Until recent events, everyone was familiar with the terms "5-ton", "10-ton" and other "tons" and they were used to indicate the carrying capacity of the car. "Petrovich, we need two 10 tons tomorrow!" - the customer said to the head of the transport department, and it was clear to everyone that for the transportation of a certain cargo, two vehicles with a carrying capacity of at least 10 tons were needed. With the advent of "Plato", the term "12-ton" appeared and it does not mean load capacity at all, but permitted maximum weight, in relation to the current situation, "12-ton" is any truck whose authorized maximum weight exceeds 12 tons.

Permissible maximum weight is set by the manufacturer and indicated in the PTS - this is the mass of the car + the maximum allowable mass of cargo (passengers). For example, let's say the weight of the vehicle without load is 9 tons, and the maximum permitted weight is 25 tons, which means that the weight of the transported cargo together with the driver, spare wheels, diesel fuel in the tank should not exceed (25-9) 16 tons, in the case of a road train, the parameters are added tractor and semitrailer/trailer. And once again I emphasize your attention, this is set by the manufacturers - in simple words, "We make such cars, you can carry so much cargo on them."

In laws and acts regulating the movement of vehicles and the carriage of goods or passengers by road, the term is used maximum allowable weight or simply maximum weight and means the mass of the vehicle with or without cargo. In simple words"On this road, you can drive a truck weighing no more than (some value) and what the manufacturers have determined there is not important to us, no more than what is written on the sign."

The maximum mass is determined by adding axial loads TS. Axle load is the mass transmitted through the axle vehicle to the surface highway. For different roads axial loads can be different, for different types Vehicle axle loads may vary (the axle distances, the number of axles in the bogie, the slope and the type of suspension affect). In simple words, "You have a 2-axle tractor weighing 8 tons and a 3-axle trailer weighing 7 tons, on this road the maximum allowable weight cannot exceed 38 tons, which means that with the correct location of the load in the trailer, you can transport 38-8-7=23 tons."

If, when adding axial loads, the maximum mass exceeds 44 tons this transportation falls into the category of heavy and requires registration special permission, coordinating the route with the regulatory authorities and paying a fee for increased damage to roads.

If the maximum mass of the vehicle is over 80 tons, then a special project must be developed, which may require, for example, the strengthening of bridges on the route.

The issue of masses and loads, of course, is much deeper and it is difficult to cover all aspects in one post, but to understand the main points, I think it will come in handy for you.

In the field of machines and everything connected with them, there are two such concepts as full mass and curb weight of the vehicle. These are two characteristics that are always talked about in theoretical classes at a driving school, but many even the most avid drivers manage to forget this terminology. In order to make it clear what all this means and how it affects the machine itself, let's try to consider this issue in detail.

Brief interpretation of the term

So, the curb weight of the car is the total weight of the car. It includes all running parts, all the contents of the cabin (including audio-video equipment), as well as consumables, such as engine oil, coolant and fuel (full tank). The indicator of this weight unit does not include the weight of the driver and passengers, as well as cargo and other parts that do not affect the operation running system cars. Based on the term itself, one can understand that this is the very “equipment”, that is, equipment that provides full readiness to the process of movement, braking, sliding, and so on.

Gross and curb weight of the car: differences

Unlike the curb weight indicator, the full weight also includes the weight of the driver, passengers and transported goods. It is clear that all people are different, and each is characterized by its own mark on the scales. The same applies to luggage - you can pack the car in such a way that it will not budge. That is why among motorists the concept of "permissible gross vehicle weight" is most often used. Each car has its own maximum resolvable mark, it all depends on the manufacturer, the materials used in the building, as well as on the structure of the body and other load-bearing parts. It is important not to load your car so that this indicator is exceeded. Otherwise, the body will gradually deform, as well as bridge systems and other parts that are attached to the suspension.

Exceptions to Machine Rules

As mentioned above, the curb weight of the car is the weight that is characteristic of it with full “equipment”, with the presence of all Supplies and accessories. However, in some European countries this weight unit also includes the weight of the driver, but only if it does not exceed 75 kilograms. The Europeans came to this conclusion because it is the driver who causes the car to move, and without him the driving process will become impossible. In Russia, the curb weight of a car is, in addition to all the details mentioned, also spare wheel, tools that can come in handy on the road in case of an accident or breakdown, and sometimes a can of spare fuel.

