interest in aerosleds individual remedy winter driving and sports type motor technology appeared for a long time. But such a massive, as it is now, enthusiasm for amateur snowmobiles was undoubtedly facilitated by an increase in the general technical level youth. Far from complete information, the number of snowmobiles built by amateurs since 1968 has almost doubled.
WHEN THE ENGINE…BRAKES
You can name a lot settlements in the northern regions of our country, where there are from several copies to 25-35 snowmobiles. They are built not only by individual amateurs. They are created in school technical circles, Pioneer Houses and Palaces, city stations for young technicians, and vocational schools.
A big brake on the creation of snowmobiles is that our industry does not produce special engines adapted to work with a propeller in heavy climatic conditions North with his low temperatures. Existing motorcycle engines, most commonly used on homemade snowmobiles, do not meet the requirements due to relatively low power. Therefore, engines are usually paired (Fig. 1) or two or even three are adapted to work on one or two propellers (Fig. 2).
Recently, there has been a tendency to create engines of their own design. They. as a rule, they are performed on the basis of serial parts and assemblies.
These engines (Fig. 3) are often distinguished by their original layout, high power and adaptability to work in winter conditions. A survey conducted by the editors showed that now about 8% of the total number of snowmobiles are equipped with home-made engines. It should also be noted a significant increase in the power of the used snowmobile engines: 24.5% of them are of their own design or motorcycle types M-72, M-61, M-63, K-750, Java-350, with a power of over 20 liters. With.; 4.2% - automobile, with a capacity of 40 to 70 liters. With.; and 7.2% - old aircraft engines such as M-11, AI-14, Walter-Minor, etc.
AESTHETICS AND COMFORT
Analyzing the materials at the disposal of the editors on amateur-built snowmobiles, I would like to note that the technical culture of structures has recently increased significantly, more attention has been paid to aesthetics (Fig. 4), comfort, and their external decoration. If 10 years ago most snowmobiles were built according to the simplest circuit, without a body that protects the driver and passenger from the oncoming air flow and snow dust, now 55% of cars are made with semi-closed and more than 20% with fully closed bodies. Moreover, these machines, as a rule, have a streamlined shape of the hull and engine installation (Fig. 5 and 6).
Only 3.6% of the snowmobiles were built according to the motorcycle scheme, which is most beneficial for low-power vehicles.
The three-ski chassis scheme still prevails: 73.5% of the known snowmobiles were built according to it. The number of four-ski machines in comparison with 1965-1966 increased from 10 to 10%. The four-ski scheme is more laborious, but provides better cross sleigh by loose snow and good stability when driving over rough terrain, especially when sharp turns on high speed.
Fans use on their sledges mainly two-bladed wooden block propellers, that is, made from a solid bar or blank glued from separate thin boards - drek.
Only 5.5% of the snowmobiles are equipped with three- or four-bladed propellers; 3.5% of the propellers are made with metal blades and the same number - with variable pitch blades (with idle engine).
Very few (less than 1%) propellers - with a change in the angle of attack of the blades during the movement of the machine (our magazine informed readers about such propellers - see No. 5 for 1969 and No. 2 for 1972). About 40% of the snowmobiles are equipped with gearboxes; 25.8% of the gearboxes are chain, the rest are V-belt and gear.
Below is a summary of some amateur snowmobiles of interest to a wide range of readers.
IN city near Moscow A group of amateur snowmobile designers has been working at Zheleznodorozhny for many years. I. Lukin, V. Mashenkii, S. Kuznetsov and their young assistants created and successfully operate whole line interesting cars.
THREE SKIS? FOUR?
I. Lukin built and tested the first snowmobiles in the winter of 1969/70. They had a tricycle insufficiently stable scheme. The designer converted the car to a four-ski (see tab). He installed the front, steerable skis on a tubular truss attached to the body, providing them with spring damping. The low (almost at the very sole) suspension point of the skis provides good stability and significantly increases the machine's patency on soft virgin snow.
The soles of the skis are made of stainless steel, which also contributes to the improvement of the snowmobile's ride quality.
An increase in the stability of the machine was also achieved by lowering its center of gravity. The engine from the M-72 motorcycle is placed on the body frame in the lower rear part on special units. The engine has a magneto and an automobile gasoline pump, powered by a cam roller, driven by a V-belt from the shaft propeller. To do this, a pulley Ø 26 mm is installed on the latter, and Ø 80 mm on the cam roller. The magneto is mounted on the crankcase cover, where the ignition distributor removed from the engine is located.
The transmission from the engine to the propeller shaft is made by two parallel V-belts. This eliminates belt slippage during transmission. full power. The pulley on the motor shaft Ø 130 mm is made of duralumin. The driven pulley Ø 260 mm is keyed on the propeller shaft.
