Cars are divided into 2 types. Division of cars into classes

Modern vehicles are classified according to different criteria: engine displacement, carrying capacity, capacity, wheel formula, axial load, overall dimensions; purpose, engine type, body type, etc.

1.3.1. Engine marking

Marking (identification number) of engines is applied:

on engines mod. 402.10, 4021.10 and their modifications on a special platform located on the left side of the engine, on the cylinder block between the flanges of the gasoline pump and the ignition distributor drive;

on engine mod. 4062.10 and its modifications on a specially machined platform located on the left side of the engine, on the cylinder block, above the bosses of the front engine mount.

In the marking of engines, letters of the Latin alphabet (except for the letters I, O, Q) and Arabic numerals are used.

Letters and numbers are applied with the help of stamps by the impact method.

The label consists of two constituent parts: descriptive and descriptive.

The descriptive part of the marking consists of six characters and has the following structure.

In the first place is the abbreviated numerical designation of the base engine model. If the designation of the engine model includes less than six digits, then zeros are embossed in the empty places of the last characters (on the right). For example: "402000"; "402100"; "406200".

To reflect the version of the engine completeness, which is different from the base one, the conditional letter code of this completeness is used, which is located on the last sign (on the right). The conditional completeness code is assigned by the manufacturer (ZMZ).

For example: "40200G"; 40620F", etc.

The index part of the marking consists of eight characters (numbers and letters).

The first character is the conditional letter code of the year of manufacture of the engine (V-1997; W-1998: X-1999).

The second character is a conditional digital code of the assembly shop (conveyor) that assembled the engine (O, 1, 2 ...).

Subsequent characters are the serial number of the engine assigned by the manufacturer (ZMZ). Zeros are embossed on the unfilled places of the index part of the marking.

For example: "W1002774", where

1 - code of the assembly shop (conveyor);

2774 - engine number.

At the beginning and end of the marking, as well as between its components, a separating sign is stamped - a five-pointed star.

Marking example: *40200G*W1002774*; 40620F*W4000774*

By weight and axial load(weight per axle), as well as overall dimensions (height, width, length), all vehicles are divided into two groups: road and off-road.

Roadcars - These are vehicles designed for use on the road. common use. The axle loads and dimensions of such vehicles comply with certain restrictions that are taken into account in the design and construction of roads and road structures.

Vehicles outside these limits are off-road. They operate off public roads.

Examples of off-road vehicles are dump trucks: BelAZ - 75404, BelAZ - 75553, BelAZ - 75131, BelAZ - 75303, etc.

By purpose, cars are classified into transport and special (Fig. 1.1). At the same time, the purpose of the automatic telephone exchange and some design features according to OH 025.270-66 are reflected in their designation (indexation).

KAMAZ-5320: KAMAZ - code name of the Kama Automobile Plant; 5 - class, a truck with a gross weight of over 14 to 20 tons (KAMAZ-5320 has about 15 tons); 3 - view, flatbed trucks; 20 is the serial number of the model.

It would seem that everything is simple. But what about machines developed on the basis of one or another basic model? For example, with off-road and off-road vehicles, modifications of station wagon cars, taxis with special body? In accordance with the industry normal, they are not considered modifications of the main model (that is, they do not acquire the fifth digit in the index), but receive independent third and fourth digits - in short, they are considered as separate models. But ambulances created on the basis of station wagons are considered as modifications of the latter and, thus, have a five-digit index. Finally, special vehicle indices are assigned to ambulances based on truck chassis from the respective classes.

The appearance of a new car model, which is given an independent index, is, first of all, a change in one of the main parameters of its characteristics - the total weight, engine displacement, wheel formula, operational purpose, as well as the body. In this case, we are talking about the third and fourth digits of the index. The main automobile plants are allocated a group of 10-12 digits, which serve to number the basic models. At the same time, the normal recommends keeping, if possible, the third and fourth digits of the index (that is, the model number) when designating other types of specialized and special vehicles based on them. , tank truck - 0601, van - 0701 and special vehicle - 0901.

And what about road trains? Their designation must consist of the code name of the company that produces the tractor, a dash, the index of the tractor model, a hyphen and the index of the semi-trailer model. For example: KAMAZ-5320-8350.

Now a few words about the five-digitand six-digit indices. Vehicle modification means a set of qualitative changes made to the design of the base model, limiting or expanding the scope of its application in operation. It is indicated in the index of the base model by adding the fifth character in ascending order. The first modification will receive the index 00001, the second - 00002, etc., and the ninth (last) - 00009. So, the long-wheelbase modification of the Kamaz-5320 truck has the designation Kamaz-53202. If the tenth modification appears, it is allowed to assign a new model index to it with the number 1 in the modification sign.

And how are modernizednew cars and variant versionsniya? Modernization (the sum of improvements) that does not change the parameters of the car specified in its technical characteristics is not reflected in its index. Modernization, which significantly changes individual parameters, characteristics and appearance of the machine, is reflected in a two-digit digital “suffix” with the advent of a variant. So, the designation of the upgraded version of the model is made up of the conditional name of the manufacturer, a dash, a four-digit index, a hyphen and a digital two-digit "suffix" of the variant.

export variants are assigned a unique numerical designation in the form of the sixth character of the model index. If there is no modification, the fifth character of the model index will be zero. The following figures are set for export versions of products: 6 - export version; 7 - export version for tropical climate; 8, 9 - reserve for other export options;

Designation of experimentswheeled vehicles and their options. They are assigned a model index in due course. It is recommended to put the letter E in front of the model index for the first version of the experimental sample, 2E for the second, etc. When the design is finalized and approved, the signs E, 2E, etc. are removed from the index, and it remains unchanged.

