The scientific and technological revolution began its run in the middle of the twentieth century, and still cannot stop. This is especially noticeable when looking under the hood. modern car: vehicles today have become real fortresses on wheels that can protect the driver from many troubles. And not the last role in this whole story with the guarantee of a successful trip is played by car security systems.
Citroen's AFIL system, which tracks the position of the car relative to the markings
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Every day constructors automobile concerns complicate the drawings of cars, making them more intricate and incomprehensible to the average user. Today, the ball is ruled by intelligent security systems, as well as various tools that provide comfortable driving. And given that the situation on the roads of the world, to put it mildly, is far from ideal, then a car that is not equipped with modern means passive and active safety, it is more and more difficult to “break through” to the buyer.
ABS - anti-lock braking system
Task ABS(anti-lock braking system) is to prevent the wheels of the braking vehicle from blocking, as well as to maintain its controllability and directional stability.
When the wheels are blocked, and the car seems to be about to break into a skid, the electronics begin to methodically “release” and “press” the brake pads, which makes it possible for the wheels to turn. The effectiveness of the ABS system depends primarily on how well it is tuned. If, for example, it works too early, the braking distance can be significantly increased.
Operating principle
The way ABS works is quite simple. Wheel rotation sensors emit signals that are sent to a computer that analyzes them. There is an imitation of actions professional driver, which uses the intermittent braking method.
How effective is this system? It should be noted right away that since its appearance, disputes have not ceased over whether it is more beneficial or still harmful. But be that as it may, even opponents of ABS cannot ignore such useful qualities as a significant reduction in braking distance, as well as maintaining control over a multi-ton car during emergency braking. Yes, when the ABS is activated, it is very difficult to calculate the length of the braking distance, but it is better to stop in complete ignorance for no one knows how many meters before the lamppost than to “kiss” it, knowing exactly how long the car will stretch during braking. The two opposing camps decided to agree that the ABS will come in handy for inexperienced drivers, and the Schumachers will always be able to beat the system. But we are talking about revolutionary scientific thought, so today we can safely say that in the battle “ABS is an experienced driver”, of course, electronics will win an unconditional victory.
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Modern multi-channel ABS allows you to get rid of even the vibration of the brake pedal when the system is on. Once upon a time, the cause of traffic accidents was the abrupt operation of the ABS: the pedal began to vibrate, and the car began to moan, so inexperienced motorists were frightened and released the brake. Today, you need to be extremely sensitive to feel how the ABS, which is part of standard equipment almost all cars. At the same time, it serves as the basis for other more complex electronic security systems.
ASR - traction control
At the system ASR(anti slip regulation) there are many names, the most common of which are TRC, or " traction control», STC, ASC+T And TRACS. This active system The vehicle safety system functions in close conjunction with ABS and EBD and is designed to prevent wheel spin, regardless of the condition of the roadway and the force applied to press the gas pedal. As we said above, many security systems work on the basis of ABS. So ASR uses sensors of the anti-lock braking system, fixing the slip of the driving wheels, reduces the engine speed and, if necessary, slows down the wheels, providing an effective set of speeds. In other words, even if you "drown" the gas pedal to the floor, ASR will not burn rubber and grind asphalt.
Today, cars are even equipped with night vision devices.
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The main purpose of ASR is to ensure the stability of the car during a sharp start or when driving uphill on any road. "Scrolling" of the wheels is leveled due to the redistribution of torque power plant on those wheels that currently have the best grip on the roadway. ASR is subject to certain restrictions. For example, it works exclusively at speeds not exceeding 40 km / h.
Flaws
It is impossible not to mention some of the shortcomings of this system. So, ASR will greatly interfere with experienced drivers trying to pull out a stuck car “in buildup”. The system will slow down and release gas out of place and out of time. Cases are known when traction control system so “strangled” the engine that the car could not move at all.
Or, for example, active drivers. Im ASR puts spokes in the wheels when controlled skid, controlling this drift with traction. But this is nothing compared to the benefits that the system brings: it locks the differential, brakes the wheel loaded in the corner, and equalizes the speed of rotation of the wheels, allowing you to make the most efficient use of the torque of the "heart" of the car.
Many automakers today are forgetting about street racers and making ASR non-disableable. But can something stop our inventive drivers? They simply remove the fuse and indulge their racing ambitions. However, there is a “but” here: if you are sure that ASR will prevent you from putting speed on a leash, we remind you that this system is used in Formula 1 cars.
EBD - distribute the braking force
EBD(electronic brake distribution), or EBV- This is an active car safety system responsible for the distribution of braking force between all wheels. Again, EBD always works in parallel with the underlying ABS.
It is noteworthy that EBD takes effect before the ABS reaction, or insures the latter if it is faulty. Since these systems are closely related and always work in pairs, the general abbreviation ABS + EBD can often be found in catalogs.
Thanks to EBD, we get optimal grip on the road, a significantly increased directional stability of the car during emergency braking, as well as a guarantee that control over the car will not be lost even in a critical situation. In addition, the system takes into account factors such as the vehicle's position relative to the road and the vehicle's load.
Brake assistant - safe braking
Brake Assist (BAS, DBS, PA, PABS) is an active vehicle security system that works in tandem with ABS and EBD. It turns on at the moment of emergency braking, when the driver does not press the brake pedal hard enough, but quite sharply. Brake Assist independently measures the force and speed of pressing the pedal and, if necessary, immediately increases the pressure level in brake line. This allows braking to be as efficient as possible and significantly reduce the braking distance.
Brake Assist
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The system is able to distinguish the panic actions of drivers or those moments when they put pressure on the brake pedal for quite a long period of time. BAS will not come into operation during sudden braking, which are included in the category of "predictable". Many believe that this system is an assistant mainly for the fairer sex, because lovely ladies sometimes simply do not have enough strength to carry out emergency braking. Therefore, in a critical situation, the Brake Assist system comes to their aid, which “squeezes” the brake to maximum deceleration.
EDL: blocking the differential
EDL(electronic differential lock), which is also called EDS, is the system responsible for the differential lock. This electronic assistant makes it possible to increase the overall safety of the car, improve its traction characteristics under adverse conditions, facilitate the starting moment, provide intensive acceleration, as well as hill climbing.
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The differential lock system determines the angular velocity of each of the drive wheels and compares the results. If the angular speeds do not match, for example, when one of the wheels slips, the EDL slows down the slipping wheel until its rotation speed is equal to the speed of the other drive wheel. If the speed difference reaches 110 rpm, the system switches on automatically and operates without any restrictions at speeds up to 80 km/h.
HDC: traction control during descent
HDC(hill descent control), and DAC And DDS- electronic traction control system for descent from how many and steep slopes. The functioning of the system is carried out through the braking of the wheels and the "suffocation" of the power unit, however, there is a fixed speed limit within 7 km / h (when reversing, the speed does not exceed 6.5 km / h). This passive system, which is turned on and off by the driver himself. The controlled downhill speed depends entirely on the initial speed of the vehicle, as well as on the gear engaged.