The shaft itself is on an external pylon, on two radial ball bearings and one thrust bearing.
The gear ratio of the driving and driven pulleys is 1:2, which made it possible to make a propeller with increased thrust. It is made from birch wood.
Currently, I. Lukin is working on the creation of a more powerful two-cylinder engine.
S. Kuznetsov became interested in snowmobiles as a student of the eighth grade. Interestingly, his first design was also a three-ski, single-seat machine with a motorcycle engine IZH-49. The motor was located behind, on top, on a tubular welded frame; the propeller was mounted directly on the shank crankshaft engine. The motor was equipped with a KATEK aggregate magneto.
The second design (Fig. 7), created by S. Kuznetsov in 1972, with the same engine, was built according to a motorcycle scheme. This is a single machine with a semi-closed hull. The engine on it was located below, on the transverse beam, with two V-belts transmitted to the propeller shaft.
This design is interesting in that the entire propeller group was an easily removable unit. In the summer it was dismantled and used on the water without any changes.
The propeller is made from a solid block of wood, with straight cut ends of the blades. The propeller shaft is mounted on ball bearings mounted in special sockets welded to the frame.
The body of the snowmobile is assembled on glue and screws from bars with a section of 20 × 20 mm, sheathed with plywood 2 mm thick. A transverse board is installed in the rear part, which serves as a support for the engine mounting brackets, the propeller frame and the transverse ski suspension tube.
Aerosleigh skis are equipped with steel soles and have undercuts that ensure the stability of the course.
The next stage in the technical creativity of S. Kuznetsov is a snowmobile with two IZH-49 engines, driven by one propeller.
AIRSLEEVE "CRICKET" AND "KUPAVNA"
But the Vshivtsevs, who live in the Moscow region, build snowmobiles with the whole family: Kuzma Afanasyevich Vshivtsev is the head of the family, his wife and a schoolboy son.
The beginning was laid by the sled, also a three-ski scheme. They used a motor from the car "Zaporozhets" of the first issues. The engine was located at the top, and the propeller was mounted directly on the crankshaft shank. The screw was three-bladed, metal, each of the blades was screwed into the socket of the bushing with its threaded shank and fixed with a lock nut. This allowed, if necessary, to change the angles of the blades.
The body of the car was made from an old motorcycle sidecar. Aerosleighs had good driving performance, but the high center of gravity made them unstable.
Therefore, in 1972-1973, K. Vshivtsev made a new, double snowmobile "Cricket" (Fig. 8). The engine used on them is the same, but shifted down and fixed on the hull frame. The propeller drive is made by three V-belts. The propeller itself has also been changed: it has become two-bladed.
The Sverchok snowmobile is original in that it can be quickly turned into an airmobile: it has 4 wheels of small diameter, on which, in fact, skis are put on, which have special sockets for this and a mount on the wheel axle.
The low landing of the machine provides it with good stability and allows you to move freely over rough terrain without fear of tipping over. Aerosleigh "Sverchok" participated in the winter festival in Zelenograd and attracted the attention of numerous participants of the rally.
In his free time, P. Semkin from the village of Kupavna, near Moscow, likes to race on a snowmobile. He considers such walks to be the best rest.
His snowmobiles are single, three-ski (see tab).
Originally made front and rear suspension skis. They consist of movable rocking frames with spring shock absorbers. This suspension scheme helps the sled move even if the skis are frozen. To prevent the ski toes from being buried in the snow, retract springs are placed between them and the rocking frame. The aerosleighs are provided with propeller guard trusses.
Two-cylinder two stroke motor develops a power of 16 liters. with., equipped with a gear reducer with gear ratio 1:3. The engine is located on a tubular under-engine frame at the top, above the rear edge of the hull. Propeller - wooden, block, mounted on the gearbox shaft on the key.
The body of the snowmobile is semi-closed, streamlined, has a windshield. The dry weight of the structure is only 96 kg. The sled has been in operation since 1965.
LIKE A PLANE
For the third year now, I. Svetchikov has been improving his design of snowmobiles, gradually achieving greater cross-country ability, speed, reliability ..
Snowmobile C-4 (Fig. 9) have a body closed type. The cabin accommodates two people: the driver - on a comfortable front and a passenger on back seat. The cockpit has a sliding canopy, similar to an aircraft.
The snowmobile is equipped with a M-72 motorcycle engine with a power of 22 hp. With.; it is located in the lower rear of the housing, with the transmission of rotation to the propeller shaft by four V-belts. The pulley diameters provide a speed reduction ratio of 1: 1.4.
Propeller - two-bladed, wooden, block. With a diameter of 1.8 m, it provides a pulling force of 84 kg.
IN THE CABIN - TWO
M. Nosikov from Neftegorsk, Kuibyshev region, has been engaged in the independent construction of snowmobiles for the sixth year.
