Highly organized machines. Vehicle types: cars, trucks, SUVs, heavy vehicles

MACHINES AND MECHANISMS
mechanical devices that facilitate labor and increase its productivity. Machines can be varying degrees complexity - from a simple one-wheeled wheelbarrow to elevators, cars, printing, textile, computers. Energy machines convert one form of energy into another. For example, hydroelectric generators convert the mechanical energy of falling water into electrical energy. Engine internal combustion converts the chemical energy of gasoline into heat and then into mechanical energy of the car
(see also
ELECTROMECHANICAL GENERATORS AND ELECTRIC MOTORS;
THERMAL ENGINE;
TURBINE).
The so-called working machines transform the properties or state of materials (metal-cutting machines, transport vehicles) or information (computers). Machines consist of mechanisms (motor, transmission and executive) - multi-link devices that transmit and transform force and movement. A simple mechanism called a chain hoist
(see. BLOCKS AND POLESPATS),
increases the force applied to the load, and thereby allows you to manually lift heavy objects. Other mechanisms make work easier by increasing speed. For example, a bicycle chain that engages with a sprocket converts slow pedaling into fast rear wheel rotation. However, mechanisms that increase speed do so by decreasing force, while those that increase force do so by decreasing speed. It is impossible to increase both speed and strength at the same time. Mechanisms can also simply change the direction of the force. An example is a block at the end of a flagpole: to raise the flag, the cord is pulled down. A change in direction may be combined with an increase in strength or speed. So, a heavy load can be lifted by pushing the lever down.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF MACHINES AND MECHANISMS
The basic Law. Although the mechanisms allow you to get a gain in strength or speed, the possibilities of such a gain are limited by the law of conservation of energy. As applied to machines and mechanisms, it says: energy can neither arise nor disappear, it can only be converted into other types of energy or into work. Therefore, the output of a machine or mechanism cannot be more energy than the input. In addition, in real machines, part of the energy is lost due to friction. Since work can be converted into energy and vice versa, the law of conservation of energy for machines and mechanisms can be written as Input Work = Output Work + Friction Losses. This shows, in particular, why a machine of the type perpetual motion machine: due to the inevitable loss of energy due to friction, it will stop sooner or later.
Gains in strength or speed. Mechanisms, as mentioned above, can be used to increase strength or speed. The ideal or theoretical gain in force or speed is the rate of increase in force or speed that would be possible in the absence of energy loss due to friction. The ideal gain is unattainable in practice. The real gain, for example in force, is equal to the ratio of the force (called load) that the mechanism develops to the force (called force) that is applied to the mechanism.
mechanical efficiency. Useful
The action of the machine is called the percentage ratio of the work at its output to the work at its input. For a mechanism, the efficiency is equal to the ratio of the real gain to the ideal one. Lever efficiency can be very high - up to 90% or even more. At the same time, the efficiency of the chain hoist due to significant friction and the mass of moving parts usually does not exceed 50%. The efficiency of the jack can be only 25% due to the large contact area between the screw and its body, and therefore high friction. This is approximately the same efficiency as car engine. See CAR PASSENGER. Efficiency can be increased within certain limits by reducing friction due to lubrication and the use of rolling bearings. See also LUBRICATION.
SIMPLE MECHANISMS
The simplest mechanisms can be found in almost any more complex machines and mechanisms. There are six of them: lever, block, differential gate, inclined plane, wedge and screw. Some authorities argue that in fact we can talk about only two simple mechanisms - a lever and an inclined plane - since it is easy to show that the block and gate are variants of the lever, and the wedge and screw are variants of the inclined plane.
Lever arm. It is a rigid rod that can rotate freely about a fixed point called the fulcrum. An example of a lever is a crowbar, a split hammer, a wheelbarrow, a broom. There are three types of levers, differing in the mutual arrangement of the points of application of the load and effort and the fulcrum (Fig. 1). The ideal gain in leverage is equal to the ratio of the distance DE from the force application point to the fulcrum to the distance DL from the load application point to the fulcrum. For a lever of the first kind, the distance DE is usually greater than DL, and therefore perfect win in strength is greater than 1. For a lever of the second kind, the ideal gain in strength is also greater than one. As for the lever of the third kind, then the value of DE for it is less than DL, and therefore, the gain in speed is greater than one.

Block. This is a wheel with a groove around the circumference for a rope or chain. Blocks are used in lifting devices. The system of blocks and cables, designed to increase the carrying capacity, is called a chain hoist. A single block can be either with a fixed axle (levelling) or movable (Fig. 2). A block with a fixed axle acts as a Class I lever with a fulcrum on its axle. Since the force arm is equal to the load arm (block radius), the ideal gain in strength and speed is 1. The movable block, on the other hand, acts as a type II lever, since the load is located between the fulcrum and the force. The load arm (block radius) is half the force arm (block diameter). Therefore, for a moving block, the ideal gain in strength is 2.

