Modes of transport without an engine. Promising transport engines

The engine is perhaps the most important part of a car. After all, without an engine, the car will not budge, but without wheels you won’t go far either, so we won’t divide automotive systems in importance, but just try to learn a little more about the car engine.

Engine- is the power plant, the source of energy of the car. It is used so that the machine can perform its main function - the transport of goods and passengers, but in addition, the energy generated by the engine is used to ensure the functioning of all auxiliary systems, for example, to operate the air conditioner.

However, all auxiliary systems, as a rule, are powered by electricity generated by a generator or taken from batteries. But the generator is just driven by the engine, transferring to it the mechanical energy of the shaft rotation.

To ensure the movement of the car, the mechanical energy of the engine shaft is also used, which is transmitted from the engine to the wheels through the transmission.

That is, in fact, the engine is needed in order to convert some kind of energy into mechanical energy of rotation of the shaft, which is transmitted through a system of mechanical links to the wheels, forcing the car to move.

Internal combustion engine

When we talk about a car engine, we most often imagine an internal combustion engine, which uses gasoline, diesel fuel, gas as a fuel, and recently hydrogen has also been tried.

In the engine internal combustion, as you might guess, the energy released during the combustion of flammable substances is converted into mechanical energy. The designs of internal combustion engines may differ, there are piston engines, rotary and gas turbine engines.

But the principle of their work remains unchanged. The energy released during the combustion of fuel is eventually converted into mechanical energy of rotation of the engine shaft and is transmitted through a system of mechanical links to the wheels, causing them to rotate.

The main disadvantage of internal combustion engines is their environmental friendliness. When fuel is burned, many harmful substances are released. The exception to this is hydrogen, which burns ordinary water, but the problem with its use today is the high cost, although it is likely that in the future it will be the main fuel.

But internal combustion engines are not the only car engines.

Electric motor

There are machines that use electricity as their source of energy. The most popular and closest to the car type of transport powered by electricity is the well-known trolleybus.

But a full-fledged car you can’t name it, since a trolleybus can only move along stretched wires, from which it is powered by electricity.

But you've probably heard of cars called electric vehicles. Electric vehicles are vehicles in which, as power unit an electric motor is used.

The electric motor, as you understand, runs on electrical energy, which it receives, as a rule, from batteries.

Electric vehicles have many advantages over vehicles using internal combustion engines.

They are environmentally friendly, almost silent (which is not always a plus), pick up speed quickly, they do not need a gearbox, you can even do without a transmission if you put engines on each of the wheels. That is, such cars could be much cheaper than cars with internal combustion engines, if they became massive.

But there are two significant points that greatly limit the use of electric motors on modern cars. So far, no batteries have been invented that could store enough electrical energy.

That is, the power reserve of an electric car today is limited to several tens of kilometers. If you do not turn on the headlights, radio, air conditioning, then you can drive up to a hundred kilometers, but still it is very little. Approximately 5-6 times less than at one gas station with gasoline. However, developers are constantly working on this and it is possible that when you read these lines, there is already an electric car with a power reserve of more than 500 km.

But even a small power reserve would not be so terrible if it were not for the time required to recharge the batteries. If refueling with gasoline, diesel fuel or gas takes 5-10 minutes, then the batteries will have to be charged for 12 hours, or even a day.

Therefore, for now, electric vehicles can only be used for short trips around the city, after which they charge all night.

Hybrid powertrains

But the advantage of electric motors over internal combustion engines is so great that the desire to use them at least partially led to the emergence of hybrid power plants, which are quite actively used in cars today.

Hybrid power plants are an internal combustion engine and an electric motor combined on the same car (as a rule, there are 4 of them, one for each wheel). Such cars are called hybrid.

There are three schemes of hybrid installations.

In the first, the energy of the internal combustion engine is used exclusively to generate electrical energy using a generator. And already from the generator, energy is transferred to charge the batteries and to the electric motors that provide the rotation of the wheels.

But another scheme is more popular. In the second scheme, the drive to the wheels is carried out both from the internal combustion engine and from electric motors. Internal combustion engines and electric motors can be used both independently and together.

The third option is a combination of the first and second.

These are the car engines, diverse and ambiguous. We will analyze the properties, the principle of operation, the details in more detail in future publications.

The vehicle is special device, which is designed to transport goods and people over relatively long distances by road.

Motor transport is usually classified according to different criteria, so there are a lot of its types. But the following classification is used in the Rules of the Road:

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• Mechanical vehicles
• Non-mechanical vehicles

Non-mechanical transport differs from mechanical transport by the absence of a motor that would set them in motion. In such means, the motor is replaced by muscles or vehicles.

Non-mechanical ones include:

• Moped - driven by an engine;
• Trailer (towed) - a secondary component of the main vehicle;
• A bicycle is a vehicle that moves with the help of human efforts;
• A horse-drawn cart is a type of transport that begins to move with the physical efforts of the animal.

What is a motor vehicle (vehicle)

Motor transport is, by definition, the opposite of non-mechanical transport. The difference is that a mechanical vehicle is propelled by an engine. The type of engine does not matter, as it can be anything: both gasoline and diesel, as well as electric and gas.

The main condition: the purpose of vehicles to move on the roads.

The list of vehicles related to mechanical is quite large. And based on the information that mechanical transport differs from all in the presence of a motor, everyone may wonder: “why is a moped not included in this list?”

The answer is simple: the structure of the moped does not allow it to be included in this list according to two criteria. The motor of a moped is less than 50 cubic centimeters and the speed does not exceed 50 kilometers per hour.

What then can be added to this list? Mechanical vehicles include cars and trucks, tractors, motorcycles and others.

In addition, vehicles are divided into categories.

