How to find out the environmental class of a car. Certification requirements for the environmental safety of fuel systems of internal combustion engines of motor vehicles Implementation of environmental standards in Russia

EURO 3 diesel fuel is not good enough for a metropolis

Euro-3 - environmental standard regulating the content of toxic substances in the exhaust gases of vehicles with diesel and gasoline engines. In 1999, the standard was introduced in the European Union, replaced by the Euro 4 standard in 2005.

Euro-3 in Russia: all vehicles manufactured in the Russian Federation or imported into the Russian Federation, starting from 01/01/2008, must comply with the requirements of the Euro-3 environmental standard.

What is the Euro 3 standard?

Euro-3 gasoline has a sulfur concentration limit of 150 mg/kg (whereas in Euro-2 fuel it is up to 500 mg/kg). The volume fraction of aromatic hydrocarbons in Euro 3 gasoline does not exceed 42%, olefin components - 18%. In class 3 gasoline, the mass fraction of oxygen should not exceed 2.7%, oxygenates (in particular, the volume fraction of ethers) should not exceed 15%. class 3 contains a mass fraction of sulfur not more than 350 mg/kg.

In Russia, the timing of the transition to Euro 3 fuel has been repeatedly postponed due to the fact that Russian oil companies did not have time to modernize their plants in time. For example, Euro 2 fuel was originally expected to end in 2009, but the deadline has been pushed back to 2011. And only in September 2011 was announced new term Russia's transition to Euro 3 - from January 1, 2013.

And with the New Year's chimes of 2013, the standard came to us Euro 3, which has been waiting since 2009. And although Russia, according to plans, already seems to have to follow the requirements of Euro-4 and prepare for the introduction of Euro-5, the reality turned out to be more severe, so the deadlines had to be postponed by 2 years.

Euro 3 fights for clean air

Exhaust plume from diesel fuel EURO 3 class

Most environmentally friendly fuel needed big cities. For example, about 3.9 million vehicles are registered in Moscow, which account for about 87% of all toxic gas emissions in the capital. Therefore, the Moscow authorities refused to use fuel that did not meet Euro-3 requirements back in 2007. This somewhat stopped the deterioration of the environmental situation in the capital, but a clear improvement can only be expected with the transition to Euro-4.

Euro-3 fuel characteristics

According to GOST standards, it contains no more than 350 mg/kg sulfur. Also, indicators such as the content of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, hydrocarbons, which provide carcinogenicity, also pass the norm. The level of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere is 30-40% less than in the case of Euro-2 diesel fuel.

Cetane number, not less than	51
- for class 1	49
Cetane index, not less than	46
Density at 15 °С, kg/m?	820-845
Density at 15 °С, kg/m?, for class 1	800-845
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, % (by mass), no more	11
Sulfur content, mg/kg, max, for fuel:	350
Flash point in a closed crucible, °C, above	55
Coking capacity of 10% distillation residue, % (by mass), not more than	0,30
Ash content, % (by mass), no more	0,01
Water content, mg/kg, no more	200
General pollution, mg/kg, no more	24
Corrosion of a copper plate (3 hours at 50 °C), scale units	Class 1
Oxidative stability: total amount of sediment, g/m?, no more	25
Lubricity: corrected wear scar diameter at 60 °C, micron, max	460
Kinematic viscosity at 40 °С, mm?/s	2-4,5
Kinematic viscosity at 40 °С, mm?/s – for class 1	1,5-4
Fractional composition:
for class 1, at a temperature of 180 °С, % (by volume), no more	10
at a temperature of 250 °С, % (by volume), less	65
for class 1, at a temperature of 340 °С, % (by volume), not less than	95
at a temperature of 350 °С, % (by volume), not less than	85
95% (by volume) is distilled at a temperature, °C, not higher	360
Cloud point, °С, not higher	-16 - for class 1
Limiting filterability temperature, °С, not higher	-5 - for grade C; -15 - for grade E; -26 - for class 1

Many motorists sometimes have to do simple car repairs with their own hands. In order to correctly select the required spare parts, it is necessary to have a thorough knowledge of the information about the unit. Knowing the technical characteristics of the power plant that drives the car will help you not to make a mistake and protect you from acquiring unnecessary parts.