An easier way to determine the ideal gain in force for a block or system of blocks is by the number of parallel ends of the rope holding the load, as is easy to figure out by looking at fig. 2. Equalizing and moving blocks can be combined in different ways to increase the gain in strength. Two, three or more blocks can be installed in one cage, and the end of the cable can be attached to either a fixed or a movable cage.
Differential gate. These are, in essence, two wheels connected together and rotating around the same axis (Fig. 3), for example, a well gate with a handle.

The differential gate can give a gain in both strength and speed. It depends on where the force is applied and where the load is, since it acts as a type I lever. The fulcrum is located on a fixed (fixed) axle, and therefore the arms of force and load are equal to the radii of the corresponding wheels. An example of such a device for gaining strength is a screwdriver, and for gaining speed, a grinding wheel.
Gear wheels. The system of two gears in mesh, sitting on shafts of the same diameter (Fig. 4), is somewhat similar to a differential gate (see also GEAR). The speed of rotation of the wheels is inversely proportional to their diameter. If the small drive gear A (to which the force is applied) is half the diameter of the large gear B, then it should rotate twice as fast. Thus, the gain in strength is gear train is equal to 2. But if the points of application of force and load are interchanged, so that wheel B becomes the driver, then the gain in strength will be 1/2, and the gain in speed will be 2.

Inclined plane. An inclined plane is used to move heavy objects to a higher level without directly lifting them. Such devices include ramps, escalators, conventional stairs, and conveyors (with rollers to reduce friction). The ideal gain in force provided by an inclined plane (Fig. 5) is equal to the ratio of the distance over which the load moves to the distance traveled by the point of application of the force. The first is the length of the inclined plane, and the second is the height to which the load is raised. Since the hypotenuse is longer than the leg, the inclined plane always gives a gain in strength. The gain is greater, the smaller the slope of the plane. This explains the fact that mountain automobile and railways have the appearance of a serpentine: the less the steepness of the road, the easier it is to climb it.

Wedge. This is, in essence, a double inclined plane (Fig. 6). Its main difference from the inclined plane is that it is usually stationary, and the load moves along it under the action of force, and the wedge is driven under the load or into the load. The principle of the wedge is used in such tools and implements as an ax, a chisel, a knife, a nail, a sewing needle.

The ideal gain in strength given by the wedge is equal to the ratio of its length to the thickness at the blunt end. The real payoff of the wedge, unlike other simple mechanisms, is difficult to determine. The resistance he encounters varies unpredictably for different parts of his "cheeks". Due to the high friction, its efficiency is so small that the ideal gain does not matter much.
Screw. The thread of a screw (Fig. 7) is, in essence, an inclined plane repeatedly wrapped around a cylinder. Depending on the ascending direction of the inclined plane, the screw thread can be left hand (A) or right hand (B). The mating part, of course, must have a thread in the same direction. Examples simple devices with a screw thread - a jack, a bolt with a nut, a micrometer, a vice.

Since the thread is an inclined plane, it always gives a gain in strength. The ideal gain is equal to the ratio of the distance traveled by the point of application of force per revolution of the screw (circumference) to the distance traveled by the load along the screw axis. In one revolution, the load moves the distance between two adjacent threads (a and b or b and c in Fig. 7), which is called the thread pitch. The thread pitch is usually much smaller than its diameter, since otherwise the friction is too great.
COMBINED MECHANISMS
The combined mechanism consists of two or more simple ones. This is not necessarily a complex device; many fairly simple mechanisms can also be considered combined. For example, in a meat grinder there is a gate (handle), a screw (pushing meat) and a wedge (knife-cutter). Wrist watch hands are rotated by a system of gears of different diameters, meshing with each other. One of the most famous simple combined mechanisms is a jack. The jack (fig. 8) is a combination of a screw and a collar. The head of the screw supports the load, while the other end enters the threaded support. The force is applied to the handle fixed in the head of the screw. Thus, the force distance is equal to the circumference described by the end of the handle. The circumference of a circle is given by 2pr, where p = 3.14159 and r is the radius of the circle, i.e. in this case, the length of the handle. Obviously, the longer the handle, the greater the ideal power gain. The distance traveled by the load in one turn of the handle is equal to the thread pitch. Ideally, a very large gain in strength can be obtained if a long handle is combined with a small thread pitch. Therefore, despite the low efficiency of the jack (about 25%), it gives a big real gain in strength.