• Category A– moto: - scooters, - cycles;
• Category B- a vehicle with an installed weight of not more than 3.5 tons. The number of allowed places is less than 8. It is allowed to use a trailer with a mass of not more than 750 kilograms. The trailer and vehicle must total 3.5 tons or less;
• Category C- a vehicle with an installed weight of more than 3.5 tons. It is allowed to use a trailer with a mass of 750 kilograms;
• Category D- vehicles that are used to transport people over various distances. More than 8 seats are allowed in the cabin. The use of a trailer with a mass of 750 kilograms or less is envisaged;
• BE- a car classified in category B, it is possible to operate a trailer by weight not exceeding 750 kilograms. The total mass of the entire composition is above the permissible mass (3.5 tons);
• CE– a vehicle marked in category C with a trailer exceeding the permissible mass;
• DE- a vehicle classified in category D, the trailer used is higher in mass allowable rate(750 kilograms);
• F– trams;
• I- trolleybuses.

At the same time, the trailer can be used not only as component car, but also as a towed vehicle.

But the problem of towing is not limited to non-mechanical vehicles.

Towing of motor vehicles

Towing is:

• Transportation of one vehicle to another. Not considered as operation or use of the vehicle on all types of coupling;
• Partial loading of the towed machine onto the towing vehicle.

Towing is carried out only with the driver behind the wheel. An exception is towing on a rigid hitch, if the towed vehicle moves behind the towing vehicle without changing its trajectory.

When towing vehicles using a hitch, the presence of people in the cab is strictly prohibited. The exception is towing with partial or incomplete loading. In this case, the presence of people in the towed transport is allowed.

Between the vehicles involved in towing, a distance of up to 6 meters per flexible hitch, no more than 4 meters - on a rigid hitch.

Flexible hitch:

• brakes must be good

Rigid hitch:

• Correct steering system
• Correct braking system

Partial loading:

• Faulty steering and braking systems are allowed

Prohibited towing:

• On slippery road with flexible hitch
• By road trains
• Motorcycle trailer side
• With the wrong braking system on a flexible hitch
• With broken steering on a flex hitch
• Moped
• More than one transport

Driving a motor vehicle

Control by car- interaction with the levers of vehicles, which led to a change in its location.

A person who is learning to drive or who has not received driver license, is not a driver or passenger. It belongs to a completely different category.

To legally drive a vehicle, you must pass a driver's license test.

A driver's license is a document that gives permission to drive a motor vehicle in accordance with its category.

Passengers are not the drivers of the vehicle, but are in it while driving on the road or stopping.

Driving a motor vehicle is prohibited:

• Not having a driver's license
• In a state of intoxication
• If there are contraindications and diseases that do not allow driving

To be admitted to training in driving a vehicle, it is necessary to undergo a medical examination, on the basis of which a person’s ability to obtain a driver’s license will be decided.

Operation of motor vehicles

Operation of motor transport - the use of a vehicle for its intended purpose from the moment of its acquisition and until the termination of use.

Operation is prohibited if:

• Leaking fuel or brake fluid
• Silencer defective

Indications for stopping the operation of the car:

• Steering failure
• Faulty brake system
• Headlight failure at night
• Faulty clutch

Based on the above, we can conclude that, first of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the brake and steering systems.

In the Rules of the road, mechanical and non-mechanical vehicles are distinguished. The first of them has 9 categories, for which it is necessary to complete a course of study and a medical examination.

When driving, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of a breakdown and be able to react correctly during traffic. If the machine malfunctions, stop driving.

When towing broken car must be taken into account established rules, prohibiting or allowing certain actions in relation to the machine.

There are a number of restrictions and warnings according to which a person cannot become a driver of mechanical vehicles.

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Electric transport is a type of transport in which one or more traction electric motors are used for movement.
There are three main types of electric vehicles: 1) powered directly from external source electric power, 2) the consumed electric energy of accumulator batteries or other energy sources placed on board the vehicle, 3) using jointly in their work Electrical engine and an internal combustion engine (hybrid vehicles), 4) using energy for movement alternative sources.

Electric vehicles include: electric cars and trucks, electric trains, electric trolleybuses, electric buses, electric all-terrain vehicles and tractors, electric planes, electric boats, electric motorcycles and scooters, electric bicycles, electric space vehicles.

Electric vehicles first appeared in the middle of the 19th century, when electricity was among the preferred energy sources. At that time, electric motors provided a high level of driving comfort, which could not be achieved with an internal combustion engine. But historically, the situation has developed in such a way that internal combustion engines have become more common in vehicles than electric ones. However, over the past few decades, the world has again seen a trend of renewed interest in the formation of electric transport infrastructure, which is primarily caused by the concern of the world community about the negative impact of gasoline transport on the environment. Already today, electric vehicles are becoming more and more popular.

Electric transport can use for its operation electricity obtained from various sources, including renewable ones.

Vehicles with internal combustion engines typically only draw energy from one or more non-renewable fuels. One of the main advantages of electric and hybrid vehicles is the ability of their engines to generate energy during braking - regenerative braking.

Electric transport is environmentally friendly, since it is not a source of pollution at all environment exhaust gases or other emissions. Scientists have calculated that the introduction of electric transport technologies in the US can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 30%, in the UK - by 40%, and by 19% in China.

Although electric vehicles accelerate well and provide a fairly long range between charges, their downside is the long recharging time of the batteries. However, electric transport is still the most financially advantageous view transport and very practical in everyday use. Electric cars, in a situation of rising prices for gasoline and high level pollution of the urban environment, are capable of causing a revolution in the automotive industry.

Electric cars are cars with electric drive. Electric vehicles whose engines consume energy from alternative sources can often be given other names: solar cars, wind vehicles, etc.

Electricity is used in electric vehicles as fuel. Electrical energy is supplied to the vehicle through the use of overhead power lines, the use of inductive charging or connection to the mains using a charger or charging cable. Some electric vehicles have chargers on board, while others charging device are a separate outdoor unit. As a rule, the reservoirs of electrical energy on board the electric transport are rechargeable batteries.

The group of the most popular electric vehicles in the world includes electric cars, electric scooters and bicycles.

