Introduction

Self-unloading truck, trailer or semi-trailer with a body (usually a bunker type), mechanically (usually hydraulically) tilted to unload cargo or with forced unloading (for example, an auger). There are also dump trucks, for the unloading of which the tilt of the entire vehicle is used using telescopic lifts.

Dump trucks are used for the transportation of bulk, or bulk, or other goods suitable for such unloading, which is carried out by tipping them from the body.

Dump trucks are classified:

• · By type of unloading (tilt or forced).
• · In the direction of unloading (sideways, backwards).
• · By body type (bunker, platform, sliding bunker, sliding platform).

Although the load capacity of a dump truck is less than that of a similar truck with a fixed cargo platform, however, dump trucks are beneficial due to the reduction in unloading time. Dump trucks are distinguished by the method of unloading - rear, side, bilateral and universal unloading on all sides. In Russia, dump trucks are manufactured by KAMAZ, URAL, GAZ, Yarovit.

General information. Types of dump trucks

Dump truck - freight car with a body that allows for independent unloading of loose or bulk cargo by the method of pouring out, dumping due to the use of the ability of the body to tilt or overturn in one or in different directions. The carrying capacity of such a vehicle is lower than the carrying capacity of a truck with a stationary body. According to the design features of the body, dump trucks can be divided into two groups - with one-sided unloading or with unloading in two or more directions.

Dump trucks, capable of unloading in all directions, are suitable for agricultural work, while they have a lower carrying capacity. Their body shape is designed to receive bulk cargo. dump trucks construction purposes unloaded on both sides greater load capacity. Dump trucks capable of transporting a large amount of cargo are unloaded only in one direction, most often backwards.

The division of dump trucks by body type and lifting mechanism is most arbitrary. There are so many types of jobs where dump trucks are used that the most profitable solution is often to rent or purchase a universal dump truck. These machines have additional opportunity unloading from the body directly into a concrete mixer or gondola car. This is ensured by a special lifting platform on which the body is mounted. When installed on a dump truck hitch, it can be used to tow a tipper trailer, for which it is necessary to connect the hydraulic systems of the tractor and trailer.

Modern dump trucks have design features that allow them to unload on low speed for uniform distribution of bulk cargo or a device for forced unloading where it is not possible to raise the body.

Road quarry transport is widely used in open pit mining industries around the world. This article will focus on the main types of dump trucks used in quarries.

The use of vehicles in mining confirms its high technical and economic performance when used in difficult conditions: deep or complex occurrence of minerals, development of deposits with limited reserves (with a size limit in terms of up to 2.5 km) or a short life. It is rational to use road transport in quarries with small production volumes (approximately 50...90 million tons/year) at a distance of 3...5 km for cargo transportation.

Dump trucks form the basis of automobile quarry transport. various types. They also use excavation and transport machines - scrapers (when combining excavation work) and lifting and transport equipment - front loaders(especially on development schemes using dragline or craneline).

Photo source: rm-terex.com

Dump trucks have their advantages over conveyor transport in the conditions of transportation of rocks with different physical and mechanical properties. However, unlike, for example, railway transport simplification of the dumping process is achieved, it is possible to move along relatively steep (4 ... 5 ° or 8 ... 100 °) slopes of roads by reducing the length of transport communications. The main disadvantages of motor transport are cyclicality, dependence on the condition of roads, a decrease in productivity during the rainy season, in icy conditions, snowfall, atmospheric pollution with exhaust gases, high energy intensity and operating costs.

Truck classification. Three main types

At present, three types of dump trucks are most widely used in quarries: construction trucks with a carrying capacity of 10 ... 25 tons for moving on roads common use, construction with an articulated frame with a carrying capacity of 10 ... 50 tons and off-road mining with a carrying capacity of 23 ... 345 tons. truck tractors for towing dump trailers and semi-trailers, but this type is less common. In limited cases, mine vehicles are used.

Marking domestic cars corresponds to the industry standard OH 025 270-66 (see table), and according to the classification of vehicles adopted in the UNECE rules and GOST R51709-2001, they are classified as category No. 3. Abroad, for example in Japan, there are also internal standards, however, for marketing purposes, manufacturers usually introduce their own classification of dump trucks by payload class and apply their own indexing.

The first type of dump trucks: construction group

The use of dump trucks of this type, such as construction ones, in quarries is usually limited by their low carrying capacity and difficulties in transporting bulky goods, however, they are indispensable in places where technological transportation can only be carried out on public roads (for example, in road or hydraulic engineering construction in places with high population density, where application specialized transport difficult), for the transportation of bulk and small-sized cargo (sand, crushed stone, pre-loosened rock) or in quarries with small volumes of production on a shoulder up to 40 km. Now dump trucks in Russia " construction group"produced by CJSC" Betsema ", the factories of Pushkin Machine-Building, Ural, KAMAZ, NefAZ, KZKT ("Rusich") and "Yarovit", in the near abroad - MAZ, KrAZ and MZKT ("Volat").

