Trucks classification. Types of truck bodies

No matter how many models and design features of cars, they can be divided into several groups, types or classes. About exactly what signs the mentioned division occurs, we will tell later in the article.

Car classification

Vehicles, depending on their purpose, can be divided into certain types:

• cars;
• buses;
• motorcycles;
• trailers;
• semi-trailers.

The main types of vehicles are cars and trucks. And the first of these include vehicles with no more than 9 seats including driver's. They are designed to transport people and their luggage.

Cars in which goods are transported or installed special equipment are called cargo.

In more detail, each of the groups of cars is divided according to purpose, according to overall dimensions, By design features(layout), body type, and engine type and size.

Classification of trucks by purpose

By purpose, trucks are divided into three main groups:

1. Transport general purpose. These vehicles are designed to move goods on the roads. common use on which there are restrictions on the axial load.
2. Special vehicles. They have special equipment installed on the truck chassis: truck cranes, concrete mixers, fire tanks, aerial platforms.
3. Specialized. These trucks are designed to transport certain types of cargo. Examples of them are container ships, dump trucks, tanks.

Dump trucks are the most common type of specialized trucks. Bulk and bulk cargoes are unloaded by overturning the platform with sides. These machines are divided into groups according to dimensions and axial load.

Road dump trucks are universal, agricultural and construction trucks. Their carrying capacity can be from 1.5 to 45 tons.

Off-road - these are mining dump trucks. Their task is to export rock and building materials from quarries in which open way minerals are being developed. These are the largest trucks. They can carry up to 400 tons of rock, but cannot travel on roads due to weight and size restrictions. They are delivered unassembled to the place of work.

Classification of trucks by carrying capacity and layout

Trucks can be classified according to several criteria. The main feature by which these vehicles are divided into groups is the carrying capacity. The number of axles is directly related to it, because the load of one axle on the road is regulated by law and should not exceed a certain value. Therefore, the greater the mass of the transported cargo, the more axles the truck should have.

The load capacity of the car is determined as follows:

• especially small if it can carry less than a ton of cargo;
• small - 1-2 tons;
• medium - 2-5 tons;
• large - 5 tons;
• especially large.

The latter group includes mining dump trucks, the carrying capacity of which is much higher than the limits established weight restrictions on the roads.

Now, in connection with the development of international safety requirements by special commissions at the UN, there is a generally accepted classification trucks mobiles. According to European standards, car classes, in accordance with the gross weight, look like this:

• N1 - up to 3.5 tons;
• N2 - from 3.5 to 12 tons;
• N3 - from 12 t.

In the US, trucks are further divided into eight classes by gross weight.

Classification of trucks by body type

There is a very detailed classification trucks and body type. The car body can be open, like a dump truck, or closed, like a container.

The first, both in terms of time of use and prevalence, is onboard. So they say when the space of the cargo platform is limited on four sides by the sides, which can be folded down if necessary.

If a fabric awning is stretched over the body on special removable ribs to protect the cargo from bad weather and prying eyes, then this is a tent body.

Instead, an all-metal van with lockable doors can be installed. On its basis, isothermal bodies with heat-insulating protection are manufactured, which allow protecting goods from sudden temperature changes.

An isothermal body with an air conditioner inside is already a refrigerator designed for transporting perishable goods over long distances. In turn, refrigerators are divided into 6 classes, depending on the temperature range.

A separate body type is tanks. They can be steel or aluminum, vary in shape, size and number of sections inside, have pumps and other additional equipment.

A loading platform is specially equipped for car carriers carrying several cars, as well as for container carriers and timber carriers.

Tractors as a separate type of freight transport

Truck tractors are also trucks designed to transport semi-trailers and trailers. Instead of a body, a special saddle is installed on them for a quick change of the trailer composition. In Australia, with its open spaces, there are couplings of five trailers with a total mass of more than 100 tons.

Vehicle types vary in layout. So, American truck tractors are made according to the classic layout - bonnet. Europeans, on the other hand, place the engine under the cab, increasing usable length road trains.

For towing especially heavy loads, ballast tractors are used. They have a shortened body filled with ballast to increase the traction weight.

Delivery trucks

The class N1, mentioned earlier, includes the so-called delivery trucks. Their carrying capacity is less than 2 tons. The layout is wagon or half-bonnet. Car types differ in body shape.

Delivery trucks are equipped all-metal van with hinged rear and sliding front doors. By the way, pickup trucks, which are located on the border of trucks and cars, are a subspecies of delivery trucks.

These are either modifications of cars with cargo platform instead of trunk rear seats, which are found on the roads of Europe, or special models frame type with a cabin that can accommodate 2-3 or 5-6 people.

Russian delivery trucks are the Gazelle and Sobol families Gorky Automobile Plant. Pickup trucks and vans are produced by IzhAvto, UAZ and VAZinterService.

