Today, road transport is one of the most common and popular ways of transporting goods. It is actively used in all countries and on all continents and transports more than 80 percent of the mass of world cargo.
In Russia, road transport also stably holds the position of the main carrier, taking on about 70 percent of the domestic cargo in terms of tonnage.
Why is it so attractive to the market? transport services? In fact, road transport is full of advantages that distinguish it favorably from rail, sea, and aviation.
Benefits of road transport
Firstly, road transport is the only one that allows for the delivery of cargo "from door to door".
Ships go from port to port, the plane does not land exactly near the warehouse, and railways, leading directly to the factory area, only exceptional enterprises can afford. Even if the main part of the way the cargo travels by train or sails by sea, you still can’t do without a car: only it can deliver the goods for shipment to the port, airport or railway station and from there to the buyer’s warehouse.
By the way, that is why the share of road transport in the structure of cargo transportation is so high. In any case, at least as an intermediary, he participates in the transportation process.
And if the distance that the cargo needs to overcome is relatively small and the route passes overland, then the car is the most suitable option. After all, due to the fact that the need for intermediate unloading and loading from one vehicle to another disappears, the goods have a much better chance of getting safe and sound from the door of the seller's warehouse straight "to the hands" of the buyer.
Secondly, the car has greater mobility and maneuverability. He does not need, like the same train, to move along a strictly marked track, from which he does not have the opportunity to turn off.
The car is able to flexibly respond to changing circumstances (shorten the path, go around the "traffic jam" and other difficult area roads, pick up "partial load" ...), which has a positive effect on the speed of delivery.
Thirdly, road transport creates conditions for maintaining the rhythm of the transportation of goods. There is no need to wait until the amount of cargo is accumulated, sufficient to fill, for example, the entire volume of a standard 20-ton truck - smaller consignments of goods can be transported both on a vehicle of a suitable carrying capacity, and as part of groupage cargo.
In the same way, by the way, there is no need to wait for the moment when, for example, the whole train: one car that meets all the needs of the customer and obeys his wishes - and less unwanted delays.
Fourthly, road freight transportation ensures the urgency of delivery in cases where it was not planned, and the goods should have arrived at the buyer's warehouse “yesterday ago”. After all, in order to use the services of rail or sea transport (air transport is generally very expensive), a few weeks before departure, you need to “reserve” a “cargo space” for yourself and settle all the formalities. A suitable car, though difficult, but possible to find in a matter of hours.
Sixth, the market trucking there is no fixed-tariff monopolist. Affordable cost truck(compared to other vehicles) brings many players to the market, competition between which provides a flexible system of rates.
However, at the same time, road transport also has significant drawbacks.
- Road freight transportation is optimal for short routes and unprofitable for long distance: they are much more expensive than rail or water transport services.
- Although road transport allows you to transport whole oversized and heavy loads, for "piece" goods the limit is limited by the capabilities of the truck: standard truck"lifts" a weight of 20 tons, maximum load capacity, at 44 tons, gives a road train. Large consignments of goods will have to be packed into several trucks, which is extremely inconvenient and, again, affects the cost of transportation.
- Road transport depends on road and climatic conditions: snowdrifts, ice, spring and autumn mudslides either significantly slow down or completely stop the transportation process. This means that they increase (or even disrupt) delivery times.
- Accidents on the roads, unfortunately, have not yet been won, therefore, when transporting goods by car there is always a risk of damage or loss of goods. In addition, cases of cargo theft are not uncommon (especially when transporting over long distances).
So, when is the best time to use road transport to transport goods?
The choice of transportation method depends on many factors and circumstances, and therefore it is difficult to say with certainty which type of transport to use in what situation. However, if the delivery route passes overland and involves a relatively short distance, the cargo belongs to the so-called. "standard" (building and finishing materials, furniture, household and office equipment, cosmetics, food ...) and the entire batch of goods can fit on one motor vehicle, That the best choice for the transport of goods will be just a car.
The large role of road transport in the country's transport market is due to its specific features and advantages over other modes of transport, which are as follows: high maneuverability and mobility, allowing you to quickly concentrate vehicles in required quantity and in right place; ability to provide "door-to-door" delivery without additional transfers and transfers along the route; high speed of delivery and ensuring the safety of goods, especially when transporting over short distances; wide scope for types of cargo, communication systems and transportation distances; the need for less capital investment in the construction of roads with small flows of goods and passengers (with large flows they approach the cost of railway construction).
