Computer technologies in the automotive industry. Modern production Modern designs and technologies for manufacturing vehicles

14.07.2019

Miscellaneous

Do you want the trunk release button in your car to be moved from an uncomfortable place under your arm, and the seat to move forward another couple of centimeters?

Previously, this was impossible - car factories reacted to the wishes of buyers for a very long time. Otherwise, they did not pay attention to requests, since in order to fulfill them, they would have to rebuild the entire workflow.

However, the design of machines for the individual needs of customers is no longer yesterday, but today. The automotive industry is increasingly using computer simulations and virtual testing instead of paper-based design and physical prototyping, everything from individual part to the car as a whole - is created on the monitor screen.

Correspondent" Russian newspaper" I was convinced from my own experience that the future lies with new technologies for product life cycle management. And it is already here. Production racing cars for Formula 1 - one of the brightest examples of the use of digital technologies in the automotive industry.

The headquarters of Red Bull Racing is located in the small English town of Milton Keynes, where the design office, test benches and production of car parts are concentrated in several buildings.

By the way, it was impossible to shoot at the factory - many technologies are secret and even during the tour are hidden behind the mirrored windows of the office premises. Even the doors open with a fingerprint scanner. But you could ask!

And find out, for example, that the team has 700 people. That this season, almost every two weeks, about 60 people and 40 tons of cargo go to the race. Every year, in fact, a new car is created. It consists of 7,000 unique parts, while up to 30,000 design changes are developed and made per season, and only 5 months pass from an idea to a working copy.

The question immediately arises - how is such efficiency achieved? And this is where the time comes to talk about digital production. For example, painting. Did you know that decals on the body of a car cause it to become less streamlined, creating air micro-vortices that reduce speed and increase fuel consumption? So - there are technologies that allow you to make an inscription and "polish" it so that even an extra gram of gasoline is not used up. And one more nuance related to painting - the specialists of Red Bull Racing with the help of Siemens software products, for example, found out that the matte or glossy painting of the car, as they say, does not affect the speed.

"The old manufacturing processes are not efficient enough to cope with the increasing complexity of the product and its personalization to individual customer requirements," says Jan Larsson, director of industry and product marketing at Siemens PLM Software. And he continues: for this you must first create digital model products - from the bolt to the final product - the machine. It is necessary to organize the process of collecting customer feedback and operational feedback with them.

And in general, the use of digital production software products is not so expensive. "For a small business, the cost will not exceed several thousand dollars. Of course, the introduction of digital technologies in large-scale production will cost more, but the gain - in increasing its efficiency, responding to the necessary changes will cover all costs," said Jan Larsson.

In a conversation with an RG correspondent, he specified: many Russian enterprises that produce complex high-tech products are actively using digital technologies. Among them are enterprises of the aircraft industry, power engineering, and the automotive industry.

At the same time, the parallel collective work of designers and technologists in a virtual environment makes it possible to develop control programs at the same time as the part is being designed. This minimizes the production time.

And it allows you to quickly introduce completely new technologies that are still working in motorsport, but it is quite possible that they will soon be in classic automotive industries.

What to expect in the coming years? Why and how will your car become smart? In what direction will the automotive industry develop? What technologies are already available and what are waiting for you?

A lot of things can change in just one decade. For example every 5 years computer equipment is very outdated. True, we are still far from technology like in the Star Wars movie.

Let's start. For example, if you are reading this text, then you have access to the Internet. And if you go back, for example, in 1995, the Internet was available to a very small circle of people, however, like a computer. But since then things have changed dramatically. Now you can access the Internet with phone, player, choose a provider that is more suitable for your needs and financial capabilities, and so on.

It's the same with cars, where even the Chinese have managed to introduce the new Android system into their car. By the way, earlier to meet such a number of airbags in the most different options (lateral, protecting the knees etc.) was impossible on any machine.

Electric cars could only be found on the golf courses. Cars are also changing, and the rate of adoption of new technologies will only increase every year.

