Some hundred years ago, a car was looked at as a curiosity, while carts were used to transport certain goods. Today, on the contrary, a modern person will look at a horse with great curiosity, sincerely not understanding how people used to did you live like that? Indeed, it is impossible to imagine your life without a car, and some horses are now exclusive animals, costing an hour more than any car.
By definition, a car is a self-propelled vehicle designed to transport people, deliver goods, or carry out individual operations. All cars have different classifications and functions, and are divided into cargo, passenger and special. Thus, cars occur according to the following principles:
1) By purpose, where there is also a division into general purpose and specialized cars. The former are designed to transport any non-liquid cargo (liquids are transported in special containers, and the body is a platform with sides), and the latter are designed to transport a certain type of cargo: dump trucks, tanks, cattle, etc.
2) By passability: in this case the most common cars of ordinary cross-country ability, that is, capable of driving on paved roads. But there are also trucks with increased and high cross-country ability, they are used in heavy road conditions.
3) The next point in the classification of a car marks the adaptability of the car to climatic conditions. Thus, trucks are produced for temperate, hot and cold (northern) climates. Note that cars for hot climates are produced on the basis of cars for moderate.
4) According to the nature of use, trucks are divided into tractors and single ones. A tractor is also called a road train, as it is designed to transport one or more trailers with a load.
5) Further, the classification of vehicles in this category highlights their carrying capacity. So, especially small ones are designed to transport goods weighing from 0.3 to 1 ton; small - from 1 to 3 tons; medium - from 3 to 5; large - from 5 to 8; especially large - from 8 tons.
6) According to the type of chassis, the machines are divided into frame and frameless. The first includes cars, where the frame serves as the base, to which various mechanisms and components are subsequently attached; on the second, it is absent, and the installation is carried out directly to the body itself, which is considered to be the carrier.
7) By type of engine, which are carburetor (consuming gasoline), diesel and electric (run by
For basic truck models, special indices are used, which include the designation of the manufacturer and four digits, where the first indicates the class of the car, the second - its type, and the last two (from 01 to 99) - the model number. Total car classification cargo type distinguishes seven classes, which depend on the total mass of the machine. Thus, the first includes cars weighing up to 1.2 tons; to the second - from 1.2 to 2 tons; to the third - from 2 to 8 tons; to the fourth - from 8 to 14 tons; to the fifth - from 14 to 20 tons; to the sixth - from 20 to 40 tons; to the seventh - from 40 and above.
Numbers are also used to indicate the type of truck:
Onboard - 3;
Tractor - 4;
Dump truck - 5;
Tanker - 6;
Van - 7;
Reserve - 8;
Special - 9.
This classification of cars helps to determine what kind of truck is in front of you. Consider an example: in front of your eyes is a car written as ZIL-4314. Therefore, we now know which manufacturer this vehicle (ZIL) belongs to, as well as the fact that its mass is from 8 to 14 tons (this corresponds to the first number 4), its platform is onboard (number 3), and the model is the 14th. If, in addition to this, you meet a record like “6x4”, this will indicate the wheels (there is also a classification of cars according to them), where 6 is their total number, and 4 is the number of leaders.
Publication date - 05/03/2018
Freight road transport is a popular type of equipment used for the transportation of goods: non-hazardous and varying degrees of danger, standard dimensions and weight, large-sized and heavy, bulk, bulk, in containers and tanks. A wide range of trucks allows you to choose the option that is suitable for transporting a particular type of cargo and lot size. According to the body type, open and closed trucks are distinguished.
Classification of freight transport with an open body
Such vehicles are suitable for the transportation of general-purpose cargo, except for liquid bulk cargo. Available in a wide range of load capacity, cross-country ability and other parameters.
- Onboard vehicles. IN general design cabin and open body part are combined. One or more boards can be folding. The body is non-tipping.
- Dump truck. Single car with a tilting body.
- Dump truck-tractor with one or two trailers. In the latter case, such a technique is called a road train.
- Flatbed tractors, to which one or two trailers can be attached.
- Truck tractor. The body is missing. There is a fifth wheel coupling designed for attaching semi-trailers. It is a more versatile vehicle than an articulated truck. Possesses agility heavy load capacity, can be used for long loads.
- Platforms and their variety - low loader trawls. Such vehicles have a unique carrying capacity - up to 200 tons, and are equipped with special fixing devices. It is intended for transportation of heavy and lengthy cargoes.
On the basis of a chassis and a trailer or a truck tractor and a semi-trailer, timber-cutting trucks are created - equipment that is convenient for transporting long wood - 2, 4, 6 m.