Classification of passenger cars by type of engine and drive

Types of trucks by engine and fuel for it are usually not separated - there are many other criteria. And here cars can be divided into groups, according to the type of engine:

• gasoline;
• diesel.

Diesel engines are more technologically advanced, environmentally friendly and economical to operate, but they are more expensive than gasoline ones. They are reliable, but demanding on fuel quality, especially in cold weather. Machines with gasoline engines accelerate faster and to higher speeds.

The main classes of cars according to the domestic classification are determined depending on the engine size in cubic centimeters or liters as extra small, small, medium and large. The latter is divided into business class and luxury cars. domestic auto industry produced in a large class with an engine capacity of more than 3.5 liters only government "Seagulls" and "ZiLs".

Mini-cars, the engine capacity of which is slightly more than one liter (Oka VAZ-1111), belong to a particularly small class.

Small class - cars with an engine from 1.1 to 1.8 liters - these are all other domestic cars, with the exception of the Volga, which belonged and belongs to the middle class (1.8-3.5 liters).

Vehicle types can also be determined by the type of drive:

• rear-wheel drive, with rear-wheel drive;
• front-wheel drive, with a leading front pair of wheels;
• all-wheel drive.

The first Russian front-wheel drive passenger car was the VAZ-2108, and the all-wheel drive, without the ability to disable this function, was the Niva.

Classification of passenger cars by body type

Body type is the most common criterion by which passenger cars are distinguished. It is classified by a combination of three volumes (passenger compartment, luggage compartment and engine) and by design features.

Depending on the presence of a roof, cars are divided into closed (sedan, coupe, hardtop, fastback, hatchback, wagon, limousine), open, with an opening or removable roof (cabriolet, phaeton, brogue), as well as cars with a partially folding or removable top (lando, targa and pickup).

The most common:

• a sedan with a three-volume body, two or three rows of seats, there can be two, four or six side doors;

• coupe with two or three volumes, two doors and two rows of seats (the rear can be cramped);
• hatchback with a two-volume body and a large back door. Due to the rear seats, the luggage compartment here can be significantly increased;
• station wagon, with a body not divided by a stationary partition into passenger and luggage compartments, and a door at the back. A variation is a minivan with a higher suspension;
• limousine, the body of which has a partition behind the front seats;
• convertible in which the roof is folded and lowered side windows(glasses are removed in the phaeton).

Types of passenger cars

Leading foreign automotive publications cars are divided into four types according to functionality.

1. General purpose vehicles that are designed to travel on paved roads. The basic models of this type are three-volume (sedan) and two-volume (hatchback) bodies. On their basis, coupes, station wagons, convertibles and even pickups and vans are created. As a rule, these machines are designed for 4-5 seats, their overall height is from 1.3 to 1.47 m.
2. station wagons off-road(English abbreviation APV). These are cars with a capacity of up to 7 people and more luggage compartment. The height of these cars is up to 1.85 m. The power unit, steering and suspension are borrowed from general purpose vehicles. Outstanding Representatives this type - Chrysler Voyager, Renault Espace Chevrolet Lumina APV.
3. Off-road vehicles or, in other words, jeeps and SUVs with a high ground clearance of up to 0.2 m, all-wheel drive, short overhangs and base. Overall height due to the high landing of passengers up to 2 m.
4. Sports cars, with a powerful engine, often two-seaters with the lowest possible landing and a roof height of no more than 1.33 m.

Classification of passenger cars by overall dimensions

In Europe, there are only 4 groups of cars by body type and six by size.

Mini-cars belong to class A (especially small). These small-trunk babies are nimble and fuel-efficient, making it easy to drive and park in big cities (Smart, for example).

Small class B is a hatchback car body with two or four doors with small dimensions. For example, Hyundai Getz or Ford Fusion.

Small medium C, in honor of the founder of this intermediate class VW Golf, is also called the “golf class”. It can also be attributed to Renault Megane and Opel Astra.

The middle class D includes cars with an optimal ratio of dimensions, comfort and price - Ford Mondeo, Opel Vectra or more expensive Jaguar X-type.

The upper middle E includes business class cars with high level comfort and quite impressive size, for example, Nissan Maxima, Audi A6, Peugeot 607.

The highest F class includes luxury cars - representative as Rolls-Royce Phantom or sporty like the Jaguar XJ.

Body type - the criterion by which cars that do not fall into the classes are divided into coupes / convertibles (small, sporty, stylish Ferrari or Opel Speedster), SUVs (multi-purpose front-wheel drive passenger or cargo-passenger Volvo cars XC70, Nissan Patrol, Ford Expedition), MPV/UPV (with up to nine seats like Nissan Quest or Renault Kangoo) and crossovers.

Types of cars and their classification according to various criteria is a rich topic, which has many interpretations and interpretations. Purpose, engine type, design features, comfort, price and many other criteria combine vehicles into non-matching different countries groups.

Even the division into cars and trucks (it would seem, which is much easier) is conditional. After all, the more cars become, and the more more manufacturers trying to satisfy the needs of consumers, the more difficult the classification becomes.