Internet and car?

OnStar
It is possible to slow down transport remotely, preventing the hijackers from escaping from the police while chasing. Now appeared new opportunity, which will help you recover stolen cars in hours, if not minutes.

The new technology is called Remote Ignition Block ( remote ignition lock). The OnStar operator has the ability to send a signal to the computer in the stolen car that will cause the ignition system to lock out and prevent it from restarting.

"This feature will not only help the authorities recover stolen cars, but also prevent dangerous car chases."

Holographic Information Displays

Similar systems can be seen at or. The bottom line is to send information directly to Windshield . Now there are operating models that can display information about speed, direction of movement, and more. And in the near future we will be able to navigate the road without even seeing it. For example, a company General Motors has already taken the first steps in this direction.

Now General Motors, in collaboration with a number of universities, has begun to develop the so-called "smart glass". GM hopes to turn the glass into a transparent display that can display information such as road markings, road signs or various objects such as pedestrians, which in fog or rain can be very problematic to recognize on the road.

Part of this technology was shown at Light Car, where with LED technology, the car uses a transparent back door as a projection screen, for visible communication between cars, which is very useful for all motorists. For example, with what force the driver presses the brakes, you can show the car that is driving behind when the scale of the picture on the display is illuminated.

Communication of your car not only with other cars, but also with the infrastructure!

Soon all cars will be connected with each other and the road structure into a single whole, into a single network, which already has its own name - "car-to-X communication". Today, several companies, including Audi, have begun to create it. The essence of development is to make it possible "communication" of your car not only with other cars, but also with infrastructure, such as webcams at intersections, traffic lights or traffic signs.

Knowing about the state of traffic lights, traffic congestion and road conditions , the machine can save energy by preventing the driver from unnecessary acceleration/deceleration. The machine can even reserve a parking space. If the car is in emergency, he will be able to inform the surrounding cars about this so that other drivers can slow down in time and avoid a collision.

Audi showcases some of these innovations with an example E-tron

https://www.youtube.com/v/iRDRbLVTFrQ

Security Improvement

Speaking about technologies that can improve the security situation, developers see one of the main tasks in "keep" us on the same lane or even on the road in especially difficult cases .

Improved engine start system

In fact, such systems are not a matter of tomorrow, but of today. But it is impossible not to say about them, since they are one of the elements of the very efficiency of resource use. It's about about the automatic engine start or stop system.

Such solutions can already be observed on almost everyone: when it stops, the engines turn off; to start off, you do not need to start the engine again, but just press the gas pedal. And if we talk about the future of this technology, then it can eventually be tightly integrated with the car-to-X system, to further reduce fuel consumption. For example, given the information that a traffic light at an intersection has turned red, the car can turn off the main engine and continue driving on the electric motor only, thereby saving some energy.

Autopilot or precise cruise control

Brake assistance systems via vehicle-mounted echo sounders/lasers or radars have already become standard option installed in expensive cars. But, like other developments that first appeared in cars of the upper price range, this one will also soon migrate to a cheaper segment.

This kind of technology, which able to avoid collision with the vehicle in front, can help in traffic safety and is useful mainly to novice drivers, so its appearance will be very useful. If manufacturers continue to improve this technology, and it will, we may soon see something similar to autopilot.

“Our goal for 2020 is that no one gets hurt by Volvo cars”, says senior security adviser Thomas Berger, speaking of new pedestrian detection system V .

Motion monitoring or "Dead Zones"

Two more, undoubtedly, necessary technologies that can help improve the security situation are the monitoring of so-called " dead zones" And lane crossing warning system. For example, new system, which is planned to be installed in cars starting in 2011, combines these two technologies. The system will not only be able to warn the driver if he without a turn signal will start rebuilding to the adjacent lane, but prevent rebuilding if the lane is occupied by another vehicle. Naturally, Infiniti won't be the only car where we'll see this kind of technology.