The most efficient use of road transport is short-range transportation. The average transportation distance for 1 ton of cargo is 20-24 km. In this regard, the share of road transport in the total freight turnover is about 6%.
Road transport provides mainly intra-regional transportation of goods and passengers, carries out centralized transportation from railway stations and ports and vice versa. Motor transport is especially widely used in the mining industry, construction, agriculture and trade.
Forecasts show that this type of transport in Russia can expand its share in the transport services market, especially in connection with the inevitable development of road construction in the country and further improvement and increase in the rolling stock fleet.
Advantages of road transport over other modes of transport and its disadvantages:
maneuverability and great mobility, mobility;
delivery of goods or passengers "from door to door" without additional transshipments or transfers along the route;
autonomy of the vehicle;
high delivery speed;
wide scope of application on a territorial basis, types of cargo and communication systems;
a shorter route compared to natural water transport routes.
Greater mobility, ease of movement and the ability to quickly respond to changes in passenger demand allow vehicles to often be out of competition when passenger traffic on local lines. The average travel distance per passenger is 9 km. Buses carry more than 60% of passengers in many cities of Russia, and in some of them in countryside - 100 %.
Relative disadvantages of road transport:
high cost; (tens of times higher than on rail, water and other modes of transport);
high fuel and energy consumption, metal consumption;
poor performance rolling stock units (130-150 thousand t-km per year);
the greatest labor intensity (at least one driver is required per vehicle); (3/4 of all those working in transport are employed in motor transport)
pollutes the environment.
low level labor productivity due to the low average load capacity of vehicles;
Rolling stock of road transport used for the transport of goods and passengers.
The rolling stock of road transport includes cars various modifications, semi-trailers and trailers. A tractor with a trailer or semi-trailer is called a road train. Cars can be divided into trucks, passenger and special. Freight rolling stock includes universal onboard all brands and refrigerators specialized by type of cargo, tankers, vans, panel carriers, timber carriers, etc. Passenger rolling stock includes buses and cars. Separately allocate cargo-passenger vehicles, usually created on the basis of cars, but intended for the transport of both passengers and small consignments of goods.
Special rolling stock includes transport vehicles adapted to perform various technical functions - truck cranes, mobile power stations and compressors, fire, sanitary, utility. Sports cars are classified as a separate subgroup.
Cars are also distinguished by the type of engine ( internal combustion, carburetor, diesel, gas-balloon, gas turbine, electric), by carrying capacity (very small, small, medium, large and extra large), capacity (buses and cars), maximum design speed, number of drive wheels (two-axle, three-axle, etc. d., front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive), maximum load on the road from the axles of the vehicle, the overall length, width and height of the vehicle and road train. Tractors are divided into saddle and towing. Allocate also off-road vehicles(quarry, logging, as well as cross-country vehicles).
The main tasks for the development of road transport in Russia are: improving the design and specifications vehicles and their engines in terms of efficiency, environmental friendliness, the best design and manageability; rationalization of the structure of the vehicle fleet, increase in the production of specialized vehicles and various carrying capacities; improvement of the diagnostic system, Maintenance and car repair; improving the organization and safety of traffic in the "car-driver-road" system; significant expansion of road construction and quality improvement highways.
As you know, one of the "eternal" problems of Russia are roads. Their deficiency and low quality available significantly hinder not only the development of road transport, but also, to a certain extent, socio-economic progress in the country.
Roads common use make up only 578.0 thousand km, including 520.0 thousand km with hard surface. Consequently, there are 45 km of paved roads (or 27 km of public roads) per 1000 km2 of the territory of our country. The significant lag in road development compared to other countries must be overcome in the future. According to experts, the required minimum length of roads in Russia is 1.5-2 million km.
For the effective use of road transport in Russia, a significant increase in roads of the 1st and 2nd categories, the so-called autobahns with the appropriate equipment: car refueling and maintenance stations, dumping sites, road hotels, special parking lots, intersections in different levels, lighting, road signs and so on.