Today, one of the main challenges for manufacturers is to overcome the disparity between the costs of developing and manufacturing electric vehicles, compared with those for vehicles with internal combustion engines.

Complete set of electric transport

The type of traction motor, batteries and controller used depends on the size and power of the vehicle.

Current expenses

It is easy to calculate that in a situation of rising gasoline prices, the operation of electric vehicles is very profitable, since refueling with electricity will cost users much less than refueling. Electric transport is more economical than petrol and maintenance.

Mileage range, acceleration

Electric cars cannot make fairly long trips on a single battery charge, as they require periodic recharging from the mains. However, this problem can be solved quite simply by creating a network power stations quick recharge, using which you can resume the battery charge up to 80% in just 30 minutes.

Electric motors are able to provide high power per unit of weight. At the same time, batteries provide high currents to support these motors.

Electric vehicles may have a small motor (15 kW or less) and therefore have little acceleration, or they may be equipped with powerful motors with high acceleration rates. In addition, the relatively constant torque of the electric motor leads to an increase speed characteristics electric transport.

Electric vehicles have high rate torque over a wider speed range during acceleration compared to internal combustion engines.

Environmental Safety

Electric transport is practically not a source of environmental pollution with exhaust gases. Electric vehicles do not emit carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) or other pollutants that are common with gasoline vehicles. Big plus electric motors is that they do not need oxygen at all, unlike internal combustion engines.

Another advantage of electric transport is that it produces significantly less noise than vehicles with internal combustion engines.

Driving safety

In order to increase the range and endurance of electric vehicles, manufacturers are trying to reduce their weight. The use of heavy batteries in electric vehicles significantly complicates their design, while their handling also deteriorates. However, in the event of a collision between two vehicles, the driver and occupants of the heavier vehicle are much less likely to be seriously injured than the occupants of the lighter vehicle, since the extra weight contributes to the safety of the electric vehicle, despite the negative impact on its performance. For example, the likelihood of serious injury to passengers in a 900 kg electric car accident is 50% higher than that of 1400 kg.

energy efficiency

It is rather difficult to compare the performance of vehicles equipped with electric motors or internal combustion engines, since they operate completely on different principles. Gasoline vehicles convert fuel energy into mechanical energy through the use of heat engine. Internal combustion engines are quite low level energy efficiency, since heat cannot be converted directly into mechanical energy.

Electric motors running more efficient than engines internal combustion.
The efficiency of converting thermal energy into mechanical energy using an electric motor is 100%, while the energy efficiency of internal combustion engines does not exceed 20%.

IN petrol cars a significant amount of fuel energy is converted into thermal energy, which can be used, for example, to heat a car interior. Electric vehicles, on the contrary, practically do not produce heat, moreover, in cold weather in electric vehicles, there is an increase in the level of energy consumption of batteries and a decrease in the range of mileage between recharging.

Recharging

Electric vehicles, as a rule, can be recharged both from a regular household outlet and using special electrical recharging stations. Many users opt for gasoline vehicles, since filling up a tank of fuel takes much less time than recharging electric vehicles with electricity. However, this shortcoming of electric transport is easily eliminated by the creation of a network of fast charging filling stations in the country. At a time when it takes several hours to recharge the batteries from a household outlet, fast charging stations can significantly reduce the time of this process, from now on to 30 minutes.

Danger for pedestrians

On the one hand, electric vehicles help to reduce the noise level on the roadway, since they practically do not produce any sounds when driving, but on the other hand, silent electric vehicles can be a source of potential danger for pedestrians, especially for people with poor eyesight.

The approach of electric vehicles at speeds less than 30 km/h is almost inaudible, but at higher speeds additional sound created by tire friction and air impacts. In order to improve the safety level of electric transport, the government of a number of countries is working on the creation of legal norms that would regulate the minimum allowable level sound produced during the movement of electric and hybrid vehicles, when they operate in electric mode.

Types of electric vehicles

Almost any of the existing vehicles can be equipped with an electric drive.

hybrid vehicles

Hybrid electric vehicles use more than one energy source to drive the drive wheels. As a rule, the design of a hybrid vehicle involves a combination of both an internal combustion engine and an electric engine.

Today, the world uses full and moderate hybrid power plants operating in parallel or in series. Electric motor and internal combustion engine parallel circuit they work almost simultaneously, and in a sequential scheme, the internal combustion engine provides additional power to the electric motor with the energy generated by the generator.

Majority hybrid cars are full hybrids, since the electric motor and internal combustion engine can work completely autonomously. In addition, both motors can also work together. Unlike full hybrids, in mild hybrids the electric motor plays only a supporting role, it can be used as additional driving force when starting or it can help to accumulate additional charge in the batteries when braking.

One of the most popular hybrid electric vehicles in the world today is the Toyota Prius.

On-road and off-road electric vehicles

Road electric vehicles include: electric cars and trucks, electric trolleybuses, electric buses, electric motorcycles and scooters, electric bicycles, golf carts, electric forklifts.
Off-road electric vehicles include electrified all-terrain vehicles and tractors.

Railway electric vehicles

The fixed nature of rail lines allows trains to be powered by overhead or overhead power lines, eliminating the need for heavy on-board batteries for electric vehicles. Nowadays, electric trains and trams are the most popular types. public transport in European and Asian countries.
The absence of batteries on board electric trains allows them to quickly accelerate and reach high speed.

Air electric vehicles

From the very beginning of the era of aviation, work has been carried out on the creation of electric air vehicles. At present, the existence of such transport has become a reality. The group of vehicle data today includes manned and unmanned aerial vehicles.

Water electric vehicles

Electric boats gained popularity at the turn of the 20th century. Interest in water transport powered by renewable energy has been constantly growing since the end of the 20th century. IN last years it was even possible to use electric motors to operate submarines. Solar boats are very popular in the world today.

spacecraft

Electricity has quite long history use even in spacecraft. Batteries or solar panels can be used as power sources.