The gain in power created by the combined mechanism is equal to the product of the gains of the individual mechanisms included in its composition. So, the ideal gain in strength (IVS) for a jack is equal to the ratio of the circumference described by the handle to the thread pitch. For the gate included in the jack, the IVS is equal to the ratio of the circumference described by the handle (force distance) to the circumference of the screw (load distance). For a jack screw, IVS is equal to the ratio of the screw circumference (force distance) to the screw thread pitch (load distance). Multiplying the IVS of the individual mechanisms of the jack, we get for the combined mechanism IVS = (Handle circumference / Screw circumference) * (Screw circumference / Thread pitch) = (Handle circumference / Thread pitch). For more complex combined mechanisms, it is more difficult to calculate the IVS. Therefore, they usually indicate only real winnings.
see also
CAM GEAR ;
DYNAMICS ;
METAL-CUTTING MACHINES;
MECHANICS .
LITERATURE
Popov S.A. Course design on the theory of mechanisms and machines. M., 1986

Collier Encyclopedia. - Open society. 2000 .

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a) carrying capacity (especially small - up to 0.5 tons, small - from 0.5 to 2 tons, medium - from 2 to 5 tons, large - from 5 to 15 tons and especially large - over 15 tons); b) appointment ( general purpose and specialized) c) traffic conditions (road and off-road). Road ATS are designed to perform work on the roads of the general network of categories I-V, off-road - for use outside the roads of the general network (quarry vehicles);

d) patency (normal and increased). Regular cross-country vehicles are designed to perform transport work mainly on well-maintained roads, off-road vehicles - to perform work on unimproved roads and for a short time in off-road conditions;

e) wheel formula (4×2; 6×4; 4×4). The first digit indicates the number of wheels of the car, the second - the number of driving wheels. In this case, each of the dual wheels is considered as one;

f) by the nature of use (single cars and tractors with trailers and semi-trailers);

g) by the type of fuel consumed - gasoline (carburetor and injection); diesel; gas (on liquefied and compressed gas).

Classification trucks according to their execution and purpose is given in table 2. Table 2.

Purpose	Vehicle type by body structure	Nature of use	Design features	Types of transported goods
general purpose	airborne	Single car	Non-tilting side body
	airborne	Tractor vehicle with one or two trailers	Non-tipping side body. Has a towing device	Cargoes of general purpose, except liquid bulk
	truck tractor	Truck tractor with semi-trailer	Without a body. Has a fifth wheel coupling for towing a semi-trailer	Cargoes of general purpose, except liquid bulk
Specialized	dump truck	Single car	dump platform
	dump truck	Dump truck-tractor with one or two trailers (road train)	Dump platform. Has a tow hitch	Construction and agricultural cargo
	tank truck	Single car	Cylindrical, elliptical or mixed tank
	tank truck	Trailer tanker	Tank of cylindrical, elliptical or mixed shape. Has a tow hitch	Petroleum products, water, milk, wine, flour, cement, concrete mixes, bitumen, mineral fertilizers and other liquid and bulk cargoes
	Van	Single car	Van body all-metal, isothermal, refrigerated body, van body with tail lift
	Van	Van with one or two trailers	Van body all-metal, isothermal, refrigerated body, van body with tail lift. Has a tow hitch	Mail, paper, furniture, medicines, groceries, manufactured goods, bakery products, chilled and frozen livestock products
	truck tractor	Truck tractor with semi-trailer (road train)	Without body. Has a fifth wheel coupling for towing a specialized semi-trailer	For the transport of certain types of goods

Designation of trucks

The following indexation is used to designate trucks (standard OH 025270-66). Each truck model is assigned a 4-digit index, for a modified model - a 5-digit one. The first 2 digits indicate the class of the vehicle by gross weight, the second 2 digits indicate the model, the 5th digit indicates the modification of the model. Table 3 shows the designation system (indexation) for trucks.

Table 3

Gross weight, t	Base (first 2 digits) indices for:
	onboard vehicles	truck tractors	dump trucks	tank trucks	van-new
Up to 1.2 incl.
1.2 to 2.0 incl.
2.0 to 8.0 incl.
8.0 to 14.0 incl.
From 14.0 to 20.0 incl.
From 20.0 to 40.0 incl.
St. 40.0

Gross vehicle weight consists of its own weight, the weight of the cargo at full load capacity and the weight of the crew (driver and passenger(s) at the rate of 75 kg per person. The capacity of the vehicle cabin is determined by the manufacturer.

The numerical index is preceded by the letter designation of the manufacturer.

Truck tractor KAMAZ-5410. 54 - numbers for the designation of a truck tractor gross weight at 14.9 tons; 10- car model (assigned by the manufacturer)

The basis of any cargo transportation is the use of one or another mode of transport for it. On this moment the shipper can choose one of four existing species transport - road, rail, air or water. Each of these modes of transport has its pros and cons, however, cars are the most popular among all.