The imperfect quality of roads increases the cost of transportation by 30-50%, fuel consumption increases by 1.5 times, the cost of operating a car increases by 2-3 times, and the service life decreases by 30%. In accordance with state program for the development, reconstruction and maintenance of federal highways Russian Federation reconstruction, expansion and new construction of such major highways as Moscow-Minsk-Brest, Moscow-St. Petersburg-state border, ring roads around Moscow and St. Petersburg, autobahns Moscow-Kursk-Belgorod, Omsk-Novosibirsk, Ufa-Chelyabinsk and others. Large new bridges are being built across the Volga, Ob, Amur and other rivers to unload existing crossings over these natural obstacles. It should be emphasized that, as calculations show, for 1 ruble invested in the construction and maintenance of roads, the user can receive more than 3 rubles. net profit, not counting the extra-transport effect. Tolls have been introduced on some roads, as is the practice in some countries.
The market of transport services is dominated by transportation quality problem cargo and passengers, which can be solved by increasing the share of specialized rolling stock. This problem is acute for any type of transport and is related to the essence, the role of transport in the life of society. Speeds tend to increase, but their increase is ambiguous with the issue of capital investment, fuel consumption and operating costs. Modern cars reach speeds of 250 km/h, and trucks - 120 km/h. To achieve such speeds, special operating conditions are required, which are hindered by high traffic density, imperfect road geometry and pavement, intersection with pedestrian traffic. The choice of rational speeds depends on the load, type of vehicle, road category, weather conditions, professionalism of the driver, i.e. is a complex complex task.
The problem of the regularity of transportation in market conditions: since the release of products (or the formation of passenger traffic) is cyclical, therefore, its export should be appropriate. In addition, the value of goods in the process of warehousing and transportation is classified as "dead capital", and most of the travel of passengers in cities is associated with the labor process and the increase in the distance of transportation. Therefore, the problem of regularity is currently being considered in a new aspect - in terms of creating a continuous system for transporting goods and passengers. according to the principles of the logistics system, the main condition of which is the timely satisfaction of the need (demand) for the transport service.
In market conditions, the scope of the use of road transport is expanding. Foreign experience speaks of the efficiency of road transport when transporting over a distance of 300-400 km or more due to the use of cars heavy duty (in the USA, the average carrying capacity of a car in intercity transportation is 19 tons, in France - 13 tons, in Germany - 15 tons, in Russia - 9 tons).
It was determined that at a distance of up to 200 km by road it is possible to deliver cargo 12 times faster than by rail-road mixed traffic and 5 times faster than by direct rail; at a distance of up to 500 km - faster, respectively, 7 and 3 times. However, as the range increases, this advantage is lost.
Heavy-duty containers (10, 20 and 30 tons) can be effectively transported by road over a distance of up to 500 km. Currency efficiency extends over long distances, which allows, for example, Iran to transport its goods to Europe through Russia at a distance of 3,000 km.
In road transport, the problem of organization and traffic safety is very acute, which should be considered in the system "car-driver-road-environment" (A-B-D-C). Perfection car is coming along the line active safety in order to prevent traffic accidents (use of adjustable brakes, diaphragming non-dazzling headlights, special devices onboard control driving mode, more reliable tires, etc.) and passive safety to reduce the consequences of accidents (hardening of the body, safety glass, seat belts, devices to prevent fuel leakage, etc.). A global challenge in solving the problem of traffic safety should be considered the creation of a new transport system with pedestrian isolation Vehicle(layout of the road at different levels, construction of alternative passages, pedestrian tunnels that increase the speed traffic flow by 30-40%, removal of traffic in certain parts of the city, etc.).
The advantages of using personal vehicles seem obvious to many, especially if a person has been the owner of a car for several years and actively uses it in everyday life. However, the benefits of personal transport are usually thought of by those people who are used to using public transport services - fixed-route taxis, ordinary taxis, trains, etc. When thinking about buying their first car, many of them want to understand what benefits it can give them.
In this article, we will reveal clearly and completely all the advantages of owning private car without considering any specific brand or car model. For example, consider the option with an ordinary passenger car (SUV). Learn more about features individual brands cars or even models, you can go to Authorio. So, let's consider the advantages of cars in descending order.