The sleigh was reworked many times, but the results quite satisfying to the designer were obtained. ANOMI-4 (Fig. 10) is the fourth and most successful amateur design. The machine has a pleasant appearance, good driving performance, stable, maneuverable and, most importantly, reliable in operation.
The design is made according to the four-ski scheme, with front controlled skis. The body is semi-closed, streamlined. It accommodates two people.
Unlike the usually accepted scheme, when the driver sits in front and the passenger in the back, in ANOMI-4 they sit side by side.
Despite the fact that the car has an incompletely closed body, the windshield and the upper glazed sections of the entrance doors protect passengers well from the oncoming air flow.
The back of the case is made with a large bevel, providing a good air supply to the working propeller.
The snowmobile used a motorcycle engine M-72 with a capacity of 22 liters. With. It is located above the rear edge of the hull and is attached to the tubular motor frame. The propeller shaft is mounted above the engine on a subframe. The transmission is carried out through an intermediate shaft by a chain. The engine is connected to the intermediate shaft through a universal joint. On the intermediate shaft, which rotates in ball bearings, there are two sprockets: a drive one (to drive the propeller shaft) and a small one (from rear wheel bicycle) - to drive the magdyne, which gives current to lighting devices.
Pictured (top to bottom). An unusual transmission from the engine to the propeller - two bevel gears with a rigid vertical shaft - was made on N. Melnikov's snowmobile (Tyumen).
Snowmobile "on the contrary": steering ski at the back, front - fixed, propeller - in front. Design by I. Tsipan (Rivne region).
Mini-sleigh L. Perchenko (Murmansk region) with a PD-10/IZH-49 engine.
V. Mishagin's mini-sleigh (Gorky) with an IZH-49 engine equipped with a gear reducer.
Magdina was used from the M-105 motorcycle, but in a homemade case. Located under the intermediate shaft and bolted to the engine frame.
A two-spark magneto was installed on the rear cover of the engine, which greatly simplified the ignition circuit and made it possible to get rid of a heavy battery.
Propeller - left rotation, diameter - 2 m. Made of pine straight-grained bar. The propeller shaft is mounted on ball bearings.
M. Nosikov is working on the creation of a propeller with a variable (during movement) blade pitch, with a reverse - for braking (while the pin brakes located in the rear skis are used).
The snowmobile has a propeller guard made of pipes and a sparse protective mesh.
The speed of the ANOMI-4 snowmobile on virgin snow with a full load is 40-45 km / h.
REDUCER DOUBLE
Light snowmobile with a 20 hp engine. With. built by I. Melnikov from Tyumen (p. 16). Enclosed glass cab provides good visibility and necessary comfort for the car driver. A powerful headlight is located in the front.
To reduce the center of gravity and ensure good stability of the machine, the engine is mounted on rubber couplings to the lower duralumin profiles of the body.
The transmission from the engine to the propeller shaft was originally made: through two gearboxes c. bevel gears and vertical shaft. Gear ratio 11:20. The gears of the gearboxes are placed in special flanged housings. The vertical shaft connecting both gearboxes has soft cardan couplings that compensate for possible inaccuracies when assembling the machine.
The propeller has three wooden blades, each of which enters with its shank into the nest of a metal sleeve and is clamped with a special nut. The angle of the blades can be adjusted on the spot, when the engine is not running; clamping nuts are locked with wire. Propeller diameter - 1.5 m.
The fuel supply is 40 liters, placed in two tanks, it lasts for 250-300 km. The maximum speed of the snowmobile is 90 km/h.
Aerosleigh - the other way around?
"Whirlwind-2" - this is the name of the snowmobile built by N. Tsipan from the Rivne region. They reach speeds up to 50 km/h.
The snowmobile is made according to the "reverse" three-ski scheme - two front skis are fixed rigidly on the transverse beam, and the rear one is controllable. Engine IZH-56 with a capacity of 13 liters. With. located in front on the housing beam, the propeller is four-bladed, pulling, with a diameter of 1.4 m. The transmission from the engine to the propeller shaft is carried out by a motorcycle chain.
The upper part of the engine and the propeller shaft are covered with an easily removable hood, providing good access to all units of the engine installation.
The propeller blades are made of 10 mm thick plywood and are riveted with their butt part into the double-sided legs of the bushing, which is attached to the shaft on a key and tightened with a locking nut.
The body of the snowmobile is of a closed type, with one door on the port side.
MINI SLED
Several options for small-sized snowmobiles, one of which - see photo - was created by L. Perchenko from the village of Olenya-1 in the Murmansk region. As an engine, he used an old, decommissioned tractor "starter" PD-10, with minor alterations: the water-cooling cylinder was replaced with a motorcycle one, air cooling, from the IZH-49 engine.