The normal for the classification and designation of cars allows you to get a brief, accurate idea of ​​​​the car and its purpose from the index. We think that familiarity with this system will be useful for any motorist.

Rice. 1.1. PBX classification by purpose

Transport vehicles- these are automatic telephone exchanges intended for the carriage of goods and (or) passengers, i.e. performing transport work. They are divided into passenger, cargo and cargo-passenger.

Passenger cars include two types: 1 - cars; 2 - buses. Trucks are divided into 2 large groups: general purpose and specialized (Fig. 1.1). General-purpose vehicles, as a rule, have an open cargo side platform (some of the vehicles have sorted platforms covered with an awning) and are intended primarily for the transportation of piece (container) cargo, i.e. goods placed on pallets, in containers of small capacity, in bags, boxes and other containers. They include two types of cars: 3 - airborne; 4 - truck tractors. The latter serve exclusively for towing semi-trailers and do not have a platform for placing cargo. All other transport vehicles are specialized, i.e. those that are designed for certain types of cargo. Specialized vehicles are divided into 4 types:

5 - dump trucks (for transportation of bulk and bulk cargoes);

6 - tanks (for transportation of liquid, gaseous cargoes and some types of bulk cargoes):

7- vans (for the transportation of goods that need protection from the adverse or harmful effects of the external environment);

8 - reserve;

The use of specialized vehicles is intended to ensure increased safety of the cargo and (or) reduce the time of loading and unloading operations.

Cargo-passenger vehicles are designed to carry both passengers and goods.

Special cars, unlike vehicles, are not designed to carry goods or passengers; perform transport work, but are used to move special equipment, which is mounted on the chassis and is designed to perform various technological operations. Such vehicles include truck cranes, auto repair shops, fire trucks, radio stations, measuring laboratories, sports, etc. All special vehicles belong to the 9th type.

Thus, all automatic telephone exchanges are divided into 9 types according to their purpose.

Passenger cars, buses and trucks are further divided into classes. In this case, the main classification features are:

a) for trucks - gross weight;

b) for buses - overall length;

c) for passenger cars - engine capacity (i.e. "displacement") and "dry" weight.

Trucks are divided into seven classes according to their gross weight; all trailers, regardless of their gross weight, are assigned to the eighth class, and semi-trailers are assigned to the 9th class (Table 1.1).

Gross vehicle weight refers to the curb weight of the vehicle with rated payload, accessories, driver and passengers in the cab.

Table 1.1

Car classes

	Indicators	Car classes
Freight	Full mass							Over 40	trailers	Semi trailers
Cars	Displacement (l)				3.5 or more
Buses	Overall length (m)						16.5 or more

M A = M O + M UAH + M D + M uh (1.1)

where M 0 \u003d M s + M 3 + M s - the dead weight of the car;

M s - "dry" (constructive) mass of the car:

M E is the mass of refueling (fuel, coolant, engine and transmission oil);

M s - weight of equipment (set of keys, spare parts and accessories);

М UAH - nominal weight of cargo;

M D - mass of additional equipment (entrenching tool, snow chains, fire extinguisher);

M uh, - the mass of the crew.

M uh = ( m 4+ m 6 )P To, (1.2)

where m 4 is the estimated mass of one person;

m 6 - estimated weight of baggage;

P to - cabin capacity (including the driver's seat).

Full mass passenger exchange is determined by the formula

M A = M O + M UAH + ( m 4+ m 6 )P H + M D (1.3)

where P N - nominal capacity car (total number of seats for passengers, attendants and driver),

The estimated weight of the driver of a truck and a unit of bus service personnel is 75 kg. and the mass of the driver and passengers of the car and bus is 68 kg. Estimated baggage weight is taken equal to:

23 kg - for intercity and tourist buses;

13 kg - for buses of local lines;

3 kg - for suburban buses;

0 kg - for trucks, cars and city buses.

The nominal capacity is the sum of seats for passengers, attendants (tour guides, conductors, medical workers, etc.) and the driver, i.e.

P H = P n + P O +1=(P forces + P st )= P O +1. (1.4)

where P n is the number of seats for passengers;

P forces, P st - respectively, the number of seats for seated and standing passengers;

P about - the number of seats for staff.

In the domestic and foreign automotive industry, in terms of establishing requirements for designs and test methods, it is widely used international classification ATS, adopted in the UNECE Regulations. It takes into account the purpose and weight of the PBX. According to this classification, all automatic telephone exchanges, depending on the purpose, are divided into 3 categories: M - passenger cars; N - trucks; 0 - trailers and semi-trailers.

Each of the three indicated categories, depending on the number of seats for passengers and the gross weight, has its own gradations.

Passenger ATS:

M 1 - having, in addition to the driver's seats, no more than 8 seats

M 2 - having, in addition to the driver's seats, no more than 8 seats and a gross weight of up to 5 tons;

M 3 is the same. but the total mass is over 5 tons.

Trucks:

N 1 - with a gross weight of up to 3.5 tons;

N 2 - gross weight over 3.5 tons but not more than 12 tons;

N 3 - gross weight over 12 tons;

Trailers and semi-trailers:

O 1 - single-axle trailers with a gross weight of less than 0.75 tons;

O 2 - trailers and semi-trailers with a gross weight of 0.75 to 3.5 tons;

0 3 - the same, but with a gross weight of more than 3.5. but not more than 10 tons;

About 4 - Same. but with a gross weight of more than 10.0 tons.