The so-called "blind zone". Companies such as BMW, Ford, GM, Mazda and Volvo offer special systems that use cameras or sensors built into the mirrors controlling dead zones. Small warning lamps installed next to the rear-view mirrors warn the driver that the car is in a dead zone, and if there is no reaction from the driver and he starts changing lanes, the system is taken over a Actively warn of interference by making sounds, or, depending on the brand, begins steering wheel vibration. The downside is that similar systems only work at low speeds.

Cross Traffic Alert System: this is a radar that operates on the basis of a monitoring system for "dead zones". The system is able to detect the movement of vehicles in a cross direction while driving in reverse . Cross Traffic Alert is able to determine the approach of a car at a distance of 19.8 meters from both the left and right sides, where special radars are installed. IN this moment this feature is available on Ford and Lincoln vehicles.

Crossing the road markings

Several companies, including Audi, BMW, Ford, Infiniti, Lexus, Mercedes-Benz, Nissan and Volvo, offer similar solutions. The system uses small road marking cameras, and if you cross it without turning on the turn signal, the system gives a warning sign. Depending on the system, this may be Sound or light signals, steering wheel vibration, or slight belt tension. For example, Infiniti uses automatic braking on one side of the car to prevent the vehicle from leaving the lane.

parking

The day is not far off when cars will be able to drive without human assistance. I set the desired destination, and you sit to yourself, sip coffee and look through the morning press. But while this day has not yet come, and many automakers are beginning to slowly prepare us for this. For example, many companies are already installing automated parking assistance systems. Such systems operate as follows: the car uses radar to determine whether there is enough space to park. Further, it helps the driver to choose the correct steering angle and practically puts the car into the parking space himself. Of course, so far it cannot do without human help, but very soon such systems will appear in which human participation will not be necessary at all. You can get out of the car and watch the whole process from the side.

Driver status tracking: a tired driver can be just as dangerous as a driver drunk driving(and you need to drink that in the norm of the law).

Vehicle-integrated tracking systems that recognize signs of fatigue in the movements and reactions of the driver and warn of the need for a break, are available from several car manufacturers. These are Lexus, Mercedes-Benz, Saab and Volvo. For example, in Mercedes, such a system is called Attention Assist: it first learns the driving style, in particular rotation of the steering wheel rim, turning on the direction indicators and pressing the pedals, and also monitors some control actions of the driver and such external factors such as crosswinds and uneven road surfaces. If Attention Assist recognizes that the driver is tired, it informs them to stop for a short rest. Attention Assist does this with an audible signal and a warning message in the instrument cluster display.

IN Volvo cars there is also a similar system, but it works a little differently. The system does not control the behavior of the driver, but evaluates the movement of the car on the road. If something goes wrong, the system alerts the driver before the situation becomes critical.

Night vision cameras

Night vision systems can help reduce traffic accidents at night time. Currently offered by companies such as Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Audi in the new A8. Such systems can help the driver to see pedestrians, animals or better see road signs at night. BMW uses this for this. infrared camera, which sends the image to the monitor in black and white. The camera distinguishes objects at a distance of up to 300 meters. The Mercedes-Benz infrared system has more short range, but is capable of delivering more sharp image, however, its disadvantage is poor performance at low temperatures.

And Toyota engineers have been working lately to improve night vision systems that can help drivers navigate more confidently at night. They recently unveiled a prototype camera based on algorithms and imaging principles discovered by studying the functioning of the eyes of nocturnal beetles, bees and moths, which can see in a wider range of colors, and is also adapted to more fully capture light that is not so much in the darkness of the night. The new digital image processing algorithm can capture high quality full color images in low light conditions from a moving at high vehicle speeds. Plus, the camera is able to automatically adapt to changes in light levels.