To supply fuel from a gasoline tank (polyethylene canister) placed under the engine, a gasoline pump of the Veterok-8 outboard motor was used. To provide the engine with fuel before starting, a manual priming pump is installed between the tank and the gasoline pump.
Propeller - duralumin, block, with reinforcing pads in the butt. Screw diameter - 1.1 m.
To increase the bearing area and reduce the calcination of the machine when driving on loose, deep snow, it has an additional fourth ski located between the rear skis along the axis of symmetry of the machine. When moving, the rear ski follows the trail of the front, controlled.
As a cross beam rear suspension the root sheet of an automobile spring (1 plate) was used.
Aerosleighs are distinguished by low weight and small dimensions: length - 3 m, width - 1.2 m. Developed speed - up to 50 km / h.
cylinder down
Make small, beautiful and light car- Valery Mishagin from Gorky also set himself such a goal, developing his own design of snowmobiles (pictured). He succeeded. Aerosleighs VAM-1 are compact, elegant, and their weight is only 80 kg. For these mini-sledges, the IZH-49 engine was used, located at the back, cylinder down.
To increase the traction force of the propeller, a gear reducer with a gear ratio of 1: 1.5 is installed on the engine, and the engine is boosted. This made it possible to reduce the speed of the propeller, and by increasing the diameter to 1.4 m, to increase the thrust. Screw wooden (birch), block.
The body of the snowmobile in the lower part has a load-bearing frame and a lightweight streamlined superstructure, which leans forward along with the steering column, providing a comfortable fit for the driver in the car. The body length is only 2 m.
During tests, the mini-sleigh showed a speed of 60 km / h.
I. YUVENALEV, engineer
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The editors of our magazine continue to receive numerous letters from amateur designers: interest in this type of snowmobile equipment among various age categories is not weakening. But the nature of the letters often suggests that many builders begin to manufacture snowmobiles, not very clearly imagining what they want to build, what they see the future car with, where to start work. Naturally, because of this, annoying mistakes are made, and as a result they get a design without the desired operational and technical characteristics.
Many years of experience in designing a wide variety of machines shows that in order to successfully complete the work, it is necessary to adhere to a strict sequence at all its stages - from the birth of an idea to its embodiment in metal.
Fans who build their own snowmobiles, as a rule, make a serious Mistake, ignoring one of the first obligatory moments in the design process - the development of technical specifications for the structure they create.
The terms of reference (or technical requirements) are the starting document for all further work: calculations, detailed design development, and its subsequent manufacture. It records what the designer would like to receive from the machine, unit, part. That is, a specific design goal is set, which must be achieved in the process of work.
It should be emphasized that it is very difficult to set the task correctly, taking into account the real possibilities of its subsequent solution, but without the necessary initial data. However, this can be done if you first study the experience accumulated by others, familiarize yourself in detail with previously built, tested and shown good results constructions.
You will also need some luggage theoretical knowledge, especially for the operation of the machine and its individual units - and without this it is impossible to outline an exact program of action.
Properly drawn up technical requirements largely determine not only the scheme future car, but also her essential elements. The shape and dimensions have not yet been developed, the design of individual units has not been indicated, and the task already allows you to have all the basic data that will be required in calculations and design.
Each designer is individual in his creative solutions. Therefore, created by lovers of snowmobiles - even of the same type, similar in purpose, power installed engine, - can be different as per technical specifications, and by solving the general scheme and individual nodes. This largely depends on a number of private reasons, which are determined by the availability of materials and finished units, production capabilities, the availability of a workshop, machine tools, necessary tool and even local operating conditions.
In the technical requirements for amateur-built snowmobiles, the following issues must be recorded and preliminarily resolved.
PERFORMANCE AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
A set of requirements for it depends on a clear definition of what a car is created for: for example, the cross-country ability of snowmobiles on winter impassability, general scheme and many other characteristics. If, for example, the sled will be used for hunting, the vehicle must have a high degree patency.
The degree of patency of snowmobiles, their driving performance are determined by the dynamic coefficient of "quality", which is found by the formula:
where K is the dynamic coefficient, T is the thrust force of the propeller in kgf, developed by it when working on the spot, that is, without forward movement snowmobiles, Gx - running weight of snowmobiles in kgf.
The value of the coefficient K for amateur-built snowmobiles ranges from 0.2-0.3. But it should be remembered that the larger this value, the more passable the car will be in winter off-road conditions. The constructor chooses the value of the dynamic coefficient, but should strive to be at least 0.2. The above formula K can also be used to determine T and Gx.
T \u003d Gx K; and Gx = T/K,
These quantities for preliminary calculation can also be determined as follows:
where N is the engine power in l. s., 0.8 - coefficient that ensures the reliability and service life of the engine; Tu is the specific thrust of the propeller in kgf, that is, the force it develops in kgf per liter. With. engine power.