In recent decades, it has become a rule to create families of cars to meet the needs of the country's national economy in cars. different type and appointments.

families - this is a set (number) of models and modifications of cars that are different in their purpose and parameters, which are produced on the basis of unified main components and assemblies (drive axles, gearboxes, engines, cabins, etc.)

The conditional name of the family and the indexing of the models and modifications of cars included in it are produced on the basis of the so-called "basic" model.

base model- this is the main model of the family, the predominant part of the components and assemblies of which is used to create other cars of the family.

Derived model- this is a car model that uses the main units and components of the base car model, and the operational properties or purpose of which differ from the base model. Example: onboard general purpose vehicle NDZ-5336 - base model, truck tractor MAZ-5432 - a derivative model. Note that when indexing derived models, they receive a different number than the base model.

A modification should be distinguished from a derived model.

Modification models- this is a product that differs from the basic model in some operational parameters, scope or design of individual parts.

The modification of the model is marked with the 5th digit (from 1 to 9) in the indexing. Example: MAZ-6422 - truck tractor: MAZ-64221 - modification of the MAZ-6422 truck tractor. characterized by increased engine power.

A model or modification can be made in various configurations, i.e. with a different range of minor components that do not significantly affect the parameters of the car and its scope.

To change any operational properties and increase the competitiveness of the car can be manufactured in several versions.

The northern version provides for increased power of the body and interior heating system, the presence of an engine preheater and other design measures aimed at improving the vehicle's adaptability to work in the north.

The tropical version also aims to adapt the car to work in the specific climatic conditions of the tropics and subtropics (reinforced anti-corrosion coating, sealing the cabin or cabin from moisture and dust, etc.).

The export version differs from a conventional car in the increased quality of the cabin (interior), seats (seats), dashboard, etc. as well as the presence of some additional devices and devices, which mainly provide an increase in comfort, improvement appearance, fuel economy and safety.

Tractor transport. This type of transport occupies the second place in agricultural production in terms of importance, it accounts for 20 ... 27% of the transported goods.

Tractor transport is used mainly for intra-estate and intra-farm transportation in difficult road conditions.

In transport work, they mainly use wheeled tractors and self-propelled chassis of the T-16M, T-25A, T-40M (AM), MTZ-160 and other modifications, as well as T-150K, K-744, which are employed in these works for more than 50% of the year.

Caterpillar tractors are used for transport work only in off-road conditions and for short distances.

Tractor trailers, depending on the purpose, are divided into universal and special, and according to the number of axles - into one-, two- and three-axle.

The most widespread are single-axle tractor trailers of the 1-PTS-2 and 1-PTS-4 types with a load capacity of 2000 and 4000 kg, respectively, as well as two-axle trailers of the 2-PTS-4-887B type (with a load capacity of 4000 kg) and 2-PTS-6-8526 - with a load capacity of 6000 kg. Trailers with a carrying capacity of 4000 and 6000 kg are aggregated mainly with tractors of the MTZ-80 type.

The semi-mounted two-axle trailer MMZ-771B with a load capacity of 9000 kg is aggregated with tractors of the T-150K and K-744 types, and three-axle trailers 3-PTS-12B with a load capacity of 12000 kg - with a K-744 tractor. All tractor trailers are equipped with hydraulic lifts for unloading.

With the development of the automotive industry, the number of models increased, which differed from each other in terms of overall weight and technical specifications. In the most developed countries, government agencies began to keep records of cars.

A certain system gradually developed, the cars were divided into several classes, which, for convenience, were summarized in a table.

Abroad, the classification of vehicles has developed taking into account local characteristics. The subsequent development of globalization processes in the economy and the opening of markets for products automotive companies served to develop new standards in the field of transport accounting.

As a result, several systems for classifying cars have been formed that operate in individual countries or extend to entire continents:

• in the EU, the ECE and EuroNCAP classifications apply. In addition, there are own systems in France and Spain;
• V North America and Canada;
• in Asia, national classifications have been developed in Japan and China.

The classes of cars in them are determined on the basis of various parameters, in particular, some technical characteristics can be taken as a basis, for example: engine size, curb weight or car length. Regulation in this area also touched on some other parameters that began to be established at the legislative level.

Classification of cars by class in different countries (table)

In developed countries, the number of machines in operation and leaving the factory conveyors is constantly increasing. Transport is subject to accounting, which requires a certain systematization and formalization. In each of the countries this question are suitable subject to applicable laws and regulations and certain national characteristics.

In Russia

The division of vehicles into categories in each country took into account national characteristics. in the Soviet Union, and later in Russian Federation this process was delegated to the Ministry of the Interior, which included the creation of motor transport registration bodies. At first it was ORUD, then it was replaced by the State traffic inspectorate, and currently it performs these functions.

Registration and examination departments are executive bodies, and methodological work was carried out by specialized institutes. In the Soviet Union, a fairly well-organized system for distributing cars by class was developed. It was put into effect in 1966 by a special document OH 025270-66 (industry normal). At the moment it is more advisory in nature.

In accordance with the industry standard OH 025270-66, passenger cars are divided into 5 classes depending on the engine capacity.

Table: classification of passenger cars in accordance with OH 025270‑66

In accordance with the mentioned document, the name of each model consists of the abbreviation of the manufacturer and digital code of four or more digits, which denoted the following:

• The first is the vehicle class.
• The second is the type of vehicle.
• The third and fourth are the serial number of the model.
• The fifth is modification.
• The sixth is an imported version.