© Sergey Volter 2013
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to specialized(from lat. specialis - special and species - variety) include those modes of transport that are focused on a specific range of goods or special conditions for the carriage of goods or passengers.

The term is used abroad "non-traditional modes of transport", which means modes of transport that are not widely used or have appeared relatively recently, although the idea of ​​​​creating them could have appeared a long time ago, but its technical implementation has gone quite a long way.

The emergence of non-traditional (or new) modes of transport is associated with the development of technological progress, which makes it possible to gradually eliminate such shortcomings of traditional modes of transport as low speed, insufficient environmental cleanliness, significant costs, low carrying capacity, insufficient comfort, etc., as well as to implement new achievements. science and technology in the context of growing transport needs associated with the growth of production, cities, increased mobility of the population, developing tourism, etc. The development of new modes of transport was caused, in particular in Russia, by the need to develop the regions of the Far North and Western Siberia with a harsh climate and difficult operating conditions of known modes of transport.

The main features of specialized modes of transport are modernization or a fundamental change in the engine, propeller and the method of interaction with the supporting surface.

New principles of movement- with air cushion and electromagnetic suspension- currently used in various modes of transport, including industrial.

Main technical and operational features and advantages such systems:

lack of friction between the rolling stock and the track, which allows you to increase speed, reduce traction power and solve some environmental issues. The maximum speed when using an air cushion is 422 km / h, the average speed is 100-200 km / h, and with a turbojet engine - up to 360 km / h. Carrying capacity - from 3 to 20 thousand people per hour in each direction. Projects using magnetic suspension will allow the train to travel from Moscow to St. Petersburg in 0.5 hours (now a high-speed domestic train travels this distance in 4.5 hours).

Self-propelled and non-self-propelled vehicles on an air cushion when transporting heavy loads due to partial unloading of the wheels do not destroy weak road surfaces and artificial structures (primarily bridges) and do not require their strengthening. Air cushion vehicles are widely used in workshops and construction sites, especially abroad, to move heavy large-sized equipment.

Air-cushion berths are operated in maritime transport, for example, a berth with a carrying capacity of 40 tons operates in the port of Arkhangelsk.

The most widespread in Russia are hovercraft on rivers of shallow depth, including skeg vessels - with a partial separation from the water surface and amphibious-type vessels that can move through water (with a complete separation of the hull), swampy terrain, over ice at a speed 90-125 km/h. Skeg boats do not fully lift off the water surface due to the submersion of the air cushion side rails into the water. Amphibious vessels, due to the possibility of reaching a gently sloping coast and starting from it, can be used to transport goods to the coast, which is not equipped with berths. Amphibians exist on automobile, water and air (seaplane, snowmobile) modes of transport.

A surface hovercraft designed in Russia - an ekranoplan ("flying wing", fig.) develops a speed of up to 300 km / h. An ekranoplan is an experimental aircraft that, at low altitude, uses the effect of proximity to the wing of the ground surface or childbirth (screen), which consists in air compaction - the formation of an air cushion. As a result, an additional lifting force arises, which supports the device in the air. This phenomenon is called the screen effect. In the near future ekranoplans will carry out regular commercial flights in hard-to-reach areas of the globe.

Relative disadvantages air cushion: produces significant noise (up to 130 dB), requires a flat roadway, its creation is quite expensive.

Specialized pneumatic and hydraulic transport necessary when transporting solid and liquid non-oil cargoes. There are projects for the transportation of ore, iron ore concentrates and other cargo over long distances in the US, Canada and other countries. In cities, this type of transport is used to transport household waste, as well as to transport books in large libraries.

More than 100 years ago, V. I. Shubersky put forward the idea of ​​the kinetic energy of a flywheel, on the basis of which in Switzerland in the late 1960s. analogues of the bus were designed - girobuses(gyrobuses) - a type of battery trackless transport moving due to the kinetic energy accumulated in the flywheel. Charging is carried out at stops when a special bar is raised. Girobus is used to transport passengers over short distances. An electric gyrobus equipped with a flywheel unit, consisting of an asynchronous motor-generator articulated with a flywheel, and traction motors, has received some distribution.

Interesting projects exist in the world by application pipeline transport for the transport of passengers. The prototype of this technology is the subway.

Rice. Ekranoplan - the plane of the future

The idea of ​​monorail transport using automated and semi-automated control is increasingly used in local areas (for example, airports for the movement of passengers, baggage, mail). Systems can be fixed-stop or on-call, i.e. individual use. An example is the Airtrans system at Dallas Airport (USA), where 10 routes operate with a carrying capacity of 9,000 people per hour, 6,000 pieces of luggage and 32 tons of mail. Similar systems are distributed in England, France, Japan and other countries. Cabin-type systems, which allow passengers to sit, provide the greatest convenience. The systems have been in operation since 1973 (the first was the POP system in the USA).

Environmental problems associated with saving fuel resources have led to the creation of sailing ships that use wind energy for propulsion. So, in Japan in 1980 they began to build coasting vessels with a deadweight of 1,800 tons and a speed of 12 knots with two sails with an area of ​​​​100 m 2, a height of 12.5 m and a width of 8 m. This design saves up to 38% of fuel. With a sail area of ​​320 m 2 , deadweight of 26 thousand tons and computer control, fuel consumption was cut by half. Training sailing vessels have been built in our country, for example, the Mir sailboat.

Simultaneously with the sail, an engine can be used to increase speed or maneuverability in calm weather, to navigate difficult areas, and when mooring.

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modes of transport, modes of transport of substances through membranes
Transport is a set of all types of communication routes, vehicles, technical devices and structures on communication routes that ensure the process of moving people and goods for various purposes from one place to another.

All transport can be divided into a number of groups ( Modes of transport) according to certain characteristics.