Transportation of goods by road is the most convenient and reliable. Cars combine speed and maneuverability, the ability to choose a route, a variety of lifting capabilities, etc. Of course, the maintenance of a truck fleet requires special conditions and rather serious costs. However, they always pay off.

Road transport is used to transport almost any type of cargo - from the simplest to the most dangerous. True, for each type of cargo there is its own type road transport. Trucks are distinguished by body types. The most common of them is the onboard platform. This type of body is considered basic and designed to carry almost any cargo. However, there are several more types of bodies designed to carry a certain type of cargo. Vans are used for piece and packaged cargo, container trucks are used for transporting cargo in containers, tanks are used for transporting liquid cargo, dump trucks are used for bulk cargo, etc.

All trucks can be divided into the following popular categories by body type:

1. Tilts, semi-trailers- the most common type of cargo transportation. They are designed for most loads. You can load this kind of trucks both from the side and from the back, which is very convenient. The average load capacity varies from 20 to 25 tons.

2. Refrigerators, semi-trailers are semi-trailers equipped with refrigeration units designed for the transport of perishable goods. In the refrigerator compartment, you can set the temperature from +25 to -25. The average carrying capacity of these types of trucks is 12-20 tons.

3. Automatic coupler is a car and a trailer to it. Such types are very convenient for loading and unloading and are very functional. They can carry almost any cargo, except for long ones, as well as those requiring special conditions. Capacity: from 16 to 25 tons.

4. "Jumbo" These are high capacity trailers. The floor of the trailer is made in the form of the letter "G", and the diameter of the wheels is also reduced, due to which extra space. The average carrying capacity of such trailers is up to 20 tons.

5. Container ship- for the transport of containers.

6. tank truck– for transportation of liquid and bulk cargoes.

7. car transporter- for the transport of vehicles.

8. grain carrier- for the transport of grain.

9. dump truck- for bulk cargo.

There are other specialized types of bodies. (see Truck types (body, special equipment))

Trucks, with the help of which the transportation of various goods on common roads is carried out, there are several types. The lightest and most compact of them are the so-called delivery trucks. These are vehicles with a reduced cargo height. According to the rules, the total mass of such vehicles should not exceed 3.5 tons. This type of truck most often has a wagon or semi-hooded van body with sliding side doors for ease of loading.

The second common type of light trucks is a pickup truck. Pickups are a modification of conventional cars with special open body or special model with frame chassis. Pickup trucks are especially loved in America, where they are often used by farmers.

Trucks that can travel on public roads are usually limited by axle load.

Modifications of such trucks are different. The driver's cab can be located above the engine, the body layout can be bonnet or semi-bonnet. Trucks also differ in the number of axles - from two to five, sometimes more. Another technical difference- types of engines that are used on trucks. They can be any (petrol, diesel, gas, multi-fuel or hybrid). Traditionally trucks that can travel on roads common use, I do with a carrying capacity of about 20-25 tons.

See related truck classification:

Classification of road freight transport

For cargo transportation transport companies freight rolling stock is used: trucks and car trailers of various carrying capacity (flatbed, dump trucks, vans, including isothermal, tanks and others), off-road vehicles, tractors with semi-trailers. This part transport network also has its own branched structure.

The classification of goods vehicles on various grounds is as follows:

By body type

• closed type
• container
• tented
• refrigerator (isothermal body)
• isothermal van
• minibus
• open type
• airborne
• dump truck
• cont. area
• road transporter
• tank
• timber carrier
• truck tractor

By groups

I group
flatbed vehicles
(general purpose vans)

II group
specialized
(dump trucks, vans, refrigerators, container ships, truck tractors with semi-trailers, ballast tractors with trailers)

III group (conditionally) tank trucks

By number of axles

• biaxial
• triaxial
• four-axle
• five axles and more

By axle loads (for the most loaded axle)

• up to 6 tons inclusive
• over 6 tons up to 10 tons inclusive

According to the wheel formula

Composition

• single vehicle
• road train consisting of:
  • trailer
  • semi-trailer

By engine type

• gasoline
• diesel

By load capacity

• small
• middle
• big
• from 1.5 to 16 tons
• over 16 tons

Such a variety of classification methods is explained by the need to highlight individual parameters of vehicles to select the latter when transporting goods based on the optimal combination of economy, delivery speed, commercial suitability, safety, capacity, carrying capacity, etc.

The list of listed grounds is approximate, since it can be continued, based on certain functional purposes of vehicles, their operational characteristics, the specifics of the goods transported, etc.