Classification trucks produced according to different criteria. The main criteria are given below and the main characteristics of road freight transport are listed.

Classification of trucks by type

Trucks

Trucks include vehicles structurally integrated with the body, which is attached to carrier frame car. Often cars with this design are called "trucks". By body type, trucks are divided into flatbed and vans.

Flatbed truck name the type of cargo vehicle, structurally combined with an open side body as a whole. Flatbed vehicles are intended primarily for the transport of goods. construction purposes, as well as goods that do not require special conditions of transportation.

Van is a vehicle combined with a closed metal or tarpaulin body as a whole. The main difference from onboard cars is a closed body. It allows you to significantly expand the range of transported goods - precipitation, dust and dirt do not get inside. A body designed to maintain microclimatic conditions is called isothermal, and a body equipped with a special refrigeration unit capable of maintaining a certain temperature regime is called a refrigerator. These types of vans allow you to transport perishable products, as well as goods that require special climatic conditions.

Tractors

A tractor is a self-propelled vehicle equipped with an engine. Tractors designed for towing trailers, semi-trailers, as well as any trailer equipment. You often hear the name "truck tractor". This is a type of tractor designed for towing semi-trailers using a special hitch- fifth wheel coupling mechanism. Truck tractors, together with semi-trailers, have undeniable advantages over articulated trucks. They are more maneuverable, have a higher carrying capacity, and allow you to transport long loads. The tractor is easy to replace in the event of a breakdown without reloading the goods to another vehicle.

trailers

A trailer is an unpowered vehicle that is designed to travel as part of a vehicle (a "road train"). Unlike semi-trailers, the trailer does not rely on the tractor, but on its own wheel axles. Trailers are used to transport various categories of goods. According to their purpose, trailers are divided into flatbed, tilt, isothermal, refrigerated, tipper, etc.

Often trailers are used as an addition to semi-trailers to carry a larger volume of cargo as part of a road train. In this case, they are coupled with semi-trailers.

Semitrailers

They are a type of trailers that, with their front part, rely on the tractor with the help of hitch(saddle-coupling mechanism) and are driven by it. Are intended for transportation of the most various types of cargo. The main advantage over solid vans and structurally integrated trucks is the ability to quick change the "head" of the machine - the tractor, for example, in the event of a breakdown, without the need for unloading and loading of the transported cargo. The advantage of a semi-trailer over a conventional trailer is the quicker and easier coupling of the machine head to the driven part. It is these advantages that explain the popularity of semi-trailers over other vehicles. In addition, increased carrying capacity, increased maneuverability, the ability to transport long and oversized cargo are undeniable merits semi-trailers.

Standard semi-trailers have two or three axles. Often one of the axles is lifting, which is used only in the case of transporting very heavy loads. This feature helps to noticeably reduce tire wear, in case the car is coming empty or carrying a light load.

Semi-trailers are also divided according to their design features into tarpaulin, flatbed, refrigerators, tanks, trawls, platforms, dump trucks and other specialized types.

Classification by body type

The body of a truck is a part of a truck intended for the carriage of goods. The body is attached to the frame of the vehicle. Regardless of the type of cargo vehicle, bodies are classified according to their purpose into:

Airborne

They are the oldest (by origin) of all truck bodies. The onboard body is a platform bounded on all sides by the sides. Each of the sides can be removed or folded down to simplify loading and unloading procedures.

Tilted

They are a modification of onboard bodies due to the installation of special spacers on the body, on which a "cloth" awning is stretched and secured with lacing. This design allows you to transport various kinds of cargo, protecting them from external influences. environment and prying eyes. Curtainsider trailers, semi-trailers and trucks differ from each other in the type of loading, the most common of which is rear loading. However, very often there are bodies with side and top loading, as well as the possibility of removing all racks (full uncovering), which makes it possible to increase the convenience of loading and unloading, while reducing time.

All-metal

Unlike tented, all-metal bodies have metal walls. This significantly increases the strength of the body, and the metal lockable doors installed on it protect the transported cargo from possible theft. However, such a design of the body imposes restrictions on the methods of loading and unloading.

Isothermal

An isothermal body is a body made on the basis of an all-metal body by gluing heat-insulating materials on its walls. This helps to prevent sudden temperature changes inside the body, in the case, for example, when the car is moving under the scorching sun. This creates favorable conditions for the transportation of goods that are capricious to temperature changes.

Refrigerators

A refrigerator (from Latin refrigeratus - chilled) is an improved isothermal body, which is equipped with a special climate control unit (refrigerator). In this type of body, a certain temperature regime is maintained. The range of maintained temperatures depends on the class of the refrigerator. There are six classes of refrigerators.