Classification of trucks with a closed body
Vans are made in the form of single cars or with one or two trailers. Closed body general purpose trucks are used to transport mail, parcels, furniture, specialized types- for transportation of chilled or frozen food products, medicines, fresh cut flowers, perfumes.
Types of van bodies:
- tented - convenient because the awning can be partially or completely removed and the car can be used as an open area, and the stretched awning provides protection from the weather;
- all-metal containers - provide cargo reliable protection from external mechanical influences, bad weather and dirt;
- isothermal - made of multilayer panels in which an insulating material acts as an intermediate layer, the temperature in such vans remains at the same level for a long time;
- refrigerators - are isothermal vans with a refrigeration or heating unit, used to deliver goods over long distances that require special temperature conditions.
Specialized cargo vehicles
For transportation and short-term storage of liquids (water, milk, kvass, oil products), bulk substances and liquefied gases, tank trucks are used, which are produced in the following versions:
- a single vehicle with a tank having a cylindrical, elliptical, mixed shape;
- tank truck equipped with a towing device.
Types of trailers and semi-trailers
Trucks with trailers and semi-trailers are convenient because in the event of a tractor breakdown, the towing device can be attached to other vehicles without overloading. A trailer is a vehicle that does not have own engine. Intended for the formation of road trains. It differs from a semi-trailer by relying on its own axles. Trailers are of the following types:
- airborne;
- dump trucks;
- tented;
- container all-metal;
- isothermal;
- refrigerated.
A semi-trailer is a type of trailer that is supported by a tractor with a coupling mechanism. Semi-trailers have two or three axle elements. One axle is lifting, it is used only when transporting heavy materials and structures. Semitrailers are:
- tented;
- containers;
- tanks;
- dump trucks;
- trawls;
- platforms.
Trailers and semi-trailers may be present in one road train.
Other classification features
In addition to the body structure, trucks differ in other ways.
By number of axles
Two-, three-, four-, five-axle and more. This parameter affects the carrying capacity and is taken into account when obtaining a permit to travel on a particular road. For transporting heavy loads long distance use trucks with three or more axles.
Axial loads
When determining this parameter, the most loaded axle is taken into account:
- up to 6 tons;
- 6-10 tons.
According to the wheel formula
The first digit indicates the total number of wheels, the second - the number of driving wheels. Dual wheels are designated as one.
By type of fuel
on petrol, diesel fuel, gas.
By load capacity
This one of the most important parameters taken into account when choosing a vehicle for transporting goods. Truck classes by payload:
The list of classification features can be continued, based on the design and operational features of the vehicle, its functional purpose, and the characteristics of the goods transported.
The basis of any cargo transportation is the use of one or another mode of transport for it. On this moment the shipper can choose one of four existing species transport - road, rail, air or water. Each of these modes of transport has its pros and cons, however, cars are the most popular among all.
Transportation of goods by road is the most convenient and reliable. Cars combine speed and maneuverability, the ability to choose a route, a variety of lifting capabilities, etc. Of course, the content of the cargo car park requires special conditions and rather serious costs. However, they always pay off.
Road transport is used to transport almost any type of cargo - from the simplest to the most dangerous. True, for each type of cargo there is its own type of road transport. Trucks are distinguished by body types. The most common of them is the onboard platform. This type of body is considered basic and designed to carry almost any cargo. However, there are several more types of bodies designed to carry a certain type of cargo. Vans are used for piece and packaged cargo, container trucks are used for transporting cargo in containers, tanks are used for transporting liquid cargo, dump trucks are used for bulk cargo, etc.
All trucks can be divided into the following popular categories by body type:
1. Tilts, semi-trailers- the most common type of cargo transportation. They are designed for most loads. You can load this kind of trucks both from the side and from the back, which is very convenient. The average load capacity varies from 20 to 25 tons.
2. Refrigerators, semi-trailers are semi-trailers equipped with refrigeration units designed for the transport of perishable goods. In the refrigerator compartment, you can set the temperature from +25 to -25. The average carrying capacity of these types of trucks is 12-20 tons.
3. Automatic coupler is a car and a trailer to it. Such types are very convenient for loading and unloading and are very functional. They can carry almost any cargo, except for long ones, as well as those requiring special conditions. Capacity: from 16 to 25 tons.
4. "Jumbo" are trailers increased capacity. The floor of the trailer is made in the form of the letter "G", and the diameter of the wheels is also reduced, due to which additional space is achieved. The average carrying capacity of such trailers is up to 20 tons.