We invite you to familiarize yourself with operational features ZMZ-405 engines upgraded to meet Euro-3 requirements. Most GAZ vehicles are equipped with such motors. We will also consider the main malfunctions of power units and methods for increasing their resource.

What is the difference between the ZMZ-405 Euro-3 engine and previous versions. Specifications and design features

Small trucks Sobol and Gazelle are always popular with enterprising Russians. Universal vehicles can be used not only for transporting goods, but also as minibuses for transporting people. Habitual for domestic pedestrians fixed-route taxis Most of them are represented by cars of this brand.

What power units drive their mechanisms, specifications, short description ZMZ-405 engine designs, improved by the manufacturer to the Euro-3 level, will help vehicle owners avoid expensive services of specialized service mechanics.

Having such information helps the best choice the most suitable parts necessary for do-it-yourself repair activities.

The debut presentation of the motor in question to the general public took place in 2000. Manufacturers worked tirelessly to improve their creation until they created the 405 Euro-3 version.

Briefly about the device of the power unit

In 2009, the design bureau of the Zavolzhsky plant began to look for ways to improve the motor. The result of the manifestation of the talents of local engineers was the engine of the ZMZ-405 family, updated to meet the requirements of Euro-3 standards.

The basic unit for the power plant in question is the 406 series motor, manufactured at the same plant. New model distinguished by progressive design solutions:

1. manufacturers have provided for a reduction in the mass of the cylinder head by almost 1.3 kg due to the complete dismantling of the system idle move. Fixation is carried out with special bolts 24 mm long;
2. a two-layer metal construction has replaced the non-asbestos reinforced material with metal edging used as cylinder head gaskets. Reliable sealing of gas joints, lubrication ducts of the system, as well as optimal cooling of the unit is ensured due to the presence of special springy zigzags not provided for in previous versions engine;
3. taking care of the reliable sealing of the heads and the cylinder block itself, manufacturers have equipped them with by special means thermal insulation;
4. application for ICE control electronic throttle allowed designers to get rid of unnecessary components and parts. The idle speed regulator equipped with air pipes was irretrievably removed from the device. A similar fate befell the throttle pipe complete with a damper position indicator;
5. updated engine 405 Euro has an extended drive belt, supplemented by a self-tensioning roller;
6. the rigidity of the cylinder block is increased due to transverse slots in the cooling system;
7. changing some indicators of flat-top honing of the cylinder contributes to a significant reduction in lubricant consumption for waste.

In the manufacture of the motor, manufacturers took into account world quality standards, providing their creation with increased reliability. Emission toxicity standards have been brought up to the Euro-3 level.

Performance characteristics

For self-fulfillment repair of the power plant is not enough thorough knowledge of the design. Almost every parameter matters too. technical features unit. The considered engine is characterized by the following indicators:

• four-stroke power plant is equipped with two camshafts. For them, manufacturers provide an upper location in the engine compartment;
• The 192-kilogram engine has four cylinders with a diameter of 95.5 mm, each of which is equipped with four valves;
• the working space is designed for a volume of 2.46 liters;
• cylinders in engine compartment placed longitudinally, in one row;
• the set compression ratio is 9.3;
• piston movement is characterized by a stroke of 86 mm;
• making 5200 rpm, the power unit reaches a power of 152 hp, which corresponds to 111.8 kW;
• the engine is refueled with gasoline, and manufacturers recommend using fuel with octane rating not lower than 92;
• the motor is equipped fluid system cooling, and the nominal coolant temperature is 110 degrees.

In addition to the listed characteristics, it is necessary to note the presence in the design of the unit of a specific three-way catalyst, which allows the engine to comply with the requirements of Euro-3 environmental standards.