• 1 By travel medium
  • 1.1 Aquatic
  • 1.2 Air transport
    • 1.2.1 Aviation
    • 1.2.2 Aeronautics
  • 1.3 Space transport
  • 1.4 Ground transport
    • 1.4.1 By number of wheels
    • 1.4.2 Railway
    • 1.4.3 Automotive
      • 1.4.3.1 By purpose
    • 1.4.4 Bicycle
    • 1.4.5 Transport driven by animals
      • 1.4.5.1 Horse-drawn
      • 1.4.5.2 pack
      • 1.4.5.3 Riding
    • 1.4.6 Pipeline
      • 1.4.6.1 Pneumatic
    • 1.4.7 Other species land transport
      • 1.4.7.1 Lift
      • 1.4.7.2 Escalator
      • 1.4.7.3 Elevator
      • 1.4.7.4 Funicular
      • 1.4.7.5 Cable car
• 2 By appointment
  • 2.1 Transport common use
    • 2.1.1 Public transport
  • 2.2 Transport for special use
  • 2.3 Individual transport
• 3 By energy used
  • 3.1 Vehicles with own engine
  • 3.2 Powered by wind
  • 3.3 Power driven
    • 3.3.1 Human-powered vehicles
    • 3.3.2 Transport driven by animals
• 4 Promising modes of transport
• 5 See also
• 6 Notes
• 7 Links

According to the travel environment

Depending on the environment in which transport performs its functions, it can be: water, including underwater, ground, including underground, air and space. It is possible to combine environments - amphibians, flying boats, ekranoplans, hovercraft, etc.

Water

Main article: Water transport Cargo river boat

Water transport is the most ancient form of transport. At least until the advent of transcontinental railways (second half of the 19th century), the most important transport. Even the most primitive sailing ship covered four to five times the distance in a day than a caravan. The transported cargo was large, the operating costs - less.

Water transport still retains an important role. Due to its advantages (water transport is the cheapest after pipeline transport), water transport now covers 60-67% of the total world cargo turnover. Inland waterways transport mainly bulk cargo - Construction Materials, coal, ore - the transportation of which does not require high speed (competition with faster road and rail transport affects here). Water transport has no competitors in transportation across the seas and oceans (air transportation is very expensive, and their total share in cargo transportation is low), so sea vessels carry the most different types goods, but most of the cargo is oil and oil products, liquefied gas, coal, and ore.

cruise ship

The role of water transport in passenger traffic has significantly decreased, due to its low speeds. Exceptions are high-speed hydrofoils (sometimes taking on the function of intercity express buses) and hovercraft. The role of ferries and cruise liners is also great.

• Vehicles: ships
• Ways of communication: above / below the surface of the seas and oceans, rivers and lakes, canals, locks
• Signaling and control: lighthouses, buoys
• Transport nodes: sea and river ports and stations

Air Transport

Main article: Air Transport

Aviation

Main article: Aviation Boeing 737-8K5(WL) G-FDZT (8542035433)

Air transport is the fastest and at the same time the most expensive mode of transport. The main scope of air transport is passenger transportation over distances of more than a thousand kilometers. Also carried out freight transportation but their share is very low. air transport mainly transports perishable products and especially valuable goods, as well as mail. In many hard-to-reach areas (in the mountains, in the Far North), there are no alternatives to air transport. In such cases, when there is no airfield at the landing site (for example, the delivery of scientific groups to hard-to-reach areas), not airplanes are used, but helicopters that do not need a landing strip. A big problem modern aircraft - the noise they produce during takeoff, which significantly impairs the quality of life of the inhabitants of areas located near airports.

• Vehicles: planes and helicopters
• Ways of communication: air corridors
• Signaling and control: aircraft beacons, air traffic control service
• Transport nodes: airports

Aeronautics

Main article: Aeronautics Airship B-6 "Osoaviakhim" 30s, USSR Modern semi-rigid airship "Zeppelin NT", Germany. Airships of this type have been produced since the 1990s. German company Zeppelin Luftschifftechnik GmbH (ZLT) in Friedrichshafen. These are airships with a volume of 8225 m³ and 75 m in length. They are significantly smaller than the old Zeppelins, which reached a maximum volume of 200,000 m³. In addition, they are filled exclusively with non-flammable helium.

Currently, the concepts of aviation and air transport have actually become synonymous, since air transportation is carried out exclusively by aircraft heavier than air. However, the first aircraft were lighter than air. In 1709 the first hot air balloon was launched. However, the balloons were uncontrollable.

Airship- controlled aircraft lighter than air. On November 13, 1899, the French balloonist A. Santos-Dumont made the first successful flight of an airship, flying around the Eiffel Tower in Paris at a speed of 22-25 km/h. Between the world wars airships were widely used for military, civil, scientific, and sporting purposes. Passenger airships even made regular flights between Europe and America.

At the end of the 20th century, interest in airships resumed: now, instead of explosive hydrogen or expensive inert helium, a mixture of them is used. Airships, although much slower than airplanes, are much more economical. However, until now the scope of their application remains marginal: advertising and pleasure flights, traffic monitoring. Airships are also being offered as a climate-friendly alternative to airplanes.

• Vehicles: balloons and airships

space transport

Main article: astronautics

Ground transport

Maybe underground. It is divided into different types of transport according to a number of criteria. According to the types of communication routes, it is divided into rail (railway) and trackless. According to the type of propulsion for wheeled, caterpillar, using animals and others. This lists the main types of land transport without a strict classification.

By number of wheels

Monocycle Cargo tricycle

By the number of wheels wheeled without rail transport subdivided into:

• Monocycles(from lat. mono one, single and other Greek kýklos circle, wheel) - 1-wheeled vehicles (due to the high requirements for the ability to keep balance, at the moment the main scope of monocycles is circus art),
• Bicycles(from Latin bi two and other Greek kýklos circle, wheel) - 2-wheeled vehicles - bicycles, mopeds and motorcycles, etc.,

ATV

• Tricycles(from three and other Greek kýklos circle, wheel) - 3-wheeled vehicles - some bicycles, motorcycles (trikes), cars, etc.,
• ATVs(from Italian quattro four and other Greek kýklos circle, wheel) - 4-wheeled vehicles. ATVs in the post-Soviet space are most often understood as all-terrain vehicles, and in the USA - 4-wheeled bicycles. But they, by definition, include any 4-wheel, including most cars.