5. Container ship- for the transport of containers.
6. tank truck– for transportation of liquid and bulk cargoes.
7. car transporter- for the transport of vehicles.
8. grain carrier- for the transport of grain.
9. dump truck- for bulk cargo.
There are other specialized types of bodies. (see Truck types (body, special equipment))
Trucks, with the help of which the transportation of various goods is carried out on common roads, are of several types. The lightest and most compact of them are the so-called delivery trucks. These are vehicles with a reduced cargo height. Full mass according to the rules, there should not be more than 3.5 tons of such cars. This type of truck most often has a wagon or semi-hooded van body with sliding side doors for ease of loading.
The second most common type of lung trucks- pickup. Pickups are a modification of conventional cars with a special open body or special model with frame chassis. Pickup trucks are especially loved in America, where they are often used by farmers.
Trucks that can travel on public roads are usually limited by axle load.
Modifications of such trucks are different. The driver's cab can be located above the engine, the body layout can be bonnet or semi-bonnet. Trucks also differ in the number of axles - from two to five, sometimes more. Another technical difference- types of engines that are used on trucks. They can be any (petrol, diesel, gas, multi-fuel or hybrid). Traditionally, trucks that can move on public roads are made with a carrying capacity of about 20-25 tons.
See related truck classification:
Classification of road freight transport
For cargo transportation transport companies freight rolling stock is used: trucks and car trailers of various carrying capacities (flatbed, dump trucks, vans, including isothermal, tanks and others), off-road vehicles, tractors with semi-trailers. This part transport network also has its own branched structure.
The classification of goods vehicles on various grounds is as follows:
By body type
- closed type
- container
- tented
- refrigerator (isothermal body)
- isothermal van
- minibus
- open type
- airborne
- dump truck
- cont. area
- road transporter
- tank
- timber carrier
- truck tractor
By groups
I group
flatbed vehicles
(general purpose vans)
II group
specialized
(dump trucks, vans, refrigerated trucks, container trucks, semi-trailer trucks, ballast tractors with trailers)
III group (conditionally) tank trucks
By number of axles
- biaxial
- triaxial
- four-axle
- five axles and more
By axle loads (for the most loaded axle)
- up to 6 tons inclusive
- over 6 tons up to 10 tons inclusive
According to the wheel formula
Composition
- single vehicle
- road train consisting of:
- trailer
- semi-trailer
By engine type
- gasoline
- diesel
By load capacity
- small
- middle
- big
- from 1.5 to 16 tons
- over 16 tons
Such a variety of classification methods is explained by the need to highlight individual parameters of vehicles to select the latter when transporting goods based on the optimal combination of economy, delivery speed, commercial suitability, safety, capacity, carrying capacity, etc.
The list of listed reasons is approximate, since it can be continued, based on certain functional purposes of vehicles, their performance characteristics, specifics of transported goods, etc.
In addition to the above methods of classification, the industry standard OH 025 270-66 introduced a classification and designation system for automobile rolling stock. So, in relation to trucks, the following system for designating vehicles (ATS) has been adopted:
1st digit denotes the class of trucks by gross weight:
| Gross weight, t | Operational purpose of the car |
|||||
| Airborne | Tractors | dump trucks | cisterns | Vans | Special |
|
| up to 1.2 | ||||||
| 1.2 to 2.0 | ||||||
| 2.0 to 8.0 | ||||||
| 8.0 to 14.0 | ||||||
| 14.0 to 20.0 | ||||||
| 20.0 to 40.0 | ||||||
| over 40.0 | ||||||
Note. Classes 18 to 78 are reserved and not included in the index.
2nd digit indicates the type of exchange:
3 - cargo onboard vehicle or pickup truck;
4 - truck tractor;
5 - dump truck;
6 - tank;
7 - van;
8 - reserve figure;
9 - a special vehicle.
3rd and 4th digits indices indicate the serial number of the model;
5th digit- car modification;
6th digit- type of execution:
1 - for cold climates;
6 - export version for a temperate climate;
7 - export version for tropical climate.
Some vehicles have in their designation through a dash the prefix 01, 02, 03, etc., which indicates that the model or modification is transitional or has additional equipment. Before digital index according to this classification, in most cases, the letter designation of the manufacturer is indicated (for example, KamAZ 5320). Vehicle designations foreign brands, in most cases, consist of letter designation brand of the manufacturer and the factory serial number of the model and modification.