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The speed control system allows you to take your mind off the brake pedal and focus solely on driving. This system is equipped with all four-wheel drive vehicles. HDC, which automatically turns on the brake lights, is turned off immediately after the vehicle speed exceeds 60 km / h.
HHC - light lift
Unlike the HDC system, which helps drivers descend from steep slopes, HHC(hill hold control) prevents the machine from rolling back when driving uphill. Alternative names for this security system are USS And HAC.
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The moment the driver stops interacting with the brake pedal, HDC continues to hold a high level of pressure in the brake system. Only at the moment when the motorist presses the gas pedal hard enough, the pressure decreases, and the car starts moving from a place.
ACC: car cruise
ACC(active cruise control) is an adaptive cruise control used to maintain a predetermined speed limit vehicle and control of a safe distance. PBA(predictive brake assist) is a predictive braking system that works in conjunction with adaptive cruise control.
Cruise control
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If the distance to the vehicle in front decreases, the system starts to slow down until the distance is restored to a predetermined level. If the vehicle in front begins to move away, ACC starts to pick up speed.
PDC - controlled parking
PDC(parking distance control), in common Parktronic- a system that uses ultrasonic sensors to determine the distance to an obstacle and allows you to control the distance when parking.
Parktronic
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The driver is informed about how far is the distance to the nearest obstacle special signals, the frequency of which changes with a reduction in distance - than closer car To dangerous area, the shorter the pause between individual signals. After the obstacle remains 20 cm, the signal becomes continuous.
ESP - guarantee of exchange rate stability
At the system ESP(electronic stability program), probably the most alternative names in which the devil will break the neck of the thigh: ESC, VDC, DSTC, VSC, DSC, VSA, ATTS or Stabilitrac. This active safety system is responsible for vehicle stability and works in conjunction with ABS and EBD.
At the moment when the danger of skidding arises, ESP enters the scene. By analyzing wheel speed, brake line pressure, steering position, yaw rate and lateral acceleration, ESP calculates in just 20 milliseconds which wheels need to be braked and how much engine speed needs to be reduced in order to stabilize the car.
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Electronic security systems do not at all turn our cars into highly intelligent robots that can do all the work for the driver. The cornerstone in this case is still the driver, who must be able to soberly assess the traffic situation, his capabilities and the capabilities of his car. And, as you know, there is no more dangerous illusion than the illusion of one's own invulnerability.
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Abstract on the topic:
"Electronic driver assistance systems"
1. Systems that improve directional stability and vehicle handling
1.1 System exchange rate stability and its components
1.1.1 Anti-lock braking system (ABS)
1.1.2 Traction control
1.1.3 Brake force distribution system
1.1.4 Electronic differential lock system
2. Additional functions stability control systems
3. Driver assistance systems
3.1 Downhill assist
3.2 Hill start assistant
3.3 Dynamic start assist
3.4 Automatic parking brake function
3.4.1 Stop-and-Go traffic assistant (traffic jam)
3.4.2 Traction assistant
3.4.3 Automatic parking
3.5 Brake listening function
3.6 Steering correction assistant
3.7 Adaptive cruise control
3.8 Front-of-vehicle scanning system
1. systems, improving term paper sustainability And controllability car
The system of exchange rate stability (another name is the system dynamic stabilization) is designed to maintain the stability and controllability of the vehicle by early detection and elimination of a critical situation. Since 2011, equipping new passenger cars with a stability control system has been mandatory in the USA, Canada, and EU countries.
The system allows you to keep the car within the trajectory set by the driver when various modes movement (acceleration, braking, driving in a straight line, in turns and with free rolling).
Depending on the manufacturer, the following names of the stability control system are distinguished:
· ESP(Electronic Stability Program) on most vehicles in Europe and America;
· ESC(Electronic Stability Control) on Honda, Kia, Hyundai cars;
· DSC(Dynamic Stability Control) on BMW, Jaguar, Rover cars;
· DTSC(Dynamic Stability Traction Control) on Volvo cars;
· VSA(Vehicle Stability Assist) on Honda, Acura;
· VSC(Vehicle Stability Control) on Toyota vehicles;
· VDC(Vehicle Dynamic Control) on Infiniti, Nissan, Subaru.
The device and principle of operation of the exchange rate stability system are considered on the example of the most common ESP system, which has been produced since 1995.
The stability control system is a higher-level active safety system and includes anti-lock brakes (ABS), brake force distribution (EBD), electronic differential lock (EDS), anti-slip control (ASR).
The course stability system combines input sensors, a control unit and a hydraulic unit as an actuator.
Input sensors fix specific parameters of the car and convert them into electrical signals. With the help of sensors, the dynamic stabilization system evaluates the actions of the driver and the parameters of the vehicle's movement.
Used in assessing the actions of the driver steering wheel angle sensors, pressure in the brake system, brake light switch. The actual motion parameters are evaluated by sensors of wheel speed, longitudinal and lateral acceleration, angular velocity car, pressure in the brake system.
The control unit of the ESP system receives signals from sensors and generates control actions on the actuators of controlled active safety systems:
Inlet and outlet valves of the ABS system;
· switching and high pressure valves of the ASR system;
· control lamps of the ESP system, ABS system, brake system.
In its work, the ESP control unit interacts with the engine management system and automatic transmission (through the corresponding units). In addition to receiving signals from these systems, the control unit generates control actions on the elements of the engine control system and automatic transmission.
For the operation of the dynamic stabilization system, the hydraulic block of the ABS / ASR system with all components is used.
The determination of the onset of an emergency is carried out by comparing the actions of the driver and the parameters of the movement of the car. In the event that the driver's actions (desired driving parameters) differ from the actual driving parameters of the car, the ESP system recognizes the situation as uncontrolled and starts working.
Stabilization of the movement of the car using the stability control system can be achieved in several ways:
braking of certain wheels;
change in engine torque
Changing the angle of rotation of the front wheels (in the presence of an active steering system);
change in the degree of damping of the shock absorbers (in the presence of an adaptive suspension).
During understeer, the ESP system prevents the vehicle from pulling out of the corner by braking the rear inner wheel and changing the engine torque.
During oversteer, the vehicle is prevented from skidding in a corner by braking the front outer wheel and changing the engine torque.
The wheels are braked by turning on the appropriate active safety systems. In this case, the work is cyclical: increasing pressure, holding pressure and depressurizing the brake system.
Changing the engine torque in the ESP system can be done in several ways:
a change in position throttle valve;
· skipping fuel injection;
skipped ignition pulses;
change in the ignition timing;
Cancellation of gear shifting in automatic transmission;
Redistribution of torque between the axles (in the presence of all-wheel drive).
A system that integrates the stability control system, steering and suspension is called the Integrated Vehicle Dynamics Management System.
The anti-lock braking system (ABS, ABS, Antilock Brake System) is designed to prevent the wheels from locking during braking and maintain vehicle controllability. The anti-lock braking system improves braking efficiency, reduces the braking distance on dry and wet surfaces, provides better maneuverability on slippery roads, controllability during emergency braking. Less and even tire wear can be recorded as an asset of the system.