In the first place is the possibility of overcoming long distances in directions where there is no or poorly organized rail and air transport. In second place is the transportation of goods, of course, within the framework of technical capabilities passenger car. So, an ordinary “passenger car” is unlikely to cope with an apartment move, but it will cope with various household needs “perfectly well”. For example, if in the spring you need to go to the dacha with seedlings, once a week go to the supermarket for shopping, and in many other cases, you can use personal transport so as not to spend a lot of money on paying for taxi services. In addition, along with a personal car, you can also buy a trailer to increase the amount of cargo transported.
A private car means complete mobility and the confidence that you can be in right time in the right place (ideally, the possibility of delay due to traffic jams is not considered). This is convenient and extremely important, because in cities where disruptions in public transport are not uncommon, people can miss and lose a lot by simply being late or not being somewhere on time, for example, at a responsible job.
We have reviewed three of the most important benefits use of a private car. Now let's dwell on the secondary, but no less important advantages of cars. Thus, modern cars provide maximum comfort movement. Maybe, this advantage highly valued by all car owners. Compare personal car With public transport it just makes no sense, because it is obvious that your own car is both more convenient and cleaner, and faster than buses, trains, minibuses. Private a car allows you to move around the city without discomfort in any weather, with any burden. He makes his owner mobile and successful, because he manages to keep up everywhere without wasting time on a tedious road.
The car has long ceased to be a luxury and has become a means of transportation. Modern cars allow you to quickly and very comfortably transport people and goods over long distances. Autoinstructors they will talk about some of the advantages and disadvantages of vehicles of the 21st century and the features of their operation.
Appearance
Almost any modern stock car has powerful engine able to develop high speed and has increased comfort, thanks to soft suspension, absence extraneous noise in the cabin, a large number various devices and accessories, for example: ABS, air conditioning, cruise control and automatic transmission.
With proper and careful operation, the machine will serve reliably and for a long time, without requiring large infusions.
advantage modern machines can be considered appearance. On this moment painting, finishing, processing and interior design technologies have reached such a level that new car like a magnet attracts the eye. Ergonomic design, well-thought-out design and a shiny body make even those who have never thought about their car attract attention.
Fuel
Modern cars are very economical in terms of fuel consumption, which is especially important in the face of constantly rising gasoline prices.
To a greater extent, this applies to cars with a diesel engine, for which the declared fuel consumption is 3-5 liters per hundred kilometers.
The range of energy sources is increasing: and if electric cars or cars running on biofuel have not yet received proper distribution, then cars with gas equipment are quite common on our roads. Gas, at approx. equal flow to gasoline, is a cheaper fuel, which ensures its popularity. Therefore, on some machines, the equipment necessary for working on gas is installed immediately at the manufacturer's plant. Also, many car repair shops and service stations provide a similar service.
Many novice drivers mistakenly assume that after installing gas equipment the machine will not be able to run on traditional fuel, but this is not at all the case.
By simply switching the toggle switch, the driver can choose which fuel to drive. The disadvantage of using gas can be considered the periodic presence bad smell in the cabin. And although there is nothing dangerous in this, sometimes it can greatly reduce comfort. Besides, gas bottle, acting as a gas tank, takes up a lot of space in the trunk, so when transporting goods you will have to seriously make room.
Let's watch a video about gas-powered cars:
Flaws
Environmentalists consider motor vehicles the main source of air pollution in large cities. Therefore, cars cause two main troubles for any metropolis: traffic jams and the smog that we breathe.
The second disadvantage modern car can be considered expensive repairs. Even careful operation cannot serve as protection against excess spending. Any maintenance or damage will cost less than three thousand rubles (this includes the cost of work and Supplies). If the car needs serious repairs, you can safely attribute at least one more zero to this price.
Even a simple elimination small dent with a scratch, which appeared not even from a collision, but simply from contact, will cost at least two thousand.
In addition to cash injections directly into the car, be prepared to invest in protective measures. This includes installing an alarm, buying a garage (in this case, you will have to pay a small membership fee each year for using utilities) or parking fees.
A serious item in the cost of a car for many motorists is the cost of buying various cars"baubles" and lotions.
According to statistics, the auto accessories market has an annual turnover equal to the sales of the cars themselves. Any car owner will confirm that being in a car shop or car market is hard to resist buying some cute trinket for your favorite car.