At present, the designations adopted in the international safety requirements (UNECE Regulations) developed by the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe are becoming more widespread. In accordance with the above Rules, the following international classification of freight vehicles has been adopted:
| PBX category | PBX type | Gross weight, t | Notes |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| N1 | Vehicles with an engine designed for the transport of goods | Up to 3.5 | Trucks, special vehicles |
| N2 | Over 3.5 to 12.0 | Trucks, tractors, special vehicles | |
| N3 | -»- | Over 12.0 | -»- |
| 01 | PBX without a driver | Up to 0.75 | Trailers and semi-trailers |
| 02 | -»- | Over 0.75 to 3.5 | -»- |
| 03 | -»- | Over 3.5 to 10.0 | -»- |
| 04 | -»- | Over 10.0 | -»- |
Classification of commercial trucks in the USA
In the USA, the classification of commercial trucks is based on the size of the gross combination weight (GVW). Vehicle classes - from 1 to 8. The administration of federal express roads from the Department of Transportation, namely, the first, second and third class are light trucks; 4,5, and 6 are medium duty trucks, the seventh and eighth are heavy vehicles.
Class 1
The permitted maximum mass of first class trucks varies from 0 to 2722 kg. As an example, Ford has such cars - ford ranger, at GMC - Canyon.
Chevrolet Colorado/GMC Canyon
Class 2
The permitted maximum mass of trucks of the second class varies from 2722 to 4536 kg. For example, Dodge Dakota or Ford F-150. Second class cars are divided into 2a class with permission maximum weight from 2722 to 3856 kg and 2b class- with a load capacity from 3856 to 4536 kg. To the class 2a usually referred to as light trucks, and cars of the class 2b is the lower class heavy vehicles, it is called the class of light heavy vehicles.
Class 3
The permitted maximum mass of trucks of the third class varies from 4536 to 6350 kg. An example is the Dodge Ram 3500, Ford F-350 and GMC Sierra 3500 both with double rear wheel, and with one. Hummer H1 is an example of a third class truck with one rear axle with a permitted maximum weight of 4672 kg.
Hummer HMC4 (1992–2002)
Class 4
The permitted maximum mass of trucks of the fourth class varies from 6351 kg to 7257 kg. An example is the Ford F-450 and GMC 4500.
Class 5
The permitted maximum mass of trucks of the fifth class varies from 7258 to 8845 kg. Examples are International MXT, GMC 5500 and Ford F-550 vehicles.
International XT (photo: Andrew Fresh www.flickr.com/people/ [email protected])
Class 6
The permitted maximum weight of trucks of the sixth class varies from 8846 to 11793 kg. Examples are International Durastar, GMC Topkick C5500 and Ford F-650.
Class 7
To drive cars of the seventh class and above in the United States, a category B license is required. Their permitted maximum weight is from 11,794 to 14,969 kg.
Kenworth heavy haul truck (photo: Ky MacPherson)
Grade 8
The permitted maximum mass of trucks of the eighth class is 14,969 kg and above. This class also includes all cargo tractors with a trailer.
Light trucks include class 1-3 trucks.
example: FORD F350
Medium-heavy trucks include class 4-6 trucks.
Example: ISUZU FTR
Heavy trucks include class 7-8 trucks.
Example: FREIGHTLINER BUSINESS CLASS M2 106
Classification of vehicles by carrying capacity in tons
When light trucks were first produced, they were ranked according to payload capacity in tons, such as ½-, ¾- and 1 ton. The Ford Ranger, Chevy S-10 and GMC S-15 are quarter-ton vehicles. Ford F-150, Chevy 10, Chevy / GMC 1500 and Dodge 1500, their load capacity is half a ton. Ford F-250, Chevy 20, Chevy/GMC 2500 and Dodge 2500 can carry three-quarters of a ton of cargo. Chevy / GMC "s suspension chassis (¾-ton) was the basis for the development of light and heavy vehicles; Ford F-350, Chevy 30, Chevy / GMC 3500 and Dodge 3500 are one-ton cars.
Similar schemes exist for vans and frame SUVs(e.g. the 1-ton Dodge van and the half-ton GMC Suburban), medium-duty vehicles: the 1.5-ton Ford F-450 and some military vehicles, such as the ubiquitous 2.5-ton truck" deuce- and- a- half"(approx. transl. Vietnam War truck)
Over time, the load capacity for trucks has grown, and now the differentiation in weight in tons is no more than a colloquial version of the classification of cars.
ClassificationcarsVEuropean Union.