As an example of the use of this classification in relation to a popular Soviet-made car, one can cite its decoding for one of the small class models. The designation VAZ-21079 means:

• 2 - the machine has an engine capacity ranging from 1.2 to 1.8 liters;
• 1 - in the passenger version;
• 07 - the seventh model according to the factory numbering;
• 9 - modification in this case with a rotary piston engine.

The system turned out to be quite convenient in the conditions of a centralized state and a planned economy. In Russia, the system for classifying cars according to established classes has remained unchanged since Soviet times. In the conditions of market economy, some Russian manufacturers allow deviations from the established practice, which can lead to confusion and disorientation of the consumer.

In Europe

The unification of Europe and the formation of supranational structures led to the formation of a single economic and legal space. This process also affected such an area as the classification of cars by class, the corresponding table was developed by the authorized structures. The main parameter by which the division into categories was carried out was the overall dimensions.

Video - classes of cars with examples:

As a result, all existing models were divided into six main classes, which, for convenience, were designated by the first letters of the Latin alphabet. Below is the official table of car classes adopted in the EU.

The adopted methodology for determining the category of machines is not perfect, some models do not fit into it. For correction this provision classification of cars by class in Europe was supplemented by three more categories. Their descriptions are shown in the table below:

However, these additions were not enough. I had to make additions to existing system and add two classes: vans and pickups. It should be understood that this division is rather arbitrary and rather reflects the attitude of the model to a specific market segment. Not without reason, after the modernization of the machine, even in the event of a change in its dimensions, the manufacturer attributes it to the previously announced category.

Ecological class of the car

Massive development of vehicles equipped with engines internal combustion, could not but affect the state of the environment. In the early nineties of the last century, a number of regulations were developed in the European Union that established the level of maximum permissible concentrations harmful substances in the exhaust. Thus, the concept of the environmental class of the car was introduced.

The first set of rules received the general name Euro-1 and was approved in 1992. The rapid development of technology was followed by further tightening of requirements for cars coming off the assembly line.

So, after 4 years, a new Euro-2 standard appears, and a little later, Euro-3. However, he did not become the last in this series, and at the moment the fifth version is already in effect. environmental standards in the field of motor vehicle regulation.

Our country joined this process much later, so the Euro-2 standard was introduced only nine years ago. Every two years, the requirements became more complicated and by now all cars imported into the Russian Federation must comply with the latest fifth version of this standard.

The natural question arises, how to find out environmental class vehicle and where to find the information you need.

State control in this area is entrusted to special certification bodies that carry out the examination of vehicles. Information about the issuance of relevant documents for specific model can be found on the official website federal agency on technical regulation and metrology. As practice shows, you can find out the environmental class of a car by the following data: the make (model) of the car and the year it was released from the assembly line.

The specified information is necessary, first of all, for carrying out in MREO. In 2005, changes were made to the regulation on the Title and now the specified document required for registration of a newly imported car into the country cannot be obtained without a certificate. From January 1 last year, the car must comply with the latest Euro-5 standards.

Video about the need to check the compliance of the car with the Euro-5 environmental class:

The legislators also made changes to the fiscal system, the amount of the toll now directly depends on the degree of negative impact of the car on environment. As a rule, find out the environmental class of the car for transport tax can be found on the website of the same Federal Agency dealing with issues technical regulation and metrology.

Other car classification options

Categories A, B, C, D, E

To drive a car, the driver needs certain skills that correspond to the category of this vehicle. In 2013, the usual car classes A, B, C, D, E were changed in accordance with the new edition of the Federal Law "On Road Safety". To the already existing five categories were added a whole glad subcategories that give the right to drive a certain type of transport or couplings.

Now, to control a popular scooter, you will need driver's license. Category A1 must be open in it, while the holder of a motorcycle license can also ride such a vehicle.

Some changes also affected the class of cars, which include all cars weighing up to 3.5 tons. In order to drive with a heavy trailer, the car owner will have to open the BE category.

In a separate class B1, such exotic cars for our country as tricycles and ATVs stand out. Previously, driving them on public roads was completely illegal. The introduction of this legal norm will allow the owners of the mentioned vehicles to legally use their property both within settlements so, and outside of them. Some changes have also been made to the rights to drive trucks and road trains.

By prestige

Machines of the same size can vary significantly in terms of equipment and, accordingly, in cost. The prestige of a model is also determined by its brand. It is not for nothing that well-known companies have created departments that are engaged in the production of cars. premium class. We are talking about brands such as Lexus, Infiniti, Acura, Maybach and others. There are also companies that specialize exclusively in expensive cars: Porsche, Maserati, Bentley and others.

The Chevrolet Corvette belongs to the S-class

As a separate class of cars, limousines can be distinguished, which differ from conventional models by the presence of a partition between driver's seat and passenger compartment. It should be noted that such cars were produced only in three countries: in England - by Rolls-Royce, in the Soviet Union, and later in Russia at the ZIL automobile plant, and in the People's Republic of China under the brand name "Red Wall".

Limousines from other manufacturers are subject to by and large alteration production models. The standard body is lengthened and strengthened, equipped accordingly. The high cost of such cars is determined primarily by the high cost of manual labor. Many assembly operations are often carried out by qualified specialists under the supervision of engineering and technical personnel.

Ambulance transport

In addition to passenger and trucks there are also appropriately equipped vehicles for special services. These include firefighters, rescuers, medics and law enforcement. To fulfill the tasks assigned to them, vehicles equipped on the basis of serial models of different categories are used.