However, the ABS system is not without drawbacks. On loose surfaces (sand, gravel, snow), the use of an anti-lock braking system increases the braking distance. On such a surface, the shortest braking distance is provided just with the wheels locked. At the same time, a wedge of soil is formed in front of each wheel, which leads to a reduction in the braking distance. IN modern designs ABS almost eliminated this drawback - the system automatically determines the nature of the surface and implements its own braking algorithm for each.
The anti-lock braking system has been in production since 1978. Over the past period, the system has undergone significant changes. Based on the ABS system, a brake force distribution system is built. Since 1985, the system has been integrated with the traction control system. Since 2004, all vehicles manufactured in Europe have been equipped with anti-lock brakes.
Bosch is the leading manufacturer of anti-lock braking systems. Since 2010, the company has been producing the 9th generation ABS system, which is distinguished by its lightest weight and dimensions. Thus, the hydraulic unit of the system weighs only 1.1 kg. The ABS system is installed in the regular braking system of the car without changing its design.
The most effective is the anti-lock braking system with individual wheel slip control, the so-called. four channel system. Individual adjustment allows you to get the optimal braking torque on each wheel in accordance with road conditions and, as a result, the minimum braking distance.
The design of the anti-lock braking system includes wheel speed sensors, a pressure sensor in the brake system, a control unit and a hydraulic unit as an actuator. http://systemsauto.ru/active/shema_abs.html
The speed sensor is installed on each wheel. It captures the current value of the wheel speed and converts it into an electrical signal.
Based on the signals from the sensors, the control unit detects the wheel lock situation. In accordance with the installed software, the unit generates control actions on the actuators - electromagnetic valves and the electric motor of the return pump of the hydraulic unit of the system.
The hydraulic block combines inlet and outlet solenoid valves, pressure accumulators, a return pump with an electric motor, and damping chambers.
In the hydraulic block, each wheel brake cylinder corresponds to one intake and one exhaust valve, which control braking within its circuit.
The pressure accumulator is designed to receive brake fluid when the pressure in the brake circuit is released. The return pump is activated when the capacity of the pressure accumulators is insufficient. It increases the rate of pressure release. Damping chambers receive brake fluid from the return pump and dampen its vibrations.
Two pressure accumulators and two damping chambers are installed in the hydraulic unit according to the number of brake hydraulic drive circuits.
The control lamp on the instrument panel indicates a system malfunction.
The operation of the anti-lock braking system is cyclical. The system cycle includes three phases:
1.pressure hold;
2. pressure relief;
3. increase in pressure.
Based on the electrical signals from the speed sensors, the ABS control unit compares the wheel speeds. If there is a danger of blocking one of the wheels, the control unit closes the corresponding inlet valve. The outlet valve is also closed. Pressure is maintained in the wheel brake cylinder circuit. Pressing the brake pedal further does not increase the pressure in the wheel brake cylinder.
If the wheel continues to lock up, the control unit opens the corresponding outlet valve. Inlet valve while remaining closed. The brake fluid is bypassed into the pressure accumulator. There is a release of pressure in the circuit, while the speed of rotation of the wheel increases. If the capacity of the pressure accumulator is insufficient, the ABS control unit activates the return pump. The return pump pumps the brake fluid into the damping chamber, reducing the pressure in the circuit. The driver then feels the pulsation of the brake pedal.
As soon as the angular speed of the wheel exceeds a certain value, the control unit closes the exhaust valve and opens the intake valve. There is an increase in pressure in the circuit of the wheel brake cylinder.
The cycle of operation of the anti-lock brake system is repeated until the braking is completed or the blocking stops. The ABS system is not disabled.
1.1.2 Anti slip system
Depending on the manufacturer, the traction control system has the following trade names:
· ASR(Automatic Slip Regulation, Acceleration Slip Regulation) on Mercedes, Volkswagen, Audi, etc.;
· ASC(Anti-Slip Control) on BMW cars;
· A-TRAC(Active Traction Control) on Toyota vehicles;
· DSA(Dynamic Safety) on Opel vehicles;
· DTC(Dynamic Traction Control) on BMW vehicles;
· ETC(Electronic Traction Control) on range cars Rover;
· ETS ( Electronic Traction System) on Mercedes vehicles;
· STC(System Traction Control) on Volv vehicles o;
· TCS(Traction Control System) on Honda vehicles;
· TRC(Traking Control) on Toyota vehicles.
Despite the variety of names, the design and principle of operation of these traction control systems are largely similar, therefore, they are considered using the example of one of the most common systems - the ASR system.
The traction control system is based on the design of the anti-lock braking system. The ASR system has two functions: electronic differential lock and engine torque control. http://systemsauto.ru/active/shema_asr.html
To implement traction control functions, the system uses a return pump and additional solenoid valves (switch and high pressure valve) to each of the drive wheels in the ABS hydraulic unit.
The ASR system is controlled by the appropriate software included in the ABS control unit. In its work, the ABS / ASR control unit interacts with the control unit of the engine management system.
The ASR system prevents wheel slip over the entire vehicle speed range:
1. at low speeds movement (from 0 to 80 km / h), the system provides the transmission of torque due to the braking of the drive wheels;
2. At speeds above 80 km/h, efforts are adjusted by reducing the torque transmitted from the engine.
Based on the signals from the wheel speed sensors, the ABS/ASR control unit determines following characteristics:
angular acceleration of the driving wheels;
vehicle speed (based on the angular velocity of the non-driving wheels);
The nature of the movement of the car - rectilinear or curvilinear (based on a comparison of the angular velocities of the non-driving wheels);
The amount of slippage of the driving wheels (based on the difference in the angular velocities of the driving and non-driving wheels).
Depending on the current performance value, the brake pressure is controlled or the engine torque is controlled.
Control brake pressure carried out cyclically. The operating cycle has three phases - pressure build-up, pressure hold and pressure release. An increase in the pressure of the brake fluid in the circuit provides braking of the drive wheel. This is done by turning on the return pump, closing the changeover valve and opening the high pressure valve. Pressure retention is achieved by shutting off the return pump. The pressure is released at the end of the slip with the intake and switching valves open. If necessary, the cycle of work is repeated.
Control torsional moment engine carried out in conjunction with the engine management system. Based on the drive wheel slip information received from the wheel speed sensors and the actual torque value received from the engine control unit, the traction control control unit calculates the amount of required torque. This information is transmitted to the control unit of the engine management system and implemented through various actions:
changes in the position of the throttle valve;
skipping fuel injections in the injection system;
Missing ignition pulses or changing the ignition timing in the ignition system;
Cancellation of gear changes in vehicles with automatic transmission.
When the traction control system is activated, the control lamp on the instrument panel lights up. The system has the ability to turn off.
A modern car is designed so that the rear axle has less load than the front. Therefore, to maintain vehicle directional stability, the front wheels must lock before the rear wheels.
When the car brakes hard, there is an additional reduction in the load on the rear axle, as the center of gravity shifts forward. And the rear wheels, at the same time, may be blocked.
The brake force distribution system is a software extension of the anti-lock brake system. In other words, the system uses the structural elements of the ABS system in a new quality.