Demonstration of the operation of a thermal imager - a night vision camera for a car

https://www.youtube.com/v/ghzyW0HaXMs

Seat belts

Last year, Ford introduced the world's first seat belts with inflatable pillows . According to the developers, this system will significantly increase the protection of passengers. rear seats, and especially young children, who are more likely than adults to be injured in road accidents. Integrated seat belt airbag inflates in 40 milliseconds. It is planned that similar Ford belts will equip 2011 Explorer models, but only for rear passengers. In the future, similar systems will be extended to other automakers.

https://www.youtube.com/v/MN5htEaRk4A

Hybrids and electrics

Recently, almost all automakers, both large and small, are trying to achieve greater efficiency, or efficiency, from powertrains, while relying on new types of fuels and engines, trying to reduce consumption and increase average mileage per charge / filling. Already today we can observe a large number of mass-produced, and almost every automaker has a hybrid car in its portfolio. In the next decade, there will only be more of them.

Wireless battery charging
In connection with the upcoming spread of cars on batteries, the question of their trouble-free, and most importantly, fast reload. Of course, you can unwind the extension cord with the plug from the car and connect it to ordinary socket. But this is not available to everyone.

It is difficult to imagine a city dweller pulling a plug to the sixth floor. Or the option with free sockets on the streets looks absolutely futuristic. Another option, which seems not so fantastic, is induction chargers. In addition, the technology is already being tested on smaller devices such as iPods and mobile phones. These kinds of chargers could be built into parking spaces in large stores, for example.

Active aerodynamics
Despite the fact that all automakers have long been using wind tunnels, and in this aspect there is room for improvement.

For example, BMW company, in its concept car BMW Vision Efficient Dynamics is already successfully using systems air intake controls. Depending on the driving conditions and the outside air temperature, the dampers in front of the radiator are opened or closed by a signal from the system. If they are closed, this improves aerodynamics and reduces engine warm-up time, thereby reducing fuel consumption. Naturally, BMW is not the only company using this technology.

KERS - regenerative braking
This is a type of electrical braking in which the electrical energy generated traction motors operating in generator mode is returned to the electrical network.

Only in the 2009 season in "" on some fireballs the kinetic energy recovery system (KERS) is used. It was expected that this would spur developments in the field hybrid cars and further improvements to this system.

As you know, Ferrari introduced a hybrid coupe based on the 599th model, with KERS system.

Cars of the future

Toyota Biomobile
2057 year. The limited space of city streets and vertical architecture require the automotive industry to create newest cars who can survive in urban jungle And arrange vertical races. Automakers find innovative solutions in biomimicry, where four nano-laser wheels easily adapt to any track.
held together by magnetic fields), which can be restored to its shape with a single click on the alarm key fob or inside the car. The driver will be able to choose the type of car body from several possible “pre-installed” skins. The choice of car color is simply unlimited - a dream for girls who choose their car to match the color of their favorite lipstick.

Magnetic fields will help the concept instantly regenerate after being hit. SilverFlow restores its original form with a simple "reload". The appearance of gold areas will inform about the completion of the "transformation" and the readiness of the car for the trip.

The transfer of mechanical energy to the wheels, according to the thoughts of the Mercedes, is transmitted special liquid, whose molecules are set in motion by electrostatic nanomotors. Four swivel wheels allow the car to turn on the spot and park sideways. You won’t find a steering wheel and usual pedals in SilverFlow, acceleration and direction of movement will be set by two levers mounted on the sides of the driver’s seat.

Honda Zeppelin
This Honda, was created by a student who studied at the Department of Automobile Design at Hongik University, which is located in Korea.
Sequence GT

Digital computer technologies in the auto business

Also, computer technology in the automotive business comes to the rescue in protecting environment. When moving around the area (and especially – in urban mode), a large amount of fuel is spent, and the internal combustion engine, with an increase in the period of use – consumes more and more. This issue was resolved with the invention of hybrid cars. An electric motor is installed in them, which helps the engine to work on slopes, in traffic jams, when the red light is turned on, and in the passive mode - stores electricity (as a generator). All these processes are controlled by the on-board computer. Special software coordinates the operation time of the internal combustion engine and the electric motor, and also ensures the safety of the vehicle.