Railway

Main article: Railway transport Freight train in Russia

Rail transport is a type of land transport, the transportation of goods and passengers on which is carried out by wheeled vehicles on rail tracks. Railway tracks usually consist of iron rails mounted on sleepers and ballast on which rolling stock runs, usually fitted with metal wheels. rolling stock railway transport generally has less frictional resistance compared to cars, and passenger and freight cars can be coupled into longer trains. Trains are driven by locomotives. Rail transport is relatively safe view transport.

Originating at the beginning of the 19th century (the first steam locomotive was built in 1804), by the middle of the same century it had become the most important transport of the industrial countries of that time. By the end of the 19th century, the total length of railways exceeded one million kilometers. Railways connected the interior industrial regions with seaports. New industrial cities sprang up along the railroads. However, after the Second World War, the railroads began to lose their importance. Railways have many advantages - high carrying capacity, reliability, relatively high speed. Now a variety of goods are transported by rail, but mostly bulk cargo, such as raw materials and agricultural products. The introduction of containers to facilitate transshipment also increased the competitiveness of the railways.

High speed train ICE3, Germany

First in Japan, and now in Europe, a system of high-speed railways was created, allowing movement at speeds up to three hundred kilometers per hour. Such railways have become a serious competitor to airlines over short distances. The role of suburban railways and subways is still high. Electrified railways (and by now most high-traffic railways are electrified) are much more environmentally friendly than road transport. The most electrified railways are in Switzerland (up to 95%), while in Russia this figure reaches 47%.

Due to the use of rails that have little grip, railway trains are extremely prone to collision hazards because they usually travel at speeds that make it impossible to stop quickly enough, or the stopping distance is longer than the distance visible to the driver. Most forms of train traffic control consist of traffic instructions transmitted from those responsible for a section of the rail network to the train crew.

• Vehicles: locomotives and wagons
• Ways of communication: railway track, bridges, tunnels, flyovers
• Signaling and control: railway signaling
• Transport nodes: railway stations and train stations
• Energy supply: contact network and traction substations (on electrified railways), refueling and outfitting points for locomotives

Tram

Tram - a type of street and partially street rail public transport for the transport of passengers along specified routes (usually on electric traction), used mainly in cities.

Metropolitan

Metropolitan (from French métropolitain, abbr. from chemin de fer métropolitain - "metropolitan railway"), metro (métro), eng. underground, Amer. English subway - in the traditional sense, a city railway with block trains running on it for the transport of passengers, engineering separated from any other transport and pedestrian traffic (off-street). general case subway - any off-street urban passenger transport system with block trains running on it. That is, the subway in the traditional sense, or, for example, city monorails are examples of subway varieties. The movement of trains in the subway is regular, according to the timetable. The metro is characterized by high route speed (up to 80 km/h) and carrying capacity (up to 60,000 passengers per hour in one direction). Subway lines can be laid underground (in tunnels), on the surface and on overpasses (this is especially true for urban monorails).

Monorail

Monorail- a transport system in which wagons with passengers or trolleys with cargo move along a beam installed on a flyover or separate supports - a monorail. Distinguish between mounted monorails - the cars rely on the undercarriage located above the track beam, and suspended - the cars are suspended from the undercarriage and move under the monorail.

light rail

Light rail transport (also “light rail transport”, LRT, from the English Light Rail) is an urban rail public transport characterized by less than the subway and railway, and greater than that of a conventional street tram speed and throughput.

A variety of light rail transport is the light rail, including the underground tram and the city railway). At the same time, the differences between such light rail systems from the subway, urban railway (S-Bahn), are fuzzy, which often causes terminological errors. In general, this term is usually used to refer to high-speed electrified rail systems (for example, trams) that are separate from other traffic flows on most of the network, however, allowing within the system and single-level intersections, and even street traffic (including tram-pedestrian zones). Unlike the light rail, which is closer to the regular metro, the light rail is closer to the tram.

Overpass transport

Overpass transport, elevated railway (English elevated railways, abbreviated in the USA: el) - urban rail high-speed off-street separate system or part of the system of urban railways (S-Bahn), subways, light rail transport (depending on the design, number of cars and mass overall parameters of the rolling stock), laid above the ground on a flyover.

Automotive

A car (from auto ... and lat. mobilis - moving) is a means of trackless transport with its own engine. Automobile transport is now the most common type of transport. Road transport is younger than rail and water, the first cars appeared at the very end of the 19th century. The advantages of road transport are maneuverability, flexibility, speed.

Flaws. Significant environmental damage is caused at all stages of the production, operation and disposal of cars, fuel, oils, tires, road construction and other automotive infrastructure. In particular, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur released into the atmosphere when gasoline is burned cause acid rain.

Passenger cars are the most wasteful transport compared to other modes of transport in terms of the costs required to move one passenger.

Road transport requires good roads. Now in developed countries there is a network of highways - multi-lane roads without intersections, allowing speeds of over one hundred kilometers per hour.

• Vehicles: various types of cars - cars, buses, trolleybuses, trucks;
• Ways of communication: car roads, bridges, tunnels, overpasses, flyovers;
• Signaling and control: traffic rules, traffic lights, road signs, motor transport inspections;
• Transport nodes: bus stations, bus stations, parking lots, crossroads;
• Energy supply: automotive filling stations, contact network;
• Technical support: station Maintenance cars (STOA), fleets (bus, trolleybus), road services

By appointment

According to the purpose, cars are divided into transport, special And racing. Transport vehicles are used to transport goods and passengers. Special vehicles have permanently mounted equipment or installations and are used for various purposes (fire and utility vehicles, car shops, truck cranes, etc.). Racing cars are intended for sports competitions, including for setting speed records (record racing cars). Transport vehicles, in turn, are divided into cars, trucks And buses. trolleybus- bus with electric drive. Cars have a capacity of 2 to 8 people.

