On which units of the rolling stock the carrying capacity is indicated. Questions for mastering the material of the fifth chapter

02.07.2020

Any vehicle can have both one piece of equipment and a combination, that is, the vehicle is either single or has links. In simple terms, rolling stock is a vehicle that transports people, goods or special equipment.

Below will be presented detailed examples with explanations of what this phrase means, how the equipment is serviced. The theme will be useful for adults and children.

What is rolling stock

Rolling stock means rail and road transport:

trains;
trucks;
buses.

But officially, the term is still more used on the railway, on the subway and in tram depots.

What does it represent? Each vehicle must have a place where you need to control starting, accelerating, braking, turning. As a rule, this is the cabin. It is available in a bus, truck, locomotive, tractor. Most often, trains and freight transport have several components: a train has a locomotive and wagons, a truck has a cabin, trailers, vans, and so on.

Let's study in detail all the same railway rolling stock, as it is one of the most popular, and the terminology belongs to it more.

The main parts of the rolling stock

Any vehicle has wheels in a pair of four units. Depending on the length of the vehicle, the number of pairs of wheels may increase. Also, at least one pair of wheels must be equipped with an engine or a gearbox that transmits torque from the engine to the wheel. The heavier the vehicle, the more engines it can have. For trains, the composition is slightly different from cars, because two to four or more cars are controlled by a locomotive.

Any rolling stock is a piece of equipment linked together. This process is carried out by an automatic coupling mechanism, which is located at the ends of the cars and locomotives.

What is the rolling stock

Railway transport is divided into several types according to the purpose and area of operation:

suburban electric trains;
long-distance;
freight trains;
special equipment;
economic trains;
subway;
tram.

As you can see, rolling stock is a major mode of transport.

Although individual units that are not currently coupled with other units of equipment, for example, a diesel locomotive, an electric locomotive or a railcar, are also them.

How it is served

Each wagon, locomotive and other transport equipment is serviced in a timely manner. It is a set of measures for the care of rolling stock. This event helps to notice and eliminate malfunctions in time, which are detected by external inspection with special tools and devices.

For example, purging equipment, wiping the windows of the driver's cab, tapping bogies, wheelsets, automatic couplers in order to identify defects (cracks). It also measures the temperature on all elements and equipment that are exposed to strong heat.

As a rule, maintenance (MS) is carried out once every 1-2 days when the train enters the depot or while it is at the station.

How is the repair of wagons, locomotives

Less frequent maintenance is repair of rolling stock (electric trains, wagons and locomotives). Previously, there were several types of repairs (current repairs of TR-1, TR-2, TR-3, overhaul of KR-1 and KR-2, medium repairs). The numbers indicate the amount of work performed. TR-1 was the simplest type, and the overhaul of KR-2 was the most voluminous and complex. At present, they have made it easier - DR (depot repair) and ZR (factory repair). It is worth noting that there are two more types of repairs that are unscheduled: wheel pair turning and accidental repairs (if the malfunction occurred suddenly).

What exactly is done on the rolling stock by a technical worker? Usually there is a setting of a mobile unit on a repair stall with a jack, a crane. A locksmith, under the guidance of a foreman or engineer, must raise the body of a locomotive or wagon so that it is possible to roll out a bogie, under which wheelsets are located.

During the repair, all the necessary equipment is removed, various devices, wires and mechanical components, as well as the pneumatic system are checked for defects.

During the overhaul, the body is also painted, various equipment is installed. Upon completion of all work, a special commission checks the condition of the equipment. If everything is in order, the car / locomotive is sent for a run-in to carry out diagnostics on the way.

Who rules

Rolling stock - transport that is controlled by at least one person, that is, the driver. If in two faces, then we are talking about the driver and his assistant, who monitors the traffic lights, the situation outside the locomotive (cabin).

It is the driver who carries out the movement of trains, is responsible for the safety of goods (in freight traffic) and passengers (in passenger traffic).

Rail transport is not the only example of rolling stock. In conclusion, it is worth considering interesting information that tells how it was born. The fact is that back in the 17-18th centuries, people began to invent vehicles that could carry more people and goods. The first railway was created, which was completely wooden. Horses with small trailers were let through it. Then the horses were replaced by steam locomotives. This is how the rolling stock that exists to this day was born.

20. Responsible for the technical condition of automatic couplers and proper coupling of wagons in a train is the wagon inspector who performs maintenance of the train before departure.