Common trade names for the system are:
· EBD, Electronic Brake Force Distribution ;
· EBV, Elektronishe Bremskraftverteilung.
The principle of operation of the brake force distribution system
Job EBD systems, as well as the ABS system, is cyclical. The cycle of work includes three phases:
1.pressure hold;
2. pressure relief;
3. increase in pressure.
The ABS control unit compares the braking forces of the front and rear wheels based on data from the wheel speed sensors. When the difference between them exceeds a predetermined value, the algorithm of the brake force distribution system is activated.
Based on the difference in the sensor signals, the control unit determines the beginning of the blocking of the rear wheels. It closes the intake valves in the circuits of the rear wheel brake cylinders. The pressure in the rear wheel circuit is kept at the current level. The front wheel intake valves remain open. The pressure in the circuits of the brake cylinders of the front wheels continues to increase until the blocking of the front wheels begins.
If the wheels rear axle continue to block, the corresponding exhaust valves open and the pressure in the circuits of the brake cylinders of the rear wheels decreases.
When the angular velocity of the rear wheels exceeds the set value, the pressure in the circuits increases. The rear wheels are braked.
The work of the brake force distribution system ends with the beginning of the blocking of the front (driving) wheels. At the same time, the ABS system is activated.
1.1.4 System electronic blocking differential
The EDS system is triggered when one of the drive wheels slips. It slows down the sliding wheel, due to which the torque on it increases. Since the drive wheels are connected by a symmetrical differential, the other wheel (with better grip) also receives more torque.
The system operates in the speed range from 0 to 80 km/h.
The EDS system is based on the anti-lock braking system. Unlike the ABS system, the design of the electronic differential lock provides for the possibility of independently creating pressure in the brake system. To implement this function, a return pump and two solenoid valve(on each of the driving wheels) included in the ABS hydraulic unit. These are a changeover valve and a high pressure valve.
The system is controlled by the appropriate software in the ABS control unit. The electronic differential lock is usually integral part anti-slip system.
The principle of operation of the electronic differential lock
The operation of the electronic differential lock is cyclical. The system cycle includes three phases:
1. pressure increase;
2. pressure holding;
3. pressure relief.
Drive wheel slip is determined by comparing the signals from the wheel speed sensors. The control unit then closes the diverter valve and opens the high pressure valve. To create pressure in the circuit of the brake cylinder of the drive wheel, the return pump is turned on. There is an increase in the pressure of the brake fluid in the circuit and the braking of the drive wheel.
When the braking force necessary to prevent slipping is reached, the pressure is held. This is achieved by turning off the return pump.
At the end of the slip, the pressure is released. In this case, the intake and switching valves in the circuit of the brake cylinder of the drive wheel are open.
If necessary, the cycle of the EDS system is repeated. The ETS (Electronic Traction System) from Mercedes has a similar principle of operation.
2. Additional functions systems course sustainability
The following additional functions (subsystems) can be implemented in the design of the road stability system: hydraulic brake booster, rollover prevention, collision prevention, road train stabilization, increase in brake efficiency when heated, removal of moisture from brake discs and etc.
All of these systems, in general, do not have their own structural elements, but are a software extension of the ESP system.
System prevention overturning ROP(Roll Over Prevention) stabilizes the movement of the car in the event of a rollover threat. Rollover prevention is achieved by reducing lateral acceleration by braking the front wheels and reducing engine torque. Additional pressure in the brake system is generated by an active brake booster.
System prevention clashes(Braking Guard) can be implemented in a vehicle equipped with adaptive cruise control. The system prevents the danger of a collision with visual and audible signals and, in an emergency, by pressurizing the brake system (automatic activation of the return pump).
System stabilization road trains can be implemented in a vehicle equipped with a towing device. The system prevents trailer yaw when the vehicle is moving, which is achieved by braking the wheels or reducing torque.
System raise efficiency brakes at heating FBS(Fading Brake Support, another name - Over Boost) prevents insufficient adhesion of the brake pads to the brake discs that occurs when heated, by additionally increasing the pressure in the brake actuator.
System removal moisture With brake disks activated at speeds over 50 km/h and the wipers on. The principle of operation of the system is to briefly increase the pressure in the front wheel circuit, due to which the brake pads are pressed against the discs and moisture evaporates.
Driver support functions or systems are designed to assist the driver in certain maneuvers or in certain situations. Thus, they increase the driving comfort and safety. Such systems, as a rule, do not interfere with management in critical situations, but are always on and can be turned off if desired.
Hill Descent Control, also called HDC (Hill Descent Control), helps the driver when driving on mountain roads. When the car is on an inclined plane, the force of gravity acting on it is decomposed, according to the parallelogram rule, into normal and parallel components.
The latter represents the rolling force acting on the car. If the car is affected own strength traction, then it is added to the rolling force. The rolling force acts on the car constantly, regardless of the speed of the car. As a result, a car rolling down an inclined plane will accelerate all the time, i.e., move faster, the longer it rolls down.
Hill Descent Assist is activated when the following conditions are met:
The vehicle speed is less than 20 km/h,
Slope exceeds 20-,
Neither the gas pedal nor the brake pedal is pressed.
If these conditions are met and the information received by the downhill assist about the position of the accelerator pedal, engine speed and wheel speed indicate an increase in vehicle speed, the assistant assumes that the vehicle is rolling downhill and the brakes must be applied. The system starts at a speed that is slightly faster than walking speed.
The speed of the vehicle that the brake assistant must maintain (by braking all wheels) depends on the speed at which the downhill movement was started and the gear selected. In this case, the downhill assist switches on the return pump. The high pressure valves and ABS inlet valves open and the ABS outlet valves and changeover valves close. In the brake cylinders of the wheels is created brake pressure and the car slows down. When the vehicle speed has dropped to the desired speed, the hill descent control stops braking the wheels and reduces the pressure in the brake system again. If after that the speed starts to increase (while the accelerator pedal is not pressed), the assistant assumes that the car is still moving downhill. In this way, the vehicle speed is constantly kept within a safe range that can be easily controlled and controlled by the driver.
When the car stops on the rise, i.e. on an inclined plane, the force of gravity acting on it is decomposed (in accordance with the parallelogram rule) into normal and parallel components. The latter is a rolling force, i.e., the force under which the car will begin to roll back if the brake is released. When starting the car after stopping on an incline pulling force must first balance the rolling force. If the driver depresses the accelerator pedal too lightly or releases the brake pedal (or parking brake) too soon, the traction force will be less than the rolling force and the vehicle will begin to roll backwards before moving off. Hill Hold Control (also HHC) is designed to help the driver cope with this situation. The hill start assistant is based on the ESP system. The ESP G419 sensor unit is complemented by a longitudinal acceleration sensor that detects the vehicle's position.
Hill start assist is activated under the following conditions:
The vehicle is stationary (data from wheel speed sensors).
The amount of lift exceeds approx. 5- (sensor block data for ESP G419).
The driver's door is closed (data from the comfort system control unit, depending on the model).
The engine is running (data from the engine control unit).
Foot parking brake engaged (Touareg).