Truck classes in the European Union are slightly different from those in the US. Class B license allows you to drive a car with a maximum authorized weight of not more than 3500 kg. and trailers not exceeding a weight of 7500 kg, and holders of a BE class license can drive a trailer weighing more than 7500 kg. These vehicles are commonly referred to as light commercial cars, for example Ford Transit, Mercedes-Benz Sprinter and Fiat Ducato.
The LCV license in the USA allows you to drive a class 1, 2 car with a maximum permitted weight of not more than 3500 kg. EU license must be C1 (for lung control trucks), and in the USA it is for class 1,2,3 or 4 cars and trailers weighing no more than 7500 kg. The C1E license allows you to drive trailers weighing more than 7500 kg. Licenses C1 and C1E of the European Union allow you to drive class 5 trucks with a maximum permitted weight not exceeding 7500 kg, and an LGV license is required to drive a car with a mass of more than 7500 kg. U.S. Class C license holders may drive Class 1 to Class 8 trucks, but there are weight restrictions up to or above 7,500 kg. LGV and CE licenses make it possible to drive trailers weighing more than 7500 kg. Examples of LGV licensed vehicles are Scania P-series, Volvo FH and DAF 95XF.
Classification trucks produced according to different criteria. The main criteria are given below and the main characteristics of road freight transport are listed.
Classification of trucks by type
Trucks
Trucks include vehicles structurally integrated with the body, which is attached to the carrier frame of the car. Often cars with this design are called "trucks". By body type, trucks are divided into flatbed and vans.
Flatbed truck name the type of cargo vehicle, structurally combined with an open side body as a whole. Flatbed vehicles are intended primarily for the transport of goods. construction purposes, as well as goods that do not require special conditions of transportation.
Van is a vehicle combined with a closed metal or tarpaulin body as a whole. The main difference from onboard cars - closed body. It allows you to significantly expand the range of transported goods - precipitation, dust and dirt do not get inside. A body designed to maintain microclimatic conditions is called isothermal, and a body equipped with a special refrigeration unit capable of maintaining a certain temperature regime is called a refrigerator. These types of vans allow you to transport perishable products, as well as goods that require special climatic conditions.
Tractors
A tractor is a self-propelled vehicle equipped with an engine. Tractors designed for towing trailers, semi-trailers, as well as any trailer equipment. You often hear the name "truck tractor". This is a type of tractor designed for towing semi-trailers using a special hitch- fifth wheel coupling mechanism. Truck tractors, together with semi-trailers, have undeniable advantages over articulated trucks. They are more maneuverable, have a higher carrying capacity, and allow you to transport long loads. The tractor is easy to replace in the event of a breakdown without reloading the goods to another vehicle.
trailers
A trailer is an unpowered vehicle that is designed to travel as part of a vehicle (a "road train"). Unlike semi-trailers, the trailer does not rely on the tractor, but on its own wheel axles. Trailers are used to transport various categories of goods. According to their purpose, trailers are divided into flatbed, tilt, isothermal, refrigerated, tipper, etc.
Often trailers are used as an addition to semi-trailers to carry a larger volume of cargo as part of a road train. In this case, they are coupled with semi-trailers.
Semitrailers
They are a type of trailers that, with their front part, rely on the tractor with the help of hitch(saddle-coupling mechanism) and are driven by it. Are intended for transportation of the most various types of cargo. The main advantage over solid vans and structurally integrated trucks is the ability to quick change the "head" of the machine - the tractor, for example, in the event of a breakdown, without the need for unloading and loading of the transported cargo. The advantage of a semi-trailer over a conventional trailer is the quicker and easier coupling of the machine head to the driven part. It is these advantages that explain the popularity of semi-trailers over other vehicles. In addition, increased carrying capacity, increased maneuverability, the ability to transport long and Not oversized cargo are indisputable advantages of semi-trailers.
Standard semi-trailers have two or three axles. Often one of the axles is lifting, which is used only in the case of transporting very heavy loads. This feature helps to significantly reduce tire wear, if the car is empty or carries a light load.
Semi-trailers are also divided according to their design features into tarpaulin, flatbed, refrigerators, tanks, trawls, platforms, dump trucks and other specialized types.
Classification by body type
The body of a truck is part of a truck motor vehicle intended for the carriage of goods. The body is attached to the frame of the vehicle. Regardless of the type of cargo vehicle, bodies are classified according to their purpose into:
Airborne
They are the oldest (by origin) of all truck bodies. The onboard body is a platform bounded on all sides by the sides. Each of the sides can be removed or folded down to simplify loading and unloading procedures.
