Designation of vehicles. Main and additional vehicle marking

25.07.2019

Several classifications of automatic telephone exchanges are known, which were developed in the interests of various departments according to the corresponding classification criteria.

By appointment, ATS are divided into cargo, passenger and special. Freight vehicles include vehicles intended for transportation various kinds cargo. Passenger vehicles include vehicles designed to transport people, these are buses and cars. Special cars include cars designed not for transporting goods or passengers, but for mounting special equipment in order to carry out the relevant work.

By engine type Automatic telephone exchanges are divided into gasoline, diesel, gas, gas generating, electric and others.

By passabilityPBXs are divided into ordinary cross-country vehicles (non-wheel drive), off-road(all-wheel drive), swamp vehicles, snowmobiles, floating and others, and semi-trailers and trailers are divided into having active drive and without active drive.

According to the wheel formula Vehicles are classified by the total number of wheels and by the number of driving wheels. wheel formula. For wheeled vehicles, the designation is usually two digits separated by a multiplication sign. The first digit is the total number of wheels, the second is the number of driving wheels (dual wheels are counted as one wheel). The exception is front wheel drive cars and road trains with single-axle tractors, where the first digit is the number of driving wheels, and the next digit is the total number of wheels.

For trucks the third digit can be entered into the main wheel formula through a dot: “1” means that all wheels are single-sided; "2" - that the driving rear axle (axles, bogies) have dual tires.

Thus, the wheel formulas are 4x2.2, 4x2.1, 4x4.2 and 4x4.1; 6x4.2, 6x6.2, 6x6.1 and 6x2.1; 8x4.2, 8x4.1, 8x8.2 and 8x8.1 mean two-, three- and four-axle trucks respectively.

Articulated freight trains with one-two-axle tractors have a wheel arrangement of 2x4.1 and 2x6.1
By the nature of the execution, ATS are divided into single cars, tractor cars for towing trailers and truck tractors for towing semi-trailers.

According to the number of axles, automatic telephone exchanges are divided into one-, two-, three-, four- and multi-axle.

According to the climatic version, automatic telephone exchanges are divided into the usual version (temperate climate), northern ( cold climate) and roast (tropical - humid and desert - dusty climate).

In addition, automatic telephone exchanges are divided into army, agricultural, forestry, construction and others. According to their design features, automatic telephone exchanges are further subdivided into hooded, hoodless, short-hooded, long-wheelbase, short-wheelbase, with various transmissions, according to the location of the engine, with a front, middle and rear longitudinal and transverse engine.
Most of the listed classification features are practically of little relevance to the road transport industry. Therefore, a special transport classification has been developed, based on the principle of using automatic telephone exchanges.
(Fig. 3.6).

According to this classification, all types of cars and road trains are divided into three groups, determined by their mass, more precisely, largest axial load on the supporting surface. This characterizes the possibility of their application on certain types of roads.

All cars are divided into three groups:

an off-road group that does not have restrictions on axle load (quarry, airfield, etc.).

Group A includes MAZ, KrAZ vehicles, as well as some models of KamAZ vehicles, heavy vehicles foreign production, multi-seat buses of Likinsky and Lvov factories, Ikarus buses and others.
Group B includes UAZ, GAZ, ZIL, UralAZ, KAZ vehicles, as well as some models of KamAZ vehicles, medium-sized buses of the Likinsky, Lvovsky, Pavlovsky and Kurgan plants, all small-sized buses and cars.

The off-road group includes mining trucks BelAZ and others.

All cars are divided into transport, used for the transport of goods and passengers, and special - not transport. The latter include fire trucks, truck cranes, aerial platforms, sweepers, snow plows and others.

Transport vehicles and road trains are divided into freight and passenger, and the latter into buses and cars. Each of the three varieties is subdivided according to its main design schemes, dimensions and type of transportation.

Trucks by constructive scheme subdivided into single and road trains, the latter may consist of a flatbed vehicle with a trailer or truck tractor with a semi-trailer.

To organize the flow of traffic on the roads, all trucks and buses, regardless of their gross weight must have the same traction and speed qualities, the same dynamics of acceleration and braking. For this, it is necessary that the engine power is proportional to the total masses of transport units. Otherwise, it decreases throughput roads and may cause traffic congestion. Therefore, on tractor vehicles used with a trailer or semi-trailer, it is necessary to use a more powerful engine than on single vehicles.

Trucks by dimension (by carrying capacity) are divided into five classes:

extra small up to 0.5 t;
small from 0.5 to 2.0 tons;
medium from 2.0 to 5.0 tons;
large from 5.0 to 15.0 tons;
extra large over 15.0 t.

Trucks and road trains are divided into two groups according to the type of transportation, which determines the type of body:

universal - multi-purpose with an onboard platform body;
specialized, structurally adapted for the transportation of one or more specific types of cargo,

Cars and road trains can be of two types according to the distance of transportation - for local transportation, over a distance of 50 km, as well as for long-distance, long-distance transportation. Buses according to the design scheme are divided into three types:

single;
articulated;
bus trains, that is, a bus with a trailer.

Single buses are used most often.

Articulated buses are used to improve the maneuverability of large capacity buses.

Bus trains are used to a limited extent. It is possible to use trailers for baggage transportation, as well as the use of trailers for airport services.

Double-decker buses are not included in the classification, as Russian Federation they have not received distribution. Their main disadvantages: poor stability, difficulty landing and disembarking.

Buses according to the overall length according to GOST 18716-73 are divided into five classes:

especially small ones up to 3.0 m long;
small ones from 6.0 to 7.5 m long;
medium lengths from 8.0 to 9.5 m;
large lengths from 10.0 to 12.0 m;

For buses, along with the overall length, it is also necessary to take into account the capacity (Table 3.1).