Articulated Models

Dump trucks, classified as "off-road articulated dump trucks" (for convenience they are often called ADT - from the English articulated dump truck), are usually used in construction, but unlike construction trucks they are adapted for off-road use. Now on Russian market this type of special equipment is represented by five manufacturers - BELAZ, MoAZ, ChSDM, Bell and Volvo.

Photo source: volvoce.com

In addition, all over the world this type of dump trucks is produced Caterpillar, CNH (known as Astra, Case, DDT, Link-Belt, FIAT-Kobelco, New Holland, O&K), Desmond, Hydrema, JCB, John Deere(also Hitachi), Kaelble, Komatsu, Mitsubishi, Moxy, NHL, Randon, Royal, RTC and Terex. Articulated dump trucks are manufactured with a wheel arrangement of 4x2, 4x4, 6x4 and 6x6. Biaxial Volvo models A25D equipped on request special system steering (with remote wheels located in the base), which allows you to turn around in the chambers of mines and in open areas with a limited alignment for maneuvers. Some models are available in a version for underground work. The class of ADT cars in Russia is relatively new, although there were some attempts to start production of them before 2000. In some quarries, since the early 1980s, mine articulated dump trucks of the MoAZ-7405-9586 series have been used to a limited extent.

Underground technology

Separately, in the classification of dump trucks, equipment for underground work can also be distinguished. Such machines are now produced by Atlas Copco, Burdmachines, Bumar, Caterpillar-Elphinston, Dux, GIA (Kiruna Truck), Kaelble, Marcotte, Normet, Paus, Tamrock and YMC. The design allows them to be used in open pit mining, but the specifics of underground work (for which they are, in fact, designed) does not allow them to be used with full efficiency in quarries.

Main type - off-road dump trucks

The basis of the fleet used in the open-cast mining of minerals is mining (off-road) dump trucks. Now more than 20 companies are engaged in their production: BELAZ, MoAZ, Ashok-Leyland, Bharat, Case, Caterpillar, Caterpillar-Elphinston, Hindustan, Hitachi (Euclid), Komatsu, Kyomsungsang (Kumsusan - Kymsusan), Kress, Liebherr, NHL, Perlini, Randon, Rimpull, Shaofeng (Shaofeng), Tamrock (Toro Supra), Terex (Unit Rig and Payhauler), Terberg and Zhonghuan (Zhonghuan). The variety of schemes used over the long history of the development of dump trucks has led to the fact that the scheme with a drive to rear wheels and unloading the body back. Other schemes, for example, a drive to the front, middle axle, a swivel body or a body with side dumping, dumpers, etc., did not take root in the quarries.

Photo source: truck-auto.info

The production of all-wheel drive biaxial models is carried out by MoAZ, Terex. In addition, multi-axle vehicles are produced by Ashok-Leyland (ALRD 20, 6x2) and Tamrock (manufactured in two versions - 10x6x8 and 8x8x8), in their models the direction of movement is changed by turning the bridges around the suspension axis to the frame - the steering trapezoid is simply absent.

Road trains (quarry tractor + semi-trailer)

Terex and Rimpull offer road trains on the market - a semi-trailer with bottom unloading in combination with a mining tractor. It is advisable to use such dump trucks in combination with special unloading mechanisms. A similar body emptying scheme is used on Kress 180, 200 and 330 ton mining trucks. It should be noted that a similar unloading scheme was widely used in the West in coal mines in the 1950s-1970s. Instead of dump trucks, high-performance self-propelled scrapers were used, which loaded the rock mass in the quarry and reloaded it on overpasses into conveyor conveyors or into the bodies of earth trucks that transported it to the warehouse. Most land carriers at that time were a two-axle tractor-tractor or a single-axle scraper tractor with a bucket-shaped body trailer. This scheme is no longer used due to high costs for the maintenance of the infrastructure park (on average, costs increase by 22 ... 83%).

Complete set of modern dump trucks

For modern dump trucks with a 4x2 wheel arrangement, the calculated (guiding) slope in quarries for reasons bandwidth, ensuring safety and speed of movement is taken equal to 70...80‰. In exceptional cases, in some areas, a slope of up to 100‰ is allowed. When using road trains with a wheel arrangement of 6x2 and 6x4, a gentle slope of 40 ... 50‰ is more expedient to ensure the efficiency of transportation.