In this case, the hill start assistant always works in the direction of starting up (uphill). Including the HCC function - and starting off in reverse, the direction of starting is recognized by the inclusion of reverse gear. How it works The Hill Start Assist facilitates hill starting without the need for the parking brake. To do this, the start-up assistant slows down the reduction of the brake pressure from the hydr. system. This prevents the vehicle from rolling backwards while the traction force is still insufficient to compensate for the rolling force. Hill start assist can be divided into 4 phases.
The driver stops or holds the vehicle by depressing the brake pedal.
The brake pedal is pressed. Changeover valve open, high pressure valve closed. The inlet valve is open, the necessary pressure is created in the brake cylinder. The outlet valve is closed.
The car is stationary. The driver takes his foot off the brake pedal to move it to the accelerator pedal.
The hill start assistant maintains the brake pressure at the same level for 2 seconds to prevent the vehicle from rolling backwards.
The brake pedal is no longer depressed. The changeover valve closes. Brake pressure is maintained in the wheel circuits. This prevents premature pressure reduction.
Phase 3 — dosed decrease brake pressure
The car is still stationary. The driver presses the accelerator pedal.
As the driver increases the torque (traction torque) transmitted to the wheels, the traction control reduces the braking torque so that the vehicle does not roll backwards, but is also not braked when starting off again.
The inlet valve is open, the diverter valve opens in a controlled manner and the brake pressure is gradually reduced.
The traction torque is sufficient for starting off and then accelerating the vehicle. The hill start assistant reduces the brake pressure to zero. The car is moving.
The changeover valve is fully open. There is no pressure in the brake circuits.
The DAA dynamic traction assistant (Dynamischer AnfahrAssistent) is also designed for vehicles with an electromechanical parking brake. The dynamic assistant DAA simplifies starting off with the electric parking brake on and starting off on an incline.
Necessary requirements for the implementation of this assistant: the presence of an ESP system and an electromechanical parking brake. The function of this assistant itself is a software extension for the electromechanical brake control unit. When the driver wants to set in motion a car standing on an electric / mech. parking brake, it is not necessary for him to turn off the electric / fur. parking brake key off el / mech. parking brake.
The dynamic starting assistant will automatically turn off the electric / fur. parking brake if the following conditions are met:
The intention of the driver to start moving off must be expressed.
When the vehicle is stopped, for example at a traffic light, applying the parking brake eliminates the need to keep the brake pedal depressed all the time. After depressing the accelerator pedal, the parking brake is automatically released and the vehicle can start moving. Starting with the parking brake applied.
Tilt angle (Determined by longitudinal acceleration sensor.),
engine torque,
accelerator pedal position,
Clutch pedal position (On vehicles with a manual transmission, the signal from the clutch pedal position sensor is used. On vehicles with an automatic transmission, the current value of the engaged gear is requested instead of the clutch pedal position.),
Desired driving direction (On vehicles with automatic transmission, it is set according to the selected direction of travel; on vehicles with manual gearbox, it is set according to the signal from the reversing light switch.)
Based on these data, the control unit el / mech. parking brake calculates the amount of rolling force applied to the vehicle and the optimum moment to release the electric parking brake so that the vehicle can start without rolling backwards. When the traction moment of the vehicle becomes greater than the value of the rolling force calculated by the control unit, the control unit sends a control signal to both rear wheel brake actuators. The parking brake acting on the rear wheels is released electromechanically. The car moves off without rolling back. The dynamic traction assistant performs its functions without applying the hydraulic brakes, it just uses the information provided by the ESP system sensors.
3.4 Function automatic inclusion parking brakes
The AUTO HOLD function is designed to work in vehicles that have an electromechanical parking brake instead of a mechanical one. AUTO HOLD automatically holds a stopped car in place, regardless of how it stopped moving, and helps the driver to carry out the subsequent start (forward or backward). AUTO HOLD combines the following driver support functions:
The AUTO HOLD function is also a software extension of the ESP system and requires the presence of an ESP system and an electromechanical parking brake for its implementation.
To enable the AUTO HOLD function, the following conditions must be met:
The driver's door must be closed.
The driver's seat belt must be fastened.
The engine must be on.
To enable the AUTO HOLD function, press the AUTO HOLD key.
The activation of the AUTO HOLD function is indicated by the lighting of the control lamp in the key.
If one of the conditions fails, the AUTO HOLD function is disabled. After each new switching on of the ignition, the AUTO HOLD function must be reactivated by pressing the button.
When the driver depresses the accelerator pedal to drive off, the ABS outlet valves open and the return pump pumps brake fluid through the open shift valves towards the reservoir. This takes into account the inclination of the vehicle and the road in one direction or another in order to prevent the vehicle from rolling.
After 3 minutes of vehicle immobility, the braking function switches from hydraulic system ESP to electromechanical brake.
In this case, the ABS control unit informs the control unit el / mech. brakes the value of the required braking torque calculated by him. Both parking brake actuators (rear wheels) are controlled by the electro-mechanical brake control unit. The car is braked using hydraulic ESP mechanisms
The vehicle is braked with an electromechanical parking brake. The braking function is transferred to an electromechanical brake. The hydraulic brake pressure is automatically reduced. To do this, the ABS outlet valves are reopened and the return pump pumps the brake fluid through the open change-over valves in the direction of the compensation reservoir. This prevents overheating of the hydraulic unit valves.
The BSW brake drying system (short for the former German name Bremsscheibenwischer) was also sometimes referred to as Rain Brake Support (RBS).
In rainy weather, a thin film of water may form on the brake discs. This leads to some delay in the occurrence of the braking torque, since brake pads first they slide on this film until the water evaporates as a result of heating of the brake parts or is “erased” by the pads from the surface of the disc. Only after that brake mechanism develops its full braking torque. When braking in a critical situation, every fraction of a second of delay makes a huge difference. Therefore, to prevent this delay in the application of the brakes in wet weather, a brake drying system was developed. The BSW brake drying system ensures that the front brake discs are always dry and clean. This is achieved by light and short-term pressing of the brake pads to the discs. In this way, the full braking torque is achieved without delay if necessary and the braking distance is shortened. A prerequisite for the implementation of the BSW brake drying system on a vehicle is the presence of an ESP system on it.
Conditions for switching on the BSW brake drying system:
the vehicle is moving at a speed of at least 70 km/h
If these conditions are met, then during the operation of the wiper in a constant or interval mode, the front brake pads are brought to the brake discs at certain intervals. The braking pressure does not exceed 2 bar. When you turn on the wiper once, the pads are brought to the discs also once. Such light pressing of the linings, as they are carried out by the BSW system, is invisible to the driver.
Steering correction assistant, also called DSR (from the English. Driver-Steering Recommandation, lit. "recommendation to the driver on steering"), is an additional function of ESP that ensures safe driving. This function makes it easier for the driver to stabilize the vehicle in critical situations (e.g. when braking on pavement with uneven grip or with a sharp lateral maneuver).