The specific thrust Tu depends on the diameter of the air coil and the engine power. It is determined by the load on the area swept by the propeller, decreasing with an increase in this load. With engine power up to 12 liters. With. - 4.5 kg/l. s., 20 l. With. - 4.0 kg/l. s., 50 l. With. - 3.5 kg/l. s., 100 l. With. - 3.0 kg/l. s., 260 l. With. - 2.6 kg/l. With.
More precisely, the traction force is determined by the formula:
T = (33.25 h D N) 2 /3
where 33.25 is the coefficient; h - the efficiency of the propeller (for self-made ones it varies depending on the correctness of the calculation and the quality of manufacture from 0.65 to 0.82, or from 65 to 82%); D is the propeller diameter in meters, and N is the engine power.
The Gx value can be determined based on the fact that the running weight should not exceed 12 ÷ 15 kgf per one horsepower of the engine power.
LOADING CAPACITY OF THE SLEDGE
It includes the weight of the crew, passengers, cargo and fuel.
This load is given for snowmobiles with skis on soles made of ordinary carbon steel, the coefficient of trembling on snow is taken as 100%. When using materials with a lower coefficient of friction instead of steel - brass, polyethylene low pressure, fluoroplast-4 - this value can be increased. In this case, G1x is determined from the expression
G 1 x = Gx 100/f,
where f is the ratio of the coefficient of friction of the starting material to the coefficient of friction of carbon steel.
For materials used on ski soles, the coefficients of friction will be as follows: carbon steel 1.0, or 100%, wood (ash) 0.97, arctilite 0.935, stainless steel 0.810, duralumin 0.790, polyethylene 0.735, fluoroplast 0.730, brass 0.710.
TRAVEL RANGE
The distance that the snowmobile must cover on the available fuel and oil in the tanks, without refueling en route.
FUEL RESERVE
The fuel reserve mentioned above, in turn, determines the required capacity of the fuel tanks (plus 5% of the emergency reserve).
THE SPEED OF THE SLEDGE
In the technical requirements, two values of the speed of the snowmobile are usually recorded: Vt - technical, that is, the speed of the actual movement along the route, without taking into account the time spent on parking along the way. Vmax - the maximum possible, that is, the speed that the snowmobile can develop when the engine is running at maximum power and at full (estimated) load. The maximum speed is determined at a measured distance when driving on virgin snow at an outside temperature of -5 to -20 °, in other words, with good skiing on the snow. The measured distance should be straight, without obstacles from snow sastrugi, hummocks; its length is not less than 0.5 km.
TURNING RADIUS
It is measured on the inside track of the snowmobile skis at a speed that ensures the safety of its implementation, usually 5 km / h.
CLIMBABLE
Indicates the climbing area available for a machine with a normal weight load.
ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
In this section of the terms of reference, the snowmobile builder writes down what, in his opinion or on the basis of studying previous experience, should be reflected in the design of the future machine. This includes limiting the size of the car or, conversely, increasing the length of the body to transport some oversized cargo. Some requirements may also reflect the designer's view of the desired layout of the machine or its individual elements- based on the study of existing experience. For example, "aerosleighs should be made according to a four-ski pattern - as more stable and having less resistance to movement compared to a three-ski", etc.
SAFETY
The propeller is one of the most dangerous (to others) structural elements. High speeds make the circle described by it transparent, the human eye does not perceive its “plane”. Therefore, it is essential:
SCREW GUARD
To warn people of danger, it is usually painted with bright red paint.
BRAKING SYSTEM
It is most often provided by lever-pin or scraper devices.
ENGINE STARTING SYSTEM
The most commonly used by most amateurs, starting the engine by turning it by the propeller by hand (with the ignition on) is strictly prohibited. Need a starter.
OUTDOOR LIGHTING
In winter, daylight hours are very short, and polar night sets in in the northern latitudes, so headlights must be installed on snowmobiles to allow the driver to see the road clearly.
LAYOUT DRAWING OF THE SLEDGE
After drawing up the technical requirements, you can proceed to the next stage of work - the preliminary calculation and execution of the layout drawing of the snowmobile. These works are carried out in parallel. Wherein technical task will be a guide: it will be specified in the process of calculations.
Such a drawing is the basis for designing a future machine. It determines the placement of all structural elements, the driver's and passengers' seats, outlines the general contours of the hull, the location of doors, windows, hatches, and links all the main dimensions.
Many lovers of technical creativity, trying to speed up the work, omit such milestone like making machine drawings.
This is an erroneous practice. Experience shows that the time spent on the implementation of the drawings, the development of details and dimensions on them, pays off a hundredfold due to the reduction in the cost of linking and fitting parts during construction, not to mention the fact that negligent designers lose more due to the forced alteration of individual parts .