All modern vehicles used in quarries are equipped with 200...3550 hp diesel engines. turbocharged, displacement from 10 to 117 liters. Application of other engines internal combustion and gas turbine power plants have not justified themselves either economically, or environmentally, or technologically. The specific power of diesel engines is in the range of 3.7...5.6 kW/t. The drive to the wheels is carried out from the engine through hydromechanical box gears (on dump trucks with a carrying capacity of up to 100 tons) or from a diesel-electric drive system with motor-wheels equipped with an individual power plant- electric motor.

Photo source: liebherr.com

The use of an electromechanical transmission, coupled with a low power density, made it possible to use an electric drive system from an external power supply on mining dump trucks. Such a scheme makes it possible to reduce, when transporting rock mass over a long distance - up to 20 km with significant production volumes, the thermal load on diesel on long lifts, as well as in quarries with a large occurrence of minerals. For example, the Siemens system used to supply power to diesel-powered trolley transport has proven to be cost-effective and environmentally friendly and has been widely used in quarries in South Africa (Palabora Mining Company, 1981-1985), Namibia (Rossing Mine, 1986) and Zaire (Gecamines, 1986). Traction networks of quarries are made on DC rated voltage 1.5 and 3.0 kV or single-phase alternating current rated voltage 10 kV.

Dump truck bodies are made of low-alloy steel with high tensile strength. As an unloading drive, a powerful hydraulic lifting device is used - telescopic hydraulic cylinders, which allow tipping the body back at an angle of 43 ... 65 ° and unloading loads weighing up to 300 tons. Unloading takes from 9 to 30 seconds. The same dump truck model for different operating conditions can be equipped with bodies of various designs - with a flat, gable bottom, bucket type, with a lining, with a lockable tailgate (for transporting high-density goods). All bodies are equipped with a FOPS (Falling Objects Protection) cab canopy. Cars with a carrying capacity of up to 70 tons are equipped with bodies with forced "ejector" unloading and teledumpers, the unloading of which is carried out by reducing the internal volume of the body. The overturning of the body of such machines occurs due to the displacement of the load to the rear side.

Photo source: belaz.by

There are not many major players in the mining dump truck market. The championship in the number of cars produced is held by BELAZ, which in 2004 included the Mogilev Automobile Plant. On the market large dump trucks Caterpillar is leading. The activity of this company in the field of production dump trucks began in 1963 with the release of the 35-ton Caterpillar 769 dump truck. Before that, the company produced one- and two-axle tractors for Athey dump trailers and semi-trailers. Now the company produces nine models of mining dump trucks and four basic models articulated construction trucks, excluding Elphinston trucks assembled in Australia.

Komatsu is following Caterpillar, and dump trucks with a payload capacity of 25...300 tons, including models inherited from Dresser, form the basis of its production. Terex and Hitachi are actively competing with these giants in the market. In the articulated hauler sector, CNH, Bell and Volvo stand out, but their main focus is on the use of their machines in road construction.

Carrying out a large number of works in heavy industry, mining, construction and agriculture is not complete without the use of such a type of trucks as dump trucks.

These laborers are found on rural roads and construction sites, in factory floors and quarries, they can be seen near coal mines and during the construction of highways.

Despite the fact that transportation by dump trucks seems to be the same, each of these trucks has its own characteristics and is designed to perform a certain type of work.

Description and purpose of dump trucks

A dump truck is a vehicle that is equipped with a self-dumping body. It is this feature that unites this type of truck. Their main purpose is the transportation of various inert goods.

Cargo can be semi-liquid and loose, bulk. Also, this technique is used to transport various fractions of rocks.

The use of a dump truck is justified when transporting earth and stone, ore and sand, crushed stone, gravel and coal, asphalt, various concrete mixtures, grain, potatoes and other agricultural products and building materials.

There are heavy dump trucks that are capable of transporting large rocks, and there are those whose carrying capacity does not exceed 2 tons. All of them differ in the features of their design, engine power and purpose.

On some models of dump trucks, it is possible to install additional equipment that significantly expands the capabilities of the car. Others, on the contrary, are designed to perform work in certain conditions, such as rear unloading, and cannot be upgraded. The advantage of dump trucks is:

• No need to use an additional labor force and technique
• Possibility of operation in specific conditions,
• An impressive amount of cargo.

Many dump trucks boast excellent cross-country ability cross-country, others are designed for road traffic only. There are models that, on the contrary, are not suitable for operation under normal conditions, but they successfully cope with work in certain industries.