By type of transportation, buses are divided into the following types: urban, suburban, intercity, local, general purpose, tourist, excursion and school.

Table 3.1. Bus classification

Passenger cars according to the body structure are divided into sedans, coupes, station wagons, fastbacks. limousines and others
Cars differ in terms of engine displacement, vehicle weight and number of seats. When the working volume of the engine is the limit between groups and classes, the dry mass of the vehicle is taken as the determining factor. According to the type of transportation, cars are divided into personal, service, taxi and rental cars.

IN domestic automotive industry the classification and designation system of automatic telephone exchanges are used, determined by the industry standard OH 025 270-66 of the USSR Ministry of Automobile Industry.

In accordance with the standard OH 025 270-66 adopted next system ATC designations: each new model of car, trailer and semi-trailer is assigned an index consisting of a series of letters and numbers.

The full digital index is preceded by a hyphenated letter designation (brand) of the manufacturer (an abbreviation or code name, for example: GAZ, ZIL, KrAZ, Ural, Moskvich). The first digit indicates the ATC class: by engine displacement - for a passenger car; by overall length - for the bus; by gross weight for a truck. The second digit indicates the type of automatic telephone exchange: a passenger car is indicated by the number 1 bus - 2, a truck or pickup truck - 3, a truck tractor - 4, a dump truck - 5, a tank - 6, a van - 7, the number 8 - reserve, special ATS-9.

The third and fourth digits of the indices indicate the serial number of the model, and the fifth indicates that this is not base model, and modification. The sixth digit indicates the type of execution: for a cold climate - 1, export version for a temperate climate - 6, export version for a tropical climate - 7.

Some automatic telephone exchanges have in their designation through a dash the prefix 01, 02, 03, 04, etc., which indicates that the model or modification is transitional or has some additional equipment.

The first two digits of the indices assigned in accordance with the industry standard to cars, buses, trucks (specialized) vehicles and trailers (semi-trailers) are given in Tables 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, respectively.

For trailers, the first digit is 8 for trailers and 9 for semi-trailers.

For trailers and semi-trailers, the second digit indicates the type of trailer in accordance with the type of tractor vehicle, i.e. 1 is a car trailer, 2 is a passenger trailer for a bus, etc. (Table 3.5.).

Table 3.5. Indexes of trailers and semi-trailers (first two digits according to OH 025270-66)

Trailer types	trailers	Semitrailers
Cars
Bus
Cargo (onboard)
Tipper
cisterns
Vans
Special

The third and fourth digits of the indices for trailers and semi-trailers determine their total weight, and the fifth digit is the modification (Table 3.6). Table 3.6. Indices of trailers and semi-trailers (third and fourth digits according to OH 025 270-66)

Group No.	Indices	Gross weight, t
Group No.	Indices	Trailers and semi-trailers	Dissolution trailers
	01-24
	25-49	4-10	6-10
	50-69	10-16	10-16
	70-84	16-24	16-24
	85-99

So, for example, a passenger car with an engine capacity of 1.5 liters, manufactured by the Volga Automobile Plant, is designated VAZ-2112; bus with an overall length of 7.00 m, produced by Pavlovsky bus factory- PAZ-3205; a cargo truck-tractor with a gross weight of 15.3 tons, manufactured by the Kama Automobile Plant, is designated KamAZ-5320; a flatbed cargo trailer with a gross weight of 12.0 tons, manufactured by the Stavropol Plant of Automotive Principles, is designated SZAP-8355.

Basic Models automotive engines, their components and parts are indicated by the same normal with a ten-digit digital index. The first digit of the index determines the class of the engine associated with its working volume (Table 3.7).

Table 3.7. Classification of engines by working volume (according to OH 025 270-66)

working volume,	Class
Up to 0.75
Over 0.75 to 1.2
over 1.2 to 2
Over 2 to 4
Over 4 to 7
Over 7 to 10
Over 10 to 15
Over 15

The above classification is applied in accordance with GOST 25478-91 in the Russian Federation. In addition, it provides a uniform approach when using technical documentation for domestic and foreign automatic telephone exchanges in terms of security traffic.
As an explanation to Table. 3.8, it should be noted that the total mass of the truck-tractor consists of its mass in running order, the mass of the driver and other attendants in the cab of the vehicle, and part of the total mass of the semi-trailer, which is transmitted to the truck tractor. The gross weight of a semi-trailer consists of its curb weight and payload.
comparison table the correspondence of the categories of ATS according to the classification of the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE ITC) and according to the classification of the convention on road traffic is given in Table. 3.9.

Subsequent digits of the index indicate the numbers of the base model of the engine, its units, assemblies and parts.

Before the introduction of OH 025 270-66 indexation of the main models domestic cars, trailers and semi-trailers was produced as follows: at first, the brand was put - the letter designation of the manufacturer (GAZ, ZIL, Moskvich, etc., after it, through a hyphen, a two- or three-digit numerical designation. For example, GLZ-52, Ural-375, semi-trailer OdAZ-885. at the same time, each manufacturer used digital indices within certain limits. So, for example, the Gorky Automobile Plant used numbers from 10 to 100, ZIL - from 100 to 200, etc. For the modernized automotive technology and modifications were added letters or a two-digit number through a hyphen. For example, MAZ-200V, LAZ-699R, Moskvich-412IE, ZIL-130-76.GAZ-24-10.