Problems inherited from the engine of its predecessor

Since the motor in question is, in fact, an improved version of the ZMZ-406, he also inherited weak spots previous execution. The description of the most common of them should be studied in more detail:

1. most trouble spot hydraulic tensioners are considered chain drive Timing. Their frequent wedging prevents the timely damping of chain vibrations. Such a malfunction makes itself felt by increasing noise during operation. The chain, which is worse pulled by the shoe, can eventually jump to the tooth. In this case, costly repair measures are the only way out;
2. the refinement of the block channels and the improved gasket, unfortunately, do not guarantee the protection of the engine from overheating, to which it turned out to be very prone. Causes are usually eliminated by replacing a bad thermostat or troubleshooting a radiator in a cooling system;
3. overabsorption power unit lubrication is due to one of two reasons. First, it's unusable oil scraper rings or valve seals cause increased consumption. Secondly, oil may leak from under valve cover, and the place of leakage is similar to 406 engine;
4. uneven idling and some failures in the operation of the motor indicate a malfunction of the spark plugs. Installing new parts to replace unusable ones can completely eliminate the problem;
5. worn-out hydraulic compensators of thermal gaps manifest themselves as a persistent knock that accompanies the operation of the power unit. Deadline their service is limited to 50 thousand kilometers. Similar symptoms are characterized by wear piston group. You can get rid of the annoying noise effect during engine operation timely replacement broken parts.

We should separately mention some unpleasant features of the 406 unit, which were inherited by the motors of the updated series.

Among them, far from last place belongs to trouble electrical system and sensors. In addition, many owners are very annoying unstable work fuel pump. The assembly of the engine is also performed at an insufficiently high level.

Like all Russians, accustomed to enjoy fast driving declared by the manufacturer top speed developed by a car with a factory power unit is usually not enough. To increase it, you need to increase the power of the motor.

Recoil 405 engine can be done in three ways:

1. traditional forcing, which consists in carrying out a huge number of measures to re-equip the unit. To increase power, the following work is performed:
   • install an active air intake;
   • combustion chambers are subject to specific refinement;
   • standard parts of the piston group, as well as springs, valves and shafts are replaced with modernized elements;
   • improved exhaust system.

The output is an updated engine sports type. Power increases to 200 hp;

1. turbocharged;
2. complete set of the motor with an additional compressor.

The names of the last two methods are self-explanatory, as they contain exhaustive information. Installing additional equipment such as a turbine or compressor also helps to increase power.

Conclusion

405 engine can rightfully be considered a veteran of the domestic engine industry. For many years of impeccable service, he managed to win boundless respect and honor. Due to the extreme simplicity of the design, any car service will undertake its repair.

And when proper maintenance and timely elimination of minor problems, a car with such a power unit is able to overcome more than 300 thousand km on difficult Russian roads. Perhaps that is why most are equipped with such a motor. official cars GAS family.

Euro-2 standard

In the Euro-2 standard, the standards for the content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust were tightened by almost 3 times, they became equal to 0.29 g / km.

Emission requirements for internal combustion engines:

carbon monoxide (CO) - no more than 55 g / kWh,

hydrocarbons (CH) - no more than 2.4 g / kWh,

nitrogen oxides (NO) - no more than 10 g/kW*h.

The Euro-2 environmental standard was adopted by the Russian government in autumn 2005.

Euro-3 standard

In 2008, these standards were tightened: the Euro-2 standard was replaced by the new Euro-3.

The Euro-3 standard is a 30-40% reduction in emissions compared to Euro-2. Euro-3 provides for a maximum CO2 emission of 0.64 g per kilometer for passenger cars.

Operating in Russian Federation the environmental standard for vehicles stipulates that a car cannot be produced or imported into its territory without a Euro-3 conformity mark.

Permissible emissions of toxins into the atmosphere for cars with diesel and gasoline engines:

carbon monoxide (CO) - no more than 20 g / kWh,

hydrocarbons (CH) - no more than 1.1 g / kWh,

nitrogen oxides (NO) - no more than 7 g / kWh.

According to experts, "Euro-3" allowed to reduce the level of "dirty" emissions compared to "Euro-2" by 20%. The Euro-3 standard was introduced in the European Union in 1999, in Russia - from January 1, 2008.

Euro-4 standard

The Euro-4 standard is tougher than the Euro-3 level by 65 - 70%. It was introduced in the European Union, Japan and the United States in 2005. The Euro-4 standard allows to reduce the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere by 40% compared to the Euro-3 standard.

The Euro-4 standard provides for a 2.3-fold reduction in CO emissions compared to Euro-3, and a 2-fold reduction in hydrocarbon emissions:

carbon monoxide (CO) - 4 g/kW*h,

hydrocarbons (CH) - 0.55 g / kWh,

nitrogen oxides (NO) - 2 g/kW*h.