The layout drawing is made in three projections on a scale of at least 1:5, if necessary, with additional sections, cuts and callouts of individual units.
During the layout process, you should also pay attention to safety requirements. The main ones are as follows.
On a snowmobile open type the distance from the driver's back to the plane of rotation of the propeller must be at least 0.8 m.
Rotating drives located behind the driver's back - pulleys, chains, belts - must be covered with protective shields.
In a closed case, it is important to ensure secure fastening and ease of use of doors and hatches. Not last place These requirements include the need for good review road from the driver's seat: the angle of view through the windshield should provide visibility already from 5 m from the toes of the front skis.
Windshield it is useful to protect against freezing - for example, by installing double glazing, and also provide windshield wipers.
fuel tanks and rechargeable batteries must be separated from the cabin by a sealed partition.
The cab should be heated by autonomous heaters: it is impossible to lay for these purposes exhaust pipes along the hull.
The propeller across the width of the machine should not protrude beyond the outer edges of the skis; the distance from the end of the blade to the bottom of the body is at least 50 mm, and to the soles of the skis - at least 250 mm. The ends of the rear skis should not fall into the plane of rotation of the propeller.
And what is the preferred exterior color of the aerosleigh? Any, but always bright, well distinguishable in the snow from a great distance.
Scroll upSnowmobile? these are self-propelled sleds, the device of which includes an engine internal combustion and propeller? propeller. The vehicle is intended for driving on snowy and slippery roads. The speed of such a sled can reach up to 140 km / h, depending on the power of the motor. The design of the snowmobile includes a chassis consisting of three or four skis. This type of sled can be easily made by hand.
Main advantage this tool movement in front of snowmobiles are speed characteristics. Also, with a cab and good suspension, the comfort level in the sled is almost the same as in the car. Aerosleighs have very simple design, you can make them yourself. This requires an engine, for example, from a motorcycle? Jupiter?, materials for the body and only three wooden skis.
Making simple do-it-yourself sleds
First of all, it is necessary to make a case from wooden beams, which need to be sheathed with plywood, to fix pillows and chairs. Sledge skis must be made of birch boards. To strengthen the structure with the support of a motorcycle engine? Jupiter? you can use plywood strips.
Attach the brakes behind the skis, which will be activated by the driver when the right pedal is pressed. For this, pins and a cable are used. Put the rear ski close to the main frame, which is attached to the rear of the hull. Mount the front ski, which is responsible for control, on a metal bracket, which will be located on the side of the body.
To assemble the control mechanism, you need to use the steering wheel from the motorcycle, from which the sled engine is removed. The motor is best used from "Jupiter". It is mounted on a frame in the form of a tube, like a propeller, to which torque is transmitted using a motorcycle chain gearbox. The rotation of the screw should reach 1440 rpm. To provide additional security mesh is installed.
The frame covering the engine from "Jupiter" is attached to the body by means of struts on the suspension. The fuel tank is mounted above the engine.
To make a propeller, you must first make blanks for the blades by cutting out elements from pine or oak. The propeller is glued together with casein glue. Dimensioning must be accurate. The glued screw parts are dried and protected until ready for use. It is important to plan each of the blades with a planer after drying. The propeller blades are pasted over with cloth and painted. For this, you can use calico. After checking each of the screws to maintain balance, they are mounted on the sleeve, after which the snowmobile is completely ready for operation.
Aerosleigh engines
To create a sleigh with your own hands, can you use a motorcycle engine? Jupiter? or car? Zhiguli?. The main components and parts of the engine include: gearbox cover, rear and front plates, gaskets, drive gear, cylinder body and mounting bracket. The most commonly used motors are:
Carburetor K-62I with two cylinders? V this mechanism a gearbox from the gas distribution device of the MTZ-80 tractor is used. The engine is equipped with a special electric starter and battery. The ignition mechanism is battery operated. The fuel tank can hold up to 30 liters of gasoline.
? D-30? This module does not have a gearbox for the propeller. Thrust is 40 kgf. It is used on light snowmobiles, mainly on those that are made by hand, and not on serial ones. The installation of this type of device depends on the calculation of the characteristics of the enclosure.
D 15? differs from analogues in the presence of a chain reducer attached to a propeller. The latter has a diameter of 1.4 m and develops a sufficient traction force of 60 kgf. A kind of D15 engine? D-15z? equipped with a gear reducer. Recommended for use in snowmobiles and paragliders. The gears that are installed in the gearbox are also used in the KAMAZ-740 gas distribution mechanism. All engines of this series have fuel tank for 15 l.
What you need for a hovercraft
To create a hovercraft sled, you need to use a regular saw, planer and drill. Also need to pull out of the old motorcycle?Jupiter? operating power plant. Welding and other fine processing can be transferred to specialists, or you can do it yourself.