In addition to the indexation of trailers provided for by the OH 025 270-66 standard, the following symbol for car trailers has become widespread, which includes:

P - semi-trailer (in combination with AMS - automobile semi-trailer);
P - dissolution (in combination with APR - car trailer dissolution;
H - nnz frame; B - onboard; C-tipper; P - platform; F - van; C - tank; K - container ship; T - heavy truck; M-modular and others. through a dash one, two or three digits indicating the load
trailer or semi-trailer capacity in tons;
» further then through a dash the symbol along the normal OH 025 270-66. Examples of symbols for some trailers and semi-trailers:

State registration vehicles produced in accordance with the classification established by the Convention on Road Traffic, which was adopted at the United Nations Conference on Road Traffic in Vienna on November 8, 1968 and ratified by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on April 29, 1974. in accordance with this classification, ATS are separated into the following categories:

B - cars, permitted maximum weight which does not exceed 3500 kg and the number of seats in which, in addition to the Driver's seat, does not exceed eight;

C - cars, with the exception of those belonging to category "D", the maximum authorized mass of which exceeds 3500 kg;

D - cars designed for the carriage of passengers and having more than 8 seats, in addition to the driver's seat;

Trailer - vehicle, intended for movement in combination with a mechanical vehicle (including semi-trailers).
In domestic practice related to the classification of vehicles, the designations adopted in the international safety requirements (UNECE Rules) developed by the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe are gradually beginning to be used. Information source Site: http://www.grtrans.ru/

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Appendix 8 to technical regulations on the safety of wheeled vehicles

REQUIREMENTS

to labeling and enabling identification

Vehicle

1. Requirements for the marking of vehicles (chassis)

through identification numbers

1.1. Each vehicle must be affixed with an identification number by the manufacturer that is unique for at least 30 years.

1.2.1. The identification number contains 17 characters, which can be Arabic numerals from 0 to 9 and letters of the Latin alphabet, except for the letters I, O and Q.

1.2.2. The first three positions of the identification number must contain the international identification code of the manufacturer. Accounting and control of assignment of international identification code manufacturer is the responsibility of the International Organization for Standardization * .

The assignment of international identification codes to manufacturers is carried out by the competent authority of the country in whose territory the manufacturer is registered as a legal entity.

If the manufacturer produces less than 500 vehicles per year, the number 9 is used in the 3rd position of the identification number. In this case, the 12th, 13th and 14th characters of the identification number are also assigned by the competent authority of the country in whose territory the manufacturer is registered as entity.

1.2.3. Positions of the identification number from 4th to 9th inclusive are used to encode the main features of the vehicle. The choice of characters for coding and their sequence is determined by the manufacturer.

1.2.4. In the 10th position of the identification number, the manufacturer may indicate at his discretion the year of manufacture or the model year of the vehicle. Codes to designate the year of manufacture or model year must be assigned in accordance with Table 1.

1.2.5. In the 11th position of the identification number, the manufacturer may indicate the code of the assembly plant.

1.2.6. Positions of the identification number from the 12th to the 17th inclusive are used by the manufacturer for setting serial number a specific vehicle, taking into account the requirements of paragraph 3 of clause 1.2.2 of this appendix.

1.2.7. Positions of the identification number from the 15th to the 17th inclusive are filled in only with Arabic numerals.

Codes for the designation of the year of manufacture (model year)

Table 1

Year of manufacture (model year)	Year of manufacture (model year)	Code of the year of manufacture (model year)	Year of manufacture (model year)	Code of the year of manufacture (model year)	Year of manufacture (model year)	Code of the year of manufacture (model year)

1.3. Formation of vehicle identification number in special cases.

1.3.1. The manufacturer, which is legal entity, formed in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, using purchased chassis or base vehicles of another manufacturer for the production of vehicles, forms and applies a new identification number to such vehicles, different from the identification number of purchased chassis. The previously assigned chassis (parent vehicle) identification number must be retained on the vehicle.

1.3.2. On vehicles manufactured in the Russian Federation, which are the result of individual technical creativity, the manufacturer applies the vehicle identification number, which is assigned to each vehicle by the competent authority of the Russian Federation.

In this case, the identification number of such a vehicle is formed taking into account the following requirements:

The first three positions should contain a single international manufacturer identification code for all vehicle manufacturers that are the result of individual technical creativity - X99 (Latin letter - X, Arabic numeral - 9, Arabic numeral - 9);

On the 4th, 5th and 6th positions, Latin letters are given - R, U, S (RUS);

On the 7th, 8th and 9th positions, the Arabic numeral 0 (zero) is given;

The 10th position indicates the code of the year of manufacture of the vehicle according to table 1;

Positions 11th to 17th to indicate ordinal registration number, starting with "0000001", according to the register of the competent authority of the Russian Federation.

1.4. The manufacturer's application of an identification number to the vehicle.

1.4.1. The identification number is applied in one place on the frame or part of the body that is not easily removable.

1.4.2. The identification number must be marked clearly, in a manner that ensures its durability and excludes easy change of its signs. The identification number is applied without spaces between characters.

1.4.3. The height of the signs of the identification number must be at least 7 mm for vehicles of categories M, N, O and at least 4 mm for vehicles of category L.

1.4.4. It is allowed to apply the identification number in one or two lines.

In the case of drawing an identification number in two lines, the characters from the 1st to the 9th inclusive are located on the first line; characters from the 10th to the 17th inclusive are located on the second line. At the beginning and at the end of the lines, a separator must be put down, which is set by the vehicle manufacturer (for example, the sign "*").

1.4.5. The identification number, if possible, should be applied with right side, at the front of the vehicle, in an easily readable position.

1.5. Indication of the identification number in the documents for the vehicle.

1.5.1. The identification number indicated in the vehicle documents must be located on one line without spaces or separators.