Transportation of goods by refrigerators is much more expensive than their transportation in other types of bodies, due to the constantly working refrigeration unit. This greatly increases fuel consumption.

cisterns

Tanks are designed for transportation of liquid, gaseous, finely dispersed and bulk (flour, cement) cargoes. As a rule, tanks are made of metal - steel or aluminum. Aluminum tanks have some advantages over metal tanks - they are lighter, have greater resistance to corrosion, do not require special coating, and retain their characteristics well at low temperatures.

In its own way sectional shape of the tank are divided into three types - round, elliptical and in the form of a "suitcase". Round tanks are the most durable in terms of pressure on the walls, elliptical - have a compact shape in height and strength close to round tanks. "Suitcase-shaped" have a center of gravity shifted to the bottom, which makes them more resistant to tipping over on their side during sharp cornering maneuvers.

There are tanks single section And multi-section. Multi-section tanks contain several isolated friend from each other sections, each of which has its own hatch, a "breathing valve" and a drain-fill path located below, through which the tank is drained or filled. The use of the lower filling path allows you to fill in liquids with increased foaming and bubbling more quickly, as well as avoid evaporation and leakage of substances than when pouring them through the neck. To control the filling level, special electronic sensors located inside the tank.

Some tanks are equipped with pumps that allow the substance to be drained by creating excess pressure inside the tank.

To maintain the temperature of the transported substance, tanks often have a so-called " steam jacket", which is a chamber surrounding the body of the tank through which heating steam passes. Also, to maintain the desired temperature during the transportation of goods in cold weather, heating elements are used - special heaters located inside the tank.

If the tank is not full, then there is a risk of its overturning due to the resulting beating of the liquid against the walls of the tank when changing the speed and direction of the vehicle. To reduce the force of hydraulic shock of the liquid against the walls, tanks are equipped with transverse breakwater. In this regard, multi-section tanks are more preferable - due to the divided amount of substance, the force of hydraulic shocks on each of the walls is noticeably reduced.

There are still many devices and devices used on tanks, depending on the nature of the cargo being transported. So, for example, dispensing guns with a counter for the amount of the drained substance can be installed on tanks for the transportation of petroleum products.

dump trucks

They are made in the form of an open all-metal side body with hydraulic device for automatic unloading of the transported cargo. At the same time, there is a board attached to the upper hinges at the back, which automatically opens when the body tilts under the action of its own gravity.

Dump trucks are mainly used for the transportation of bulk cargo for construction purposes (crushed stone, sand, brick).

Platforms and low loaders

The platform, as well as its variety - a low loader trawl, is a specialized freight transport For transportation of oversized and heavy cargo. They are distinguished by increased carrying capacity (up to 200 tons) and the presence of special fastening devices. Depending on the nature of the cargo being transported, various devices are used. For example, a platform for transporting cars is equipped with special lifts to facilitate the loading process. Trawls also include platforms carrying cars, other machinery, equipment, timber carriers, pipe carriers, etc.

Our publication presents you with the strongest and most powerful truck tractors from around the world, with the largest payload and best technology, power up to 700 hp and more.

When it comes to the largest trucks, these giants, truck tractors from the United States of America, usually immediately appear in the mind. Yes, there is no doubt that America produces a huge number of amazing trucks that are equipped and equipped under the hood with the most powerful engines, where their volume reaches 16 liters and the average power is about
600 HP But in Europe there are also many powerful trucks that will not yield in anything American cars, and even surpass their powerful trucks in some ways. For example, these are some Volvo truck tractors whose power reaches 750 hp. Also, there is one truck 16 with a V8 engine and a power of 730 hp, which is currently among the trucks in the world, has become simply a cult.

Equally noticeable on the truck market are trucks from Japan, which today produces Toyota Hino 700 series truck tractors, namely, Mitsubishi Fuso "Super Great" trucks. Keeps up with the global market trucks and our domestic brand Kamaz, which has in its model range trucks with a capacity of 600 hp and more (KamAZ 65228 and others).

We offer you for review the most powerful and powerful trucks from around the world.

Freightliner Cascadia Detroit DD16

Engine: 16 liters.

Power: 608 HP

2779 Nm.

Let's start with a powerful truck tractor from the USA, which is produced by a division of Daimler AG.

Freightliner Cascadia is equipped with a 16 liter 608 hp. Maximum torque for rear wheels is 2779 Nm.

Peterbilt 587

Engine: 12.9 liters.

Power: 608 HP

Max Torque: 2500 Nm.

This truck is familiar to many of us thanks to its participation in the filming. A distinctive feature of this tractor is the elongated "muzzle" of the cab, as well as the abundance of chrome trim parts throughout the truck body.

Kenworth W900

Engine: 12.9 liters.

Power: up to 507 hp

Max Torque: 2508 Nm.

Introducing another beautiful one, which is equipped with diesel engines up to 12.9 liters and has a power of up to 507 hp. with maximum torque up to 2508 Nm.

Western Star 4900 EX

Engine: 16 liters.

Power: 608 HP

Max Torque: 2779 Nm.