Machine weight and its maximum speed limit

It is also known from the lessons of physics that heavier objects will always move at a lower speed, since they have to overcome more resistance. What does the curb weight of the car and its specifications how do they interact with each other? In order not to delve into the study of the features of each model of each brand modern cars, consider this issue on two types of cars: a two-seat coupe and an SUV. The weight of the first car, of course, is small. Yes, a considerable share is occupied by the engine, injectors and everything that provides fast acceleration sports car. However, her body is small, there are only two seats in the cabin, luggage compartment absent. The mass of the jeep is two or even three times more, it has five or six seats, multi-liter trunk. The fuel tank also takes up a lot of space, the volume of which is always extremely large. Logically, the Audi TT RS will move faster and more agile than

FEDERAL ROAD SERVICE
RUSSIA

VEHICLE,
PUBLIC ROADS

Moscow, 1999

FEDERAL ROAD SERVICE OF RUSSIA
(FDS of Russia)

ORDER

Moscow

On approval of the norms "Maximum weights and dimensions of vehicles operated on highways common use»

In order to ensure safety traffic, reliability and safety of public roads and road structures, taking into account their bearing capacity and carrying capacity I ORDER: 1 . Approve the attached norms "Maximum weights and dimensions of vehicles operated on public roads", agreed with the Ministry of Transport of Russia and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2. Department for ensuring the safety of roads of the FDS of Russia (Sorokin S.F.) together with Legal Department FDS of Russia (Enikeev Sh.S.) to coordinate in the prescribed manner with the interested ministries and departments and submit until June 1, 1999 for approval to the leadership of the FDS of Russia "Rules for the passage of heavy and (or) large vehicles on public roads" and " Instructions on the procedure for compensating for damage caused by heavy vehicles when driving on public roads. 3 . To impose control over the execution of this order on the deputy head of the FDS of Russia Urmanov I.A. Head V.G. Artyukhov

FEDERAL ROAD SERVICE
RUSSIA

MAXIMUM WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS
VEHICLE,
OPERATING ON VEHICLES
PUBLIC ROADS

Moscow, 1999

1 . General provisions

1.1. The provisions set out in these standards apply to the mass and dimensions of vehicles authorized for use in Russian Federation on public roads, are established on the basis of the requirements for ensuring road safety, reliability and safety of roads and road structures, taking into account their bearing capacity and carrying capacity. The following restrictions on the weight and dimensions of vehicles do not apply to the production of vehicles, the requirements for which are established by other standards and norms. 1.2. Vehicles or parts thereof that form part of combined vehicles, the dimensions, as well as the total mass and axle load of which do not exceed the values ​​established by sections 3, 4 and 5 of these standards, are allowed to travel on federal and territorial public roads. For other highways designed and built for loads less than those specified in Sections 3, 4 and 5, the owners of roads may set other (lower) maximum values ​​for the mass of vehicles, for federal highways - by the Federal Road Service of Russia, for territorial roads roads - by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, for municipal highways - by local governments. Decisions to reduce the dimensions and weights of vehicles listed below are based on the results of a road survey and may be permanent or temporary. At the same time, the body that made such a decision is obliged, in the prescribed manner, to establish the appropriate road signs on the highway or its section, where additional restrictions on the mass and size of vehicles have been introduced and inform road users about this. 1.3. A vehicle and its part forming a combined vehicle, the mass and/or axle load of which and/or the size of which exceed the maximum values ​​established by these standards, may travel on roads only if there are special permits issued in the prescribed manner by the competent authorities. The movement of such vehicles on roads is carried out in accordance with the "Instructions for the transportation of bulky and heavy goods by road on the roads of the Russian Federation", approved by the Ministry of Transport of Russia on May 27, 1996. 1.4. In addition to limit values total mass and axle loads established by these requirements, the mass of the transported cargo and the distribution of the load along the axles must not exceed the values ​​established by the manufacturer for a particular vehicle. 1.5. For the purposes of these standards, the following concepts and definitions are used: Vehicle - a device designed for the carriage of goods and passengers on roads; Truck - a vehicle designed and built exclusively or primarily for the carriage of goods; Tractor - a vehicle designed and built exclusively or primarily for towing a trailer or semi-trailer; Trailer - a vehicle designed for the carriage of goods by towing by a tractor or truck; Semi-trailer - specially equipped for the carriage of goods, designed to be connected to a tractor in such a way that a part of this vehicle is located directly on the tractor and transfers a significant proportion of its weight to it; Road train - a combined vehicle consisting of truck and trailer; Articulated vehicle - a combined vehicle consisting of a tractor, articulated with a semi-trailer; Bus - a vehicle designed to carry passengers and their luggage, with more than nine seats, including a driver's seat; Articulated bus- a bus consisting of two or more rigid sections connected to each other and having a passenger compartment in each section, allowing passengers to move freely from one compartment to another; Combined vehicle- combination of a truck, consisting of a truck connected to a semi-trailer; The maximum length, width and height of the vehicle - length, width and height of the vehicle with or without cargo, not exceeding the values ​​specified in section 3 of these standards; Maximum linear parameters of the vehicle - linear parameters not exceeding the values ​​specified in section 3 of these standards; Maximum vehicle weight- the mass of the vehicle with or without cargo, which does not exceed the values ​​specified in section 4 of these standards; - mass transmitted through the axle of the vehicle to the surface of the road, not exceeding the standard value; Indivisible cargo- cargo which, when transported by road, cannot be divided into two or more parts without undue cost or risk of deterioration and which, when loaded on a vehicle, would exceed its maximum dimensions and mass; Air suspension- a suspension system in which the damping element is air; Cart- two or more axles having a common suspension to the vehicle; single axle- an axle of a vehicle located at a distance of more than 1.8 m from the nearest axle of this vehicle; close axes- axes (two or more) of the vehicle, located at a distance between them of less than 1.8 m.