2. Requirements for vehicle manufacturer's plates, the conformity assessment of which is carried out in the form of type approval

2.1. When the manufacturer installs the manufacturer's plate on the vehicle (chassis), it must be placed in a place convenient for reading - a part of the vehicle (chassis) that cannot be replaced during operation, and must not be removed without the use of a special tool.

The manufacturer's label must be rectangular shape sized to fit in general case, the following information in Russian and (or) foreign language:

1) name of the manufacturer;

2) the permitted total weight of the vehicle;

3) the maximum permitted weight of the road train, if the vehicle can be used to tow a trailer (semi-trailer);

4) the permitted maximum axle weight for each of the axles of the vehicle, starting from the front axle;

5) technically permissible maximum weight per fifth wheel coupling (semi-trailer) (if any);

6) number of “approval of vehicle type (approval of chassis type);

7) year of manufacture or model year at the discretion of the vehicle manufacturer;

8) vehicle identification number.

If the technically permissible maximum weight exceeds the corresponding permissible maximum weight indicated in accordance with subparagraphs 2), 3) and 4) of this paragraph, then the mass values are indicated in two columns: the maximum permissible mass - in the left column; the technically permissible maximum weight is in the right column.

2.2. The information contained in subparagraphs 6 - 8 of paragraph 2.1 may, at the choice of the manufacturer, be placed on an additional plate (sticker) located below or to the side of the main plate.

2.3. The plates referred to in paragraphs 2.1 and 2.2 can be made in the form of stickers, which must be destroyed when attempting to remove them mechanically.

2.4. The information on the manufacturer's plate(s) must be printed in a font size of at least 4 mm for vehicles of categories M, N, O and at least 3 mm for vehicles of category L, clearly and in a manner that excludes abrasion.

2.5. If the information on the manufacturer's plate is presented in a foreign language, its translation must be given in the instruction (manual) for operation.

3. Requirements for the marking of vehicle components put into circulation as replacement (spare) parts

3.1. Vehicle components put into circulation as replacement (spare) parts must contain in their marking the name or trademark of the manufacturer, as well as, if available, information on specific design characteristics affecting safety.

4. Marking with the mark of circulation on the market

4.1. The mark of circulation on the market marks vehicles (chassis) for which a vehicle type approval (chassis type approval) has been issued, as well as vehicle components for which certificates of conformity or declarations of compliance with the requirements of this technical regulation have been issued.

4.2. When marking vehicles (chassis), the mark of circulation on the market must be located on the manufacturer's plate or on a separate plate (sticker) referred to in paragraph 2.2 of this Annex.

4.3. When marking components, the mark of circulation on the market must be applied directly to the product unit and / or label, as well as packaging and accompanying technical documentation. The sign of circulation on the market should be applied, if possible, next to trademark manufacturer.

4.4. Marking is carried out in any convenient way that ensures image clarity and eliminates abrasion.

4.5. The location of the plates (stickers) is indicated in the vehicle type approval (chassis type approval).

5. Requirements for the inscriptions on the vehicle

5.1. Inscriptions in a foreign language applied by the manufacturer to the outer or inner surface of the vehicle in order to warn or inform consumers about design features of this vehicle must be duplicated in Russian.

It is allowed not to duplicate in Russian well-known inscriptions consisting of one or two words, applied to the controls. The translation and explanation of such inscriptions must be given in the operating instructions for the vehicle.

6. Ensuring the possibility of identifying vehicles

according to state license plates

6.1. On each vehicle of categories M and N, installation sites for one front and one rear state registration plate established sizes.

On each vehicle of categories L and O, places for installation of one rear state registration plate of the established dimensions must be provided.

6.2. The place for installing the state registration plate must be a flat vertical surface and must be located in such a way that the obstruction of the state registration plate by the elements of the vehicle structure is excluded. At the same time, state registration plates must not reduce the angles of the front and rear overhangs of the vehicle, cover external lighting and signaling devices, or protrude beyond the side clearance of the vehicle.

6.3. The front state registration plate, as a rule, should be installed along the axis of symmetry of the vehicle. It is allowed to install a front state registration plate to the left of the vehicle's symmetry axis in the direction of vehicle movement.

6.4. The installation location of the rear state registration plate must ensure that the following conditions are met:

6.4.1. The state registration plate must be installed along the axis of symmetry of the vehicle or to the left of it in the direction of the vehicle.

6.4.2. The state registration plate must be installed perpendicular to the longitudinal plane of symmetry of the vehicle ± 3 ° and perpendicular to the reference plane of the vehicle ± 5 °.

However, if the design of the vehicle does not allow the installation of the state registration plate perpendicular to the reference plane of the vehicle, then for the state registration plates, the height of the upper edge of which from the supporting surface is not more than 1200 mm, it is allowed to increase the deviation from the vertical plane up to 30 °, if the surface, on which the state registration plate is installed, is turned up and 15 ° if this surface is turned down.

6.4.3. For a vehicle in running order, the height from the reference plane of the lower edge of the state registration plate must be at least 300 mm, and the height of its upper edge must not exceed 1200 mm.

However, if the design of the vehicle does not allow ensuring the height of the state registration plate specified in the first paragraph of this paragraph, it is allowed to place it in such a way that the height of its upper edge is not more than 2000 mm.

6.4.4. The state registration plate must be visible in a space limited by four planes forming visibility angles of at least: up - 15 °, down - 0 ... 15 °, left and right - 30 ° (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Viewing angles of the rear state

registration plate

6.4.5. It should be possible to read the rear state registration plate from a distance of at least 20 m in dark time days, provided that it is illuminated by standard lamps provided for by the design of the vehicle for this purpose.