Ambulances are also divided into classes

Accordingly, they differ from each other in terms of technical characteristics and equipment. There are the following classes of ambulances:

• A - a car for transporting patients under the supervision of a doctor, paramedic or nurse. These ambulances do not have the equipment to provide emergency assistance patient. Such special vehicles in our country are usually made on the basis of minibuses of the Gorky Automobile Plant.
• B - an emergency medical vehicle is designed to transport patients while performing certain therapeutic measures. A special compartment of the car is equipped with diagnostic devices that allow you to monitor the patient's condition until he is delivered to a medical institution.
• C - reanimobile ambulance, equipped to perform medical procedures by specialized medical teams directly in the process of transporting a sick or wounded person to a hospital or hospital.

The described classification system allows you to keep records of them by class, degree of equipment and other indicators. There are certain standards for the number of special vehicles of different categories. It is set for urban and rural areas, taking into account population density, distance to the nearest ambulance station and other factors.

for car wash

Some industry associations in the service of transport or other types of business can also develop their own classification systems.

There is, for example, a classification of cars by class for a car wash, designed to simplify the accounting of enterprises belonging to one company in the network. This is necessary for the establishment of uniform tariffs and the settlement of other economic issues.

For car rental

Similar systems have been developed in large companies who work in the field. The fleet of such international corporations as Enterprise, Hertz or Avis exceeds tens of thousands of vehicles of different models and manufacturers. To simplify control, SIPP codes were introduced, which set not only the class, but also the equipment of the rental car.

This approach allows advertising materials and official documents not to indicate full list cars by brand, and publish a list of classes in the form of a table. When placing an order, it is enough for the client to indicate information about the category of the car of which he would like to receive for temporary use, taking into account the level of its equipment. This is much easier than stipulating the provision of a car of a certain brand and configuration.

Rental companies get the opportunity to respond in a timely manner to changes in the situation in a particular region. Having a table of car classes with examples on hand, the manager can quickly contact the management and transfer data on the availability of cars and the level of demand for them. The administration, based on the information received, can redirect some of the machines from other branches.

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Some car enthusiasts do not yet know what kind of car they want to buy. To get started with representatives personal transport, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the classification categories of cars and their characteristics. The information presented in this article will be advisory in nature and will not affect the choice in any way, but will only help start the search from somewhere in order to determine the weight category of the future steel friend.

All cars are so different, but in some ways they are still similar. According to these features, they are brought into a single classification table with car classes by brand, then grouped.

About the current tabular classification system with examples

Production representatives of the global automotive industry and motorists from different countries use generally accepted data to determine the class of a car. In total, there are about twenty categories by which each car can be identified. Some of them even occupy two links at once. A detailed study of all the parameters of a particular model and comparison with the available data will make it possible to right choice without delay.

Having accurate data before buying a specific unit, a novice driver will be able to use the information for his own benefit. For example, a vehicle has a certain amount of wear and tear. It is implemented former owner and tries to pass off as a car of a higher category than it really is, then a competent buyer will be able to tell the seller that this unit is not worthy of the price that the owner requires for it.

So, in more detail about the differences between cars.

First class cars ("Super mini" in Europe)

They are small in size: 380 cm long and 160 wide. small engines from 600 ml to 1.2 liters consume fuel in small quantities. More often they are executed in a coupe body (with three doors), sometimes a hatchback (with five doors).

These cars are great for daily commuting in urban areas where you need to quickly cover short distances and take up as little space as possible. street parking seep into traffic.

Representatives of this link are well known to compatriots by models from the list of cars of class "a":

• matiz;
• Chevrolet Spark;
• Ford KA;
• Peugeot 107;
• Citroen C1;
• Chery qq6;
• Chery Kimo.

All “minicars” or “city cars”, as first-class cars are called, differ from older cars of their companies in more affordable cost and compact parameters. For this, they received recognition as additional funds movement for everyday use.

The second, small class of cars - "B"

Exploring the dimensions of these cars, the following can be noted. They are less than 4.2 m long and up to 170 mm wide. The engine displacement is larger than the previous category, but less than 1.6 liters.

This segment successfully combines affordable price cars, on a par with first class and the spaciousness of older golf class comrades, as well as a predisposition for comfortable movement in the cabin of four to five people. The ride is comfortable for both the driver and passengers seated in the front and rear seats.

The list of small cars includes:

• Citroen C3;
• Peugeot 1007,
• Ford Fusion;
• Ford Fiesta;
• Renault Modus;
• Mitsubishi Colt;
• Kia Rio New;
• Honda Jazz;
• Nissan Micra;
• Nissan note.

Sometimes such contemporaries are characterized by a higher rank, for example VW Polo, and other foreign cars. But for certain reasons, they remain the root "B" class.

Third, golf class or ordinal "C"

The founder of this automotive trend was popular model Volkswagen Golf. Now in the yards of Europeans, a good half of the cars are representatives of this link. Due to the dimensions close to class "B", vehicles are equated to "B +". And the numbers are the same:

• engine up to two liters,
• body less than 430 cm long, up to 180 cm wide.

Among imported models The golf segment includes:

• Chevrolet Lacetti;
• Citroen C4;
• Ford Focus;
• Kia Cerato;
• Opel Astra;
• Peugeot 307;
• Hyundai: Elantra, Sonata, Matrix;
• Suzuki Liana;
• Skoda Octavia;
• Toyota Corolla.

However, there are several differences between cars of category “c” and “b”:

• in the Golf cabin it is more spacious, but mainly on the first row;
• availability of top-end configurations with advanced intellectual capabilities;
• proximity to a full-fledged middle class due to the increased dimensions of some representatives.

