The concept of car modification exists in two parallel dimensions, which we will talk about today. Modification is called special series a certain model of the machine on which certain parts were installed. For example, at Chevrolet Niva there is a modification of the FAM-1 with a more powerful and modern power unit, the company also released a special series of "Tundra", which can be considered a modification. Unlike the main model line modification often has certain inconsistencies in design. For many foreign manufacturers, the modification of the car may differ in the type of hinges on the trunk lid.
But there is another perception of the term car modification. If you ask a professional about this car service, you will be told that modification is changing certain functions of the machine by reinstalling software or performing aggregate changes. That is, it is the process of modifying certain capabilities of the machine. However, even changing the seats to a more comfortable option will be regarded as a modification. Let's deal with the basic concepts and features of this difficult term.
Why is it important to know the factory modification of your car?
The plant quite often conducts various kinds of experiments that are designed to improve the quality and functionality of the car. In one year of release, your model may have one type of part, and in the next - completely different. Such modifications allow the manufacturer not only to improve the machine and carry out various design changes between releases of different generations.
An important task of such changes is to seriously motivate owners to go for service and parts directly to the official stations. Only here they can qualitatively evaluate this or that modification of the car, offer necessary spare parts and ok to produce necessary repairs. Also, the company can diversify the production of spare parts and achieve other benefits:
- integration into the machine system of high-quality elements from other manufacturers (for example, candles or Bosch filters);
- changing recommendations for car maintenance, which reduces the efficiency of unofficial service centers;
- production a large number spare parts, increasing the required assortment for automotive stores;
- unloading of production, use of free or less loaded lines for the manufacture of parts;
- additional service offerings official stations in the form of specialized services;
- testing and verifying the performance of various technologies in practice through their implementation.
We do not always know about all the intricacies of the engine that is installed in our car. Its modification is necessarily indicated in the marking, but you must admit that when buying, you will not study the meaning of each number and letter of this long code. Manufacturers often test their new technologies by producing experimental versions of engines under mass production. Especially budgetary manufacturers of equipment sin with such work systems.
Therefore, modification is quite important, because taking into account this factor, you can buy a proven car with a good power unit. It is also necessary to know the modification of the machine to buy an engine. Often in automotive stores we offer a service of selection of spare parts by model and year of manufacture. This is a very rough approach, because the modification includes features such as type and series power unit, the codes of all the main nodes, and even the name of the designer who made one or another edit to the originally existing technique.
Auto modification - independent change of machine parameters
Manufacturers strongly do not recommend arbitrarily changing the parameters of cars, taking root in the operation of units and setting optional equipment. Even the installation of such a popular subwoofer in the music system in the car can be considered a modification and affects the actual quality of work. electrical circuit cars. Also, such changes affect the operation of the generator, forcing it to perform its functions under constant pressure.
The tightening of the operating conditions of the main units is an important change in the operation of certain machine components. However, this opportunity is not neglected by many owners. automotive technology. Through reasonable modification, it is possible to significantly increase top speed and machine power, achieve more functional operation of some important nodes. The most important options for unauthorized modification are as follows:
- change of programs for computer control of car systems - installation of new firmware;
- supplementing the car with certain comfort elements that consume electricity;
- change of interior parts for more expressive comfort of a car trip;
- installation of larger diameter wheels, change brake discs and pads in order to visually highlight them;
integration of struts and shock absorbers with other settings that differ from factory standards; - engine change or overhaul with the expansion of the diameter of the cylinders and pistons;
- installation of gas-balloon equipment in order to save money on fuel consumption.
It must be admitted that manufacturing companies are extremely negative about any type of modification. If you decide to perform a similar process on your machine, be prepared to void the warranty and other important features. Also, after the modification, it is better not to come to the official service. By giving important arguments, you will be persuaded to return the factory parts to the place, which will be incredibly expensive.
Given the lack of recommendations from the manufacturer regarding vehicle modification, you do this process entirely at your own risk. Therefore, you need to choose better parts, as well as use the services of specialists who will suggest the best ways to solve any complex problems. This approach will help achieve good results self modification.
How not to modify a car?