In addition to the above methods of classification, the industry standard OH 025 270-66 introduced a classification and designation system for automobile rolling stock. So, in relation to trucks, the following system for designating vehicles (ATS) has been adopted:

1st digit denotes the class of trucks by gross weight:

Gross weight, t	Operational purpose of the vehicle
	Airborne	Tractors	dump trucks	cisterns	Vans	Special
up to 1.2
1.2 to 2.0
2.0 to 8.0
8.0 to 14.0
14.0 to 20.0
20.0 to 40.0
over 40.0

Note. Classes 18 to 78 are reserved and not included in the index.

2nd digit indicates the type of exchange:

3 - cargo flatbed car or pickup;
4 - truck tractor;
5 - dump truck;
6 - tank;
7 - van;
8 - reserve figure;
9 - a special vehicle.

3rd and 4th digits indices indicate the serial number of the model;

5th digit- car modification;

6th digit- type of execution:

1 - for cold climates;
6 - export version for temperate climate;
7 - export version for tropical climate.

Some motor vehicles have in their designation through a dash the prefix 01, 02, 03, etc., which indicates that the model or modification is transitional or has additional configurations. Before the digital index for this classification, in most cases, the letter designation of the manufacturer is indicated (for example, KamAZ 5320). Designations of cars of foreign brands, in most cases, consist of letter designation brand of the manufacturer and the factory serial number of the model and modification.

At present, the designations adopted in the international safety requirements (UNECE Regulations) developed by the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe are becoming more widespread. In accordance with the above Rules, the following international classification of freight vehicles has been adopted:

PBX category	PBX type	Gross weight, t	Notes
1	2	3	4
N1	Vehicles with an engine designed for the transport of goods	Up to 3.5	Trucks, special vehicles
N2		Over 3.5 to 12.0	Trucks, tractors, special vehicles
N3	-»-	Over 12.0	-»-
01	PBX without a driver	Up to 0.75	Trailers and semi-trailers
02	-»-	Over 0.75 to 3.5	-»-
03	-»-	Over 3.5 to 10.0	-»-
04	-»-	Over 10.0	-»-

Classification of commercial trucks in the USA

In the USA, the classification of commercial trucks is based on the size of the gross combination weight (GVW). Car classes are from 1 to 8. The Federal Highway Administration from the Department of Transportation divided cars more widely, namely, the first, second and third class are light trucks; 4,5, and 6 are medium duty trucks, the seventh and eighth are heavy vehicles.

Class 1

The permitted maximum mass of first class trucks varies from 0 to 2722 kg. As an example, Ford has such cars - Ford Ranger, GMC - Canyon.

Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon

Class 2

The permitted maximum mass of trucks of the second class varies from 2722 to 4536 kg. For example, Dodge Dakota or Ford F-150. Second class cars are divided into 2a class with permission maximum weight from 2722 to 3856 kg and 2b class- with a load capacity from 3856 to 4536 kg. To the class 2a usually referred to as light trucks, and cars of the class 2b is the lower class heavy vehicles, it is called the class of light heavy vehicles.

Class 3

The permitted maximum mass of trucks of the third class varies from 4536 to 6350 kg. An example would be dodge ram 3500, Ford F-350 and GMC Sierra 3500 both with double rear wheel, and with one. Hummer H1 is an example of a third class truck with one rear axle with a permitted maximum weight of 4672 kg.

Hummer HMC4 (1992–2002)

Class 4

The permitted maximum mass of trucks of the fourth class varies from 6351 kg to 7257 kg. An example is the Ford F-450 and GMC 4500.

Class 5

The permitted maximum mass of trucks of the fifth class varies from 7258 to 8845 kg. Examples are International MXT, GMC 5500 and Ford F-550 vehicles.

International XT (photo: Andrew Fresh www.flickr.com/people/ [email protected])

Class 6

The permitted maximum weight of trucks of the sixth class varies from 8846 to 11793 kg. Examples are International Durastar, GMC Topkick C5500 and Ford F-650.

Class 7

To drive cars of the seventh class and above in the United States, a category B license is required. Their permitted maximum weight is from 11,794 to 14,969 kg.

Kenworth heavy haul truck (photo: Ky MacPherson)

Grade 8

The permitted maximum mass of trucks of the eighth class is 14,969 kg and above. This class also includes all cargo tractors with a trailer.

Light trucks include class 1-3 trucks.

example: FORD F350

To medium heavy trucks include trucks of class 4-6.

Example: ISUZU FTR

Heavy trucks include class 7-8 trucks.

Example: FREIGHTLINER BUSINESS CLASS M2 106

Classification of vehicles by carrying capacity in tons

When light trucks were first produced, they were ranked according to payload capacity in tons, such as ½-, ¾- and 1 ton. The Ford Ranger, Chevy S-10 and GMC S-15 are quarter-ton vehicles. Ford F-150, Chevy 10, Chevy / GMC 1500 and Dodge 1500, their load capacity is half a ton. Ford F-250, Chevy 20, Chevy/GMC 2500 and Dodge 2500 can carry three-quarters of a ton of cargo. Chassis Chevy / GMC "s suspension (¾-ton) was the basis for the development of light and heavy vehicles; Ford F-350, Chevy 30, Chevy / GMC 3500 and Dodge 3500 are one-ton cars.