At the price of "C" and "B" they do not differ much from each other, therefore they are actively sold in all countries.

Modern cars are divided in different ways: by engine, number of drive wheels or body type. But now it is customary to divide cars into categories, naming them with letters, depending on a whole range of parameters. Today we will try to analyze the classes of cars and find out the parameters of representatives of certain categories of cars.

How they share

For the first time, they began to single out one or another class of car in Europe, and later they decided to use this method in our country. At first, cars were divided into segments simply for informational purposes, so that it would be easier to divide all the abundance of cars. The most common are cars of the following categories:

They are basic, but in reality there are also various models about which we will also say a few words.

Segment A

The first category A includes the smallest cars. Engines are installed here with a volume of up to 1.2 liters. The body is dominated by a four-seater, there are both two and four doors, but it is almost always crowded in the back row. This class of cars has an extremely small trunk, so carrying something oversized with you will not work. In length, the vehicle does not exceed 3.6 meters, and in width 1.6. Such compact cars are popular with the beautiful half of humanity, even manufacturers are trying to make a large color gamut for category A cars.

Segment B

B class cars are among the most popular in the world. A small category of cars combines practicality small car, but also has a large interior and trunk space. Class B includes models with engines from 1 to 1.6 liters and a cabin that can accommodate up to 5 people. luggage compartment such a car is quite spacious, even a few suitcases will fit here on the road. The class has dimensions within 4 meters in length and 1.7 in width. Despite the fact that the modern B class has almost caught up with the C class in size, it still remains a representative of the budget category.

Segment C

C class of cars is the most common in the world. The first C-class car was the legendary Volkswagen Golf, previously the entire C class was named after the ancestor. These cars are extremely versatile - I feel good both in the city and on the highway. Accommodate 5 or more people and have voluminous trunk. Class C has engines up to 2 liters. Many modern C-class hatchbacks and sedans catch up in size next level, but still inferior in comfort and equipment. Class C is popular in Europe in the form of hatchbacks, in our country Class C cars are popular in the sedan version.

Segment D

The next class of car that we will consider is the D segment. Unlike class C, these cars are not as popular, because they cost much more, although they are better equipped. The cars of this segment are significantly ahead of the compact class C in size - as much as 4.5 meters in length and 1.9 in width. inside spacious interior 5 people can easily fit, and several suitcases of things will fit into the trunk for long trip. In such cars, everything is more solid and more expensive: from interior upholstery to engine and suspension parts. But you get a big comfortable car that will suit most people both for driving in the city and for long trips along the track.

Segment E

The list of these cars includes most of the premium cars of our time. Unlike class C and D, here the main emphasis is on maximum comfort for passengers and driver. Most businessmen and officials drive cars of this segment. Engines here are used with a working volume of more than 2.5 liters, and the length of the machines is usually more than 4.6 meters. The salon is made of expensive materials: leather, Alcantara, with natural wood inserts. Modern models class C, D and E at first glance, it is quite difficult to distinguish, since they all look expensive and are expensive for their owners. In fact, automakers themselves distinguish which cars belong to one category or another.

Other segments

For example, segment F includes two subsections: factory exclusive cars and those that are assembled by hand and under the individual order.

These machines use Hi-tech and most modern materials but they are extremely expensive.

Another good example is the J segment. This includes most of the big all-wheel drive vehicles, otherwise they are called SUVs.

• The first section includes Not big crossovers which are now becoming very popular.
• The second section covered large crossovers that can be driven on dirt roads and climb the big curbs in the city.
• The third and fourth subsections, respectively, include frame SUVs and big pickups. For these machines, off-road is not scary, they can accommodate up to 9 people and have a large carrying capacity.

A separate H segment are roadsters and convertibles. As a rule, they have only two seats; there may be an engine at the back. But category G has a 2 + 2 layout, the body, respectively, is a coupe. In this case, it will be very inconvenient for passengers in the back row to be, but such a car is not designed to carry a large number of people.

Several classifications of automatic telephone exchanges are known, which were developed in the interests of various departments according to the corresponding classification criteria.

By appointment, ATS are divided into cargo, passenger and special. Freight vehicles include vehicles intended for transportation various kinds cargo. Passenger vehicles include vehicles designed to transport people, these are buses and cars. Special vehicles include vehicles designed not for the transportation of goods or passengers, but for the installation of special equipment in order to perform the relevant work.

By engine type Automatic telephone exchanges are divided into gasoline, diesel, gas, gas generating, electric and others.

By passabilityATS are divided into off-road vehicles (non-wheel drive), off-road vehicles (all-wheel drive), swamp vehicles, snowmobiles, floating and others, and semi-trailers and trailers are divided into those with active drive and without active drive.

According to the wheel formula Vehicles are classified by the total number of wheels and by the number of driving wheels. wheel formula. For wheeled vehicles, the designation is usually two digits separated by a multiplication sign. The first digit is the total number of wheels, the second is the number of driving wheels (dual wheels are counted as one wheel). The exception is front wheel drive cars and road trains with single-axle tractors, where the first digit is the number of driving wheels, and the next digit is the total number of wheels.

For trucks, the third digit can be entered into the main wheel formula through a dot: “1” means that all wheels are single-wheel; "2" - what is the leader rear axle(axles, bogies) have dual tires.

Thus, the wheel formulas are 4x2.2, 4x2.1, 4x4.2 and 4x4.1; 6x4.2, 6x6.2, 6x6.1 and 6x2.1; 8x4.2, 8x4.1, 8x8.2 and 8x8.1 mean two-, three- and four-axle trucks respectively.