2. Measuring the mass and dimensions of vehicles

2.1. Vehicle length is measured in accordance with ISO 612-1978 paragraph 6.1. At the same time, when measuring length in accordance with the provisions of this standard, do not take into account following devices, mounted on the car: a device for glass cleaning and mudguards; front and side marking plates; devices for sealing and protective devices for them; devices for fixing tarpaulins and protective devices for them; electrical lighting equipment; rear view mirrors; devices for viewing the space behind the car; air tubes; length of valves and connectors for connection to trailers or swap bodies; steps for access to the body; lift for a note tire; lifting platforms, access steps and similar equipment not exceeding 200 mm in working position and designed in such a way that they cannot increase the vehicle's load limit; coupling devices for towing vehicles or trailers. 2.2. Vehicle height is measured in accordance with ISO 612-1978 clause 6.3. Moreover, when measuring the height, taking into account the provisions of this standard, the following devices mounted on the vehicle should not be taken into account: antennas; pantograph in raised position. For vehicles equipped with an axle lifting device, the effect of this device is taken into account. 2.3. Vehicle width is measured in accordance with ISO 612-1978 paragraph 6.2. When measuring the width of a vehicle, taking into account the provisions of this standard, the following devices mounted on a vehicle should not be taken into account: devices for seals and seals and protective devices for them; devices for fixing tarpaulins and protective devices for them; devices for identifying damage to tires ; protruding flexible parts of mudguards; Lightning equipment; steps in working position, suspended platforms and similar equipment which, in working position, do not exceed 10 mm on each side of the vehicle and facing forward or backward, the corners of which are rounded with a radius of at least 5 mm, and the edges of which are rounded with a radius of at least 2 .5 mm; rearview mirrors; tire pressure indicators; retractable or retractable steps; the curved portion of a tire's surface that extends beyond its point of contact with the ground. 2.4. Axle mass of a vehicle is measured with a dynamic vertical load transmitted through a single axle to the road surface from a loaded vehicle. The measurement is carried out by special automobile scales that have passed certification in the prescribed manner. The axle weight of a bogie located on one suspension, taking into account the design of the vehicle, is determined as the sum of the measurements of the mass of each of the axles included in the bogie. 2.5. The total mass of a vehicle or part thereof forming part of a combined vehicle is determined as the sum of the measured masses of all axles of the vehicle or part thereof.

3 . Maximum dimensions and other vehicle parameters

The maximum dimensions of vehicles, taking into account the dimensions of swap bodies and containers for cargo, including containers, must not exceed the values ​​given below. 3.1. Maximum length: truck - 12.00 m trailer - 12.00 m articulated vehicle - 16.5 m articulated bus - 18.00 m road train - 20.00 m 3.2. Maximum Width: all vehicles - 2.50 m 3.3 . Maximum height - 4.00 m 3.4 . The maximum distance between the axis of the constipation of the coupling device and back semi-trailer must not exceed 12.00 m. 3.5. The maximum distance measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the road train from the outer front point of the body or platform for placing the load behind the cab to the rear outer point of the trailer, minus the distance between the rear of the tractor and the front of the trailer, must not exceed 15.65 m. 3.6. The maximum distance, measured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the road train, from the outer front point of the body or platform for placing cargo behind the cab to the rear outer point of the semi-trailer must not exceed 16.40 m. 3.7. The load installed in the body of the vehicle must not protrude beyond the rear outer point of the vehicle or trailer by more than 2.00 m. 3.8. Distance between rear axle truck and the front axle of the trailer must be at least 3.00 m. 3.9. The horizontally measured distance between the pivot point of the semi-trailer and any point of the front part of the semi-trailer shall not exceed 2.04 m. 3.10. Any vehicle, when moving, must be able to turn within the space limited by an outer radius of 12.50 m and an inner radius of 5.30 m. 3.11. The maximum distance between the locking pin of the hitch and the rear of the combination vehicle must not exceed 12.00 m.

4 . Regulatory total mass of vehicles*

* Regulatory total masses of vehicles must not be exceeded by more than 20%.