Plywood and boards will serve as the main material. The best option will be the use of varieties of BS-1 or FSF, because ordinary element can't stand high humidity. Plywood is pretreated with varnish, other special coatings are applied.
For self-mounting of the case, you need to use special construction adhesives. Epoxy resin or premium casein can act as such a tool. For complete and reliable pairing of all elements with your own hands, 5 kg of glue will be enough. It is important to use only waterproof options.
For creating air cushion only durable materials should be used. Also among the main characteristics are elasticity and airtightness. The pillow can be created independently from domestic materials, for example, from rubberized fabrics up to 1.5 mm thick. The main thing is to install the engine so that it does not damage the shell. The basis is cotton and synthetic elements. The pillow will resemble an inflatable boat.
You can assemble a sled on a pillow using power plant from a motorcycle? Izh-Jupiter?. The power of such an engine is 24 horsepower. For a pillow, you can install a transmission from a scooter, a home-made gas tank, headlights from a tractor and other elements for an amphibian with your own hands. It is important that the frame is made of a metal profile. Engine power is enough to overcome the deepest snowdrifts without failures. Before starting a trip, you need to check all the gearbox covers on the motor.
Aerosleigh is special kind all-terrain vehicle, driven by the rotation of the propeller at the rear of the vehicle. It is used for movement on snow and ice by lovers of fishing, hunting, signalmen, athletes and those who just want to ride. Due to the simplicity of design and the availability of parts in a home workshop or garage, it is really possible to make a snowmobile with your own hands.
IN general view any snowmobile consists of a hull, chassis, propeller system, brake system, steering. The body is understood as a supporting frame, sometimes with plastic or duralumin sheathing. The chassis is wide curved skis that distribute the load from the weight of the sled and the driver onto the snow.
A variety of design solutions allows you to choose an engine for a snowmobile based on the needs of a particular user: low-power engines from chainsaws will fit light Zipper mini-sleds, while larger engines will become the basis for massive machines large capacity with cabins and soft pendants. The presence of the last two brings the ride comfort closer to the car while maintaining mobility. Snowmobiles will pass where a car without special training will never pass: an untouched deep snow and thin ice.
Some models can even cross water obstacles. Such amphibious aerosleighs are called airboats, their undercarriage is made of an air cushion, the bottom of which is protected by plastic scales. Protection allows you to move on gliders even on dry ground. However, this should not be abused, since a rubber breakdown can completely disable the sled. IN homemade units the role of an air cushion is performed by an inflatable boat.
The maximum speed that snowmobiles can develop varies depending on their individual characteristics:
- the literature indicates a limit of 150 km / h;
- on rolled snow, ordinary sleds will travel up to 50 km / h;
- on packed untouched snow - 80 km / h .;
- on ice - 110 km / h.
However, it is worth remembering that with increasing speed, the stability of the sled decreases and the risk of capsizing on the move increases. The load capacity also depends on the individual design. Subcompact models will hardly take away the driver with his equipment, and an airbus with a cabin based on a motor from, for example, a Zhiguli will take away up to five people in full gear and with a catch. The range varies depending on the size of the engine and the load. On average, 40 liters of fuel is enough for 300 kilometers. It is recommended to get fuel tanks on a long journey.
At the initial stage, it is determined necessary characteristics sleigh. They set the parameters of the propeller, the engine, carry out a strength calculation of the supporting structure of the body and assemblies, assign the type of steering and brake system. At the end of the calculations, a package of design documentation is created, after which they begin to assemble the snowmobile with their own hands according to the drawings.
A welded frame or frame is used as the supporting structure of the body. In general, the frame will have to be cooked in any case. Just in frame structure it will serve as the basis for the cabin cladding, and in the absence of a frame, it is the frame that will bear the main load. The frame can be solid or broken.
The broken frame consists of two half-frames hinged. The front half contains the cabin with controls and rotates with the rotation of the steering wheel, to which it is connected via a worm gear. The rear carries the power unit. Both the solid frame and the load-bearing body are based on spars - longitudinal rods in the lower part of the structure.
On the frame, the cabin is mounted pivotally through spacers, and in load-bearing body spars are hard welded. The frame is welded from hollow metal pipes, the dimensions and wall thicknesses of which are determined by calculation. A wooden frame structure is allowed, while the elements are glued together with casein glue and gauze.
In general, the frame has an aerodynamic shape, it is designed narrower and, if possible, rounded in front. It is reinforced along the length by frames (transverse contours) located equidistant from each other. The assembly of the frame begins with the lower elements: spars and struts, to which the frames are welded.
- plywood sheets;
- duralumin;
- plastic.