"Euro-4" reduces the content of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust by 30%, and particulate matter - by 80%, sulfur content by 0.005%, aromatic hydrocarbons by 35%, benzene by 1%.

In Russia environmental regulations"Euro-4" were introduced by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 12, 2005 No. 609 "On approval technical regulations"About the requirements for emissions automotive technology released into circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation, harmful (polluting) substances.

The Technical Regulation "On the requirements for emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances by motor vehicles put into circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation" is applied in order to protect the population and the environment from the effects of emissions of harmful (pollutant) substances by motor vehicles.

In accordance with the Federal Laws "On technical regulation”, “On safety traffic”, “On the protection atmospheric air”, “On the Protection of Consumer Rights”, “On the Fundamentals of State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities” and the Agreement on the Adoption of Uniform Technical Regulations for Wheeled Vehicles, Items of Equipment and Parts that Can Be Installed and (or) Used on Wheeled Vehicles, and on conditions of mutual recognition of approvals issued on the basis of these regulations, signed in Geneva (with amendments and additions that entered into force on October 16, 1995), the above-mentioned regulation establishes requirements for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances by motor vehicles equipped with engines internal combustion.

Caring for the environment in many industries comes to the fore. The automotive industry is no exception. Since the end of the last century, experts have determined environmental class car according to several criteria to set important standards in this segment.

Since cars on the planet are one of the main sources of atmospheric pollution, their improvement in terms of minimizing harmful emissions is one of the important trends. The Russian auto industry is tuned to the Euro-5 standard.

The introduction of new standards turned out to be necessary after the signing of the Geneva Convention by Russia. The country has committed itself to follow current standards for the emission of harmful chemical compounds found in the exhaust gases. According to the signed documents, vehicles must be in operation that meet the established international parameters for emissions into the atmosphere.

The average car operated in domestic conditions, annually consumes about 4 tons of oxygen from the environment. In return, he sends approximately the following composition of harmful gases:

• CO - carbon monoxide - 0.8 t;
• CH - hydrocarbon compounds - 0.2 t;
• NO x - nitrogen oxides - 40 kg;
• SO 2 - sulfur dioxide - 2 kg;
• Pb - lead compounds - 0.5 kg;
• soot and other solid emissions.

The increase in the number of cars contributes to the ever-increasing pollution of the environment. An absolute ban on internal combustion engines has not yet been introduced, but proposals are being made to improve the environmental friendliness of transport for producing car companies.

Criteria for grouping cars by class

It is worth knowing what the environmental class of a car is in order to choose the right car for yourself as environmentally friendly as possible. The division into groups is carried out depending on the harmful compounds emitted into the atmosphere in the exhaust gases. An additional negative is the evaporation of the fuel used for the operation of the internal combustion engine.

Experts often take into account indicators for the following inclusions:

• oxides of carbon;
• nitrogen oxides;
• hydrocarbons;
• fine solid particles.

It is important to know that when crossing the border at the time of importation vehicle at customs control, the car is classified as one of the environmental classes.

A special mark is affixed to the vehicle registration certificate. He is binding document accompanying the car during the operational period.

Description of current classes

Before determining the environmental class of a car, it is worth knowing the number of such classes and the main characteristics in the groups. Each subsequent standard becomes more and more stringent in relation to pollution. They are introduced in stages over a specified period.

Euro 1

This standard is the basis for the calculation of harmful components in exhaust gases. It was applied only to cars with gasoline power plants. Diesel engines were not included in the classification. The list of controlled parameters included oxide compounds of nitrogen and carbon, and hydrocarbons were also measured in the exhaust.

Since this standard was the first, its main goal was to reach the largest audience with relatively non-rigid standards for transport. Its introduction served as the first stage of containment and limitation of "dirty" technologies.

Euro 2

The standard is more stringent than the previous draft. It limits the content of harmful components in the composition of the exhaust three times, compared with the previous standard. The Russian side adopted this international standard back in 2005. IN full force he earned only a year later.

Euro 3

The restrictions described in the third regulation, except gasoline engines, also include diesel power plants. The developers of the standard introduced these internal combustion engines, since a significant part of the transport has a similar type of engine. According to the new format of restrictions, the amount of emissions has been reduced by another 40% compared to the previous figures.