Trucks now they transport almost all types of cargo, but even over long distances (up to 5 or more thousand km), road trains (truck-tractor and trailer or semi-trailer) successfully compete with the railway when transporting valuable goods for which the speed of delivery is critical, for example, perishable products.

Cars(personal use cars) - the vast majority are now existing vehicles. They are used, as a rule, for trips over distances of up to two hundred kilometers.

Public road transport For operation in cities and suburbs, low-floor city buses are now mainly used, and for intercity and international scheduled and tourist traffic- intercity and tourist liners. The latter differ from urban models in their layout with increased level floor (to accommodate luggage compartments under it), comfortable lounge only with seating, the presence of additional amenities (kitchen, wardrobe, toilet). connection with comfort tourist buses at the end of the 20th century, they quite successfully compete with the railways in the field of transporting tourists.

Bicycle

Bicycle (from Latin velox - fast and pes - foot) - a two- or (less often) three-wheeled vehicle for movement, driven by 2 pedals through a chain drive.

A velomobile is a vehicle with a muscular drive of legs, arms, or even all possible muscles.

Transport driven by animals

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The use of animals to transport people and goods has been known since ancient times. People can ride some animals on horseback or harness them singly or in groups to wagons (carts, carts) or sledges for the transport of goods or passengers, or load them.

Horse-drawn main article: horse-drawn transport

Horse-drawn transport is a type of trackless transport in which the power of animals (horses, oxen, elephants, donkeys, camels, deer, llamas, dogs, etc.) is used as traction. For many centuries horse-drawn transport was the main type of land transport. With the development of the railway network (from the 2nd quarter of the 19th century), it loses its importance for long-distance transportation, with the exception of mountainous regions and deserts and regions of the Far North. 20th century application horse-drawn transport was limited to areas that did not have railways; the importance of horse-drawn transport for agricultural production and for intra-urban and local transport still remained; for delivery to railway stations and ports and delivery from them. But with the development of motor transport and the tractor park, the importance of horse-drawn transport has sharply decreased in these areas as well.

Pack Main article: pack transport pack transport

A means of transporting goods in the mountains, deserts, wooded and swampy and taiga areas with the help of beasts of burden. It is used where, due to impassability, the nature of the terrain or weather conditions, it is impossible to use horse-drawn, motor transport or helicopters. To secure and hold loads on the back of the animal, packs or pack saddles are used.

riding

Pipeline

Pipeline transport is quite unusual: it does not have vehicles, or rather, the infrastructure itself "in combination" is a vehicle. Pipeline transport is cheaper than railway and even water transport. He does not require a large number personnel. The main type of cargo is liquid (oil, oil products) or gaseous. Oil and gas pipelines transport these products over long distances in a short line with the least loss. Pipes are laid on the ground or underground, as well as on overpasses. The movement of cargo is carried out by pumping or compressor stations. The most everyday type of pipeline transport is water supply and sewerage. There are experimental pipelines in which solid bulk cargoes move mixed with water. Other examples of a pipeline for solid cargo are pneumatic mail, a garbage chute.

Pneumatic

Pneumatic transport- "a set of installations and systems that serve to move bulk and piece goods using air or gas."

Application.

• for loading bunkers and controlled release of materials from them.
• moving materials between warehouses and workshops.
• backfilling of mined-out spaces of mines with rock.
• disposal of production waste, such as ash, chips, dust.
• Pneumatic mail is used to move piece cargo. Closed passive capsules (containers) move under the action of compressed or, conversely, rarefied air through the pipeline system, carrying light loads and documents inside. This type transport, as a rule, was used to deliver mail, letters, documents, hence its name. Pneumatic mail was used in the 19th and 20th centuries and is still used today, for example, to deliver paper bills in supermarkets without leaving the cashier from his workplace.

Pneumatic mail- a type of transport, a system for moving piece goods under the action of compressed or, conversely, rarefied air. Closed passive capsules (containers) move through the pipeline system, carrying light loads and documents inside. This type of transport, as a rule, was used to deliver mail, letters, documents, hence its name. Pneumatic mail was used in the 19th and 20th centuries and is still used today, for example, to deliver paper bills in supermarkets without leaving the cashier from his workplace.

Other types of land transport

lift

Elevator (from the English lift - to lift), a stationary lift, usually of intermittent action with vertical movement of the cabin or platform along rigid guides installed in the mine. Designed to move people and goods, as a rule, vertically within the same building or structure.

Escalator

Escalator (English escalator; original source: lat. scala - stairs), an inclined plate conveyor with a moving stepped canvas, used to lift and lower passengers at metro stations, in public buildings, at street crossings and in other places with significant passenger flows.

Elevator

Elevator (lat. Elevator, literally - lifting, from elevo - I lift), a continuous machine that transports goods in vertical or inclined directions. Distinguish E. bucket, shelf, cradle. Bucket E. are designed for lifting vertically or with a steep slope (more than 60 °) bulk cargo (pulverized, granular, lumpy), shelf and cradle E. - for vertical lifting of piece cargo (parts, bags, boxes, etc.) with intermediate loading and unloading.

Funicular

Funicular (French funiculaire, from Latin funiculus - rope, rope), lifting and transport facility with cable traction designed to move passengers and goods along a steep slope for a short distance. It is used in cities and resort centers, as well as in mountainous areas. The funicular is a lift in which the movement of people and goods is carried out in wagons moving along inclined rail tracks between the upper and lower stations with the help of a rope connected to the wagons and a drive winch. The powered winch is usually located at the top station. According to their purpose, funiculars are divided into passenger, freight and passenger-and-freight. Funiculars have a limited distribution due to the intermittent nature of the work, the long time for the entry and exit of passengers or loading and unloading, low speeds (less than 3 m / s), the impossibility of moving along difficult routes.

cable car

Cableway - a type of transport for moving passengers and goods, in which a traction or carrier-traction rope (cable) is used to move cars, trolleys, cabins or chairs, stretched between the supports in such a way that the cars (gondola cabins, chairs, trolleys) do not touch the ground.