Many new buyers quality cars immediately after acquisition, they tend to make certain modifications. Replacing disks, installing new seats, sports steering wheel And gas equipment- this is a serious list of popular modifications, but it is not recommended to make all the additions and changes at once. The most optimal solution for any modification of your car would be to choose the following sequence:
- running the car on factory wheels without any changes in the design of the car, so as not to lose the warranty;
- use only factory parts for repairs in the first 10-15 thousand kilometers;
- regular contact with the official service in case of factory defects in the car;
- only after a confident break-in, you can think about carrying out any modifications;
- after making changes to the main structural features you also need to carry out a neat run-in;
- should not be introduced into the work of such important devices, as the engine, gearbox, as well as the brake and steering system;
- changing the settings of the main equipment is also not recommended.
The manufacturer gives many important and correct recommendations for the operation of transport. If you have domestic auto, modifications can really help you in more economical and high-quality operation. But to make changes after buying a quality European or Japanese car not worth it. Enjoy factory settings and don't make your transport less reliable. We offer you to watch a video about the modification of domestic transport, more precisely, about what can come of it:
Summing up
The use of fairly simple and well-known technologies will allow you to carry out the modification simply and quickly. But the consequences this process may surprise you. Remember that almost any idea of modifying the car that you have in your mind has already occurred to other owners of the car. To safely perform such a change, you can find the owner of the car who has already made this process.
Reading reviews and talking to experienced car service professionals will help you get more quality information. With this approach, you can ensure only successful modifications to your car. remember, that modern technology rather gentle and does not like experiments with factory settings. Have you ever carried out independent modifications to the car?
Model vehicle
the specific design of the vehicle k.-l. type, determined by the execution and layout of its main units and assemblies. Vehicles various models belonging to the same type, differ in design, but have similar performance characteristics. M.t.s. - one of the objects of study of autotechnical expertise.
Forensic Encyclopedia. - M.: Megatron XXI. Belkin R. S. . 2000 .
See what the "Vehicle Model" is in other dictionaries:
vehicle model- a specific design of the vehicle, determined by the execution and layout of its main components and assemblies ... Source: Guidelines for conducting an independent technical examination of a vehicle with OSAGO (N ... ... Official terminology
vehicle type- 2.2. vehicle type: Vehicles that do not differ significantly from one another in design features specified in this standard. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
Vehicle Passport- The vehicle passport is a document containing information about the main technical specifications vehicle, identification data of the main units, information about the owner, registration and deregistration. In TCP, ... ... Wikipedia
vehicle passport- noun vehicle passport (abbr. Title) A document containing information about the main technical characteristics of the vehicle, identification data of the main units, information about the owner, registration and removal from ... ... Universal optional practical Dictionary I. Mostitsky
Vehicle identification- a comprehensive study, including: the establishment of constructive, functional and performance characteristics vehicle, defining its make, model, modification; study markings and others… … Official terminology
Modification of the main model of the vehicle, due to the peculiarities of its use. As a rule, the body or equipment of the vehicle is subjected to a change, while the chassis does not change significantly. M.t.s.… …
Compressed air vehicles- Victor Tatin's 1879 airplane, which used an engine powered by compressed air. This real car, not the model. Air and Space Museum (Paris) ... Wikipedia
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Acceptance of goods for commission- (in relation to the rules of retail commission trade) by agreement between the commission agent and the committent, new and used non-food products are accepted for commission. Acceptance of goods for commission is formalized by drawing up ... ... Encyclopedic dictionary-reference book of the head of the enterprise
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The procedure for calculating transport tax depends on the category of the vehicle(Clause 1, Article 361 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Categories of vehicles are listed in Article 361 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. These include, for example:
- cars;
- motorcycles and scooters;
- buses;
- trucks;
- other self-propelled vehicles, machines and mechanisms on pneumatic and caterpillar tracks;
- boats, motor boats and other water vehicles;
- yachts and other sailing and motor vessels;
- jet skis;
- non-self-propelled (towed) vessels, etc.
When determining the types of motor vehicles and classifying them as "trucks" or "passenger" vehicles, one should be guided by:
- The All-Russian Classifier of Fixed Assets (OKOF), approved by the Decree of the State Standard of Russia dated December 26, 1994 No. 359;
- Convention on road traffic(Vienna, November 8, 1968), ratified by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 29, 1974 No. 5938-VIII.
This is stated in paragraph 16. methodological recommendations on the application of chapter 28 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (approved by order of the Ministry of Taxes of Russia dated April 9, 2003 No. BG-3-21 / 177).
However, the Methodological Recommendations are not a legal document intended for common use(Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 16, 2006 No. 03-06-04-04/24). In addition, OKOF is intended for the purposes of accounting and statistics of fixed assets and cannot be used when calculating transport tax (Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated July 17, 2007 No. 2965/07).