Articulated freight trains with one-two-axle tractors have a wheel arrangement of 2x4.1 and 2x6.1
By the nature of the execution, ATS are divided into single cars, tractor cars for towing trailers and truck tractors for towing semi-trailers.

According to the number of axles, automatic telephone exchanges are divided into one-, two-, three-, four- and multi-axle.

According to the climatic version, automatic telephone exchanges are divided into the usual version (temperate climate), northern ( cold climate) and roast (tropical - humid and desert - dusty climate).

In addition, automatic telephone exchanges are divided into army, agricultural, forestry, construction and others. According to their design features, automatic telephone exchanges are further subdivided into hooded, hoodless, short-hooded, long-wheelbase, short-wheelbase, with various transmissions, according to the location of the engine, with a front, middle and rear longitudinal and transverse engine.
Most of the listed classification features are practically of little relevance to the road transport industry. Therefore, a special transport classification has been developed, based on the principle of using automatic telephone exchanges.
(Fig. 3.6).

According to this classification, all types of cars and road trains are divided into three groups, determined by their mass, more precisely, the largest value of the axial load on the supporting surface. This characterizes the possibility of their application on certain types of roads.

All cars are divided into three groups:

an off-road group that does not have restrictions on axle load (quarry, airfield, etc.).

Group A includes MAZ, KrAZ vehicles, as well as some models of KamAZ vehicles, heavy vehicles foreign production, multi-seat buses of Likinsky and Lvov factories, Ikarus buses and others.
Group B includes UAZ, GAZ, ZIL, UralAZ, KAZ vehicles, as well as some models of KamAZ vehicles, medium-sized buses of the Likinsky, Lvovsky, Pavlovsky and Kurgan plants, all small-sized buses and cars.

The off-road group includes mining trucks BelAZ and others.

All cars are divided into transport, used for the transport of goods and passengers, and special - not transport. The latter include fire trucks, truck cranes, aerial platforms, sweepers, snow plows and others.

Transport vehicles and road trains are divided into freight and passenger, and the latter into buses and cars. Each of the three varieties is subdivided according to its main design schemes, dimensions and type of transportation.

Trucks by constructive scheme subdivided into single and road trains, the latter may consist of a flatbed vehicle with a trailer or truck tractor with a semi-trailer.

To organize in-line traffic on roads, all trucks and buses, regardless of their gross weight, must have the same traction and speed qualities, the same acceleration and braking dynamics. For this, it is necessary that the engine power is proportional to the total masses of transport units. Otherwise, it decreases throughput roads and may cause traffic congestion. Therefore, on tractor vehicles used with a trailer or semi-trailer, it is necessary to use a more powerful engine than on single vehicles.

Trucks by dimension (by carrying capacity) are divided into five classes:

1. extra small up to 0.5 t;
2. small from 0.5 to 2.0 tons;
3. medium from 2.0 to 5.0 tons;
4. large from 5.0 to 15.0 tons;
5. extra large over 15.0 t.

Trucks and road trains are divided into two groups according to the type of transportation, which determines the type of body:

1. universal - multi-purpose with an onboard platform body;
2. specialized, structurally adapted for the transportation of one or more specific types of cargo,

Cars and road trains can be of two types according to the distance of transportation - for local transportation, over a distance of 50 km, as well as for long-distance, long-distance transportation. Buses according to the design scheme are divided into three types:

1. single;
2. articulated;
3. bus trains, that is, a bus with a trailer.

Single buses are used most often.

Articulated buses are used to improve the maneuverability of large capacity buses.

Bus trains are used to a limited extent. It is possible to use trailers for baggage transportation, as well as the use of trailers for airport services.

Double-decker buses are not included in the classification, since they have not received distribution in the Russian Federation. Their main disadvantages: poor stability, difficulty landing and disembarking.

Buses according to the overall length according to GOST 18716-73 are divided into five classes:

1. especially small ones up to 3.0 m long;
2. small ones from 6.0 to 7.5 m long;
3. medium lengths from 8.0 to 9.5 m;
4. large lengths from 10.0 to 12.0 m;

For buses, along with the overall length, it is also necessary to take into account the capacity (Table 3.1).

According to the type of transportation, buses are divided into the following types: urban, suburban, intercity, local, general, tourist, excursion and school.

Table 3.1. Bus classification

Passenger cars according to the body structure are divided into sedans, coupes, station wagons, fastbacks. limousines and others
Cars differ in terms of engine displacement, vehicle weight and number of seats. When the working volume of the engine is the limit between groups and classes, the dry mass of the vehicle is taken as the determining factor. According to the type of transportation, cars are divided into personal, service, taxi and rental cars.

IN domestic automotive industry the classification and designation system of automatic telephone exchanges are used, determined by the industry standard OH 025 270-66 of the USSR Ministry of Automobile Industry.

In accordance with the standard OH 025 270-66 adopted next system ATC designations: each new model of car, trailer and semi-trailer is assigned an index consisting of a series of letters and numbers.

The full digital index is preceded by a hyphenated letter designation (brand) of the manufacturer (an abbreviation or code name, for example: GAZ, ZIL, KrAZ, Ural, Moskvich). The first digit indicates the ATC class: by engine displacement - for a passenger car; by overall length - for the bus; by gross weight for a truck. The second digit indicates the type of PBX: a car indicated by the number 1 bus - 2, freight car or pickup truck - 3, truck tractor - 4, dump truck - 5, tanker - 6, van - 7, number 8 - reserve, special ATS-9.