Tilted
They are a modification of onboard bodies due to the installation of special spacers on the body, on which a "cloth" awning is stretched and secured with lacing. This design allows you to transport various kinds of cargo, protecting them from external influences. environment and prying eyes. Curtainsider trailers, semi-trailers and trucks differ from each other in the type of loading, the most common of which is rear loading. However, very often there are bodies with side and top loading, as well as the possibility of removing all racks (full uncovering), which makes it possible to increase the convenience of loading and unloading, while reducing time.
All-metal
Unlike tented, all-metal bodies have metal walls. This significantly increases the strength of the body, and the metal lockable doors installed on it protect the transported cargo from possible theft. However, such a design of the body imposes restrictions on the methods of loading and unloading.
Isothermal
An isothermal body is a body made on the basis of an all-metal body by gluing heat-insulating materials on its walls. This helps to prevent sudden temperature changes inside the body, in the case, for example, when the car is moving under the scorching sun. This creates favorable conditions for the transportation of goods that are capricious to temperature changes.
Refrigerators
Refrigerator (from Latin refrigeratus - chilled) is an improved isothermal body, which is equipped with a special air conditioner(refrigerator). In this type of body, a certain temperature regime is maintained. The range of maintained temperatures depends on the class of the refrigerator. There are six classes of refrigerators.
Transportation of goods by refrigerators is much more expensive than their transportation in other types of bodies, due to the constantly working refrigeration unit. This greatly increases fuel consumption.
cisterns
Tanks are designed for transportation of liquid, gaseous, finely dispersed and bulk (flour, cement) cargoes. As a rule, tanks are made of metal - steel or aluminum. Aluminum tanks have some advantages over metal tanks - they are lighter, have greater resistance to corrosion, do not require special coating, and retain their characteristics well at low temperatures.
In its own way sectional shape of the tank are divided into three types - round, elliptical and in the form of a "suitcase". Round tanks are the most durable in terms of pressure on the walls, elliptical - have a compact shape in height and strength close to round tanks. "Suitcase-shaped" have a center of gravity shifted to the bottom, which makes them more resistant to tipping over on their side during sharp cornering maneuvers.
There are tanks single section And multi-section. Multi-section tanks contain several isolated friend from each other sections, each of which has its own hatch, a "breathing valve" and a drain-fill path located below, through which the tank is drained or filled. The use of the lower filling path allows you to fill in liquids with increased foaming and bubbling more quickly, as well as avoid evaporation and leakage of substances than when pouring them through the neck. To control the filling level, special electronic sensors located inside the tank.
Some tanks are equipped with pumps that allow the substance to be drained by creating excess pressure inside the tank.
To maintain the temperature of the transported substance, tanks often have a so-called " steam jacket", which is a chamber surrounding the body of the tank through which heating steam passes. Also, to maintain the desired temperature during the transportation of goods in cold weather, heating elements are used - special heaters located inside the tank.
If the tank is not full, then there is a risk of its overturning due to the resulting beating of the liquid against the walls of the tank when changing the speed and direction of the vehicle. To reduce the force of hydraulic shock of the liquid against the walls, tanks are equipped with transverse breakwater. In this regard, multi-section tanks are more preferable - due to the divided amount of substance, the force of hydraulic shocks on each of the walls is noticeably reduced.
There are still many devices and devices used on tanks, depending on the nature of the cargo being transported. So, for example, dispensing guns with a counter for the amount of the drained substance can be installed on tanks for the transportation of petroleum products.
dump trucks
They are made in the form of an open all-metal onboard body With hydraulic device for automatic unloading of the transported cargo. At the same time, there is a board attached to the upper hinges at the back, which automatically opens when the body tilts under the action of its own gravity.
Dump trucks are mainly used for the transportation of bulk cargo for construction purposes (crushed stone, sand, brick).
Platforms and low loaders
The platform, as well as its variety - a low loader trawl, is a specialized freight transport for transportation of oversized and heavy cargo. They are distinguished by increased carrying capacity (up to 200 tons) and the presence of special fastening devices. Depending on the nature of the cargo being transported, various devices are used. For example, a platform for transporting cars is equipped with special lifts to facilitate the loading process. Trawls also include platforms carrying cars, other machinery, equipment, timber carriers, pipe carriers, etc.
Cargo transportation services cannot be imagined without such a means of transportation as trucks. Today, the sender of the cargo can choose the following types of this transport:
- Automotive;
- Aviation;
- Railway;
- Water.
Of course, each transport has its advantages and disadvantages, however automobile transport most in demand. Transportation in this way is the most practical and efficient. As you know, road transport is fast and convenient, characterized by different carrying capacities.