When hitching wagons to a train at stations where there are no wagon inspectors, as well as during shunting work, the person responsible for the correct coupling of wagons is the employee who directly supervises the actions of all persons participating in the maneuvers,

without specifying which the locomotive driver, SSPS, performing maneuvers, does not have the right to set the locomotive, special self-propelled rolling stock in motion (hereinafter referred to as the maneuver leader).

The driver of the locomotive or MTSS used as a locomotive is responsible for the correct coupling of the locomotive or SSRS used as a locomotive, respectively, with the first car of a train or other special rolling stock. Uncoupling a train locomotive from the train and hitching it to the train (including disconnection, connection and suspension of brake hoses, opening and closing of end valves) must be carried out by employees of the locomotive crew.

The uncoupling of a train locomotive from a passenger train equipped with electric heating is carried out by an employee of the locomotive crew, and when the locomotive is serviced by one driver, by the car inspector only after the train electrician disconnects the high-voltage inter-car electrical connectors. Disconnection of electrical heating circuits is carried out with the pantograph lowered.

The execution of operations for hitching a train locomotive to a train and uncoupling it from a freight and passenger train when servicing a locomotive by one driver is assigned to the wagon inspector, and at stations where wagon inspectors are not provided, and on hauls:

in a passenger train - to the chief (mechanic-foreman) of a passenger train;

in a freight train - for a locomotive driver.

It is not allowed to put into operation and to run in trains the rolling stock that has malfunctions that threaten the safety of traffic and operation, as well as to put freight cars in trains, the condition of which does not ensure the safety of the transported goods. Locomotives that have reached the end of their service life are not allowed to be issued for trains.

It is not allowed to include in trains passenger cars with malfunctions of the electro-pneumatic brake, heating systems, electrical equipment, ventilation and other malfunctions that violate travel conditions that are safe for the life and health of passengers, as well as passenger cars with a radio compartment (staff) with a faulty radio communication of the chief (mechanic-foreman ) of a passenger train with a locomotive driver. Passenger cars on TsMV bogies can travel in trains at a speed no more than 120 km/h.

Passenger cars included in passenger trains with electric heating must be equipped with an automatic control system for electric heating, and locomotives issued for trains (electric locomotives) - with a power take-off device for high-voltage heating, taking into account the consumption of electricity for heating cars.

24. The technical condition of locomotives, MVPS and SSRS should be systematically checked during maintenance by locomotive crews or SSRS teams, integrated and specialized teams at maintenance points and main depots, track machine stations and depots for special rolling stock, independent repair depots equipped with diagnostic tools, as well as periodically controlled by authorized persons, respectively, the owner of the infrastructure, the owner of non-public tracks, the owner of the rolling stock.

During maintenance checks:

condition and wear of equipment, assemblies and parts and their compliance with the established dimensions;

serviceability of operation of safety devices and radio communication devices, brake equipment and automatic coupler, control, measuring and signaling devices, electrical circuits.

It is not allowed to produce locomotives, MVPS and special self-propelled rolling stock if there is at least one of the following faults:

malfunction of the device for giving a sound signal;

malfunction of pneumatic, electro-pneumatic, electric, hand brakes or compressor;

malfunction or shutdown of at least one traction motor;

malfunction of the drive of movement;

malfunction of the diesel refrigerator fan, traction motor or rectifier unit;

malfunction of automatic locomotive signaling or safety devices;

malfunction of the speedometer and recording device;

malfunction of train and shunting radio communication devices, and on motor-carriage rolling stock - malfunction of communication "passenger-driver";

malfunction of automatic couplers, including breakage of the chain of the disengaging lever or its deformation;

malfunction of the sand supply system;

malfunction of the searchlight, buffer lamp, lighting, control or measuring device;

crack in the clamp, spring suspension or main leaf of the spring, breakage of the spring leaf;

a crack in the box body;

malfunction of the axlebox or motor-axial bearing;

absence or malfunction of the safety device provided for by the design against falling parts onto the track;

crack or fracture of at least one tooth of the traction gear;

malfunction of the gear housing, causing leakage of lubricant;

malfunction of the safety interlock of the high-voltage chamber;

current collector malfunction;

malfunction of electricity metering devices;

malfunction of fire extinguishing equipment or automatic fire alarm;

malfunction of protection devices against short circuit currents, overload and overvoltage, emergency stop of the diesel engine;

the appearance of knocking, extraneous noise in the diesel engine;

malfunction of the feeder, safety valve, water-indicating device, leakage of the control plug of the fire box of the steam locomotive boiler;

lack of protective casings for electrical equipment;

malfunction of hydraulic dampers, battery;

malfunction of locking devices or control of closing of entrance doors;

malfunction of the locking and safety devices for bringing the working bodies of the SSRS into the transport position provided for by their design.