This requirement does not apply to the inscriptions "RUS" and "TRANSIT", as well as to the image of the national flag of the Russian Federation.

6.5. Bolts or screws with heads having the color of the field of the sign or light galvanic coatings must be used to fasten state registration plates.

It is also allowed to mount state registration plates using frames.

Bolts, screws, frames must not block the letters, numbers, edging, the inscription "RUS" on the state registration plate, as well as the image of the state flag of the Russian Federation.

It is not allowed to cover the state registration plate with organic glass or other materials.

It is prohibited to drill additional holes on the state registration plate for its mounting on a vehicle or for other purposes. In case of discrepancy between the coordinates of the landing holes of the state registration plate and the coordinates of the landing holes of the vehicle, transitional structural elements, ensuring the implementation of paragraphs 6.2 - 6.4 of this appendix.

* Currently assigned by the International Organization for Standardization to an international public organization - the Society of Automotive Engineers (Society of Automotive Engineers), USA - which assigns separate identification codes to various regions and countries.

In accordance with the modern system of digital indexing of cars, each car model (trailer train) is assigned an index consisting of four digits. Modifications of models correspond to the fifth digit indicating the serial number of the modification. Export version domestic models cars has a sixth digit. The numerical index is preceded by letters indicating the manufacturer. The numbers included in the full designation of cars indicate: class, type, model number, modification sign, export version sign.

The first digit gives information about the dimensions of the car or class of rolling stock. If this is a passenger car, then the numbers indicate the variant of the engine displacement: 1 - up to 1l; 2 - from 1.2 to 1.8 l; 3 - from 1.8 to 3.2 l; 4 - more than 3.5 liters.

If this is a truck chassis, then the first digit indicates the total mass of the vehicle: 1 - up to 1.2 tons; 2 - from 1.2 to 2 tons; 3 - from 2 to 8 tons; 4 - from 8 to 14 tons; 5 - from 14 to 20 tons; 6 - from 20 to 40 tons; 7 - over 40t.

Gross vehicle curb weight is its curb weight with fuel, payload, accessories, driver and passengers in the cab.

If this is a bus, then the following variants of the first digit and the overall length of the bus corresponding to it are possible: 2 - up to 5 m; 3 - from 6 to 7.5 m; 4 - from 8 to 9.5 m; 5 - from 10.5 to 12m; 6 - more than 16 m. The number 8 in the first place in the brand of the car means that we are dealing with a trailer, 9 - with a semi-trailer.

The second digit characterizes the type of rolling stock or the type of car: 1 - passenger cars; 2 - buses; 3 - trucks (onboard) vehicles; 4 - truck tractors; 5 - dump trucks; 6 - tanks, 7 - vans; 8 - reserve; 9 - special cars.

1.3. Basic terms of technical characteristics of the car

wheel formula. For all vehicles, the designation of the main wheel formula consists of two digits separated by a multiplication sign. The first number indicates the total number of wheels, and the second number indicates the number of drive wheels to which torque is transmitted from the engine. In this case, dual-wheel wheels are considered as one wheel. The exceptions are front-wheel drive vehicles and road trains with single-axle tractors, where the first digit is the number of driving wheels, and the second is the total number of wheels.

Thus, for passenger cars, utility vehicles and light trucks, created on the basis of passenger car units, the formulas 4x2 (for example, a GAZ-3110 car), 4x4, 2x4, (VAZ-2109 car) are used.

Estimated weight (per person) of passengers, attendants and luggage - for cars - 80 kg (70 kg + 10 kg of luggage). For buses: urban - 68 kg; suburban - 71 kg (68+3); rural (local) - 81 kg (68 + 13); international - 91 kg. (68+23). Bus attendants (driver, guide, conductor, etc.) and driver, passengers in the cab of a truck - 75 kg. The weight of the luggage carrier with cargo installed on the roof of a passenger car is included in the total weight with a corresponding reduction in the number of passengers.

The load capacity is defined as the mass of the transported cargo without the mass of the driver and passengers in the cabin.

Passenger capacity (number of seats) - the driver's seat is included in the number of seats in cars and trucks. In buses, the number of seats for seated passengers does not include the seats of service personnel - driver, guide, etc. The capacity of buses is calculated as the sum of the number of seats for seated passengers and the number of seats for standing passengers at the rate of 0.2 sq. m. m of free floor area per standing passenger (5 people per 1 sq. m - nominal capacity) and 0.125 sq. m (8 people per 1 sq. m - maximum capacity). Rated capacity buses - capacity typical for operating conditions during inter-peak times. Maximum capacity - the capacity of buses during rush hours.

The curb weight of a car, trailer, semi-trailer is defined as the mass of a fully filled (fuel, oil, coolant, etc.) and equipped ( spare wheel, tools, etc.), but without cargo or passengers, the driver, other attendants and their luggage.

Gross vehicle weight consists of curb weight, cargo weight (according to carrying capacity) or passengers, driver, other attendants. At the same time, the total mass of buses (urban and suburban) should actually be determined for the nominal and maximum capacities. Gross mass of road trains: for a trailer train - the sum of the gross masses of the tractor and trailer; for a truck - the sum of the curb weight of the tractor, the weight of the personnel in the cab and the total weight of the semi-trailer.

Permissible (design) gross weight is the sum of the axial masses allowed by the design of the vehicle.