Owning a cargo fleet implies special conditions and large financial investments, which as a result will pay off many times over. With the help of such transport, you can transport any type of weight, both ordinary and fragile items. For each separate category of goods, a certain type of vehicle is suitable. When choosing a truck, the type of its body is taken into account. The most famous of them is the onboard platform. This category of trucks is the simplest and is ideal for transporting all kinds of heavy loads. However, for certain types of cargo there are certain categories of bodies. For example, weights in packages are transported by vans; liquids are transported in special tanks; container ships for cargo in containers, etc.
Trucks are classified by body type into the following categories:
- The most popular type are tents and semi-trailers. They are used for many types of cargo. They are very practical and functional, because they can be downloaded from different parties both side and back. The carrying capacity is about twenty-five tons.
- Refrigerated semi-trailers are used to transport foodstuffs and burdens that spoil quickly. These means of transportation are equipped with refrigerating machines, the temperature of which can range from +25 degrees to -25. The total carrying capacity is about twelve tons.
- A car with a trailer is called an automatic coupler. This type of transport is multifunctional and easy to use, thanks to which you can transport any type of weight, except for long ones. They are capable of holding about twenty-five tons.
- Jumbo is a transport with increased carrying capacity. Due to the small diameter of the wheels, the roomy area increases. They are capable of holding about twenty tons.
- Container ships are used to transport containers.
- Tank trucks are used to transport liquids and bulk materials.
- Cars are transported by car carriers.
- Grain trucks are used to transport grain.
- Dump trucks are used for bulk goods.
Freight transport, through which all kinds of goods are transported on common routes, there are several classifications. The most compact and practical are adjustable. They are characterized by low height. The total mass of this vehicle cannot exceed three and a half tons. The body in such cars is presented in the form of a van with sliding doors to facilitate loading.
Another popular type of transport are pickups. These are cars of simple passenger car development with the addition of an open body or a frame chassis. Pickup trucks are especially popular in the United States of America, where they like to be used for agricultural activities.
Freight transport that has the ability to move around common routes is usually limited by the axial load.
Types of such trucks are very different. For example, a truck cab can be installed above the engine, the body can be bonneted or semi-hooded. Trucks are classified by axles: from two to five, possibly more. Another technical feature is the classification of engines that are used in this vehicle. Engines can be of any kind: gasoline, gas, diesel, etc. Most of the trucks are characterized total load capacity within twenty-five tons.
To carry out the transportation of heavy loads, trucking companies use a freight rolling stock, which includes cars and trailers with different carrying capacities, with cross-country ability, tractors with semi-trailers. This area of the automotive network also has its own design. Trucks are classified according to different features:
- By type of body: closed, open, container, tilt, isothermal, minibus, flatbed, dump truck, platform, crane, truck, tanker, timber carrier, truck tractor.
- By category: side cars, specialized, tank cars.
- On axes: from two to five and above.
- By load: up to six and over six to ten tons inclusive.
- Wheel diameter: 4x6; 4x4; 6x4; 6x6.
- By design: one-piece car; with the addition of a road train.
- By type of engine: gasoline; diesel.
- By capacity: small; middle; big; from one and a half to sixteen tons; over sixteen tons.
Such wide choose justified by the need for certain characteristics of cars in order to choose the most best option for the transportation of heavy loads, taking into account such aspects as economy, efficiency of services, reliability, load capacity, functionality, capacity.
The list of the above characteristics is conditional, because it can be continued indefinitely. It includes the functional capabilities of vehicles, their performance, features and types of transported loads.
In addition to the above types, the normal OH 025 270 -66 adopted the classification and purpose system of the automotive rolling stock. Concerning cargo vehicles, such a system has been developed automotive values like ATS.
The number 1 means the type of truck in terms of gross weight:
| Gross weight, t | Operational purpose of the car |
|||||
| Airborne | Tractors | dump trucks | cisterns | Vans | Special |
|
| up to 1.2 | ||||||
| 1.2 to 2.0 | ||||||
| 2.0 to 8.0 | ||||||
| 8.0 to 14.0 | ||||||
| 14.0 to 20.0 | ||||||
| 20.0 to 40.0 | ||||||
| over 40.0 | ||||||
The number 2 means the category of the PBX:
- 3 - cargo board machine or pickup;
- 4 - truck tractor;
- 5 - dump truck;
- 6 - tank;
- 7 - van;
- 8 - reserve value;
- 9 - a special purpose vehicle.