A serious disadvantage of cars is the fact that, according to statistics, this is the most dangerous transport. However, to be perfectly honest, we are talking about all types of vehicles, and not just about cars.
Good luck and be careful on the roads!
The article used an image from the site www.admpankovka.ru
The large role of road transport in the country's transport market is due to its specific features and advantages over other modes of transport, which are as follows: high maneuverability and mobility, allowing you to quickly concentrate vehicles in the required quantity and in the right place; ability to provide "door-to-door" delivery without additional transfers and transfers along the route; high speed of delivery and ensuring the safety of goods, especially when transporting over short distances; wide scope for types of cargo, communication systems and transportation distances; the need for less capital investment in the construction of roads with small flows of goods and passengers (with large flows they approach the cost of railway construction).
Main technical and operational features and advantages road transport:
maneuverability and great mobility, mobility;
delivery of goods or passengers "from door to door" without additional transshipments or transfers along the route;
autonomy of the vehicle;
high delivery speed;
wide scope of application on a territorial basis, types of cargo and communication systems;
a shorter route compared to natural water transport routes.
Greater mobility, ease of movement and the ability to quickly respond to changes in passenger demand allow motor transport to often be out of competition in passenger transportation on local lines. The average travel distance per passenger is 9 km. Buses carry more than 60% of passengers in many cities of Russia, and in some of them in rural areas - 100 %.
Relative disadvantages road transport:
high cost; (tens of times higher than on rail, water and other modes of transport);
high fuel and energy consumption, metal consumption;
low productivity of a rolling stock unit (130-150 thousand t-km per year);
the greatest labor intensity (at least one driver is required per vehicle); (3/4 of all those working in transport are employed in motor transport)
pollutes the environment.
low level of labor productivity due to the low average load capacity of vehicles;
35. Main indicators of the material and technical base, the work of the fleet and ports.
Maritime transport is characterized by the following indicators of the material and technical base, the operation of the fleet and ports.
Displacement ship D- the mass of water displaced by the vessel - is equal to the mass of the vessel in tons.
full load capacity, or deadweight ship D B, is maximum amount cargo in tons Q, as well as fuel reserves q t, water q in and cargo supplies q SN that the ship can take:
D in = Q + q t+ q in + q sn.
Vessel Net Carrying Capacity D h is the maximum amount of cargo (excluding water, fuel and supplies) in tons that the vessel can accept for carriage:
D h = D V - ( q t+ q in + q sn).
Cargo capacity vessel - the volume of all cargo spaces of the vessel in cubic meters.
Registered capacity vessel (vessel volume) - measuring certificate. Registered tonnage can be gross or full (gross) and net (net). It is measured by a volume register ton, equal to 2.83 m 3.
Gross (full) register tonnage ship W br - the volume obtained as a result of measuring the premises under the upper deck and covered superstructures and deckhouses.
Net register tonnage ship W nt - the volume of commercial operated premises of the vessel. Used as an indicator for calculating dues and duties in seaports.
The relationship between net and gross tonnage, gross tonnage (deadweight) and displacement can be characterized by the formula
W nt = 2/Z W 6p = 4/9 D in = 8/27 D.
Flight vessel - the time spent by the vessel from the beginning of loading at the port of departure to the placement of the vessel for a new loading.
The duration of the vessel's voyage includes sailing and lay time. running time depends on the length of the voyage and the speed of the ship, the parking - on the performance of loading and unloading facilities, as well as the level of organization of ship servicing in ports.
There are simple, complex and circular flights. When transporting goods or passengers between two ports, the ship's voyage is called simple. When transporting goods between several ports, each of which is loaded or unloaded, the flight is called complex. If a ship is carrying cargo between two or more ports and returns to the port of original departure, then such a voyage is called a circular voyage.
Running time factor K x - running time ratio t x in total flight duration T R:
TO x = t X / T R.
Ballast run coefficient K b is determined by dividing the ballast run L b on the total mileage of the ship L:
TO b = L b/ L.
Vessel load factor ε zag shows the degree of use of the ship's carrying capacity at the time of departure from the port. It is determined by dividing the mass of the cargo actually accepted by the ship Q f on the net carrying capacity of the vessel:
ε zag = Q f / D h.