Table 4.1

Type motor vehicle		Regulatory total weight of the vehicle, t
	Trucks a) two-axle vehicle
	b) three-axle car
	d) a four-axle vehicle with two driving axles, each of which consists of two pairs of wheels and has an air or equivalent suspension
	Vehicles forming part of a combination vehicle (a) Two-axle trailer
	b) three-axle trailer
	Combined vehicles Articulated vehicles
	a) a two-axle tractor with a two-axle semi-trailer with a total base of 11.2 m or more
	b) a two-axle tractor with a three-axle semi-trailer with a total base of 12.1 m or more
	c) a three-axle tractor with a two-axle semi-trailer with a total base of 11.7 m or more
	d) a three-axle tractor with a three-axle semi-trailer with a total base of 12.1 or more
	e) a vehicle consisting of 18 ton truck and a 20-ton semi-trailer if the vehicle has a drive axle consisting of twin wheels and is equipped with air suspension or its equivalent with a total wheelbase of 13.3 m or more
	Road trains a) a two-axle truck with a two-axle trailer with a total base of 12.1 m or more
	b) a two-axle truck with a three-axle trailer with a total base of 14.6 m or more
	c) a two-axle truck with a four-axle trailer with a total base of 16.5 m or more
	d) a three-axle truck with a two-axle trailer with a total base of 14.6 m or more
	e) a three-axle truck with a three-axle trailer with a total base of 15.9 m or more
	f) a three-axle truck with a four-axle trailer with a total base of 18 m or more
	Buses a) two-axle bus
	b) three-axle bus
	c) three-axle articulated bus
	d) four-axle articulated bus

5 . Regulatory axial loads of vehicles

Table 5.1.

Regulatory axial loads of vehicles *

* Axle loads of motor vehicles should not exceed the normative axle loads by more than 40%.

Vehicle axle types	Estimated axial load for which the pavement is designed, tf
	gable		lean-to
Single axles
Twin axles of trailers, semi-trailers, drive axles of trucks and buses with distances between axles:
d) equal to or more than 1.8 m
Triple axles of trailers and semi-trailers with distances between axles:
a) more than 0.5 m, but less than 1.0 m
b) equal to or more than 1.0 m, but less than 1.3 m
c) equal to or more than 1.3 m, but less than 1.8 m
d) equal to or more than 1.8 m
- the same, when mounted on an air suspension or equivalent

5.8. The weight transmitted to the drive or drive axles of the vehicle or combination vehicle must not be less than 25% of the total weight of the vehicle or combination vehicle.

1. General Provisions. 2 2. Measurement of the mass and dimensions of vehicles. 3 3. Maximum dimensions and other parameters of vehicles. 4 4. Regulatory total mass of vehicles. 5 5. Regulatory axial loads of vehicles. 6

An overly loaded vehicle poses a significant threat not only to the driver, but also to other road users. It doesn't matter if it's a truck or a car. Even the road surface suffers from the excess mass of the vehicle. Each car owner must know how the overload is calculated, and understand the degree of responsibility for violating the rules.

Since 2015, the legal documents relating to the carriage of goods have undergone some changes. Based on the new information, the permitted maximum vehicle weight has been adjusted.

Ultimately allowable weight freight vehicle (road train) - 44 tons. The axle load of any truck is determined based on the category of roads that are designed to carry cargo of different weights. Overloading a truck will require the driver to obtain the appropriate exit permit. With regards to passenger vehicles, there are also some restrictions. The driver is not entitled to carry more passengers in his car than is regulated by law.

The impact on the vehicle axle, in other words, the axial load, is the load from the total mass of the vehicle, which is transmitted to the roadway by the wheels of each of the axles. Under increased load, the roadway is destroyed. Besides, braking distances overloaded vehicle is longer, which can create emergency on the roads.

It is worth considering the fact that the distribution of the load is uneven: on rear axle accounts for significantly more than the front. This is due to the location cargo platform: at the back of the car. When driving on a section of the road, which is equipped with sign 3.12, the driver must pay attention to the maximum permitted axle load. If in his vehicle the load does not correspond to this, then it is necessary to change the route. Otherwise, the violation will result in a penalty for congestion. According to the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation (part 11 of article 12.21.1), the amount of the administrative penalty is 5,000 rubles.

The rules of carriage determine the acceptable weight of the vehicle. You can find information below:

A more complex calculation is subject to the permissible axle load. This takes into account the category of the road, as well as the distance between the axles and the type of wheels.

Approximate calculation

Thus, the mass of the vehicle is calculated as the sum of the axle loads. You can find out the mass of the car by looking at the registration certificate. It is more difficult to determine the actual weight of the load. To get an accurate calculation, you can use a special calculator.

The latter are of two types:

1. Stationary (SPVK).
2. Mobile (PPVK).

Stationary weight control points are located in a special place where equipment and personnel are constantly located.

Its mobile counterpart, on the contrary, is equipped on the basis of a van. Such a post has a significant advantage - mobility. Since the weight control point is constantly moving, it is not possible for the owner of a cargo vehicle to identify its location.

The stationary test procedure avoids axle overload. Today there are two types of weighing:

1. Dynamic.
2. Static.

The first is carried out in the process of vehicle movement, and allowable speed- no more than 5 km/h. To fix the measurements, automatic axle scales are used, with the help of which the vehicle is weighted along the axles. Acceptable error in calculations - 3%.

Static weighing is only possible after the vehicle has stopped. A special platform with installed strain gauges allows you to calculate the load and overload along the axles as accurately as possible.