Euro 4

Let's clarify the format described as "environmental class 4", what this means for Europeans and Russians. In the EU, standards have become a reality since 2005. For the Russian reality, the introduction of indicators was delayed for a five-year period.

The established bar of permissible emissions has dropped by another 40% from the previous class. Thus, car companies should produce more environmentally friendly cars.

Euro 5

Commitments environmental safety followed by a more modern fifth standard concerning vehicle exhaust gases. On the territory of united Europe, it became a reality for drivers and car companies in 2008. The format first began to work for trucks general and special purposes. EU manufacturers have switched to it since 2009.

The Russian automotive industry has implemented the standard since the beginning of 2016. Thus, all cars manufactured in the territory of the Russian Federation or imported here for long-term operation must comply with established environmental restrictions.

How to find out the environmental class of a vehicle: table

Usually one of the proven options is used to search for belonging to a certain environmental class. We recommend following these tips:

• checking the TCP to identify a special mark describing the current car standard in terms of environmental parameters;
• in some cases, studying the Rosstandart table helps;
• online services on the Internet offer to remotely determine the desired parameter by the entered VIN code.

Most often, column 13 of the TCP indicates which class the car belongs to. It should be borne in mind that there will be no discrepancies, since the standard is not described digital code, and the test, for example, "fourth".

The main agency in the country dealing with certification operating cars according to the established laws of the Russian Federation, is Rosstandart. This organization has developed a special table, according to which it is easy to determine the compliance of your vehicle with the current classes.

It is important to bear in mind that the established environmental standards are relevant not only for passenger transport, but also for manufactured trucks, motorcycles, buses and other wheeled vehicles.

The criteria by which cars are grouped are the year of production, as well as the country of origin. To complete the picture, the list includes not only European companies, but also global auto giants. The characteristics taken into account are not only the UNECE requirements, but also the regulations in force in the territory of other producing countries.

If the required parameters are not found in the table, then they can be calculated by the VIN code. You can find it on a vertical central rack, in engine compartment closer to windshield, on a torpedo with driver's side, on door sills.

Penalties

It should be borne in mind that from July 2018, according to the rules of the road in the Russian Federation, a new plate is introduced that determines the environmental class. It is a white rectangle with a black border and a number inside a green ellipse. Violation of it under article 12.16 administrative code entails a fine of 500 rubles.

International classifier of automotive environmental standard

For more serious offenses, drivers will be punished more severely. Namely:

• a left turn under a prohibited sign will cost 1000-1500 rubles;
• ban on the movement of trucks in regions other than two capitals - 500 rubles;
• ban on the movement of trucks in Moscow and St. Petersburg - up to 5,000 rubles.

It is worth taking care of the presence of an environmental class mark for cars until 2021. Otherwise, you can fall under traffic restrictions, since cars without class indication will be equated to the lowest group.

Good afternoon, dear readers.

IN automotive environment very often you can hear the name " Euro 3", but not everyone understands its meaning. In this article we will talk about Euro 3 and other environmental standards for cars.

Let's start with the fact that any car pollutes environment. And some cars do it to a greater extent, and some to a lesser extent.

Pollution is mainly due to release into the atmosphere exhaust gases which contain a lot of harmful substances.

Previously, there were no standards for car emissions, so cars could pollute the environment as much as they wanted. In Europe, this continued until 1992, and in Russia until 2005.

This state of affairs suited few people, and therefore environmental standards were introduced to regulate the content of harmful substances in exhaust gases. The first standard was called Euro 1. It was replaced by Euro 2, Euro 3 and finally Euro 4.

Each subsequent standard is a continuation of the previous one, i.e. the higher the number of the standard, the more stringent the requirements for exhaust gases, and less content of harmful substances.

The amount of exhaust gases depends not only on the car itself, but also on the fuel used. Therefore, there are corresponding standards for gasoline and diesel fuel.

Currently in Russia there is a standard for Euro 4 fuel(until the end of 2013) and the standard for Euro 3 cars.

Issued today domestic cars, as a rule, comply with the Euro 3 standard. Foreign cars comply with Euro 4 and Euro 5.

I note that in the near future it is planned to ban the entry into the center of Moscow of cars that do not meet Euro 3 (since 2011) and Euro 4 (since 2012) standards.

Good luck on the roads!