At the heart of the undercarriage of the snowmobile are skis made of plywood 10 mm thick, reinforced in the longitudinal direction with a wooden bar and sheathed with stainless steel on top. The front parts of the skis are bent on the slipway after dipping into boiling water. The body is installed through shock absorbers in the form of springs or springs. The springs consist of three parts, mounted to the body pivotally using an M6 bolt. Additional stability in turns is given by an undercut made of a pipe flattened at the ends with a diameter of 8 mm, mounted on the front parts of the skis.
On homemade snowmobiles, brakes are installed in the form of scrapers placed on the edges of the rear skis. The scrapers are actuated by a pedal connected through a cable to the driver's foot. When you press the pedal, the scrapers lower, increasing the friction of the sled with the snow and slowing it down. Steering carried out either through worm gear connected to the rotated elements, or directly by a column connecting steering wheel with front ski.
When assembling an amphibious snowmobile with your own hands, you don’t have to bother with welding the body and running gear. It is enough to place the finished propeller unit on an inflatable boat and protect the bottom of the vessel with plastic scales. Scales are collected from scraps of waste plastic. The size and weight of the engine should roughly match the characteristics of typical outboard motors. An excessively massive engine will negatively affect the capacity, handling and stability of the glider.
The propeller system is placed on a plywood-lined wooden tabletop; rubber pads can be used in the support structure to dampen the vibration of the motor. The engine is fixed with brackets and struts. power unit selected individually. Larger volume does not guarantee better driving performance. Therefore, you should not strive to install an engine from an old VAZ on a small sled.
It is better to use a ready-made propeller by supplying it with additional protection in the form of a metal mesh on both sides. An open screw rotating at high speed can cause serious harm to the health of the driver and others. The geometry of the propeller is selected based on the power of the motor and the speed of its rotation. For an engine from a motorcycle IZH-56 with a power of 15 horsepower at a speed of 1400-1600 per minute, a diameter of 1500 mm with a blade pitch of 500-600 mm is suitable, at a speed of 2200-2400 per minute the diameter should be 1200-1300 mm with a pitch of 650- 700 mm.
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Is it possible to make an aerosleigh with your own hands? Let's look for an answer to this question. Will snowmobiles made right at home be reliable? Not every person is ready to trust his own hands and what he can do himself.
Homemade snowmobiles are pretty interesting view transport. The fact is that they move due to the propeller, in the people it is also called a propeller.
Most often, the design of the snowmobile is three-ski. Sometimes there is also a four-ski, then they can move not only on snow, but also on the water surface.
Imagine yourself speeding across a snowy plain faster than the wind, whirlwinds of snow rise behind you - all this is possible and real if you have a snowmobile. This is a very convenient, fast, and most importantly, simple mode of transport. Anyone with technology "on you" will be able to build a snowmobile with their own hands.
Let's see how to make them yourself. The material will be wood. The structure will be triangular. The longitudinal beam of the hull and the transverse beam, on which we hang the rear skis, will be made of pine bars. Let's take bars with a section of 35 by 40 mm, they will be fastened with bolts. Let's pay attention to the docking nodes, there you need to install metal squares, as well as washers, be sure to have a large diameter, as they will prevent the tree from collapsing.
Where the turntable for the front ski will be installed, as well as where the engine and rear skis are mounted (ski suspension), brackets, metal plates and squares must be provided. Let's take wooden skis again. The body, or rather its front part, needs to be hooded. You can install a bicycle headlight on the hood, and metal footboards on the sides. The driver's seat can be made from a piece of plywood with a thickness of about 8 millimeters. The seat should rest on two springs, which we will borrow from a bicycle saddle. It is important to pay attention to the fact that the bars securing the engine must be of different lengths. The rear bar is longer, it will serve as a fence from the propeller.
On the rear skis, you need to make the so-called boar brackets, you can make them from strips of steel measuring 30 by 5 mm. Skis must be collected from three plywood plates, which should be about 4 mm thick, they will be fastened. Plywood along the edges should be reinforced with bars, preferably oak. The soles of the skis must have longitudinal undercuts, and they must also be forged with sheet iron. This is necessary so that when the snowmobile stops, it does not sink into the snow. The front ski will control the snowmobile (its turn).
We will have a cable transmission from the steering column. To control the engine, it is necessary to build levers: a throttle lever and an ignition advance lever. We will borrow the wiring from a motorcycle, it will be either a cable or a wire, but always in a flexible sheath. The engine will be a PD-10 launcher from a tractor, we will install a cylinder for air cooling on it, also from a motorcycle, for example, from IZH-56. We will install a fuel tank above the engine. Fuel will be supplied by gravity. That's all - in front of you are homemade snowmobiles. On them it will be possible to dissect through snow-covered fields or simply through snow-covered terrain. The main thing is to do everything conscientiously, firmly and precisely, so that in no case will your vehicle fall apart while driving. As you can see, you can make a snowmobile with your own hands, you just need to make an effort.