Cargo Permit

In addition, the process of cargo transportation is regulated by regulatory legal acts. So, with an axle load of more than 2% of the permissible one, a permit for movement on roads should be obtained (according to Federal Law No. 257 of November 8, 2007, clause 2, article 31). To do this, it is necessary to coordinate the route and compensate for the damage caused by pavement. An exception is made for the transport of the Russian Armed Forces.

For a transport permit dangerous goods, according to paragraph 9 of the order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia No. 258 (07/24/2012), the following documents are required:

1. Appropriate statement of the owner of the vehicle.
2. Photocopy of documents on the vehicle.
3. The scheme of distribution of the transported cargo.
4. Technical requirements for transportation.

If the driver has not received a special permit, in addition to the imposition of penalties, he may be deprived of driving license. This is regulated by the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation (part 1 of article 12.21.2)

Established penalties for overload

What fine is provided for overloaded cars depends on the legal category of the owner. This administrative punishment has three levels of responsibility:

• For individuals, a fine of 1,500 - 2,000 rubles is provided.
• Officials will pay more than 15,000 rubles.
• For legal entities the amount of the fine reaches up to 400,000 rubles.

In addition to a direct violation, there may be an inaccuracy in the documents: when the actual weight of the cargo does not correspond to the declared one. At the same time, the maximum possible load per axle significantly exceeds the standards. In this case, the amount of the established fine:

• For individual- 5,000 rubles;
• for legal - 50 times more.

The basis for the application of sanctions against the driver is the weight control on the road by the traffic police inspector.

The overall dimensions of trucks are set in accordance with accepted international standards and regulations of individual countries. The regulation is designed primarily to ensure the safety of traffic, the safety of transported goods and security standards environment. The EU has a simplified system of national rules, the purpose of which is to create equal conditions and facilitate the process of transport between member states of the European Union. In the recent past, these rules were also necessary to prevent discrepancies in the size of transported goods, which, after motor transport, are transferred for transportation to railway.
Council Directive 96/53/EC of 25 July 1996 established standardized dimensions and maximum weights for cross-border freight transport. Their observance is obligatory at least in the territory of the European Union. Each Member State may, in its national legislation (for example, in Germany, these are the rules of the road), may slightly modify the established restrictions.

International Classification of Goods Vehicles (ATS)

		Gross weight (tons)	Notes
			Trucks, special vehicles
	Vehicles with an engine designed for the transport of goods	Over 3.5 to 12.0
	Vehicles with an engine designed for the transport of goods		Trucks, tractors, special vehicles
	PBX without a driver		Trailers and semi-trailers
	PBX without a driver	Over 0.75 to 3.5	Trailers and semi-trailers
	PBX without a driver	Over 3.5 to 10.0	Trailers and semi-trailers
	PBX without a driver		Trailers and semi-trailers

Currently in Russia transportation of heavy and oversized cargo is regulated by:

• Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 15, 2011 N 272. Appendix 2 does not distinguish between single or dual wheels.
• Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 9, 2014 No. 12, come into force t Only from January 1, 2015 of the year.

18.75 m

24.0 tons

10.0 tons

11.5 tons

40.0 tons

Permissible truck sizes in Europe

dimensions (meter)

Width (standard truck)

Width (refrigerator)

Truck length

trailer length

Length of a saddle train

Road train length

Length of the three-axle bus

Articulated bus length

Maximum weight of trucks in Europe. Truck axle loads in Europe

maximum weight for axles (tons)

Non-driving axle

drive axle

double cart

triple cart

total weight of single truck (tons)

2 axle truck

Three axle truck

four-axle truck

total trailer weight (tons)

Double axle trailer

3 axle trailer

total weight of road train (tons)

Three-axle truck train

Four-axle truck train

Five-axle truck train

Six-axle truck train

Four-axle road train

Five-axle road train

Six-axle road train

Three-axle bus

Permissible mass of a road train in Russia. Maximum axle load in Russia.

Application №2
to the Rules for the carriage of goods by car(as amended by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 12 dated January 9, 2014)

Permissible axle loads of vehicles

	Distance between closely spaced axes (meters)	Permissible axle loads of wheeled vehicles depending on the standard (calculated) axle load (tons) and the number of wheels on the axle
		for highways designed for an axle load of 6 tons / axle ( * )	for highways designed for an axle load of 10 tons/axle	for highways designed for an axle load of 11.5 tons/axle
Single axles
Tandem axles of trailers, semi-trailers, trucks, tractor vehicles, truck tractors with distance between axles (bogie load, sum of axle masses)	up to 1 (inclusive)
	from 1 to 1.3 (inclusive)
	from 1.3 to 1.8 (inclusive)
	from 1.8 and more
Triple axles of trailers, semi-trailers, trucks, tractors, truck tractors with distance between axles (bogie load, sum of axle masses)	up to 1 (inclusive)
	up to 1.3 (inclusive)
	from 1.3 to 1.8 (inclusive)		21 (22,5 ** )
	from 1.8 and more
Contiguous axles of trucks, tractors, truck tractors, trailers and semi-trailers with more than three axles at a distance between axles (one axle load)	up to 1 (inclusive)
	from 1 to 1.3 (inclusive)
	from 1.3 to 1.8 (inclusive)
	from 1.8 and more
Contiguous axles of vehicles with eight or more wheels on each axle (load per axle)	up to 1 (inclusive)
	from 1 to 1.3 (inclusive)
	from 1.3 to 1.8 (inclusive)
	from 1.8 and more

(* ) In the event that the owner of the road establishes the appropriate road signs and posts information on the vehicle's axial load permissible for the road on its official website.
(** ) For vehicles with single wheels equipped with air suspension or equivalent.