Western Star trucks are manufactured by its Daimler Group division. Today, the heavyweight Western Star 4900 EX Detroit DD16 with 608 hp is considered the most amazing in the lineup, or another heavy truck is the Cummins ISX15 with the same 608 hp.

The maximum torque of the Western Star 4900 EX Detroit DD16 truck is 2779 Nm.

Lonestar International Truck

Power: 608 HP

Here is the top truck model from Lonestar International Truck. The power of the truck tractor is 608 hp. Maximum full mass truck including semi-trailers is 63 tons.

Mack Titan truck tractors

Engine: 16 liters.

Power: 613 HP

Max Torque: 2792 Nm.

His name speaks for itself. It is very strong and with its amazing load capacity. Also a distinctive feature of this car is the abundance of chrome on the cab.

Thanks to the powerful diesel 16-liter and 6-cylinder MP10 engine, the car is able to carry heavy loads over long distances.

Scania R 730

Engine: 16.4 liters.

Power: 730 HP

Max Torque: 3500 Nm.

Among European manufacturers truck tractors the top line is occupied by Model Scania R730.

The truck is equipped with a 16.4-liter V8 turbodiesel with a capacity of 730 hp. with a maximum torque of 3500 Nm.

MAN TGX D3876

Engine: 15.2 liters.

Power: 640 HP

Max Torque: 3000 Nm.

In front of you is a stunning German saddle tractor unit TGX D3876, which is equipped with a turbocharged 15.2 liter diesel engine 640 hp with a maximum torque of 3000 Nm.

Mercedes Actros SLT

Engine: 15.6 liters.

Power: up to 625 hp

Max Torque: 3000 Nm.

Keeps up with the world market for powerful truck tractors and which is currently producing its amazing truck- Actros SLT.

This truck model is equipped with various engine variations (volume 15.6 l) with a capacity of up to 625 hp. (maximum torque 3000 Nm).

DAF XF

Engine: 12.9 liters.

Power: 510 HP

Max Torque: 2500 Nm.

The Dutch truck manufacturer (Van Doornes Aanhangwagen Fabrieken) has recently become part of the American company PACCAR. Today, a new division of this company produces amazing tractors of the XF series.

The DAF XF is equipped with a modern Euro-6 six-cylinder turbo engine with a volume of 12.9 liters and a capacity of 510 hp. with a maximum torque of 2500 Nm. This is enough to transport any trailer with heavy and bulky cargo.

Volvo FH16

Engine: 16 liters.

Power: 750 HP

Max Torque: 3550 Nm.

Production Volvo trucks FH16 started in 2009. At that time it was. At the moment, this truck, of course, is no longer the most strong car, but nevertheless, today it quietly competes in the market with many trucks.

So, this truck is equipped with a 16-liter diesel engine with over 750 hp. with a torque of 3550 Nm.

Iveco Stralis

Engine: 12.9 liters.

Power: 550 HP

Max Torque: 2500 Nm.

Fiat also has a division that today produces trucks under the Iveco brand. The most powerful truck tractor of the Italian brand is the Iveco Stralis model, which is equipped with a 12.9 liter engine with 550 hp.

Renault T440

Engine: 12.8 liters.

Power: 520 HP

Max Torque: 2550 Nm.

The world truck market has something to brag about and the French, who produce Renault cars T-series. The best model of truck tractors from France today is the Renault T440 truck.

The car is equipped with a 12.8 liter six-cylinder inline engine up to 520 hp with a torque of 2550 Nm.

Constellation Titan

Engine: 9.35 liters.

Power: 370 HP

Max Torque: 1800 Nm.

Currently in Brazil Volkswagen produces its truck tractors - Constellation Titan, which truly justify their name. Yes, the most powerful model The truck is equipped today with a 9.35 liter six-cylinder diesel engine with 370 hp.

Mitsubishi Fuso "Super Great"

Engine: 19 liters.

Power: 550 HP

Max Torque: 2160 Nm.

Now let's travel together to the land of the rising sun - to Japan. The most prominent truck tractor model on the market today is the truck brands Mitsubishi Fuso "Super Great". Under the cab of this truck is a 19-liter twin-turbo V8 engine with 550 hp. with a maximum torque of 2160 Nm.

Hyundai HD 1000

Engine: 12.3 liters.

Power: 410 HP

Max Torque: 1850 Nm.

Trucks from Korea are less known all over the world, as they are mainly supplied to the domestic market of the country. The most impressive car to date is the product Hyundai, which produces its truck tractors - HD 1000, which are equipped with 6-cylinder diesel power units with a volume of 12.3 liters and a power of 410 hp. with a maximum torque of 1850 Nm.

Hino FY3248 (700 series)

Engine: 12.9 liters.

Power: 480 HP

Max Torque: 2157 Nm.

See also:

On the Japanese market, truck tractors are also produced - Hino FY3248 (series 700), which are produced by a division of Toyota. These trucks equipped with six-cylinder engines with a capacity of 480 hp. with a maximum torque of 2157 Nm.