The load factor characterizes the degree of use of the carrying capacity only in simple flights, i.e., on separate transitions. In circular or complex voyages, when ships can sail with different payloads and make transitions in ballast, the utilization factor of the ship's carrying capacity is applied.
Capacity Utilization Factor ship ε h is determined by the ratio of ton-miles ∑ Ql to tonnage-miles ∑ Dch Li.
Performance 1 ton of carrying capacity of the vessel per day μ ts - a complex indicator characterizing the use of its production capacity for transportation per day. Defined by ton-mile ratio ∑ Ql to the number of tonnage-days spent ∑ D h T e for a certain period of time:
μ ts = ∑ Ql / ∑D h T e.
Actual number of fleet employed in transportation during the entire calendar period is determined by the following formulas:
by number of ships
,
where T e1 , T e2 , ..., T en - the time during which each vessel was engaged in transportation, days;
by total load capacity
∑D h up = ∑ D h T e / 365,
where ∑ D h T e - the time the ship or fleet was in operation, respectively, in ship-days or tonnage-days.
Cargo turnover of port Q n is the total amount of cargo passing through its berths in a certain period of time (most often a year).
The indicators characterizing the production capacity of each technological transshipment complex (TPC) of the port are throughput and installed capacity.
Bandwidth TPK P TPK is the maximum amount of cargo that TPK can load (unload) on ships for the corresponding period (year, quarter, month).
Installed power Q opt is optimal amount cargo, which is expedient to overload TPK in the current structure of cargo turnover. The actual cargo turnover of a port may be higher than its installed capacity, but not higher than its capacity.
Port throughput R p is made up of bandwidth individual TPK.
Gross intensity of cargo work M shaft characterizes the intensity of processing and maintenance of the vessel in the port. It is calculated as the ratio of the amount of cargo loaded (unloaded) onto the vessel ∑ Q n(c) to the total time of the ship's stay in the port t st, i.e. from the moment the mooring to the berth is completed until the moment of departure from the port:
M shaft = ∑ Q n(c) / ∑ t Art.
Net intensity of cargo work M h characterizes the intensity of loading and unloading operations. It is calculated as the ratio of the amount of cargo loaded (unloaded) onto the vessel ∑ Q n(c) by the time of stay under cargo and other (combined with cargo) vessel maintenance operations ∑ t gr op.
M h = ∑ Q n(c) / ∑ t gr op.
In addition to general economic indicators used in all modes of transport, such as the cost of transportation and loading and unloading, labor productivity in the transportation of goods and passengers, as well as in loading and unloading, in maritime transport, one of the most important are monetary and financial indicators. These include:
- gross income in foreign currency ∑F c, which consists of carriage charges, rent, services to passengers, trade, demurrage, etc.;
- vessel expenses in foreign currency ∑R c, which include expenses associated with calls to foreign ports and time spent in foreign waters;
- net foreign exchange earnings, or net income in foreign currency F h inv - the most important indicator of the ship's work in foreign navigation. It is calculated as the difference between income and expenses in foreign currency:
F h inv = ∑ F in - ∑ R V;
- currency efficiency Ve is determined by dividing the costs in rubles ∑ R rub on net foreign exchange earnings F h inv.
IN e = ∑ R rub / F h inv.
This is one of the most important currency indicators characterizing the results of the fleet.
36. Nomenclature of goods transported by pipeline.
Pipeline transport, a mode of transport that transfers liquid, gaseous or solid products over a distance through pipelines.
Pipeline, a structure made of pipes connected most often by welded, less often by flanged, threaded, and other joints for transporting liquids, gases, suspensions, containers, etc. under the influence of a pressure difference in various sections. Depending on the type of transported product, the pipeline gets a narrower name: gas pipeline, oil pipeline, oil product pipeline, condensate pipeline, coal pipeline, water pipeline, ammonia pipeline, container transport pipeline, etc.