25. Locomotives and MVPS, as well as SSPS for year-round operation are examined twice a year by a commission.

26. Locomotive, as well as safety devices and train radio communication installed on MVPS rolling stock, must be periodically inspected at the control point with a check of the operation and adjustment of these devices.

Control points should be in the main depots, in the depot for special rolling stock, and, if necessary, in the points of technical maintenance and turnover of locomotives, MVPS and SSPS.

Frequency and procedure for inspection of safety devices and train radio communication

is established, respectively, by the owner of the infrastructure, the owner of the non-public tracks, the owner of the rolling stock.

27. Pressure gauges and safety valves installed on locomotives and MVPS, as well as on SSPS, must be sealed, and control plugs on steam locomotive boilers must be branded. On electric locomotives, MVPS and diesel locomotives, devices and instruments that record the consumption of electricity and fuel must also be sealed.

Electrical protection devices, fire extinguishing equipment, fire alarms and automation on locomotives and MVPS, pressure gauges, safety valves, air tanks on locomotives, MVPS and SSPS and steam boilers on steam locomotives must be tested and surveyed.

28. It is not allowed to leave locomotives, MVPS and SSRS in working condition on depot tracks and tracks of organizations without the supervision of an employee who knows the rules for their maintenance and knows how to stop them, and on other station tracks - without a driver or his assistant.

29. Every locomotive operating on solid fuel must have spark arresters or spark arresters in good working order.

Control questions:

1. On which rolling stock units should the carrying capacity be indicated?

2. On which rolling stock units should the design speed be indicated?

3. In what cases is it allowed to put into operation a rolling stock with a crack in the wheel disk?

4. Speeds of movement of the rolling stock in the presence of a slider on the gearbox?

5. Permissible dimensions of the thickness of the comb and how it is measured

6. Malfunctions of wheelsets with which operation is prohibited?

7. What kind of braking devices should passenger cars and locomotives be equipped with?

8. What should automatic brakes provide?

9. Maximum height of the coupler axle above the level of the rail heads

10. Difference in height between the longitudinal axes of automatic couplers

ROLLING STOCK USE METER

The sixth group is represented indicators for measuring the level of use of rolling stock, which are also called rolling stock performance meters.

Each mode of transport uses its own "rolling stock", which is different from the rolling stock of any other mode of transport. IN Therefore, the quality of its use is determined by a different set of meters. Some meters may be the same for several modes of transport, while others are used only on any one mode. IN At the same time, they all characterize either load

for rolling stock, or the quality of its use over time, or performance of a rolling stock unit. IN as a unit of rolling stock in railway transport, a wagon is accepted, in water modes of transport - a ton of carrying capacity (ton of tonnage), in road transport - ton capacity, passenger seat, car (bus), by air - reduced ton capacity, aircraft(helicopter).

Indicators rolling stock loads are specific values equal to the weight of the cargo per unit of the rolling stock in which this cargo is placed. The load may be static, i.e. determined on the spot at the end of the loading of the rolling stock, and dynamic, when the distance of the rolling stock run (with load or total) is also taken into account. Characteristics and methods for determining load indicators for different modes of transport are set out in sheets 5.7-5.9.

Railway transport:

p?6 loaded tons

HK P number of wagons

rrab = IC/ nt _ net t-km

9 1l/total wagon-km general

r Gr _ 2C/ NT _ t-km net

9 W/ car-km loaded

Automobile transport

Vehicle payload utilization factor:

Tons of cargo

Yu tons of load capacity

Sea transport:

1. Load capacity utilization factor (in sailors' terminology - load factor):

6 lb tons of cargo

m D h net lifting capacity, t

16/,. ton miles

1D H x / m tonnage or laden

IWT (inland water transport):

1) load capacity utilization factor:

6 lb tons of cargo

Q p tons load capacity ’

R _ W t-km

g Yu / tonnage-km loaded

In addition, in sea and river transport - the load by mileage (in the terminology of sailors - the load capacity utilization factor]:

?1 SC,
- hell, x /“ u

TON-MILES

tonnage or general’ t-km

tonnage total

Air Transport

Aircraft payload utilization factor:

! _ 2 ^/) ex _ normalized t-km (actual or planned) to NO/)™* normalized t-km (maximum possible)

Rolling stock operating time meters represent the ratio of the time or distance run by a rolling stock unit with a load or empty to the total time or distance; thus, the share of useful (productive) work of the rolling stock is estimated (see Fig. sheets 5.10 and 5.11).