Values under number 3 and 4 of indexing indicate the serial number of the vehicle. The number 5 is its modification. Value 6 - execution type:
- 1 - cold climate;
- 6 – temperate climate;
- 7 - tropical climate.
On some cars prefixes are indicated through a dash. This indicates that the development is transitional and may have additional equipment. Before the indexing designation, the abbreviation of the enterprise, which is the manufacturer, is mainly written. In car models foreign manufacturers, are mainly indicated by the abbreviation of the manufacturer's brand, as well as the serial number of the car and its development.
Today, the values \u200b\u200bthat have been adopted in international safety standards (UNECE) are becoming more and more popular, adopted by the Committee United Nations Economic Commission for Europe inland transport. Taking into account the above rules, the following international classification of automatic telephone exchanges was developed:
Types of commercial freight transport in America:
In America, types of freight transport are classified according to the mass of the road train. Vehicle classifications are numbered from 1 to 8. The Federal Highway Administration of the Department of Transportation has classified vehicles more broadly. The first, second and third categories are light trucks; 4, 5 and 6 are medium duty trucks; 7 and 8 are vehicles designed for oversized cargo.
The maximum permissible mass of trucks of the first
The maximum allowable capacity of cargo vehicles of the second category ranges from 2722 to 4536 tons. For example, Dodge Dakota. Cars of this category are divided into group 2a with a maximum allowable weight from 2722 to 3856 kg, and into group 2b with a capacity of 3856 and 4536 kg. Group 2a includes compact trucks, and group 2b includes trucks designed for oversized cargo.
The maximum allowable capacity of trucks in this category ranges from 4536 to 6350 kg. For example, DodgeRam 3500. They can be with one wheel in the back or with one. Hummer H1 has one rear axle with a maximum permissible weight of 4672 kg.
The maximum permissible load capacity of vehicles of the fourth category ranges from 6351 to 7257 kg. For example, ford model F-450.
The maximum allowable weight of trucks in this category ranges from 7258 to 8845 kg. For example, models of the brand International MXT.
The maximum permissible mass of trucks of the sixth category ranges from 8846 to 1193 kg. For example, the Ford F-650 model.
In order to drive a car of this class, in America you need to have a category B permit. Their maximum capacity is from 11,794 to 14,969 kg.
The maximum permissible mass of cars of the eighth category is 14,969 and more. This category includes all tractors with a trailer.
Light trucks
TO this type trucks include category 1-3 vehicles.
Medium heavy vehicles
Medium-heavy trucks include vehicles of category 4-6.
heavy trucks
TO heavy trucks include machines of category 7-8.
Varieties of cars by capacity in tons
The first produced light trucks were created in relation to the useful capacity in tons. Models such as FordRanger, GMC S-15 are cars with a capacity of a quarter of a ton. Models like. Ford F-150, Chevy 10, Chevy/GMC 1500 and Dodge 1500 are characterized by a capacity of half a ton. The Ford F-250, Chevy 20, Chevy/GMC 2500 and Dodge 2500 carry three-quarters of a ton of weight.
Similar designs are used for vans and SUVs. Vehicles with an average capacity of one and a half ton Ford F-450 and certain military trucks.
Over time, the capacity for trucks has increased significantly and at the moment the difference in tons is no more than a colloquial version of the division of cars.
Types of trucks in Europe
Truck classification in Europe is presented differently than in the US. The possession of a category B license provides the right to drive a vehicle with a maximum permissible capacity of not more than 3500 kg, as well as trailers that must not exceed 7500 kg, and category BE license holders can drive a trailer weighing more than 7500 kg. These vehicles are called light commercial vehicles. These are models such as Ford Transit, Mercedes-Benz Sprinter.
In the United States of America, there is an LCV license that allows you to drive a category 1-2 car with a maximum permissible weight not exceeding 3500 kg. In the European Union, there must be a C1 license to allow driving light goods vehicles. In America, for the first, second, third and fourth categories of trucks and trailers with a maximum permissible mass not exceeding 7500 kg. Having a C1E license allows you to drive trailers with a maximum permissible capacity of more than 7500 kg. Such licenses of the European Union as C1 and C1E allow driving trucks of the fifth category with a maximum possible mass that does not exceed 7500 kg, and driving a vehicle with a mass exceeding 7500 kg requires an LGV permit.
Category C permit holders in the United States are eligible to drive a Category 1 to 8 truck, but there are certain weight limits up to 7,500 kg or more of that weight. Licenses such as LGV and CE allow trailer driving total weight over 7500 kg. Model trucks for driving under the LGV license are such brands as Scania P-series, Volvo FH and DAF 95XF.