Similar schemes exist for vans and frame SUVs(e.g. the 1-ton Dodge van and the half-ton GMC Suburban), medium-duty vehicles: the 1.5-ton Ford F-450 and some military vehicles, such as the ubiquitous 2.5-ton truck" deuce- and- a- half"(approx. transl. Vietnam War truck)

Over time, the load capacity for trucks has grown, and now the differentiation in weight in tons is no more than a colloquial version of the classification of cars.

ClassificationcarsVEuropean Union.

Truck classes in the European Union are slightly different from those in the US. Class B license allows you to drive a car with a maximum authorized weight of not more than 3500 kg. and trailers not exceeding a weight of 7500 kg, and holders of a BE class license can drive a trailer weighing more than 7500 kg. These vehicles are commonly referred to as light commercial cars, for example Ford Transit, Mercedes-Benz Sprinter and Fiat Ducato.

The LCV license in the USA allows you to drive a class 1, 2 car with a maximum permitted weight of not more than 3500 kg. The EU license must be C1 (for driving light trucks), and in the USA it is for class 1,2,3 or 4 cars and trailers weighing no more than 7500 kg. The C1E license allows you to drive trailers weighing more than 7500 kg. Licenses C1 and C1E of the European Union allow you to drive class 5 trucks with a maximum permitted weight not exceeding 7500 kg, and an LGV license is required to drive a car with a mass of more than 7500 kg. U.S. Class C license holders may drive Class 1 to Class 8 trucks, but there are weight restrictions up to or above 7,500 kg. LGV and CE licenses make it possible to drive trailers weighing more than 7500 kg. Examples of LGV licensed vehicles are Scania P-series, Volvo FH and DAF 95XF.

Your name:

No matter how many models and design features of cars, they can be divided into several groups, types or classes. About exactly what signs the mentioned division occurs, we will tell later in the article.

Car classification

Vehicles, depending on their purpose, can be divided into certain types:

• cars;
• buses;
• motorcycles;
• trailers;
• semi-trailers.

The main types of vehicles are cars and trucks. And the first of them include vehicles with no more than 9 seats, including the driver's. They are designed to transport people and their luggage.

Cars in which goods are transported or installed special equipment are called cargo.

In more detail, each of the groups of cars is divided by purpose, by overall dimensions, by design features (layout), body type, as well as by engine type and volume.

Classification of trucks by purpose

By purpose, trucks are divided into three main groups:

1. General purpose transport. These vehicles are designed to move goods on public roads where there are restrictions on the axle load.
2. Special vehicles. They have special equipment installed on the truck chassis: truck cranes, concrete mixers, fire tanks, aerial platforms.
3. Specialized. These trucks are designed to transport certain types of cargo. Examples of them are container ships, dump trucks, tanks.

Dump trucks are the most common type of specialized trucks. Bulk and bulk cargoes are unloaded by overturning the platform with sides. These machines are divided into groups according to dimensions and axial load.

Road dump trucks are universal, agricultural and construction trucks. Their carrying capacity can be from 1.5 to 45 tons.

Off-road is mining trucks. Their task is to export the breed and Construction Materials from quarries where open way minerals are being developed. These are the largest trucks. They can carry up to 400 tons of rock, but cannot travel on roads due to weight and size restrictions. They are delivered unassembled to the place of work.

Classification of trucks by carrying capacity and layout

Trucks can be classified according to several criteria. The main feature by which these vehicles are divided into groups is the carrying capacity. The number of axles is directly related to it, because the load of one axle on the road is regulated by law and should not exceed a certain value. Therefore, the greater the mass of the transported cargo, the more axles the truck should have.

The load capacity of the car is determined as follows:

• especially small if it can carry less than a ton of cargo;
• small - 1-2 tons;
• medium - 2-5 tons;
• large - 5 tons;
• especially large.

The latter group includes mining dump trucks, the carrying capacity of which is much higher than the limits established weight restrictions on the roads.

Now, in connection with the development of international safety requirements by special commissions at the UN, there is a generally accepted classification of trucks. According to European standards, car classes, in accordance with the gross weight, look like this:

• N1 - up to 3.5 tons;
• N2 - from 3.5 to 12 tons;
• N3 - from 12 t.

In the US, trucks are further divided into eight classes by gross weight.

Classification of trucks by body type

There is a very detailed classification of trucks and body type. The car body can be open, like a dump truck, or closed, like a container.