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on the topic "New technologies in the automotive industry"

Saratov 2013

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

In order to intensify competition in the global market, car companies are engaged in scientific developments that ensure the necessary application of innovative technologies. Since the creation of the first cars and their appearance on the market until today, automotive technology is developing rapidly. Let's take a look at new technologies in cars that you might find interesting. The technology used in cars has undergone tremendous changes over time. Automotive technology is constantly being updated to improve the comfort and safety of car owners. There is no doubt that the cost of cars with the most sophisticated technologies is high. But, if cars are more stylish, comfortable, and energy efficient, then people are willing to invest more in them. Following are some of the new technologies in automobiles.

1. Engineers built interactive car windows

motorization interactive bus engine

The screens in the seatbacks seem too modest to some experts. Watch a movie or play computer games- Isn't it too poor a set? What else the car can take passengers, researchers from Israel came up with.

General Motors has asked faculty and students at the Bezalel Academy of the Arts to develop new ways to entertain rear-seat passengers, especially children, in long road. The project was called "Windows of Opportunity" (Windows of Opportunity - WOO), and the rear side windows were to become the main element of the system.

Such glass screens can be implemented based on transparent LCD technology, or projectors and cameras can be used here to track gestures. GM's own this case I was more interested in software than possible hardware. This is how several applications were born.

The first of them was named Otto. This is an animated character, as if running outside the window through a real landscape. He knows how to respond to changes in the speed of the car, the landscape or the weather.

The second program - Foofu - imitates misted or frosty glass, on which little passengers love to draw with their fingers.

The Spindow application is already designed for the presence of the WOO system in many vehicles around the world.

It is assumed that a person can select any point on the planet on the interactive globe and replace the real landscape outside his window with the view from the window of someone else's car, broadcast via the Network in real time.

The latest app, Pond, is also designed for car-to-car communication, but this time it's between cars traveling on the same highway.

"Pond" allows you to write messages on the window and make them visible to downstream neighbors. In addition, the person who launched the program can use a set of menus to select their favorite tracks and even exchange musical compositions with neighbors.

Experimenters from Jerusalem tested all these possibilities in the prototype WOO, created from a real rear door of a passenger car, a passenger seat, a set of projectors and an EyeClick gesture tracking system that turns any display into a multi-contact screen. And how all this should work in the final version can be seen in the video presented by GM.

The topic of entertainment for rear passengers is of concern not only to the American giant concern. For example, last fall, the Australians launched a project to create a holographic system for the rear of a car. And again, first of all, the innovation is designed for children.

And also in 2011 Toyota Motor Europe and the Copenhagen Institute for Interaction Design (CIID) presented a very similar to WOO conceptual system "Window to the World".

Window of the World also actively exploits the principle of augmented reality, so here again we can see the program for drawing with a finger on the side window of the car.

But according to Toyota's idea, the drawings made on the glass are tied to the landscape and shift as the car moves.

The second interesting possibility is zooming (approaching) distant objects. It is enough for the passenger to take a piece of the landscape into a frame and drag its edges with his fingers, just as the owners of iPhones zoom in on the pictures on the screen.

“Window to the World” also measures the distances to various objects in the field of view, displaying the values on the glass.

The fourth program is designed for trips to other countries and offers to immerse yourself in a foreign language environment, and therefore it signs objects in the language of the area through which the path passes.

The fifth conceptual application within the framework of this project was "virtual constellations". The idea is to a roof with a panoramic view The car displayed the outlines of the constellations and displayed information about them, combining virtual lines with the real starry sky overhead.

The video showing the car ride with Window to the World actually shows a simulation filmed in static. Because of this, they say, the girl is not wearing a seat belt, the company apologizes ( Toyota photo Motor Europe).