On rail transport

Wagon empty run coefficient:

L/ hr _ empty wagon-km r N?/ total wagon-km total

By car

Mileage utilization rate:

mileage with load total mileage

Navvt

Travel time factor with load:

tonnage-days loaded tonnage-days in operation

On maritime transport 1) ballast run coefficient:

ship's mileage in ballast, miles. total ship mileage, miles

2) coefficient of running time:

^ _ C x _ running time per trip. х Г r total flight time

By air transport

Average flying hours for 1 aircraft (helicopter):

^ _ 1i/ _ total flying hours

1l list average aircraft fleet

Rolling Stock Unit Productivity Meter is a complex index. To determine it, you need to know the freight turnover, passenger turnover, reduced freight turnover (for air transport), total car-days, car-days, tonnage-days and aircraft-hours, as well as net and gross tonne-kilometers, car-kilometres and locomotive -kilometers by rail, average daily mileage and vehicle use intensity factor (the latter is defined as the product of three factors: fleet utilization rate, mileage utilization rate and vehicle load capacity utilization factor) - see sheets 5.12-5.14,

Railway transport

Wagon-day productivity of the working fleet of freight cars:

ton-km net

1l^ 6 working wagon-day (freight)"

The productivity of the locomotive-days of the working fleet of locomotives of freight trains

Yu/ th "tonne-km gross

Sh? ra6 locomotive-days working

The productivity of wagon-days of the working fleet of passenger cars:

I P1 passenger-km

working wagon-day (passenger)

Automobile transport

Vehicle performance over a period of time From:

u/ = o x / x t x t-km in time C,

where p n is the rated carrying capacity of the vehicle, t;

/ - average daily car mileage, km:

I_ avtokm per time b ss car days per time? '

T - vehicle usage rate,

t = a x r a x y a,

where a is the fleet utilization rate, i.e.

autodays on line

A= -^- :

autodays general

p a - mileage utilization coefficient,

y i is the coefficient of utilization of the vehicle's load capacity, i.e.

tons of cargo

Yu tons of load capacity

Sea transport

R M _ W _ ton-miles

shaft Yu Ch G E gross tonnage per day

Gross productivity of 1 ton of tonnage:

pp _ ^1 _ ton-km

Shaft YuG E gross tonnage per day

Air Transport Aircraft (helicopter) performance:

II_ NC, _ normalized t-km EU/ H flying hours

Questions for mastering the material of the fifth chapter

1. Describe the structure of indicators for measuring transport performance.
2. What indicators measure transportation and handling

3. What indicators are used to characterize the material and technical

base and operational work of transport?

4. List the indicators characterizing the level of economic efficiency

performance and financial result of transport operation.

5. What economic indicators characterize the work of courts for foreign trade?

new transportation?

6. What is the name of the meters of the use of rolling stock of transport,

characterizing: load per unit of rolling stock; use of rolling stock by time; productivity of a rolling stock unit?

Question group: 1

Question text:“Which units of the rolling stock should have the payload?”

Answer options:

1. "On freight wagons and SSPS".

Answer options: wrong, critical.

2. "On covered and gondola cars."

Answer options: wrong, critical.

3. "On freight, mail and baggage cars."

Answer options: correct.

Bottleneck: PTE Appendix No. 5 p. 7.

"Loading capacity must be marked on freight, mail and baggage wagons"

Question name: "PTE_Pril No. 5_7_V212"

Question group: 1.

Question text:“On which rolling stock units should the design speed be indicated?”

Answer options:

1. "On locomotives and SSPS".

Answer options: wrong, uncritical.

2. "On locomotives."

Answer options: wrong, uncritical.

3. "On locomotives, motor-car rolling stock and SSPS".

Answer options: correct.

Bottleneck: PTE Appendix No. 5 p. 7.

Comments on wrong answers:“on locomotives, multiple unit railway rolling stock and special self-propelled rolling stock, the design speed, series and tail number, name of the place of registration, plates and inscriptions on the examination of tanks, control devices and the boiler must be applied”

Question name: "PTE_Pril No. 5_7_V213"

Question group: 1.

Question text:“On what units of rolling stock is the tare weight indicated?”

Answer options:

1. "for all."

Answer options: wrong, uncritical.

2. "on wagons".

Answer options: wrong, uncritical.

3. "on all, except for locomotives and SSPS".

Answer options: correct.

Bottleneck: PTE Appendix No. 5 p. 7.

Comments on wrong answers:“for each unit of railway rolling stock, the tare weight must be indicated”