Consider the work of the steering correction assistant using the example of a specific traffic situation: the car slows down on the road, the right edge of which is potholes, repaired by filling them with gravel. Due to the different grip on the right and left sides, a turning moment will occur during braking, which should be compensated by turning the steering wheel in the opposite direction in order to stabilize the car on course.
On a vehicle without a steering assistant, the moment, nature and amount of steering wheel turn are determined only by the driver himself. It is easy for an inexperienced driver to make a mistake, for example. adjust the steering wheel too much every time, which can lead to dangerous swaying of the car and loss of stability.
On a car with a steering correction assistant, power steering creates forces on the steering wheel that “tell” the driver when, where and how much to turn it. As a result, the braking distance is reduced, the deviation from the trajectory of movement is reduced and the vehicle's directional stability is increased.
The condition for the implementation of the function is:
Availability of ESP system
Electric power steering.
According to this data, the ABS/ESP control unit tells the power steering control unit which control signal to apply to the electromechanical power steering motor. The requested supporting torque of the electromechanical booster makes it easier for the driver to turn the steering wheel in the desired direction to stabilize the vehicle. Rotation in the wrong direction is not facilitated and therefore requires more effort from the driver. The support torque is generated for as long as the ABS/ESP control unit requires to stabilize the vehicle and shorten the braking distance. The ESP warning lamp does not come on, this only happens when the ESP system interferes with driving. Steering correction assistant is activated before ESP intervenes. The steering correction assistant therefore does not actively apply the hydraulic brake system, but simply uses the sensors of the ESP system to obtain the necessary data. The actual work of the steering correction assistant is carried out through communication with the electromechanical power steering.
Studies show that maintaining the correct distance on long journeys requires a lot of effort from the driver and leads to fatigue. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) is a driver assistance system that enhances driving comfort. It unloads the driver and thereby contributes to increased traffic safety. Adaptive cruise control is a further development of the conventional cruise control system (GRA, from German Geschwindigkeitsregelanlage).
Like conventional GRA cruise control, adaptive cruise control maintains the vehicle's speed at a level set by the driver. But adaptive cruise control can also ensure that a minimum distance set by the driver from the vehicle ahead is maintained. If necessary, adaptive cruise control reduces the speed to the speed of the vehicle ahead. The adaptive cruise control control unit determines the speed of the vehicle ahead and the distance to it. In this case, the system considers only objects (cars) moving in the same direction.
If the distance becomes less than the value set by the driver because the vehicle in front slows down or the slow vehicle moves from the adjacent lane, the vehicle slows down so that the set distance is maintained. Such a slowdown can be achieved due to recoil resp. commands to the engine control system. If deceleration by reducing engine power is insufficient, the braking system is activated. Deceleration Acceleration The Touareg's adaptive cruise control can bring the car to a complete stop if traffic conditions require it. The required brake application is achieved by a hydraulic unit with a return pump. The changeover valve in the hydraulic block closes and the high pressure valve opens. A control signal is applied to the return pump and the pump starts to work. This creates brake pressure in the wheel circuits.
3.8 System scanning space before by car Front Assist
Front Assist is a driver assistance system with a warning function to prevent a collision with the vehicle ahead. Stopping distance shortening systems AWV1 and AWV2 (from German Anhaltewegverkürzung, lit. stopping distance shortening) are constituent parts front assist systems. If the distance to the vehicle ahead is dangerously short, Front Assist reacts in two stages, the so-called pre-warning and main warning.
preliminary warning. In the event of a pre-warning, a warning symbol is first displayed in the instrument cluster (in addition, an acoustic signal can be heard). At the same time, the brake system is pre-pressurized (Prefill) and the hydraulic brake assistant (HBA) switches to “high sensitivity” mode.
Main warning. If the driver does not react, the system warns him with a short push. At the same time, the brake assistant switches to "maximum sensitivity" mode.
Stopping distance reduction is not activated at speeds below 30 km/h.
brake directional stability parking
All traction control systems have evolved from anti-lock braking system (ABS), which is a brake-only braking system. The EBV, EDS, CBC, ABSplus and GMB systems are extensions of the ABS system, either at the software level or by adding additional components.
The ASR system is further development ABS systems, in addition to active management brakes, it also allows you to control the operation of the engine. Braking systems that rely solely on engine control include M-ABS and MSR. If the vehicle is equipped with an ESP stability control system, then the operation of all traction control systems is subject to it.
When the ESP function is turned off, the traction control systems continue to operate independently. The ESP stability control system independently makes adjustments to the dynamics of the car when the electronics detects a deviation in the actual movement of the car from the desired by the driver. In other words, the ESP electronic system decides when, depending on the specific driving conditions, it is necessary to activate or, on the contrary, disable one or another traction control system. ESP thus performs the function of a coordinating and controlling center in relation to other systems.
And in conclusion, I would like to note that electronic security systems are most likely to save lives and avoid a traffic accident. Thanks to autonomous control of the car from the driver, the risk is minimal.
When buying a car, the availability of driver assistance systems is increasingly becoming a determining factor. In particular, the importance of keeping the car in the selected lane and automatic emergency braking has increased. According to Bosch's new car registration statistics, one in five passenger cars are equipped with such systems. At the same time, in 2013, assistance systems were installed in only every tenth new car. If all cars were equipped with an automatic emergency braking system, up to 72% of accidents in which people were injured could be prevented from rear-end collisions with a car. It was also found that the lane assist system can prevent up to 28% of accidents in which people are injured due to the fault of drivers who accidentally left their lane.
Technical requirements for most modern cars
The increased safety provided by driver assistance systems is one of the reasons for their growing popularity. In particular, the automatic emergency braking system is evaluated in the ratings of the European New Car Safety Assessment Program. Euro NCAP. From 2016, new vehicles must be equipped with Pedestrian Collision Avoidance if the automaker aims for the highest 5-star rating. Due to changes in testing standards and constantly decreasing costs, more and more modern passenger cars are equipped with sensors that monitor the parameters of the surrounding space.
One sensor supports multiple driver assistance systems
The technology is based on the use of a radar system sensor - MRR - medium range radar. For example, such a radar is used in the VW Polo and Golf models, which indicates its availability even for the segment of small and compact cars. One sensor can support multiple driver assistance systems. In addition to the emergency braking system, the MRR sensor works for adaptive cruise control (ACC). ACC automatically maintains the speed selected by the driver and the programmed safe distance to the vehicle in front. In combination with a collision avoidance system, ACC can reduce emergency braking on motorways by up to 67%. In 2014, 8% of new vehicles were equipped with ACC, twice as many as Bosch reported a year earlier.
One in four new cars can tell when the driver is tired
The number of new vehicles equipped with traffic sign recognition as well as driver drowsiness recognition is on the rise, both figures up 2% compared to 2013. So, six percent of all cars registered in 2014 can recognize certain traffic signs on the road using a video camera. Further information is displayed in the form of symbols on dashboard, which helps drivers understand the complexities of navigating traffic signs. In 2014, a system that measures driver fatigue was installed in one in four new cars. Using a steering angle sensor and electric power steering, the system analyzes the driver's behavior to detect the first signs of drowsiness. The system immediately registers sharp steering maneuvers and, taking into account Extra options, such as the duration of the trip and the time of day, determines the degree of sleepiness. Before the driver can fall asleep, he warns him to stop for a rest.