Isuzu 510 Gigamax

Engine: 15.7 liters.

Power: 510 HP

Max Torque: 2255 Nm.

And here's another one Japanese manufacturer truck tractors. This truck is equipped with 15.7 liter engine 510 hp with a maximum torque of 2255 Nm.

FAW J6P

Engine: 11.04 liters.

Power: up to 500 hp

Max Torque: 1900 Nm.

Let's take a closer look at what they can offer in the car market Chinese automakers trucks. To our regret, in this class of cars everything is the same as what we can see on the market today in a passenger car. Vehicle.

Before you is a clumsy copy of Western trucks. We are talking about the FAW J6P model with a power of up to 500 hp.

If you take a close look at Chinese truck, you will find in it a lot of copied design elements from European truck tractors. But as everyone knows, a copy can never look like the original itself. Ultimately, this truck looks rather gloomy and not respectable today.

KrAZ T17.0EX

Engine: 14.9 liters.

Power: 400 HP

Max Torque: 1766 Nm.

Here is a Ukrainian super heavyweight truck tractor, which is equipped with a V8 diesel engine with a capacity of 400 hp. Its volume power unit is 14.9 liters.

Trucks MZKT

Power: up to 660 hp

Max Torque: 2450 Nm.

Various trucks are produced in Belarus, which easily compete with many truck tractors from Western countries. For example, the Minsk Automobile Plant wheel tractors releases a lot various equipment. In front of you in the photo - MKZT-7401

The machine is equipped with a 12-cylinder engine with 660 hp. with a maximum torque of 2450 Nm.

DAC 26.440 DFS

Engine: 10.5 liters.

Power: 440 HP

DAC 26.440 DFS are Romanian truck tractors that are produced on the basis of MAN trucks. These truck models are equipped with 440 hp six-cylinder engines. (engine capacity is 10.5 liters).

Tatra truck tractors

Power: 462 HP

The Czech company Tatra is the oldest manufacturer of trucks. Czech trucks are in great demand all over the world, and all thanks to their off-road qualities and special strength. For example, Tatra truck tractors are equipped with V8 engines with air-cooled, which have a power of 462 hp.

Kamaz 5490

Engine: 11.97 liters.

Power: 428 HP

Max Torque: 2100 Nm.

Naberezhnye Chelny produces our legendary Kamaz trucks, which have won the Paris-Dakar rally more than once. Also, on the basis of the production of the Kamaz car, the company also produces buses, and military equipment. The most notable model that is produced today at the Kamaz automobile plant is the Kamaz-5490 truck tractor.

The machine is equipped with a 428 hp six-cylinder engine. with a maximum torque of 2100 Nm.

GAZ Ural 63704M

Engine: 6.65 liters.

Power: 512 HP

Max Torque: 1863 Nm.

The domestic automobile company GAZ produces in Nizhny Novgorod their commercial vehicles, including trucks. For example, it is worth noting here their amazing GAZ 63704M truck tractor, which is equipped with a 6.65-liter 6-cylinder diesel engine with a capacity of 412 hp. and with a maximum torque of 1863 Nm.

BMC "PRO 1144 (4х2)"

Engine: 10.8 liters.

Power: 440 HP

This workhorse produced in Turkey. The former British company manufactures today heavy trucks, buses and engines. The top model of the company is a truck tractor - BMC "PRO 1144 (4x2)" equipped with a 10.8 liter engine with a capacity of 440 hp.

Askam Kamyon AS 32300 LN

Engine: 6.9 liters.

Power: 292 HP

Another truck of Turkish origin, which is produced by Askam Kamyon. The car is equipped with a 6.9-liter turbocharged six-cylinder engine. Its power is 292 hp.

The car has a common base with the famous MAN trucks.

Ashok Leyland 4923TT

Power: 225 HP

Max Torque: 800 Nm.

This truck tractor is made in India. The car is created and based on the British trucks - Leyland. The top model of Indian truck tractors today is the Ashok Leyland 4923 TT truck, which is equipped with an 225 hp engine. with a maximum torque of 800 Nm.

Tata Prima 4928.S

Engine: 6.7 liters.

Power: 267 HP

Max Torque: 900 Nm.

Some hundred years ago, a car was looked at as a curiosity, while carts were used to transport certain goods. Today, on the contrary, a modern person will look at a horse with great curiosity, sincerely not understanding how people used to did you live like that? Indeed, it is impossible to imagine your life without a car, and some horses are now exclusive animals standing for an hour. more expensive than any cars.

By definition, a car is a self-propelled vehicle designed to transport people, deliver goods, or carry out individual operations. All cars have different classifications and functions, and are divided into cargo, passenger and special. Thus, cars occur according to the following principles:

1) By purpose, where there is also a division into general purpose and specialized cars. The former are designed to transport any non-liquid cargo (liquids are transported in special containers, and the body is a platform with sides), and the latter are designed to transport a certain type of cargo: dump trucks, tanks, cattle, etc.