The third and fourth digits of the indices indicate the serial number of the model, and the fifth indicates that this is not a basic model, but a modification. The sixth digit indicates the type of execution: for a cold climate - 1, export version for a temperate climate - 6, export version for a tropical climate - 7.

Some automatic telephone exchanges have in their designation through a dash the prefix 01, 02, 03, 04, etc., which indicates that the model or modification is transitional or has some additional equipment.

The first two digits of the indices assigned in accordance with the industry standard to cars, buses, trucks (specialized) vehicles and trailers (semi-trailers) are given in Tables 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, respectively.

For trailers, the first digit is 8 for trailers and 9 for semi-trailers.

For trailers and semi-trailers, the second digit indicates the type of trailer in accordance with the type of tractor vehicle, i.e. 1 is a car trailer, 2 is a passenger trailer for a bus, etc. (Table 3.5.).

Table 3.5. Indexes of trailers and semi-trailers (first two digits according to OH 025270-66)

Trailer types	trailers	Semitrailers
Cars
Bus
Cargo (onboard)
Tipper
cisterns
Vans
Special

The third and fourth digits of the indices for trailers and semi-trailers determine their total weight, and the fifth digit is the modification (Table 3.6). Table 3.6. Indices of trailers and semi-trailers (third and fourth digits according to OH 025 270-66)

Group No.	Indices	Gross weight, t
		Trailers and semi-trailers	Dissolution trailers
	01-24
	25-49	4-10	6-10
	50-69	10-16	10-16
	70-84	16-24	16-24
	85-99

So, for example, a passenger car with an engine capacity of 1.5 liters, manufactured by the Volga Automobile Plant, is designated VAZ-2112; a bus with an overall length of 7.00 m, produced by the Pavlovsk Bus Plant - PAZ-3205; a cargo truck-tractor with a gross weight of 15.3 tons, manufactured by the Kama Automobile Plant, is designated KamAZ-5320; a flatbed cargo trailer with a gross weight of 12.0 tons, manufactured by the Stavropol Plant of Automotive Principles, is designated SZAP-8355.

Basic Models automotive engines, their components and parts are indicated by the same normal with a ten-digit digital index. The first digit of the index determines the class of the engine associated with its working volume (Table 3.7).

Table 3.7. Classification of engines by working volume (according to OH 025 270-66)

working volume,	Class
Up to 0.75
Over 0.75 to 1.2
over 1.2 to 2
Over 2 to 4
Over 4 to 7
Over 7 to 10
Over 10 to 15
Over 15

The above classification is applied in accordance with GOST 25478-91 in the Russian Federation. In addition, it provides a uniform approach when using technical documentation for domestic and foreign vehicles in terms of road safety.
As an explanation to Table. 3.8, it should be noted that the total mass of the truck-tractor consists of its mass in running order, the mass of the driver and other attendants in the cab of the vehicle, and part of the total mass of the semi-trailer, which is transmitted to the truck tractor. The gross weight of a semi-trailer consists of its curb weight and payload.
comparison table the correspondence of the categories of ATS according to the classification of the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE ITC) and according to the classification of the convention on road traffic is given in Table. 3.9.

Subsequent digits of the index indicate the numbers of the base model of the engine, its units, assemblies and parts.

Before the introduction of OH 025 270-66 indexation of the main models domestic cars, trailers and semi-trailers was produced as follows: at first, the brand was put - the letter designation of the manufacturer (GAZ, ZIL, Moskvich, etc., after it, through a hyphen, a two- or three-digit numerical designation. For example, GLZ-52, Ural-375, semi-trailer OdAZ-885. at the same time, each manufacturer used digital indices within certain limits. So, for example, the Gorky Automobile Plant used numbers from 10 to 100, ZIL - from 100 to 200, etc. For modernized automotive equipment and modifications were added letter designations or a hyphenated two-digit number. For example, MAZ-200V, LAZ-699R, Moskvich-412IE, ZIL-130-76.GAZ-24-10.

In addition to the indexation of trailers provided for by the OH 025 270-66 standard, the following symbol for car trailers has become widespread, which includes:

P - semi-trailer (in combination with AMS - automobile semi-trailer);
P - dissolution (in combination with APR - car trailer dissolution;
H - nnz frame; B - onboard; C-tipper; P - platform; F - van; C - tank; K - container ship; T - heavy truck; M-modular and others. through a dash one, two or three digits indicating the load
trailer or semi-trailer capacity in tons;
» further then through a dash the symbol along the normal OH 025 270-66. Examples symbol some trailers and semi-trailers:

State registration of motor vehicles is carried out in accordance with the classification established by the Convention on Road Traffic, which was adopted at the United Nations Conference on traffic in Vienna on November 8, 1968 and ratified by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on April 29, 1974, in accordance with this classification, ATS are divided into the following categories:

B - cars, the maximum authorized mass of which does not exceed 3500 kg and the number of seats in which, in addition to the driver's seat, does not exceed eight;

C - cars, with the exception of those belonging to category "D", the maximum authorized mass of which exceeds 3500 kg;

D - cars designed for the carriage of passengers and having more than 8 seats, in addition to the driver's seat;

Trailer - a vehicle intended for movement in a composition with a mechanical vehicle(includes semi-trailers).
In domestic practice related to the classification of vehicles, the designations adopted in the international safety requirements (UNECE Rules) developed by the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe are gradually beginning to be used. Information source Website: http://www.grtrans.ru/

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