The first, both in terms of time of use and prevalence, is onboard. So they say when the space of the cargo platform is limited on four sides by the sides, which can be folded down if necessary.

If a fabric awning is stretched over the body on special removable ribs to protect the cargo from bad weather and prying eyes, then this is a tent body.

Instead, an all-metal van with lockable doors can be installed. On its basis, isothermal bodies with heat-insulating protection are manufactured, which allow protecting goods from sudden changes temperature.

An isothermal body with an air conditioner inside is already a refrigerator designed for transporting perishable goods over long distances. In turn, refrigerators are divided into 6 classes, depending on the temperature range.

A separate body type is tanks. They can be steel or aluminum, vary in shape, size and number of sections inside, have pumps and other additional equipment.

A loading platform is specially equipped for car carriers carrying several cars, as well as for container carriers and timber carriers.

Tractors as a separate type of freight transport

Truck tractors are also trucks designed to transport semi-trailers and trailers. Instead of a body, a special saddle is installed on them for a quick change of the trailer composition. In Australia, with its open spaces, there are five-trailer couplings, total weight more than 100 t.

Vehicle types vary in layout. So, American truck tractors are made according to the classic layout - bonnet. Europeans, on the other hand, place the engine under the cab, increasing usable length road trains.

For towing especially heavy loads, ballast tractors are used. They have a shortened body filled with ballast to increase the traction weight.

Delivery trucks

The class N1, mentioned earlier, includes the so-called delivery trucks. Their carrying capacity is less than 2 tons. The layout is wagon or half-bonnet. Car types differ in body shape.

Delivery trucks are equipped with an all-metal van with hinged rear and sliding front doors. By the way, pickup trucks, which are located on the border of trucks and cars, are a subspecies of delivery trucks.

These are either modifications of cars with cargo platform instead of the trunk and rear seats that are found on the roads of Europe, or special frame-type models with a cab that can accommodate 2-3 or 5-6 people.

Russian delivery trucks are the Gazelle and Sobol families of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Pickup trucks and vans are produced by IzhAvto, UAZ and VAZinterService.

Classification of passenger cars by type of engine and drive

Types of trucks by engine and fuel for it are usually not separated - there are many other criteria. But cars can be divided into groups, according to the type of engine:

• gasoline;
• diesel.

Diesel engines are more technologically advanced, environmentally friendly and economical to operate, but they are more expensive than gasoline ones. They are reliable, but demanding on fuel quality, especially in cold weather. Cars with gasoline engines accelerate faster and to high speeds.

The main classes of cars according to the domestic classification are determined depending on the engine size in cubic centimeters or liters as extra small, small, medium and large. The latter is divided into business class and luxury cars. The domestic auto industry produced in big class with an engine capacity of more than 3.5 liters, only government "Seagulls" and "ZiLs".

Mini-cars, the engine capacity of which is slightly more than one liter (Oka VAZ-1111), belong to a particularly small class.

Small class - cars with an engine from 1.1 to 1.8 liters - these are all other domestic cars, with the exception of the Volga, which belonged and belongs to the middle class (1.8-3.5 liters).

Vehicle types can also be determined by the type of drive:

• rear-wheel drive, with rear-wheel drive;
• front-wheel drive, with a leading front pair of wheels;
• all-wheel drive.

The first Russian front-wheel drive passenger car was the VAZ-2108, and the all-wheel drive, without the ability to disable this function, was the Niva.

Classification of passenger cars by body type

Body type is the most common criterion by which passenger cars are distinguished. It is classified by a combination of three volumes (passenger compartment, luggage compartment and engine) and by design features.

Depending on the presence of a roof, cars are divided into closed (sedan, coupe, hardtop, fastback, hatchback, wagon, limousine), open, with an opening or removable roof (cabriolet, phaeton, brogue), as well as cars with a partially folding or removable top (lando, targa and pickup).

The most common:

• a sedan with a three-volume body, two or three rows of seats, there can be two, four or six side doors;

• coupe with two or three volumes, two doors and two rows of seats (the rear can be cramped);
• hatchback with a two-volume body and a large back door. Due to the rear seats, the luggage compartment here can be significantly increased;
• station wagon, with a body not divided by a stationary partition into passenger and luggage compartments, and a door at the back. A variation is a minivan with a higher suspension;
• limousine, the body of which has a partition behind the front seats;
• convertible in which the roof is folded and lowered side windows(glasses are removed in the phaeton).

Types of passenger cars

Leading foreign automotive publications divide passenger cars into four types according to their functionality.

