVISION OF ROAD TRANSPORT WITH FUEL - LUBRICANTS AND THEIR SAVING METHODS

Automobile gasolines

The materials that ensure the operation of the car are called operational. These include fuels, lubricants and technical fluids.

Gasoline is the main type of fuel for carburetor engines. The raw material for the production of gasoline is oil, petroleum gases, brown and hard coal, oil shale.

Gasoline as a fuel must have good volatility, resistance to detonation, high stability (i.e., the ability to maintain its original properties during long-term storage), not contain tarry deposits, as well as water and mechanical impurities.

Volatility is the ability of gasoline to change from liquid to vapor. The good volatility of gasoline ensures the preparation of a combustible mixture of the required quality, facilitates engine starting, reduces the condensation of gasoline vapors in the engine cylinders and the dilution of oil in its crankcase.

Detonation resistance of gasoline is estimated by the octane number that is present in each brand of gasoline. So, for example, in the brand of AI-93 gasoline, the letter A means that gasoline is intended for cars, the letter I - that the octane number of this gasoline is determined by the research method, and the number 93 - the octane number. In brand A-76. where there is no letter I - the octane number 76 is determined by the motor method.

Gasoline, in which ethyl liquid is added, is called ethylated. Ethyl liquid is poisonous, therefore leaded gasolines are also poisonous and their use requires strict adherence to safety regulations. To distinguish leaded from unleaded gasolines, they are painted in the appropriate colors: A-72 - pink, A-76 - yellow, AI-93 - orange-red and AI-98 - blue.

The stability of gasolines is characterized by the preservation of their physical and chemical properties within acceptable limits during transportation, storage and use in specific operating conditions.

A-72 - for GAZ-51, UAZ-69, ZIL-164A, ZIL-157, and

A-76 - for cars ZIL-130, ZIL-131, GAZ-53A, GAZ-66, and

AI-93 - for GAZ-24 "Volga" cars, cars of the VAZ, AZLK family, etc.;

AI-95 "Extra" - for cars GAZ-14 "Chaika", ZIL-4104, ZIL-117, etc.

AI-98 - for cars with a compression ratio above 9.5 (mainly for foreign cars).

Diesel fuel

The main properties of diesel fuel are autoignition temperature, pour point and viscosity.

Self-ignition temperature is the temperature to which it is necessary to heat the mixture of diesel fuel with air in order to start the combustion process. This temperature is approximately 300-350 ° C. Self-ignitability of diesel fuel is judged by the methane number. To determine the methane number, diesel fuel is compared with reference fuels, the methane number of which is known in advance.

The methane number is in the range of 40-45 units. As the methane number increases, the combustion process runs more smoothly, the engine runs more economically and is not as harsh.

To increase the methane numbers of diesel fuels, a special additive, isopropyl nitrate, is added to them. |

The pour point of diesel fuel affects the operation of a diesel engine: the lower it is, the more reliable the diesel engine works, So how, when the fuel solidifies, it turns into a jelly-like mass; it becomes impossible to supply it from the fuel tanks to the engine cylinders. The pour point of diesel fuel should be 10-15°C lower than the ambient air temperature in the area of its operation.

Viscosity is understood as the internal friction of a fluid that occurs between its particles during mutual movement.

A certain viscosity of diesel fuel is necessary for normal fuel atomization. Insufficient viscosity can lead to depletion of the combustible mixture, and high viscosity can lead to difficult supply and injection of fuel into the engine cylinders. Viscosity is determined on a capillary viscometer at an air temperature of 20 ° C and change are expressed in centistokes (cSt). Normal viscosity diesel fuel is in the range of 1.5-8.0 cSt.

To ensure good mixing of diesel fuel with air, it must have a certain fractional co becoming

The following grades of diesel fuel are produced: L-summer, 3-winter, A-arctic.

Lubricants

The main purpose of lubricants is to reduce wear of rubbing parts and reduce energy costs for friction. In addition, lubricants remove heat generated during friction, seal gaps in lubricated units, remove wear products from rubbing surfaces and protect these surfaces from corrosion.

Lubricants include oils and greases.

Lubricating oil must have certain properties depending on the conditions in which it will work in a particular friction unit.

These conditions are most severe in engines where the oil is exposed to high temperatures, diluted by fuel, partially watered, and also contaminated with dust, metal particles formed during wear of parts, and oil breakdown products.

Oils for engines. These oils must have a certain viscosity, pour point and flash point, have good anti-wear and detergent properties, stability and corrosiveness.

Viscosity is the main property of oils. Externally, the viscosity of the oil is manifested in its mobility: the lower the viscosity, the more mobile the oil.

The possibility of creating good conditions for lubrication and, consequently, the protection of parts from wear depends on the viscosity of the oil, as well as good cooling rubbing parts.

The viscosity of oils for engines is selected taking into account the speed crank engine. For engines with a high crankshaft speed, oil with a low viscosity is used.

The viscosity of oils is measured in centistokes (C St).