Parking assistance systems are the most common in new cars.
The headlight control system automatically turns on the high beam headlights when driving outside built-up areas until a vehicle is detected ahead or in the oncoming lane. She also constantly controls the operation of the headlights. Systems that only control low beams were not included in the latest study, resulting in fewer vehicles with integrated headlight control systems. In 2014, the system was introduced in only 13% of newly registered vehicles.
Also included in the studies for the first time is a parking assistance system. It uses ultrasonic sensors that emit audible signals that inform the driver about the distance between the vehicle and obstacles when parking, as well as rear-view cameras and parking assistants. These assistants control the steering when parking, while the driver is only responsible for accelerating and braking. For example, in 2014, more than half of the new registered cars (52%) were equipped with parking assistance systems, which indicates the greatest popularity of these systems in new cars.
(Bosch study based on 2014 statistics from Polk and the German Federal Motor Vehicle Office for newly registered vehicles).
(Bosch study based on 2014 statistics from Polk and the German Federal Motor Vehicle Office for newly registered vehicles).
ADAS stands for (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) modern systems driver assistance.
These are various devices designed to increase the safety of driving.
Typically, these devices include:
- Short range and long range radars
- External and internal video cameras
- Parking aids (front and rear ultrasonic sensors)
- Laser rangefinders ( LIDAR- Light Identification Detection and Ranging - light detection and range determination)
These devices are combined into a single whole using a control unit.
Vehicles equipped with ADAS are an intermediate link between ordinary cars driver-controlled and unmanned vehicles.
It is gratifying to note that UAZ has become one of the "pioneers" of the domestic implementation of ADAS systems:
In July 2016 Ulyanovsk car factory held a demonstration of the UAZ PATRIOT car with an electronic system all-round view and driver assistance (ADAS Vision).
The new system combines Surround View cameras and ultrasonic parking sensors. At the same time, the car acquires a new consumer property - it combines the visualization of dangerous obstacles and an audible warning signal.
The developer of the electronic system was the company Abiks-Technology, one of the leaders in the Russian market for the creation and implementation of automotive electronic security systems and driver assistance.
The new system also features the use of an ADAS camera with lane change warning functions ( LDW- line Departure Warning) and detect obstacles in front of the car ( FCW- Forward Collision Warning). In the future, as part of the development of the ADAS system in the UAZ PATRIOT platform, it is planned to use a 4-channel video recorder, as well as to implement the traffic sign recognition function (Traffic Sign Recognition, TSR), automatic switching high and low beam (Light Assist) and dynamic parking lines(superimposition of the trajectory of the car on the video image before and during the movement).
The Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant presented a demo UAZ PATRIOT car with a working model of the Vision-ADAS system at the 96th International Scientific and Technical Conference of the Association automotive engineers"Prospects for the development of cars", which was held on September 14-15, 2016 in Togliatti.
As part of the conference, participants were able to take a test drive in a car equipped with latest version systems. Testing took place both in the city highway mode and at a specially prepared training ground.
Side cameras are located below the exterior mirrors
The camera inside the cabin is responsible for reading the signs.
Thus, the capabilities of the updated system were demonstrated: traffic sign recognition, warning of an involuntary lane change, detection of obstacles in front of the car while driving, a surround view system, visualization of obstacles detected by the security system, as well as assistance in parking the vehicle.
It is also worth noting that the new version combines visualization of dangerous obstacles and audible warnings.
According to Sergey Shpilev, Project Manager of the Engineering Center of the Scientific and Technical Center of UAZ LLC, the system has undergone significant changes compared to last year's version of Vision-ADAS. “We have significantly expanded the functionality in terms of traffic sign recognition, marking recognition, as well as the detection of obstacles in the form of vehicles in front (Forward Collision Warning, Forward Collision Warning, FCW) , which eliminates dangerous collisions.
You can safely add to driver assistance systems automotive thermal imagers.
Their cost is falling every year and soon they will be used not only in the premium car segment, but also in everyday life.
Today, automotive thermal imagers use a special matrix that reacts to the heat generated by any object. Unlike the first models of thermal imagers, they are not afraid of illumination, and they do not need light in principle.
The image that is displayed on the screen is completely formed based on the heat generated by the object.
The most important parameters for thermal imagers are: refresh rate and lens size.
The frame refresh rate is responsible for how smoothly the picture will be displayed on the screen at high speeds.
Modern thermal imagers for a car see at a distance of up to 300-400 meters, in latest models so-called DSP modules are installed, which can highlight people, animals and cars on the screen, plus signal a dangerous approach.
The ancestor of such thermal imagers to the masses is FLIR, which released the PathfindIR model, it is installed regularly in some trim levels BMW and AUDI.
The second generation of PathfindIR II already has a DSP module that identifies people and animals.
There is already experience in using PathfindIR in UAZ. Such a system was equipped with the Helios mobile searchlight complex.
Moreover, the camera was placed in place of the standard fog lamp.
Competitor of PathfindIR II is Guide N-Driver Chinese manufacturer Guide and Russian Pergam Driver
In December 2016, UAZ presented a test version of the car UAZ PATRIOT with telematic services
The presentation featured a UAZ PATRIOT vehicle with a comprehensive solution that includes elements of information security and combines the work of a driver assistance system, an ERA-GLONASS system with a telematics platform, a dispatch center and a mobile application on the iOS and Android platforms.
The functionality of the integrated solution allows customers to automate services for multi-user control over access to the car, control over the style of driving, compliance with the route and rules traffic vehicle drivers. The system makes it possible to timely control fuel consumption, plan maintenance and repair of vehicles based on the information received about the condition of vehicles.
The operation of the complex is carried out due to the telematics unit installed in the UAZ PATRIOT car, connected to electronic system a car that receives a navigation signal from a satellite that collects information about the state of the car and transmits it via a cellular communication network to a telematics platform server. Further, the information is processed and systematized on the server and transmitted to the dispatcher for analysis and further interaction with the driver or directly with the car by sending commands.
At the same time, the integration of driver assistance systems into telematic services allows the dispatcher to timely detect the presence of absent-mindedness, fatigue, drowsiness or aggressiveness in the driver and, thereby, to take preventive measures to improve driving safety.
A feature of the presented solution is the presence in the UAZ PATRIOT of the “SERVICE” button, with one click of which the driver can contact the dispatcher at any time, who sees the position of the car on the map, received from signals from GLONASS satellites. The presence of such a button allows you to solve a lot of operational issues, such as calling an ambulance, technical or legal assistance right on the road, etc.
This solution provides for the possibility of integration with information systems of corporate clients, which can significantly improve the safety of driving vehicles and achieve significant savings in operating costs. Using the system enables customers to save on average 15% on fuel consumption due to the termination of drains and deviations from routes, reduce the distortion of vehicle mileage, reduce vehicle downtime for maintenance and receive additional discounts on vehicle fleet insurance. At the same time, a mobile application (iOS, Android platforms) will allow you to receive the information required for prompt management decisions in a timely manner.