2) By passability: in this case the most common cars of ordinary cross-country ability, that is, capable of driving on paved roads. But there are also trucks with increased and high permeability, they are used in severe road conditions.

3) The next point in the classification of a car marks the adaptability of the car to climatic conditions. Thus, trucks are produced for temperate, hot and cold (northern) climates. Note that cars for hot climates are produced on the basis of cars for moderate.

4) According to the nature of use, trucks are divided into tractors and single ones. A tractor is also called a road train, as it is designed to transport one or more trailers with a load.

5) Further, the classification of vehicles in this category highlights their carrying capacity. So, especially small ones are designed to transport goods weighing from 0.3 to 1 ton; small - from 1 to 3 tons; medium - from 3 to 5; large - from 5 to 8; especially large - from 8 tons.

6) According to the type of chassis, the machines are divided into frame and frameless. The first includes cars, where the frame serves as the base, to which various mechanisms and components are subsequently attached; on the second, it is absent, and the installation is carried out directly to the body itself, which is considered to be the carrier.

7) By type of engine, which are carburetor (consuming gasoline), diesel and electric (run by

For basic truck models, special indices are used, which include the designation of the manufacturer and four digits, where the first indicates the class of the car, the second - its type, and the last two (from 01 to 99) - the model number. Total car classification cargo type distinguishes seven classes, which depend on total weight cars. Thus, the first includes cars weighing up to 1.2 tons; to the second - from 1.2 to 2 tons; to the third - from 2 to 8 tons; to the fourth - from 8 to 14 tons; to the fifth - from 14 to 20 tons; to the sixth - from 20 to 40 tons; to the seventh - from 40 and above.

Numbers are also used to indicate the type of truck:

Onboard - 3;

Tractor - 4;

Dump truck - 5;

Tanker - 6;

Van - 7;

Reserve - 8;

Special - 9.

This classification of cars helps to determine what kind of truck is in front of you. Consider an example: in front of your eyes is a car written as ZIL-4314. Therefore, we now know which manufacturer this vehicle (ZIL) belongs to, as well as the fact that its mass is from 8 to 14 tons (this corresponds to the first number 4), its platform is onboard (number 3), and the model is the 14th. If, in addition to this, you meet a record like “6x4”, this will indicate the wheels (there is also a classification of cars according to them), where 6 is their total number, and 4 is the number of leaders.

Truck rental is convenient. What cargo automobile transport order?

Freight vehicles are classified and selected according to different criteria.

In this article, we will give the main signs of division into types, show it in the form of visual infographics and list the main characteristics of cars for freight transportation in Kyiv.

What types of trucks can be found on the roads of Ukraine?

Trucks

This type of car includes cars, the body of which, together with the cab, is fixed on the carrier frame of the car. This type of vehicle is called "trucks". Trucks are divided based on body type into vans and onboard vehicles.

Onboard vehicles

A flatbed truck is a vehicle combined in open body structures. This technique is most often used for transportation building materials or goods, the transportation of which does not require special conditions.

Vans

A van is a vehicle that is structurally integrated with a body closed type or tentovanny, in one piece. The van differs from the flatbed car in a completely closed body part. Such a vehicle can carry a more diverse cargo in comparison with an onboard one. Vans come with isothermal bodies, with bodies equipped with a refrigerating machine (refrigerators). Vans are used to transport products with a limited shelf life and goods that require special conditions during transportation.

Tractors

The tractor is a self-propelled transport unit with an engine. Tractors are used for towing trailers, semi-trailers and trailers. There is also such a thing as a "truck tractor". It means a tractor that is designed to tow semi-trailer structures using a fifth wheel coupling. truck tractor over perfect technique in comparison with articulated car types. This technique is characterized by high maneuverability, high load capacity, it can be used to conveniently transport long loads. In addition, the tractor is easily replaced in the event of a breakdown, and the cargo is not reloaded onto other equipment.

trailers

A trailer is a vehicle without its own engine. It moves as part of the machinery, that is, it forms a "road train". The trailer does not rest on the tractor, like a semi-trailer, but on its wheel axles. Trailer is used for transportation various kinds cargo.

Depending on the purpose, trailers are divided into:

• airborne;
• dump trucks;
• tented;
• refrigerated;
• isothermal;
• other types of trailers.

Often, a trailer is used as an addition to a semi-trailer if it is necessary to transport a large volume of cargo by road train. In this case, the trailer is connected to the semi-trailer.

Semitrailers

Semi-trailers are a type of trailers, but unlike the latter, they rely on the tractor through a coupling mechanism, thanks to which they are set in motion. Their main advantage over vans and trucks, structurally integrated with the body part, is that you can always quickly replace the “head” of the tractor if, for example, a breakdown occurs. In this case, there is no need for unloading and loading cargo. In addition, a semi-trailer has an advantage over a conventional trailer, such as faster and easier coupling of the “head” of the car with the driven part. The described advantages explain the popularity of semi-trailers over other types of vehicles. In addition, high load capacity, excellent maneuverability, the ability to transport long and oversized cargo are the indisputable advantages of semi-trailers.