To establish a category motor vehicle regulatory agencies recommend being guided by the data of the vehicle passport (PTS) (letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 22, 2005 No. 03-06-04-02 / 15, the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated December 1, 2009 No. 3-3-06 / 1769). This document indicates the type and category of the vehicle (Regulation approved by a joint order of June 23, 2005 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia No. 496, the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia No. 192, the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia No. 134).
Vehicle types are understood as a characteristic of a vehicle, determined by its design features and purpose (cargo, passenger car, bus, etc.). There are five categories of vehicles:
- A - motorcycles, scooters and other motor vehicles;
- B - cars, permitted maximum weight which does not exceed 3500 kg and the number of seats of which, in addition to the driver's seat, does not exceed eight;
- C - motor vehicles, with the exception of those belonging to category "D", the permissible maximum mass of which exceeds 3500 kg;
- D - cars designed for the carriage of passengers and having more than 8 seats, in addition to the driver's seat;
- trailer - a vehicle intended for movement in combination with a vehicle. This term includes semi-trailers.
If the data on the category (type) of the vehicle specified in the TCP do not allow to unambiguously determine the tax rate, then this issue should be resolved in favor of the organization (letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated December 1, 2009 No. 3-3-06 / 1769).
The indication in the title of category "B" does not indicate that the car belongs to a passenger vehicle. Category "B" can be assigned to both cars and trucks (Appendix 3 to the Regulation approved by the joint order of June 23, 2005 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia No. 496, the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia No. 192, the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia No. 134, letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated December 1 2009 No. 3-3-06/1769).
Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the transport tax taking into account the type of vehicle indicated in line 3 of the TCP. If the vehicle category - "B" and the type of vehicle - "cargo" are simultaneously indicated in the TCP, then calculate the transport tax as from a truck. In addition, you can use the vehicle marking, which is given in line 2 of the TCP. Second sign digital designation vehicle model indicates its type (type of car). For example: "1" - passenger car, "7" - vans, "9" - special.
Similar clarifications are contained in the letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 19, 2010 No. 03-05-05-04 / 05, dated February 7, 2008 No. 03-05-04-04 / 01 and dated January 17, 2008 No. 03- 05-04-01 / 1, UMNS for the Moscow Region dated July 30, 2003 No. 07-48 / 91 / R795.
It should be noted that in cases where the data on the category (type) of the vehicle specified in the TCP do not allow unambiguous determination of the tax rate, the Federal Tax Service of Russia recommends that tax inspectorates resolve this issue in favor of organizations (letter dated December 1, 2009 No. 3 -3-06/1769).
The make and model of a car cannot be attributed to identical concepts, as some suggest. If you look, then between them you can find huge differences. One brand of car can have quite a few models.
The brand of a car belongs to the basic concept. Otherwise it can be called as a brand or trademark. You can give a completely extraneous example: Nokia N8. This phrase makes us understand that we have a Nokia brand phone, model N8. The same goes for cars: brand, and model can be Octavia or Yeti. But, most often, the brand of the car is trying to determine its belonging to any automaker. For example, a VAZ car. The VAZ brand indicates that this car was made at the AvtoVAZ plant.
Almost a car of any brand has models, and more than one. The model tells about the type of vehicle (what type of body) produced under a particular brand. An example would be the lineup brands Subaru- Forester, Outback, Impreza, DRZ, Legacy, Tribeca or WRX. To make it clearer what the lineup of a car brand is, I will give an example: the Petrov family consists of Masha, Petya, Katya, Stepan. Each bears the surname Petrov, but their names are different. The same can be said about the Suzuki family - these are Swift, SX4, Vitara. 
What does the car model name say?
The brand name can have different origins. It can be in the form of an abbreviation - BMW (translated from German it will sound like "Bavarian engine factories"). And "" proudly bears its name thanks to the daughter of the head of the concern, representative office in France. If we consider Mercedes models in more detail, then you pay attention that each model contains a letter and a number in its name. The letter indicates belonging to the class, and the number indicates the size of the engine (this applies passenger transport) - E320 or A180. This suggests that the body of the car belongs to class E, and its engine capacity is 3.2 liters. Another example can be deciphered in the same way: body A with an engine capacity of 1.8 liters. Thus, it can be concluded that executive class Mercedes brand cars have the designation S, and the letter A belongs to the budget series.
And if you want to find and purchase a car from your mobile phone, you can use the Yandex Auto app for Android. You can download it here - link .