Notes:

1. Values ​​in parentheses are for dual wheels, outside brackets are for single wheels.
2. Axles with single and double wheels, combined in a group of close axles, should be considered as close axles with single wheels, with the exception of a two-axle bogie with a dump axle.
3. For twin and triple axles, structurally combined in common trolley, the permissible axle load is determined by dividing the total bogie load by the corresponding number of axles.
4. The permissible axle load for a two-axle bogie with an axle to be discharged is assumed to be equal to the ratio of 60 percent of the allowable load on a two-axle bogie for the driving axle and 40% for the axle to be discharged.

European norms for the toxicity of exhaust gases of diesel engines of trucks

The requirements of the UN General Assembly regarding the emissions of pollutants for heavy trucks equipped with diesel engine, g/(kW h)
Each truck must be marked in accordance with its standard. Letters of the Latin alphabet are used for designation.

Standard (year)	Carbon monoxide - CO	Hydrocarbons - HC	Nitric oxide - N0x		Smoke
Euro 0 (1988)
Euro 1 (1992)
Euro 2 (1996)
Euro 3 (2000)
Euro 4 (2005)
Euro 5 (2008)
Euro 6 (2013)

A motor vehicle that meets the relevant requirements is identified by a letter placed on the cab or truck bumper:

• U - "Umwelt" ("Nature"), Euro-1 standard,
• E - "Green Lorry" ("Green Truck"). The concept of "Green Lorry" includes the following requirements: emission standards for pollutants EURO-2, noise standards - 78-80 dBA. On such a truck, a certificate of conformity is filled out and a plate U or E is installed
• S - "Supergreen" ("Very green"), Euro-2 standard
• G - Greener and Safe Lorry
• L - "Larmarm Kraftfahzeuge" (tractor with low level noise) in Austria since December 1, 1989, a truck moving at night (from 22:00 to 5:00) on the territory of Austria must comply with these noise standards.

Since 2001, another definition of a vehicle has been introduced - “EURO-3 safe”, it has been in force since 2002. Such a truck must comply with the EURO-3 standards in terms of emissions, and the usual 78-80 dBA in terms of noise. Then a green sign with a white border and the number 3 is hung up white color.
For cars that comply with "EURO-4" and "EURO-5" signs are green with a white border and the numbers 4 and 5.

All of the above signs must be without fail be confirmed by the manufacturer's certificate and be on board the vehicle.

Amendments to Federal Law No. 248-FZ dated July 13, 2015 regulating the movement of heavy and large vehicles.

The Federal Law "On Highways and road activities in the Russian Federation and on amendments to certain legislative acts Russian Federation" concepts "heavy cargo" and " bulky cargo” are replaced by the terms “heavy vehicle” and “oversized vehicle”, respectively.
The federal law introduces a ban on the movement on highways of heavy vehicles and large vehicles carrying goods that are not indivisible, with the exception of large vehicles carrying out movement on the basis of special permits, the dimensions of which are no more than 2 percent higher than the permissible ones.
The federal law improves the procedure for implementing procedures related to the issuance of a special permit for the movement on highways of a heavy and (or) large-sized vehicle, as well as a vehicle transporting dangerous goods.
The right to issue a special permit for the movement of a vehicle transporting dangerous goods on the roads is assigned to the Rostransnadzor of Russia.
It is established that the relevant authorized bodies may issue special permits for the movement of heavy and (or) large-sized vehicles on the roads through their authorized subordinate organizations.
In addition, the Federal Law provides for the possibility of driving on heavy vehicles, the mass of which, with or without cargo and (or) the axle load of which is no more than 2 percent higher than the permissible mass of the vehicle and (or) the permissible axle load, without special permissions.
If the axle load of a heavy vehicle exceeds the permissible axle load of the vehicle by more than 2 percent, but not more than 10 percent, a special permit is issued under a simplified procedure.
The federal law also establishes that a special permit is issued within a period of not more than one day from the date of confirmation of the payment of a fee to compensate for harm caused by a heavy vehicle.
For violation deadlines coordination of routes for a heavy-weight vehicle and (or) large-size vehicle or the period for issuing a special permit or an unreasonable refusal to agree on such routes, as well as for violation of the rules for the movement of a heavy-weight and (or) large-size vehicle, the Federal Law provides for administrative liability.