1. General purpose vehicles that are designed to travel on paved roads. The basic models of this type are three-volume (sedan) and two-volume (hatchback) bodies. On their basis, coupes, station wagons, convertibles and even pickups and vans are created. As a rule, these machines are designed for 4-5 seats, their overall height is from 1.3 to 1.47 m.
2. All-terrain wagons (English abbreviation APV). These are cars with a capacity of up to 7 people and more luggage compartment. The height of these cars is up to 1.85 m. power unit, steering and suspension borrowed from general purpose vehicles. Bright representatives of this type are Chrysler Voyager, Renault Espace Chevrolet Lumina APV.
3. Off-road vehicles or, in other words, jeeps and SUVs with a high ground clearance of up to 0.2 m, all-wheel drive, short overhangs and base. Overall height due to the high landing of passengers up to 2 m.
4. Sports cars, with a powerful engine, often two-seaters with the lowest possible landing and a roof height of no more than 1.33 m.

Classification of passenger cars by overall dimensions

In Europe, there are only 4 groups of cars by body type and six by size.

Mini-cars belong to class A (especially small). These small-trunk babies are nimble and fuel-efficient, making it easy to drive and park in big cities (Smart, for example).

Small class B is a hatchback car body with two or four doors with small dimensions. For example, Hyundai Getz or Ford Fusion.

Small medium C, in honor of the founder of this intermediate class VW Golf, is also called the “golf class”. It can also be attributed to Renault Megane and Opel Astra.

The middle class D includes cars with an optimal ratio of dimensions, comfort and price - Ford Mondeo, Opel Vectra or more expensive Jaguar X-type.

The upper middle E includes business class cars with a high level of comfort and quite impressive dimensions, for example, Nissan Maxima, Audi A6, Peugeot 607.

The highest F class includes luxury cars - representative as Rolls-Royce Phantom or sporty like the Jaguar XJ.

Body type - the criterion by which cars that do not fall into the classes are divided into coupes / convertibles (small, sporty, stylish Ferrari or Opel Speedster), SUVs (multi-purpose front-wheel drive passenger or cargo-passenger Volvo cars XC70, Nissan Patrol, Ford Expedition), minivans/UPVs (with up to nine seats, like the Nissan Quest or Renault Kangoo) and crossovers.

Types of cars and their classification according to various criteria is a rich topic, which has many interpretations and interpretations. Purpose, engine type, design features, comfort, price and many other criteria combine vehicles into non-matching different countries groups.

Even the division into cars and trucks (it would seem, which is much easier) is conditional. After all, the more cars become, and the more more manufacturers trying to satisfy the needs of consumers, the more difficult the classification becomes.

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Part 3: Car Classification: Utility Vehicles.

In the modern world, vehicles can be assigned tasks of the most diverse nature. By no means always they are limited only to the transportation of passengers and goods, and often a number of tasks are required. additional features. To solve such problems, special vehicles, or special vehicles, are used. Today, this category of vehicles is represented by a wide variety of types and models.

What is special transport

Most of the cars on the market today are designed to solve traditional problems. As a rule, cars are used for transporting people or for transporting goods, and can also combine these functions. In addition, some cars are designed to please owners with comfort and functionality, high speed performance and perform image tasks.

However, in some areas, the car is faced with the task of combining the function of the vehicle with other narrow-profile functions. For these purposes ordinary cars are not suitable, and it becomes necessary to use special vehicles.

Special vehicles, as a rule, are manufactured on the basis of serial models. Usually used as a chassis commercial vehicles– trucks, minibuses, vans, etc. Retrofitting is carried out by installing attachments, special devices and fixtures in the cabin or cargo compartment of the vehicle. Also, certain changes can be made to the design of the suspension, body, brake system and other vehicle systems.

Special vehicles are indispensable in the work of a variety of services, performing important features which are often of high social importance. In particular, they can be used in solving problems of medical, fire and rescue services, law enforcement, army, etc.

Thanks to special transport, the daily operation of these services can be ensured. It is also possible to use these vehicles for solving emergency tasks when emergency situations. Therefore, the quality, reliability and functionality of vehicles in this category are extremely important.

Types of special vehicles

Special vehicles are produced today in an extremely wide range, which allows you to select a car for a wide variety of tasks. The most common types of vehicles include the following types:

• Police cars. This category brings together patrol cars, made on the basis of cars, special forces vehicles, transport for transporting prisoners, etc.
• Collection machines. Armored vehicles with a compartment for carrying cash.
• Fire trucks. Machines that provide extinguishing fires in a variety of conditions.
• medical vehicles. A broad category of vehicles, the most typical of which are ambulances. It also includes special vehicles for transporting patients in serious condition, mobile operating rooms and other types of vehicles.
• Vehicles of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the military - mobile headquarters, recreation vehicles for rescuers and maintenance personnel, mobile video surveillance points and much more.

In most cases, to create special transport cars of the leading Russian and foreign manufacturers, different high quality, reliability and throughput.

Modern special vehicles are equipped with advanced technological solutions.