Ground clearances, angles of entry and exit are given for motor vehicles (ATS) of the total mass. In the figures, the lowest points are under the front and rear axles PBXs are marked with the icon

Control fuel consumption - this parameter is used to check technical condition ATS is not the norm fuel consumption(about regulation of fuel consumption, lubricants and others will be discussed later). The control fuel consumption is determined for the vehicle of the total mass on a horizontal section of the road with a hard surface in steady motion at a specified speed. The "urban cycle" mode (simulation of urban traffic) is given according to a special methodology in accordance with GOST 20306-90 "Fuel efficiency of automatic telephone exchanges. Nomenclature of indicators and test methods.

Maximum speed, acceleration time, gradeability, coastdown distance and braking distances- these parameters are given for a vehicle with a gross weight, and for truck tractors - when they operate as part of a road train with a gross weight. The exception is maximum speed and the acceleration time of cars for which these parameters are given for a car with a driver and one passenger.

The overall and loading height, the height of the fifth wheel coupling, the floor level, the height of the steps of the buses are given for equipped vehicles.

The coordinates of the center of gravity of the vehicle are given for the equipped state.

The center of gravity is indicated in the figures by the icon

The run-out of the car is the distance that the car of the full mass will travel, accelerated to the specified speed, when it is next turned on. neutral gear, to a complete stop on a dry asphalt flat road.

The stopping distance is given for tests of the "zero" type, that is, the test is carried out with cold brakes with a full load of the car.

The turning radius is given along the track axis of the outer (relative to the turning center) front wheel.

The free steering angle (play) is given when the wheels are in a straight line position. For power steering, readings should be taken with the engine running at the design recommended minimum RPM. idle move engine.

Tire pressure - for cars, light trucks and buses made on the basis of car units and trailers for them, a deviation from the indicated values \u200b\u200by 0.1 kgf / cm2 is allowed, for trucks, buses and trailers for them - by 0, 2 kgf/cm2.

Terms specifications engines are considered separately.

Cylinder displacement(engine displacement) - this value is determined as the sum of the working volumes of all cylinders, i.e. this is the product of the working volume of one cylinder and the number of cylinders i, i.e. Measured in liters or cubic meters. dm. It is the digital designation of displacement that is applied to the body elements of a number of cars.

Cylinder displacement- this is the amount of space released by the piston when moving it from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC).

Combustion chamber volume is the volume of space above the piston when it is at TDC.

Full cylinder volume is the volume of space above the piston when it is at BDC. Obviously, the total volume of the cylinder is equal to the sum of the working volume of the cylinder and the volume of the combustion chamber, i.e. .

Compression ratio E is the ratio of the total volume of the cylinder to the volume of the combustion chamber, i.e. .

The compression ratio shows how many times the total volume of the engine cylinder decreases when the piston moves from BDC to TDC. The compression ratio is a dimensionless quantity. In gasoline engines E = 6.5..11, in diesel engines E = 14..23. With an increase in the compression ratio, the power and efficiency of the engine increase (this is why diesel engines are more economical).

The piston stroke S and the diameter D of the cylinder determine the dimensions of the engine. If the S/D ratio is less than or equal to one, then the engine is called short-stroke, otherwise it is called long-stroke. The vast majority of automotive engines are short-stroke.

Indicated engine power is the power developed by the gases in the cylinders. Indicator power more effective engine power by the amount of friction losses and the drive of auxiliary mechanisms.

Effective engine power- the power developed on the crankshaft. It is measured in horsepower (hp) or kilowatts (kW). Conversion factor: 1hp = 1.36 kW.

The effective power of the engine is calculated by the formulas:

; ,

where is the engine torque, Nm (kg/cm),

n - speed crankshaft, min-1(r/min)

Net power- any power calculated for the serial configuration of the engine.

Gross power- any power calculated for the engine configuration without some serial attachments where power is consumed (air cleaner, muffler, cooling fan, etc.)

Rated effective motor power- effective power guaranteed by the manufacturer at a slightly reduced crankshaft speed. It is less than the maximum effective power of the engine. Reduced by artificially limiting the crankshaft speed for reasons of ensuring a given engine resource (hp/kg).

Liter engine power- the ratio of effective power to displacement. It characterizes the efficiency of using the working volume of the engine.

Engine weight power- the ratio of the effective power of the engine to its weight (hp / kg).

Specific effective fuel consumption- the ratio of hourly fuel to the effective engine power (g/kWh).

External speed characteristic of the engine- dependence of the engine output indicators on the crankshaft rotational speed at the full opening of the fuel supply body.

1.2 Conventions

G H - rated carrying capacity of the vehicle, N (provided specifications);

Go - empty car weight ( own weight equipped);

Go1 - own weight on the front axle, N;

Go2 - own weight on the rear axle, N;

Ga is the total weight of the vehicle (laden), N;

Ga1 - total weight on the front axle, N;

Ga2 - total weight on the rear axle, N;

Z - vehicle base, m;

A - distance of the front wheel axle to the center of gravity of the car, m;

C - distance from axis rear wheels to the center of gravity of the car, m;

n1 - number of wheels on the front axle, pcs;

n2 - number of axles per rear axle, PC;

B - tire profile width, m;

D- landing diameter rims, m;

P1 - air pressure in the tires of the front wheels, MN / m 2;

V1 - vehicle speed, m/s;

P2 - air pressure in the tires of the rear wheels, MN / m 2;

R - turning radius of the road, m;

G - free fall acceleration, m / s 2 (g \u003d 9.8 m / s 2);

K y 1 - coefficient of resistance to slip of the wheels of the front tire, n/rad.;

K y 2 - wheel slip resistance coefficient rear tire, n/rad.;

PцG 0 - centrifugal force acting on an empty car, n;

PцG a - centrifugal force acting on a loaded car when it moves around a bend in the road, N ;.