An excursion into the history of the formation of restrictions on the size of trucks

Main regulatory documents concerning restrictions on the size of commercial vehicles in Europe is Council Directive 96/53/EC. The first states of the old world that changed allowable length and the mass of road trains up to 25.25 m and 60 tons were Sweden and Finland. In these countries, the operation of two types of road trains is allowed: formed from a three-axle tractor and a 5-axle trailer, made on the basis of a serial 3-axle semi-trailer with a 2-axle bogie, and semi-trailer road trains (SPA), where a 2-axle trailer is attached to a serial semi-trailer trailer, usually with a central axle.
On domestic roads road trains of new models appeared a long time ago. They run between the cities of Sweden, Finland and St. Petersburg, Moscow. international transport these vehicles were also supposed to appear, but the legislation of the countries of Europe (with the exception of Sweden and Finland) is not so perfect as to change the restrictions on the dimensions of trucks in a short time. The situation is similar in the CIS countries. The useful volume of such road trains reaches 160 cubic meters.
The Scandinavian states did not immediately come to the length of road trains of 25.5 meters. At first they managed to allow trucks 24 meters long. standards defining allowable norms there are no masses of trucks and tractors in the post-Soviet space now. The only suitable GOST was canceled more than 25 years ago. According to it, the total mass of a 5-axle saddle or single-trailer road train should not exceed 40 tons, length 20 meters, and with two trailers - 24 meters.
Experts consider the “Agreement on the mass and dimensions of vehicles engaged in interstate transportation on the roads of the CIS member countries”, which entered into force on June 4, 1999, to be contradictory and thoughtless. The maximum permissible mass of a road train under this "agreement" should be 44 tons. Even in North American countries, which have the world's toughest regulations for axle loads and masses of road trains, this figure is 48 tons. A similar situation is with a 6-axle saddle train, the mass of which should not exceed 38 tons. At the same time, in the European Union, in accordance with EU Directive No. 96/53, the permissible mass of a road train is 44 tons.
China has the most liberal attitude to the size of trucks. Any restrictions there exist only on paper. According to the documents, regulations similar to EU Directive No. 96/53 / EC are regulated, but there are “monsters” of huge sizes on the roads.
IN North America the length of the semi-trailer should not exceed 16.15 m, and the width - 2.6 m. In Europe, similar restrictions are stricter: length - 13.6 m, width - 2.6 m. Due to such disagreements regarding acceptable standards, the transportation process is complicated cargo containers. So 45, 48 and 53 foot containers are not found in Europe at all, although they are widely used in the USA and Canada.

What is an Auto Train?

A road train is considered to be a car with an arbitrary number of trailers or a tractor car.
A feature of such a vehicle is the presence of a towing device. The use of road trains increases the use of the power potential of cars, reduces the cost of transportation, increases productivity, reduces the need for drivers, reduces fuel consumption per 1 ton of transported cargo by increasing the maximum allowable volume of cargo that can be transported at a time by one freight vehicle.

Classification of trucks by purpose

All trucks can be divided into the following popular categories by body type:

• Tents, semi-trailers - the most common type of truck. Used to transport any cargo. Loading of the body is carried out from any side, which greatly simplifies this process. The average lifting capacity varies from 20 to 25 tons;
• Refrigerators, semi-trailers are semi-trailers that are equipped with refrigeration units necessary for the transport of perishable products. Temperature in the refrigerator: from +25 to -25. The average carrying capacity of these types of trucks is 12-20 tons;
• Automatic coupler is a car and a trailer to it. They are very convenient in terms of loading / unloading. They can carry almost any cargo, except for long ones, as well as those requiring special conditions. Capacity: from 16 to 25 tons;
• jumbo are trailers increased capacity. The floor of the trailer is made in the form of the letter "G", and the diameter of the wheels is also reduced, due to which extra space. The average carrying capacity of such trailers is up to 20 tons;
• Container ship- a vehicle used to transport containers;
• tank truck- a vehicle used for the transportation of liquid and bulk cargo;
• car transporter- a vehicle used to transport cars;
• grain carrier- a vehicle used to transport grain;
• dump truck- a vehicle used for the transport of bulk cargo.