By appointment

According to the serviced area, all transport is divided into three categories: public transport serving the sphere of circulation and the population, non-public transport (internal movement of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products, etc.), as well as personal use transport.

Public transport

Public transport should not be confused with public transport (public transport is a subcategory of public transport). Public transport serves trade (transports goods) and the population (passenger traffic).

Public transport

Main article: Public transport

Public transport - passenger transport, available and in demand for use by the general population. Public transport services are usually provided for a fee. According to a narrow interpretation of public transport, the vehicles referred to it are designed to carry a sufficiently large number of passengers at a time and run along certain routes (in accordance with a schedule or in response to demand). A broader interpretation also includes taxis, rickshaws and similar modes of transport, as well as some specialized transport systems.

Intracity passenger transportation is carried out by buses, city electric transport(trolleybuses, trams), taxis, as well as water and rail transport; in large cities - the subway. suburban traffic is dominated by rail and bus transport, in long-distance communications - rail and air transport, in intercontinental - air and sea transport.

Special use transport

• Technological transport
• military transport

Individual transport

By energy used

Vehicles with own engine

• Transport by heat engines
• Electric transport
• hybrid transport

Driven by the power of the wind

Main article: Sailing vessel

Driven by muscle power

Human driven transport

• Bike
• A velomobile is a vehicle with a muscular drive that combines the simplicity, economy and environmental friendliness of a bicycle with the stability and convenience of a car.
• Vessels - rowing - using oars, and using a pole.

Transport driven by animals

Promising modes of transport

There are many projects for new modes of transport. Here we talk about some of those that had at least an experimental incarnation.

• maglev train or Maglev(from the English magnetic levitation - “magnetic levitation”) is a train held above the roadbed, driven and controlled by the force of the electromagnetic field. Such a train, unlike traditional trains, does not touch the rail surface during movement. Since there is a gap between the train and the surface of the track, friction between them is eliminated, and the only braking force is aerodynamic drag. Refers to monorail transport (although instead of a magnetic rail, a channel between magnets can be arranged - like on JR-Maglev). km). Although the idea of ​​such transport is not new, the economic and technical limitations did not allow it to unfold to the full: for public use, the technology was embodied only a few times. currently, maglev cannot use the existing transport infrastructure, although there are projects with the location of magnetic elements between the rails of a conventional railway or under the roadbed.
• Personal automatic transport is a kind of urban suburban transport, which automatically (without a driver) transports passengers in taxi mode using a network of dedicated tracks. Currently, there is only one system of personal automatic transport in the world. This is the ULTra network at London Heathrow Airport. The system was opened to passengers in 2010. There is also the Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit system, which differs from the classic PRT concept in the increased carriage size.
• String transport- a project of a transport system based on the general planetary vehicle, which combines the features of road and rail transport, developed since 1977 by A. E. Yunitskiy - “string transport” - has not currently gone beyond the experimental. In 2001, an experimental section of the STU freight transport system was built in the city of Ozyory, Moscow Region. One of the main components of a string transport system is a string rail (string rail), or a string beam (string beam), or a string truss (string truss) of a special design. A rail (beam, truss), as a rule, is a hollow steel (in the future - composite) box, inside of which a package of stretched wire-strings (or tapes, threads, rods and other extended power elements) is placed. Inner space the box not occupied by strings is filled with mineral or polymer compositions.

see also

• Bicycle types

Notes

1. The word "transport" in the Dictionary emergencies at www.dicacadimic.ru
2. Airship - TSB - Yandex.Dictionaries
3. Aeronautics - TSB - Yandex.Dictionaries
4. Tram - TSB - Yandex.Dictionaries. Retrieved February 28, 2013. Archived from the original on March 9, 2013.
5. Monorail: TSB Encyclopedia - alcala.ru. Retrieved February 28, 2013. Archived from the original on March 9, 2013.
6. Buslov A.S. "Prospects for the development of light rail transport in Voronezh". - No. Collection of abstracts of the international scientific conference "Strategies and resources for the development of large cities in the center of Russia", VSU, 2008.
7. Baklanov V.V. "The introduction of light rail transport is one of the ways to improve the quality transport service population of Moscow". - № International practical conference "Trends in the development of light rail transport in the city of Moscow" October 16, 2008.
8. 1 2 Car - TSB - Yandex.Dictionaries. Retrieved February 24, 2013. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013.
9. BIKE. Retrieved February 24, 2013. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013.
10. 1 2 3 Vvedensky B. A. Small Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1959. - T. 3. - S. 222.
11. Pack transport - TSB - Yandex.Dictionaries. Retrieved February 18, 2013. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013.
12. 1 2 Pneumatic transport - TSB - Yandex.Dictionaries. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013.
13. Lift - TSB - Yandex.Dictionaries. Retrieved February 16, 2013. Archived from the original on March 9, 2013.
14. Escalator - TSB - Yandex.Dictionaries. Retrieved February 16, 2013. Archived from the original on March 9, 2013.
15. Elevator (mechanical) - TSB - Yandex.Dictionaries. Retrieved February 16, 2013. Archived from the original on March 9, 2013.
16. Funicular - TSB - Yandex.Dictionaries. Retrieved February 28, 2013. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013.
17. TRANSPORT. Retrieved February 18, 2013. Archived from the original on February 25, 2013.
18. Passenger Transportation- TSB - Yandex.Dictionaries. Retrieved February 28, 2013. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013.
19. The Search Engine that Does at InfoWeb.net
20. Innovation projects
21. http://president.kremlin.ru/transcripts/6094

Links

Smotritsy E. Yu. Transport: experience of philosophical reflection

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