Standard type semi-trailers are equipped with two or three axle elements. As a rule, one axle is lifting and is used only when transporting very heavy loads. This feature makes it possible to significantly reduce tire wear when the car is moving empty or transporting a load with low weight.

The semi-trailer can be:

• tented;
• onboard;
• refrigerated;
• in the form of a tank;
• trawl;
• platforms;
• dump truck, another type.

Classification of equipment by type of body part

The body of the car for the transport of goods is its integral part. The body is attached to the frame of the car. Regardless of the type of cargo transport unit, bodies are classified according to their purpose:

Airborne

Airborne - the oldest designs of trucks. Such a body is a platform closed on four sides by sides. When loading / unloading, the sides can recline.

Tilted

Curtain-covered - are a modification of the onboard body with the installation special elements on which the awning is attached, fixed with lacing. This design solution makes it possible to transport various types cargo with protection from environmental influences. There are tilt trailers, semi-trailers and trucks, which can differ from each other in the way of loading, the most convenient and popular of which is rear loading. But often there are also bodies with the possibility of side and top loading or with the possibility of unawning (removing the racks for attaching the awning), which makes it possible to improve the convenience of loading and unloading operations and reduce the time for them.

All-metal

All-metal bodies differ from tented ones by the presence of metal walls. This significantly increases the strength of the body part, and the metal doors installed on it keep the transported cargo from being stolen. But such a design of the body part leads to a limitation of the methods of loading and unloading.

Isothermal

The isothermal view of the body is a body structure made on the basis of an all-metal one, thanks to the sizing of heat-insulating materials on the walls. This solution allows you to store the internal environment of the body from sudden temperature changes, for example, if the car is moving under the scorching sun. This ensures the creation of the required conditions for the transportation of goods that are harmful to high temperatures.

Refrigerators

The refrigerator is an improved isothermal body, equipped with a refrigeration unit. In refrigerators the set temperature mode is maintained. Range temperature regime will depend on the class of the refrigerator. There are 6 classes of refrigerators:

• class A - from +12°C to 0°C;
• class B - from +12°C to -10°C;
• class C - from +12°C to -20°C;
• class D - less or corresponds to +2°C;
• class E - less than or equal to -10°C;
• class F - less than or equal to -20°C.

Transportation of goods using refrigerators is more expensive compared to other types of vehicles, since the refrigeration unit is constantly working in them, which leads to increased consumption of fuel and lubricants.

cisterns

Tanks are used for the transportation of liquid, bulk, finely dispersed and gaseous types of cargo. Tanks are made of steel or aluminium. Aluminum tanks are lighter than metal tanks, they are not susceptible to corrosive processes, their walls do not need to be coated with a special coating. Plus, aluminum tanks retain their parameters at low temperatures.

According to their shape, tanks are divided into 3 types:

• round;
• in the form of an ellipse;
• in the shape of a suitcase.

Each form has its own advantages. For example, a round tank is very strong in terms of the pressure of the load on its walls. The ellipse-shaped tank is very compact in height and also quite strong. And the tank, made in the form of a "suitcase", has a center of gravity shifted to its lower part, so it is resistant to tipping on steep road turns.
In addition, tanks come with one or more sections. Multi-section structures include several compartments isolated from each other, each of which is equipped with its own hatch, valve and drain-filling way for draining or filling the tank. The use of a lower filling path makes it possible to quickly fill in / pour out liquids characterized by foaming and bubbling, and avoids evaporation and leakage of substances. To control the filling level, use electronic devices(sensors) placed inside the tank.

Some modifications of tanks are equipped with pumps, through which the substance is drained.
In order to maintain the temperature of the transported substances, tanks are often equipped with "steam jackets", which are a chamber that surrounds the entire tank. Hot steam passes through such a chamber-shirt. In order to maintain the required temperature in winter period heating elements are also used in tanks.
When tanks are not fully filled, there is a risk of them tipping over due to the beating of liquid against the walls during changes in vehicle speed and direction. In order to reduce the impact force of liquids on the walls, transverse breakwaters are installed in the tanks. In this regard, multi-sectional structures are more preferable, since due to the substance divided by volume, the force of its hydraulic impact on each wall is significantly reduced.
In addition, there are many more devices and devices on tanks used for more convenient and correct movement of goods of a different nature. For example, on tanks for transporting petroleum products, dispensing guns are often installed, equipped with a counter, and so on.

dump trucks

This type of vehicle is manufactured in the form of an all-metal onboard body (open) with a hydraulic mechanism designed for automatic unloading of cargo. In dump trucks, there is a side mounted on the upper hinges at the back, which automatically opens during the tilt of the body, under the influence of its own gravity.
Dump trucks are used most often for the transportation of bulk construction materials, such as crushed stone, sand, brick, etc.