Pö1G 0 - part centrifugal force attributable to the front axle of a loaded vehicle, N;

Pц2G 0 - part of the centrifugal force attributable to the rear axle of a loaded vehicle, N;

Pц1G a - part of the centrifugal force attributable to the front axle of an empty car, N;.

Pц2G a - part of the centrifugal force attributable to the rear axle of an empty car, N;

δ n G 0 - slip angle of the front axle of an empty vehicle, rad;

δ C G 0 - slip angle of the rear axle of an empty car, rad;

δ n G a - angle of withdrawal of the front axle of a laden vehicle, rad;

δ C G a - angle of withdrawal of the rear axle of a laden vehicle, rad;

Critical speed of an empty vehicle, m/s;

Critical speed of the loaded vehicle, m/s;

The car model is selected according to the penultimate digit of the record book:

Gn	8,3	N2	2
Go	17,2	P1	0,25
Go1	9,3	P2	0,25
Go2	7,9	b	0,200
Z	2,7	d	0,381
A	1,4	n1	2
C	1,3

33.33 Pc, kN 0.606 0.431 0.460 0.491 0.526 Pb, kN 0.771 0.292 0.369 0.456 0.552 P, kN 1.377 0.723 0.829 0.947 1.078 movement, the driver constantly changes the speed of the car in accordance with the change road conditions. He must always be ready in case of need for ...

The improvement of justice at the present time is to remove the task of solving crimes from the court and exclude artificial opposition. 2. General characteristics of the criminal violation of the rules of the road and the operation of vehicles 2.1 Object of the crime. The objective side of the crime The nature of the criminal acts provided for in Art. 264 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation indicate that ...

It is acceptable for a device of this kind. 5.3 Conclusion As a result of the analysis of energy saving parameters, it was found that when implementing the vehicle user authentication system, it is impossible to do without analyzing the system's energy consumption and finding ways to reduce this parameter. The originally designed system would cause discomfort to the user due to unnecessarily small...

Federation of July 31, 1998 N 880 "On the procedure for conducting a state technical inspection of vehicles registered with the State Inspectorate for Road Safety of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation" * (2). 2. These Rules define the organization and procedure for the state technical inspection of motor vehicles and trailers to them ...

STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Vehicles

MARKING

General technical requirements

GOSSTANDART OF RUSSIA

Moscow

Foreword

1 DEVELOPED by the All-Russian Research Institute for Standardization and Certification in Mechanical Engineering (VNIINMASH)

INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 56 "Road Transport"

2 ADOPTED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree of the State Standard of Russia of December 15, 2002 No. 469-st

3 Sections (subsections, annexes) of this standard, with the exception of section , paragraphs and , and , represent an identical text of international standards ISO 3779-83 “Road transport. Vehicle identification number. Content and structure”, ISO 3780-83 “Road transport. International identification code of manufacturers”, ISO 4030-83 “Road transport. Vehicle identification number. Location and installation»

4 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME

Ccontent

GOST R 51980-2002

STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Vehicles

MARKING

General technical requirements

vehicles. Marking.
General technical requirements

Introduction date 2004-01-01

1 area of use

This standard establishes general technical requirements for the content of the identification number (code) and the manufacturer's platevehicles (hereinafter - TS) of categories M,N, Oh andLin accordance with GOST R 52051, as well as their location on the vehicle and the method of applying code signs.

(Amendment. IUS 6-2009)

2 Definitions

For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms apply with their respective definitions:

2.1 vehicles (TC): Motor vehicles and wheeled self-propelled machinery other types.

2.2 vehicle identification number (code) - Vehicle Identification Number, VIN (hereinafter referred to as the VIN code): A structural combination of characters assigned to the vehicle for the purpose of its identification.

2.3 manufacturer's international identification code - World Manufacturer Identifier, WMI (hereinafter referred to as the WMI code): The first section of the V codeIN, denoting the manufacturer of the vehicle. The WMI code is assigned to the vehicle manufacturer for identification purposes this manufacturer. The WMI code, when used in conjunction with the remaining sections of the VIN code, ensures the uniqueness of the latter for all vehicles produced within 30 years in all countries of the world.

2.4 descriptive part of the VIN code - Vehicle Descriptor Section, VDS: The second section of the VIN code. Contains information describing the main features of the vehicle. In this section of the VIN code, the vehicle type, type variants and versions can be indicated.

2.5 index part of the VIN code - Vehicle Indicator Section, VIS: The third section of the VIN code. Consists of a combination of characters assigned by the manufacturer in order to distinguish one vehicle from another. This section of the VIN code, together with the VDS, provides a unique identification of all vehicles produced by each manufacturer over a period of 30 years.

2.6 manufacturer: Person or organization responsible for a vehicle assembled to a state of readiness for operation. The manufacturer is also responsible for the uniqueness of the VIN code.

2.7 delimiter: A character, character, or other boundary designation that can be used to delimit sections of a VIN code or mark its beginning and end. Separators must be such that they cannot be mistaken for Arabic numerals or Latin letters.

2.8 year of issue: The calendar year in which the vehicle was manufactured.

2.9 model year: The conditional year indicated by the manufacturer (usually following the actual year of manufacture of the vehicle).

3 Technical requirements

3.1 Requirements for the structure and content of the VIN code

3.1.1 The VIN code consists of three sections:

International manufacturer identification code (WMI code);

Narrative part (VDS);

Index part (VIS).

Note - Examples of constructing VIN codes are given in.

3.1.2 As the characters that make up the VIN code, use:

Arabic numerals - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0;

Latin letters - A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z.

Note - The letters I, O and Q are not used.