Terms used in transport documents

• "Freight car"- a vehicle equipped with mechanical drive. Operated for the transportation of goods by road;
• "Vehicle"- a device on which cargo or passengers are installed for their transportation by road;
• "Road train"- a combined vehicle consisting of a truck and a trailer (trailer road train), a tractor and a semi-trailer (saddle road train);
• "Tractor"- a vehicle equipped with own engine and intended solely or primarily for the towing of a trailer or semi-trailer;
• "combined vehicle"- a combination of a car and a trailer (semi-trailer);
• "Full trailer" drawbar trailer - a towed vehicle having at least two axles, of which at least one axle is steerable and, in addition:
  - equipped with a towing device (drawbar), which has the ability to move vertically with respect to the tractor;
  - not transferring any significant vertical load to the tractor (not more than 100 daN).
  When a semi-trailer is coupled to a semi-trailer base bogie, it is considered a full trailer;
• "Semitrailer"- a towed vehicle that is intended to be connected to truck tractor(or with a semi-trailer base truck) and transfers a significant vertical load to the coupling device of the tractor (or to the semi-trailer base truck);
• "Semi-trailer trolley"- A trailer with a central axle equipped with a saddle hitch.
• "Maximum vehicle length"- the length of the vehicle, which does not exceed the established allowed values(for each country its own);
• "Maximum Vehicle Width"- the width of the vehicle, which does not exceed the established allowable values ​​(for each country);
• "Maximum Vehicle Height"- the height of the vehicle, which does not exceed the established allowable values ​​(for each country);
• "Maximum Vehicle Weight"- the mass of the vehicle with or without cargo, which does not exceed the established allowable values ​​(for each country);
• "Maximum axle weight"- mass transmitted through the axle of the vehicle to the surface of the road, which does not exceed the established allowable values ​​(for each country);
• "Weight of the vehicle in running order"- the mass of the unladen vehicle with a body and a coupling device in the case of a tractor bus, or the mass of the chassis with a cab, if the manufacturer does not install a body, and / or a coupling device. This mass includes the masses of coolant, oils, at least 90% fuel, 100% other liquids (excluding used water), tools, driver (75 kg), and spare wheel.
• "Technically permissible maximum vehicle weight"- the maximum mass of the vehicle, due to its design and specified characteristics, set by the manufacturer vehicle.
• "Indivisible cargo"- cargo that cannot be divided during transportation due to the risk of damage or large expenditures of time and money;
• "Air Suspension"- a suspension system in which the shock-absorbing element is air, providing at least 75% of the shock-absorbing effect;

Freight forwarder or carrier? Three secrets and international cargo transportation

Forwarder or carrier: which one to choose? If the carrier is good and the forwarder is bad, then the first one. If the carrier is bad, and the forwarder is good, then the second one. Such a choice is simple. But how to decide when both applicants are good? How to choose from two seemingly equivalent options? The problem is that these options are not equal.

Scary stories of international transportation

BETWEEN THE HAMMER AND THE ANVIL.

It is not easy to live between a transportation customer and a very cunningly economical cargo owner. One day we received an order. Freight for three kopecks, additional conditions for two sheets, the collection is called .... Loading on Wednesday. The car is already in place on Tuesday, and by lunchtime the next day, the warehouse begins to slowly throw into the trailer everything that your forwarder has collected for his customers-recipients.

ENCHANTED PLACE - PTO KOZLOVICHI.

According to legends and experience, everyone who transported goods from Europe by road knows what a terrible place is the PTO Kozlovichi, Brest customs. What chaos the Belarusian customs officers are doing, they find fault in every possible way and tear at exorbitant prices. And it is true. But not all...

HOW UNDER THE NEW YEAR WE CARRIED DRY MILK.

Groupage loading at a consolidation warehouse in Germany. One of the cargo powdered milk from Italy, the delivery of which was ordered by the Forwarder .... A classic example of the work of the forwarder-"transmitter" (he does not delve into anything, he only transmits along the chain).

Documents for international transport

International road transport of goods is very organized and bureaucratic, a consequence - for the implementation of international road transport loads, a bunch of unified documents are used. It doesn’t matter if it’s a customs carrier or an ordinary one – he won’t go without documents. Although it is not very exciting, we have tried to simply state the purpose of these documents and the meaning that they have. They gave an example of filling in TIR, CMR, T1, EX1, Invoice, Packing List...

Calculation of axle load for trucking

Purpose - to study the possibility of redistributing loads on the axles of the tractor and semi-trailer when changing the location of the cargo in the semi-trailer. And the application of this knowledge in practice.

In the system we are considering, there are 3 objects: a tractor $(T)$, a semi-trailer $(\large ((p.p.)))$ and a cargo $(\large (gr))$. All variables related to each of these objects will be superscripted $T$, $(\large (p.p.))$ and $(\large (gr))$ respectively. For example, the unladen weight of a tractor would be denoted as $m^(T)$.

Why don't you eat mushrooms? Customs exhaled sadness.

What is happening in the international road transport market? The Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation has banned the issuance of TIR Carnets without additional guarantees for several federal districts. And she notified that from December 1 of this year she would completely terminate the contract with the IRU as inappropriate Customs Union and makes non-childish financial claims.
IRU responded: “The explanations of the Russian Federal Customs Service regarding the alleged debt of ASMAP in the amount of 20 billion rubles are a complete fabrication, since all the old TIR claims have been fully settled ..... What do we, simple carriers, think?

Stowage Factor Weight and volume of cargo when calculating the cost of transportation

The calculation of the cost of transportation depends on the weight and volume of the cargo. For maritime transport, volume is most often decisive, for air transport it is weight. For road transport of goods, a complex indicator plays an important role. Which parameter for calculations will be chosen in a particular case depends on specific weight of cargo (Stowage Factor) .