Evgeny Galkin, Deputy General Director for Development, Director of the Scientific and Technical Center of UAZ LLC, noted: “UAZ was the first company on the Russian market to introduce a comprehensive solution in the field of telematic services with information security elements, which can be serially installed on a car directly at the automaker’s enterprise and configured to the needs of a particular client. We are convinced that this decision will be most in demand among corporate customers, since the use of telematic functions in practice can significantly increase driving safety and achieve significant cost savings in the operation and maintenance of the company's vehicle fleet.
The fewer distractions you have from driving, the more fun you get. That is why the BMW 3 Series takes on so many tasks on its own. The Driving Assistant warns you of potential dangers in good time, the Navigation System Professional guarantees you a trip without unpleasant surprises even in unfamiliar terrain, and a range of onboard assistants make the parking process as easy and comfortable as possible.
Driving assistant.
The Driving Assistant package includes a range of camera-based systems, such as Lane Departure Warning or Collision and Pedestrian Warning with City Braking.
Lane Departure Warning monitors road markings and warns the driver with a slight vibration of the steering wheel in case of inadvertent departure from the lane at speeds above about 70 km/h. The warning is not given if the lane change is intentional - that is, if the corresponding turn signal has been turned on.
Collision and Pedestrian Warning with City Brake function reacts to other vehicles and monitors pedestrians. If the vehicle in front brakes hard, the BMW 3 Series immediately reacts by activating the collision warning system. It works in three stages: first, the warning indicator lights up, then the indicator flashes and the system beeps, and finally the system gently applies the vehicle's brakes (when driving at speeds up to 60 km / h). The Pedestrian Collision Warning System operates at speeds between 10 and 60 km/h and gives a warning signal in the event of a critical danger. At the moment when a warning signal is given, the vehicle's brake system is automatically activated, providing a minimum response time to pressing the pedal. The effectiveness of this function may be limited at night or during fog.
ACTIVE CRUISE CONTROL WITH STOP&GO.
Active cruise control with Stop&Go function, including radar-assisted collision warning with braking to a standstill function, ensures maximum comfort and safety when driving in traffic jams. The system automatically maintains the speed set by the driver and the distance to the vehicle in front. The car accelerates and decelerates automatically until it comes to a complete stop, controlling the distance even in heavy traffic and traffic jams. If the vehicle begins to approach the vehicle in front, or if another vehicle changes lanes between it and the vehicle in front, the system accurately adjusts the speed to match the changing traffic situation. The system can be activated at speeds up to 210 km/h.
The Stop&Go function not only ensures automatic deceleration to a complete stop, but also automatically accelerates the vehicle to the set speed if the traffic situation again allows it within a certain time interval.
If the vehicle in front brakes sharply, bmw car instantly reacts to this by activating the collision warning system. It works in three stages: first, the warning light comes on, then the light starts to flash and the system beeps, and finally the system applies the vehicle's brakes hard.
HEAD-UP DISPLAY BMW.
The BMW full color head-up display allows you to display the entire important information directly in the driver's field of vision, allowing him to fully concentrate on driving. This information includes current speed data, as well as, depending on equipment, navigation prompts, a speed limit indicator with no-overtaking zones, a phone book, multimedia system playlists, as well as data and warnings. various systems assistance to the driver.
The symbols on the windshield are displayed in full color and high resolution. The head-up display's virtual image is positioned approximately 2.3 m ahead of the vehicle. In combination with optimal positioning in relation to the driver's seat, this ensures the fastest and most convenient reading of information without unnecessary distractions.
The brightness of the head-up display is adjusted automatically depending on the ambient light. In addition, the display provides two display modes: for light and for dark time of the day. The image height can also be adjusted. And to top it off, the driver can also customize what information, in addition to the current speed and driver assistance systems warning indicators, is displayed on the head-up display.
Parking assistance systems.
The BMW 3 Series Sedan can be equipped with a range of intelligent systems designed to make it easier to maneuver in narrow parking spaces. Such useful helpers, as a reversing camera, a parking assistant or a surround view system, significantly increase comfort in all parking situations - especially in confined spaces or in situations with limited visibility.
Rear View Camera
The rear view camera allows the driver to display an image of the space behind the vehicle on the Control Display when parking or maneuvering. It allows you to significantly improve visibility when reversing at speeds up to 15 km / h.
The control display will also show hints, marker lines and obstacles in different colors to help the driver determine if the parking space is large enough to park the car. When the steering wheel is turned to the end position, red turning lines and green driving lines appear on the display, suggesting the vehicle's trajectory depending on the angle of rotation of the wheels.
The rear view camera is automatically turned off when driving forward for ten meters or at speeds above 15 km/h. In combination with the trailer hitch, the camera greatly simplifies the process of hitching up a trailer thanks to the practical zoom function.Parking assistant
The parking assistant allows you to significantly simplify both parallel and perpendicular parking car. Regardless of the current status, the system automatically measures potential parking spaces - including bottlenecks for parallel parking- when the car is moving at low speed (up to 35 km/h) and at a distance of no more than 1.5 m from parked cars. When a large enough space is detected, the driver simply needs to turn on the turn signal, and the parking assistant takes over the steering - the driver only needs to shift gears and press the accelerator and brake pedals, taking into account system prompts on the control display and acoustic signals.
When approaching an obstacle at low speed, the parking assistant is activated automatically thanks to the "Auto PDC" mode. The extended functionality of the system also provides assistance to the driver when parking perpendicular to the direction of travel. Signaling emergency rendezvous when parking, beeps if the vehicle is too close to an obstacle from either side. Thanks to this, the parking process becomes even more calm and safe for the driver.Surround View System
The Surround View System includes camera-based top view and side view functions, as well as a rear view camera. Cameras located in the exterior mirrors and at the rear of the vehicle provide a 270° view around the vehicle.
The top view allows you to control the areas on the sides of the car, making it easier to maneuver. The side view provides the safest way to overcome difficult areas, such as exiting adjacent roads or passing difficult intersections with obstructed visibility. Two digital cameras located in the front of the car on the left and right right side, track traffic situation in front of the car. They allow early detection of approaching vehicles and therefore give the driver more time to react. The side view function is deactivated automatically at speeds over 15 km/h. Of the three possible view modes - rear view camera, side view or top view - only one can be selected for display at a time.
Camera-based systems are activated when reverse gear is engaged or when the PDC button or side view button is pressed. Images from the cameras are displayed on the control display.
Navigation system Professional.
Navigation system Professional stands out for its elegant design and impressive functionality. It provides convenient and easy-to-use navigation options, perfectly integrated with BMW features such as the iDrive operating concept or the iDrive Touch Controller. The system includes a module speakerphone with USB interface and voice control, the BMW Professional audio system with DVD player, as well as HDD 20 GB for storing audio files. The system greatly simplifies the use of the Online Traffic Information (RTTI) function. The built-in 8.8" LCD color display with 1280 x 480 pixels resolution and multi-window function (main and sub screen) ensures optimal readability and maximum convenience.