Many mining trucks deliver to the place of work on the platform. Due to their huge mass, they are not recommended to drive on asphalt roads. A small ZiL has been working in agriculture for several decades. Although he is not fully off-road vehicle, nevertheless, successfully copes with field work.

Types of dump trucks

To date, a huge number of dump trucks for various purposes are being produced. They have most widespread among other types of trucks, as their use makes it possible to significantly reduce the time and costs of unloading, and thus achieve maximum economic efficiency.

All dump trucks can be divided into several types:

• Quarry - used exclusively in the mining industry. For example, Western Star 6900XD mining dump truck, dump truck,
• Construction - their purpose is delivery to the construction site necessary materials, garbage removal. This is IVECO AMT 453911 dump truck,
• Agricultural - used for transportation of products, soil preparation and other work in the agro-industrial complex. As a rule, these are ZIL, GAZ dump trucks and others with a carrying capacity of up to 10 tons.

An important factor is the method of overturning the body. Cargo dump trucks can have a body with a rear tipping, side, two or three-way, with a preliminary lift. Each type of this technique has its own characteristics that need to be considered in more detail.

In the career transport family, there are the most big dump trucks. They are designed to work where there are no roads. Due to the large mass and large axial loads their movement along ordinary roads unacceptable.

They have found their application in open pit mining, are used in the construction of large-scale structures (dams, canals, etc.) Such dump trucks have a 4x2 wheel formula, short base And diesel engines high power.

The short base significantly improves their maneuverability, which is important when working in cramped conditions on construction sites.

Also, these vehicles are often equipped with additional equipment that expands the capabilities of the truck. A striking example of this is the model of a Russian dump truck produced on the basis of a car.

Equipped with a grab, this vehicle can independently load/unload bulk cargo, and work as a conventional crane. Such dump trucks have a 4x2 or 6x2 wheel formula, are equipped with diesel or carbureted engine can travel at speeds up to 90km/h

In agriculture, cargo transportation by dump trucks is usually carried out relatively small cars carrying capacity up to 10 tons. They often have to travel country roads and fields, so for such vehicles it is very important to have a small mass.

Dump trucks with larger payloads can break up rural roads in a fairly short time, so they are rarely used.

Popular dump truck manufacturing companies in the Russian market

Currently, dump trucks of both domestic and foreign manufacturers are represented on the Russian market.

Construction organizations are more interested in Kamaz dump trucks, although there are models designed specifically for the mining industry. But they make up a small part of the fleet of vehicles employed in this area.

The lion's share of work in the quarry is carried out by cars of foreign manufacturers. This and Belarusian dump trucks MAZ and BelAZ, and equipment manufactured in European, Asian and American factories.

Many manufacturers equip trucks specifically for mining operations. So, for example, a dump truck has a body for rock, which makes it possible to use it in mining. Among the variety of this technique, there are several brands that are most popular:

• Tonar,
• Kamaz,
• actros,
• ford,
• scania,
• BelAZ,
• Iveco,
• Western Star.

Among imported trucks, the products of Actros and FAW are in special demand. Many models of these manufacturers have optimal characteristics for use on construction sites.

Cars and dump trucks have an impressive body volume and powerful engine which makes it possible to intensively exploit them in difficult production conditions. Each of the manufacturers strives to occupy its niche in the market and provide the consumer with optimal equipment.

How to choose the right dump truck

When you have already decided on the type of truck and what tasks it will perform, you need to adequately assess your financial capabilities.

Cars from different manufacturers often differ only in the conditions for ensuring the comfort of the dump truck driver. This is of course an important factor, but the price of equipment with a central lock or electric side windows increases significantly.

Therefore, many buyers seek to reduce the cost of the truck by limiting the number of options. So, for example, an all-wheel drive dump truck is much more expensive than its less comfortable domestic counterpart. Special attention when choosing, please refer to:

• Functionality,
• Reliability,
• profitability,
• Possibility of modernization
• Service maintenance.

Do not forget about the reliability and repairability of the dump truck. Availability nearby service center will minimize the downtime of equipment in the event of its failure. By matching your needs with the possibilities, you can purchase a dump truck that will effectively perform all the tasks assigned to it.

A dump truck is a truck, without which not a single construction site can do. There are several types of dump trucks: road, mining, articulated and underground trucks. Despite the different scopes and technical characteristics, their functions are the same: to transport lightweight bulk cargo (gravel, sand), as well as rocky ore, clay and coal.

Let's take a closer look at each type of dump trucks.

Road dump truck. This type used in the construction and repair of roads, in the construction of residential buildings and industrial facilities. The very name of the dump truck suggests that it can be used on the roads. general purpose. The carrying capacity of modern road dump trucks reaches forty tons. These dump trucks are produced by all manufacturers trucks because it is the most popular type of technique.