The main pipeline transport is the most important component of the fuel and energy complex of Russia. The country has created an extensive network of main oil pipelines, oil product pipelines and gas pipelines that pass through the territory of most constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
37. Material and technical base railway transport. Types of wagons.
The material and technical base of the railways consists of the following elements: - track and track facilities; - power supply facilities; - signaling and communications facilities; - wagons and wagon facilities; - locomotives and locomotive facilities; - stations; - commodity offices; - cargo and weight management. Transportation of goods across railway produced in wagons. In some cases, for the implementation of commercial activities, it is more profitable for an enterprise to have its own fleet of wagons. In any case, for a more rational use of railway rolling stock, the entrepreneur must know the main characteristics of the cars. Wagons are the main means of transportation for railways. There are freight, passenger and special cars. The set of wagons is called a fleet. Cargo park wagons consists of five main types (kinds) of wagons: 1. covered wagons are used to transport a wide range of goods that require protection from environmental influences; 2. platforms - wagons with low sides or without sides, designed for the transportation of long and bulky goods that do not require special transportation security measures (timber and construction goods, pipes, rails, some types of machines and assemblies); 3. gondola cars - wagons with sides and without a roof, used for the transportation of bulk and bulk cargo (coal, ore, grain, etc.); 4. tanks are used in the transportation of bulk liquid cargo (mainly oil and oil products, as well as chemical and food cargo); 5. insulated wagons (refrigerators) - wagons with a special thermally insulated body and devices that ensure the stability of the specified negative (summer) and positive (winter) temperatures for the transportation of perishable goods. Wagons are characterized by carrying capacity and capacity, tare weight and other parameters. Wagon carrying capacity - the mass of cargo that can be loaded into a wagon in accordance with its technical characteristics (its strength running gear, frames, bodies). Capacity - the physical volume of the car.
38. Material and technical base air transport .
Types of rolling stock
The technical basis of air transport is aircraft, airports, air lines (routes), aircraft repair plants.
The aircraft fleet consists mainly of airplanes and helicopters.
An airplane is an apparatus whose flight is made possible by the interaction of engine thrust and wing lift, which occurs during movement. The aircraft consists of an airframe, traction engines, landing gear, and a set of units, instruments that ensure the functioning of all aircraft and control systems.
Helicopter - an apparatus, the rise and flight of which is carried out using a propeller with blades mounted on a vertical shaft.
There are designs of helicopters with two rotors that rotate in different directions and are located along the axis or on special shafts separated from one another.
Depending on the purpose and industry aircraft they are divided into: passenger, cargo, combined (cargo-passenger), special-purpose (agricultural, sanitary, fire, etc.), as well as training.
Technico - operating parameters aircraft: capacity (for passenger); carrying capacity (for trucks); speed; range (non-stop flight).
By speed, aircraft are divided into: with speeds less speed sound, and supersonic.
Depending on the range of non-stop flight, aircraft of main connections are divided into:
1) long-range (L = 6000 km and more);
2) medium (L = 2500 - 6000 km);
3) close (L = 1000 - 2500 km);
4) local air lines (L = up to 1000 km).
The above parameters are closely related to the type and power of the power plant, as well as the maximum take-off mass (weight) of the aircraft, which are also important characteristics of aircraft.
Distribution of aircraft by takeoff weight and classes:
More than 75 tons belong to the 1st class;
From 30 to 75 tons belong to class II;
From 70 to 30 tons belong to class III;
Less than 10 tons belong to class IV.
The take-off mass determines the type and type of civil aviation ground structures (airports, airfields).
Helicopters are divided into three weight categories:
1) light - with a takeoff weight of up to 4 tons;
2) medium - with a takeoff weight of 4 to 12 tons;
3) heavy - with a takeoff weight of more than 12 tons.
Helicopter stations, depending on the annual volume of passenger traffic, are divided into three classes:
I class - with the volume of passenger traffic more than 30 thousand people;
II class - from 15 to 30 thousand people;
ІІІ class - up to 15 thousand people.
4. Airports: classification, structure, special areas
Air connection between settlements is carried out along permanent routes, which are called airlines or air lines. An airline is the direction (course) of an aircraft's flight.
In the airspace, airlines define a corridor for the flight of an aircraft, which is called an airway. Air routes are divided into: 1) international; 2) state; 3) local.
The main element of the country's air transport system, which consists of a network of air routes, is the airport.
The airport is transport company, which carries out regular air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail and organizes maintenance of aircraft flights.
To ensure the transport operation of seaplanes, seaports are used.
Airports as well as air routes are divided into: international; state; local.
Classification of airports is carried out according to: 1) the volume of transport work; 2) types of transportation services; 3) transport destination; 4) location relative to overhead lines.