3.1.3 WMI codes are maintained and controlled by an International Agency under the supervision of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Note - At present, the functions of such an agency are entrusted to the Society automotive engineers- Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), located at 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warren-dale, PA 15096-0001, USA.

3.1.4 WMI codes are assigned (in agreement with the International Agency) by the competent authority of the country in which the manufacturer has the main production capacity. Each manufacturer can be assigned multiple WMI codes.

Note - In the Russian Federation, this body is FSUE NAMI (Federal State Unitary Enterprise Central Research Automobile and automotive institute), located at the address: 125438, Moscow, Avtomotornaya st., 2.

3.1.5 A WMI code assigned to a manufacturer must not be re-assigned to another manufacturer for at least 30 years after last year when this code was used.

3.1.6 The WMI code consists of three characters.

3.1.6.1 The first character of the WMI code may be a letter or a number. It denotes a geographic area. Several signs can correspond to the same geographical area.

3.1.6.2 The second character of the WMI code may be a letter or a number. It denotes a country located in the above geographic area. Several characters can correspond to the same country. To uniquely identify a country, a combination of the first and second characters is used. The combination(s) of the first and second characters is assigned to each country by the International Agency (3.1.3).

3.1.6.3 The third character of the WMI code may be a letter or a number. It is assigned to each specific manufacturer by the competent authority of the country (3.1.4). Unique identification of a particular manufacturer is provided by a combination of the first, second, and third characters of the WMI code. To designate a manufacturer producing less than 500 vehicles per year, the number 9 is used as the third character of the WMI code. For such a manufacturer, a combination of characters identifying a particular manufacturer is affixed to the third, fourth and fifth positions of the VIS. This combination is assigned by the competent authority of the country.

3.1.7 The descriptive part of the VDS code VIN consists of characters (letters or numbers) placed in six positions. The choice of characters for coding and their sequence are determined by the manufacturer.

If one or more positions are not used for VDS encoding, letters or numbers at the choice of the manufacturer are placed in their place.

3.1.8 The indicative part of the VIS code VIN consists of eight characters, the last four of them must be digits. All unused positions must be filled with zeros.

It is allowed to indicate in this section of the VIN code the year of manufacture (model year) and (or) assembly plant. In this case, it is recommended to place the code of the year of manufacture (model year) in the first position of the section, and the code of the assembly plant in the second position. If the model year code is indicated in the VIS, then this should be indicated in the documents containing the description of the VIN code.

Codes for the designation of the year of manufacture (model year) are given in.

3.1.9 Separators are at the discretion of the manufacturer. Should not be used as delimiters

use the letters and numbers used to form the VIN () code, as well as any characters that could be mistaken for these letters and numbers. Separators are used at the boundaries of each line of the VIN code applied according to 3.2.3. It is also allowed to use delimiters to delimit sections of the identification number. Separators are not used in documents.

3.2 Requirements for setting the VIN code

3.2.1 Only one VIN code can be assigned to one vehicle.

3.2.2 The VIN code indicated in the documents must be located on one line without spaces (see also 3.1.9).

3.2.3 The VIN code is applied to the vehicle manufacturer's plate, as well as to the frame, chassis or body part that is not easily removable, in one or two lines without spaces and section breaks.

3.2.4 The VIN code applied to the vehicle is placed on the right side of the vehicle, if possible in its front half, in an easily readable place.

3.2.5 The characters of the VIN code must be clear, durable and protected from easy change.

3.2.6 The VIN code applied to the vehicle is located on the frame, chassis or part of the body that is not easily removable.

3.2.7 The height of the letters and numbers of the VIN code is as follows:

- for vehicles of categories M, N and O: not less than 7 mm when applied to the chassis, frame, body and other parts of the vehicle and not less than 4 mm for the manufacturer's plate;

- for vehicle categoryL: not less than 4 mm when applied to the chassis, frame, body and other parts of the vehicle and not less than 3 mm for the manufacturer's plate.

(Amendment. IUS 6-2009)

3.2.8 It is allowed to additionally apply visible and (or) invisible markings to the Vehicle containing either the VIN code or its descriptive (VDS) and indicative (VIS) parts.

3.3 Manufacturer's plate requirements

3.3.1 The manufacturer's plate must be firmly fixed in a visible and easily accessible place on the part of the vehicle that cannot be replaced during operation. It must clearly and in a manner that excludes erasure present the following information:

Manufacturer's name;

Number of "type approval" of the vehicle, assigned in the prescribed manner;

VIN code;

The maximum allowable weight of the vehicle;

The maximum allowable mass of the road train, if the vehicle is used to tow a trailer (semi-trailer);

Maximum allowable axle loads, starting from the front axle;

Maximum permissible load on the fifth wheel coupling (in the case of a semi-trailer).

Note - For vehicles foreign production it is allowed to indicate the number of the “general European type approval” - Whole Vehicle Type Approval, WVTA as the “type approval” number. In this case, the vehicle is additionally marked with the Mark of Conformity and the "type approval" number in accordance with the established procedure for and.

3.3.2 The manufacturer may place additional information on the plate. This information shall appear below or to the side of the rectangle containing the inscriptions listed in 3.3.1.

APPENDIX A
(reference)

Examples of constructing an identification number (code) VIN

Figure A. 1

Figure A.2

APPENDIX B
(mandatory)

Codes for the designation of the year of manufacture (model year )

Table B.1

Year of manufacture (model year)	Year of manufacture (model year)	Year code (model year)	Year of manufacture (model year)	Year code (model year)	Year of manufacture (model year)	Year code (model year)
1971	1981		1991		2001
1972	1982		1992		2002
1973	1983		1993		2003
1974	1984		1994		2004
1975	1985