Mining trucks work in large mineral deposits around the world. These giants are capable of moving cargo weighing up to 363 tons. The largest mining truck in the world, the Caterpillar 797B, has a curb weight of 280 tons. The most famous are dump trucks of the brands Caterpillar, Hitachi, Terex, Liebherr, General Electric(Komatsu), BelAZ.

Articulated dump trucks, unlike conventional mining dump trucks, have good cross-country ability, therefore they are indispensable in quarries for the extraction of minerals, coal, where off-road is a permanent working environment. The load capacity of articulated dump trucks reaches 45 tons. The most popular manufacturers are Astra, Caterpillar, Hitachi, JCB, Case, Komatsu, Hydrema, Liebherr, BelAZ and MoAZ.

Dump trucks for underground work are used where a regular truck cannot reach due to its size. This type technology can be seen in small mines and tunnels under construction. Specifications These trucks allow you to carry cargo weighing from thirty-five to fifty-five tons, but there are also champions with a carrying capacity of eighty tons. Underground dump trucks of the brands Caterpillar, Atlas Copco, Paus, MoAZ, BelAZ are better known.

Dump trucks are also classified according to the types of unloading: rear, double-sided, side and universal. The angle of inclination of the body is also important, because the speed of work depends on it. Some machines are equipped with forced unloading with auger. The bodies also have a different shape depending on the purpose of the machine. It can be a platform or hopper with forced unloading, or a sliding hopper or platform (the load spills out by itself). The body is made entirely of metal. Its volume depends on the model and purpose of the equipment. For convenience and increase the amount of delivered cargo, dump trucks can move together with a dump trailer as part of a road train. This allows carriers to save.

For transportation of bulk cargo, flatbed, tilt trucks, container carriers can also be used, but dump trucks are more practical, as they save on unloading operations.

Used in the world a large number of types of cars. Among them there is such a type of special vehicle as a dump truck.

Differences of the dump truck from other types and the scope of their use

The dump truck differs from other cars in the presence of a body that can tilt to unload the transported cargo, and in this way quickly and without the need for great additional effort to unload a load that can weigh more than one ton.

Dump trucks find their application in many branches of industry and agriculture. Thus, in agriculture, dump trucks are used to transport harvested crops to elevators and bases; in the construction industry, bulk cargo, stones, gravel are delivered to construction sites; in the mining industry, dump trucks transport multi-ton volumes of ore from quarries; hauling garbage and snow.

Do we order or buy a dump truck?

To resolve the issue of buying or renting a dump truck, it is necessary to determine the cargo and its volumes for transportation. If the volume of cargo is small or the need for cargo transportation does not arise often, then it is most advantageous rent a dump truck, for example, in our road construction company VOVDI. When ordering a dump truck, you will need to provide the weight, type and dimensions of the cargo. It is also necessary to decide on the method of loading the dump truck. If necessary, you can order a dump truck and an additional loader.

The address of loading and information about the place of unloading are also required. This will allow you to choose required view dump truck - with rear or side unloading.

The customer should take care of convenient access to the places of loading and unloading of cargo. The free area should allow you to make the necessary maneuvers. You can consult about the size of the site with a representative of the organization that will rent the dump truck. Contacts of Vovdi specialists are listed on our website.

Responsible persons of the customer or the customer himself must be present at the loading and unloading sites. Also, there should not be persons on these sites who will not be employed in the process of loading and unloading operations. The sites should be free from electrical wires, unnecessary structures that will interfere with the work and the passage of vehicles.

Depending on the cargo, its parameters, you can rent one or another type of dump truck that would be more suitable in terms of its characteristics and rental price to complete the task. So, if the work will be carried out within the same site, then it is better to stop at a small-sized, but maneuverable model. And for the transportation of waste, especially construction waste, it will be most profitable to choose more spacious and heavy-duty models of dump trucks. Dump trucks with a larger payload (forty tons) are usually ordered by large construction companies, mines or quarries.

You can rent a dump truck of the required brand twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week at the VOVDI road construction company. By contacting the contacts on our website, the customer will be able to get the necessary qualified assistance in the choice of a dump truck, the route of its movement, the necessary conditions for the successful completion of loading and unloading operations. After choosing a dump truck and clarifying all necessary information, placing an order. The dump truck will be delivered exactly at the specified time to the required point in Moscow or the Moscow region. Transportation of cargo, its unloading will be carried out as soon as possible in compliance with all customer requirements and the rules in force during loading and unloading operations and transportation of goods.