Digital secrets of cars
Some brands of cars in which the model name has only a set of numbers. This mainly concerns Chinese manufacturer. Some models have such a large set of numbers, and the name itself is ready to be remembered only by the salon manager himself. By some car manufacturers, the brand in its name contains a set of numbers that indicate the sequence of production. That is, Toyota Land cruiser 80, 100,200.
On cars that have stickers like 4WD or AWD, or 4 * 4 indicates the type all-wheel drive transmission. But since most concerns strive for their own individuality, but on the lid of their trunks you can already see some abbreviations - TDSi (Ford) or JTD (Fiat), which indicates that these cars are equipped with diesel engines.
Variety of machines
In the world huge variety car brand emblems. Each of them indicates the quality of a car produced by a particular automaker. Not every motorist is given the opportunity to determine the brand of the car by its icon.
The image of the sign has a very deep history. The formation of each of them took place for a long time, since not every enterprise was given the opportunity to work in the field of vehicle production. Over time, icons have been regularly improved.
It should be noted right away that the number of emblems that exist in the world correspond to the number of car brands. It is impossible to make an accurate count of the number of all brands of cars in the world. No source contains such information.
The Tax Code provides for differentiated transport tax rates, including for trucks and cars. However, the problem lies in the fact that the vehicle passport does not always make it possible to unambiguously judge the type of vehicle in order to calculate the transport tax.
Paragraph 1 of Art. 361 of the Tax Code provides that transport tax rates are set by the laws of the subjects Russian Federation in the dimensions specified in this standard. In turn, according to the corresponding table, various rates are determined, including for:
- passenger cars;
- motorcycles and scooters;
- buses;
- trucks;
- other self-propelled vehicles, machines and mechanisms on pneumatic and caterpillar tracks.
But at the same time, the Tax Code does not explain the question of what criteria a vehicle should be assigned to a particular type.
As experts from the Ministry of Finance and the Federal Tax Service explain, to be based in this case follows on the information provided by the bodies that register the vehicle (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 22, 2007 N 03-05-06-04 / 42, the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated July 6, 2007 N 18-0-09 / 0204). And above all, in this sense, which body registered the vehicle.
So, according to the procedure for registering a vehicle, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 12, 1994 N 938, there may be two options. In accordance with paragraph 2 this document all vehicles related to motor vehicles, having a maximum design speed of more than 50 km / h, intended for movement on highways public, registered with the traffic police. In turn, all others self-propelled machines, including motor vehicles with a maximum design speed of 50 km / h or less - in Gostekhnadzor. Therefore, if the taxpayer's vehicle is registered in the latter, then the transport tax rate should be unambiguously determined as for a self-propelled vehicle.
If the taxpayer applied to the traffic police for the corresponding service, then it is still necessary to figure out what kind of motor transport in question.
Name (type of vehicle)
According to paragraph 16 of the Guidelines for the application of Chapter 28 of the Tax Code, approved by Order of the Ministry of Taxes of Russia of April 9, 2003 N BG-3-21 / 177, when determining the types of motor vehicles, one should be guided by:
- All-Russian classifier of fixed assets (OKOF), approved by the Decree of the State Standard of Russia of December 26, 1994 N 359;
- Convention on road traffic (Vienna, November 8, 1968), ratified by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 29, 1974 N 5938-VIII (hereinafter referred to as the Convention).
However, the representatives of the Ministry of Finance of Russia themselves, who at one time also referred to the OKOF (Letter of the department of December 28, 2004 N 03-06-04-04 / 16), still in the Letter of November 22, 2005 N 03-06-04- 02/15 indicated that the Classifier is not suitable for these purposes. Firstly, it is not a normative document and does not contain criteria sufficient to classify the vehicles listed in it into the categories provided for by the Tax Code. Secondly, it is permissible to apply it only to the extent that it does not contradict the Convention on Road Traffic. Similarly, the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation in Resolution No. 2965/07 of July 17, 2007 concluded that the OKOF is intended for the purposes of accounting and statistics of fixed assets and cannot be used when calculating transport tax.
Note! The Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, in Resolution N 5336/07 of September 18, 2007, indicated that if a vehicle is registered with the traffic police as a car, then regardless of the purpose for which it is intended and what equipment is placed on it, a self-propelled vehicle for the purpose of calculating transport tax, it cannot be recognized. This position is also supported by federal arbitration courts (Resolutions of the FAS of the Volga District of February 8, 2012 in case N A55-13540 / 2011, FAS of the West Siberian District of July 27, 2011 in case N A81-5964 / 2010, FAS Central District dated November 23, 2007 N A48-1328 / 06-08).
In the situation under consideration, according to the financiers, it is also necessary to refer to the information provided by the authorities that register the vehicle, or rather to the data reflected in the vehicle passport (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated August 13, 2012 N 03-05-06- 04/137). It is the PTS that is a document valid on the territory of the Russian Federation for accounting and admission to the operation of means of transport registered with the traffic police (Regulations on vehicle passports, approved by Orders of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia N 496, the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia N 192, the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia N 134 dated June 23, 2005 d., hereinafter referred to as the Regulation).
So, in line 3 of the TCP "Name (type of vehicle)" the characteristic of the vehicle must be indicated, determined by its design features, purpose and given in the type approval of the vehicle, for example: "Passenger", "Bus", "Cargo - dump truck, van, cement truck, crane", etc. According to officials, it is necessary to be guided by the relevant information when determining the category of car and the transport tax rate (Letters of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 19, 2010 N 03-05-05-04 / 05, dated July 1, 2009 N 03-05- 06-04/105, Federal Tax Service of Russia dated February 18, 2008 N ШС-6-3/112@).
Make, model of vehicle
Line 3 may not contain an indication of either "passenger", or "cargo", or "bus" affiliation of the vehicle. For example, it might read: ambulance", "van", "all-metal van", "cargo-passenger van", "collector van", etc.
In this case, as follows from the Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated August 13, 2012 N 03-05-06-04 / 137, attention should be paid to line 2 of the TCP "Mark, model of the vehicle." The fact is that, in accordance with the Industry Normal OH 025 270-66 "Classification and designation system for automobile rolling stock, as well as its units and components manufactured by specialized enterprises" and with clause 26 of the Regulation, it reflects symbol vehicle, consisting of an alphabetic, numeric or mixed designation. The second digit of the digital designation of the vehicle model indicates its type (type of car): "1" - a passenger car, "2" - a bus, "3" - cargo (onboard), "7" - a van, "9" - special transport. However, it is obvious that, for example, the numbers 7 and 9 in the specified code no longer allow you to determine the type of vehicle. Moreover, if the car foreign production, then there will be no such digital cipher at all.
Among other things, line 4 of the TCP indicates the category of car. There are five in total:
- A - motorcycles, scooters and other motor vehicles;
- B - motor vehicles with a maximum authorized mass not exceeding 3500 kg and the number of seats in addition to the driver's seat not exceeding eight;
- C - motor vehicles, with the exception of those belonging to category D, the maximum authorized mass of which exceeds 3500 kg;
- D - cars designed for the carriage of passengers and having more than 8 seats, in addition to the driver's seat;
trailer - a vehicle intended for movement in combination with the main vehicle.
At the same time, the listed categories of vehicles correspond to the classification of cars established by the Convention. And in this sense, the common belief that B are cars, C are trucks, and D are buses is, in fact, only approximately true. In particular, category B includes "power-driven vehicles for the carriage of goods, the maximum mass of which does not exceed 3.5 tons (N 1)". On the other hand, in category C, indeed, for the most part it is trucks. This follows from Comparison table vehicle categories according to the classifications of the UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE ITC) and the Convention. Meanwhile, it is in accordance with this Table that the categories of vehicles indicated in the type approval of the vehicle (which confirms the TCP) are transferred into categories according to the classification of the Convention (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated August 13, 2012 N 03-05-06-04 / 137).
Thus, in itself, this or that category of the vehicle indicated in the vehicle passport does not allow one to unambiguously judge its type for tax purposes. However, it is obvious that it greatly complicates the task of determining it, for example, in a situation where the vehicle type "passenger" and at the same time category C are reflected in the TCP. At one time in a similar situation, that is, when TCP data do not allow to unambiguously determine the type of vehicle for the purposes of the transport tax, representatives of the Ministry of Finance prescribed to seek clarification directly from the traffic police in which the vehicle was registered, or from the manufacturer. But, judging by the explanations of the financiers dated October 28, 2013 N 03-05-06-04 / 45552, this is no longer necessary. As the experts of the Ministry of Finance pointed out in them, if the category reflected in the TCP does not correspond to the type of car, this contradiction is due to clause 7 of Art. 3 of the Tax Code should be interpreted in favor of the taxpayer.