Engineers and designers from Toyota Europe have built working prototypes of the system, but it's far from the sort of hardware that could fit into a car. The same, however, can be said about the Australian and US-Israeli projects.

Creating augmented reality in all these cases still requires a lot of work. How to shoot external objects at the right angle and how to determine at what angle the viewer looks at the virtual lines? What type of screen should be used to turn the side windows into an interactive surface? There are many questions. Nevertheless, a start has been made.

2. Innovative tire technology

Looking at the most common tire for a car, it is hard to imagine that thousands of teams of scientists are working on its creation, and millions, and often billions of dollars are invested in the development of the design of one model. But, nevertheless, it is so. And this approach to the manufacture of tires invariably bears fruit. Moreover, they have not only monetary value, but fall into the pockets of the owners of tire concerns. It has a positive effect on our safety, allows us to save money by reducing fuel consumption, and opens up the widest possibilities for enjoying driving. What is hidden behind the black rubber tires? Where do manufacturers spend huge sums? What advantages do new materials and methods open up for us? Read about this and much more in the series of articles “Technologies for the production of tires”.

Recently, fighting for the trust and wallet of consumers, "tire monsters" have staged a real "arms race", surprising the automotive community in turn with new products and innovative developments being introduced into production. Many of the innovations are like two peas in a pod. Except the names are different. What is it - industrial espionage or a sensitive reaction to the needs of the market? It's not for us to decide. But, given this, to list all the technological and design innovations of all more or less well-known manufacturers just pointless. Especially within a few short articles. Therefore, we decided to focus on the description innovative solutions one of the most famous concerns among Russian consumers - the NOKIAN company.

So, how can Finnish engineers surprise us? There are many examples of a responsible approach to the design and production of tires. In today's water article, we will look at just a few of them:

A development designed to exclude the lateral skid of the car, even during sharp maneuvers. It is called anti-skid cutouts, which are found on the tread of many NOKIAN tire models. They represent grooves in the shoulder area of the tire and have sharp corners, which provide reliable grip of the tire with the roadway.

The next extraordinary design solution, which has found its embodiment in mass production, is lamellas shaped like the letter “C”. The main goal of the development is to increase the degree of tire stability without compromising grip. Goal achieved! Indeed, auto tires with such a tread pattern work out their price by 100%.

And once again about the protector. Finnish developers proposed fundamentally new design lamellae, providing them with so-called pathogens. They look like small cracks and are located on the edge of the checkers. They are activated only under certain weather conditions, namely on a slippery road.

Given that the tread is the main part of the tire design, the attention paid to it by engineers is not in vain. Therefore, we continue this topic. Three-dimensional sipes - a solution that allows you to give stability to the behavior of the tire in the longitudinal and transverse load vectors. Especially relevant for wet roads. The sipes of this type, equipped with a Double Mud Stopper sealing ring, also play the role of protecting the tread from dirt, stones and slush that gets between the disc and the tire.

Concluding the review of "tread" novelties, I would like to draw attention to the seamless structure of the bead ring. The Single Wire Bead technology is specifically designed to ensure the reliability of the tire even in extremely adverse operating conditions.

Agree, the list of achievements of engineers is impressive. But this is only a small part of all the innovative developments of the Finnish concern. Read about other progressive technologies in the following articles!

3. FSI Technology - Direct Fuel Injection

Peculiarity FSI engine- direct injection of fuel into the cylinders. Any development of a new automotive assembly always experiences certain difficulties with its implementation. Direct fuel injection like new technology made no exception to this rule. The test was carried out on models Vehicle Audi. The Mercedes concern also did not stand aside, and released several engines with direct injection. fuel mixture. The engine is new. The pioneer among manufacturers of the 1st FSI engine, in which fuel injection was carried out by a direct method, was Volkswagen. To carry out the introduction of new technologies, a model of an aluminum four-cylinder engine with a volume of 1588 cubic cm was used, the power was 100 fifteen Horse power, while reaching maximum torque at 4 thousand revolutions per minute. The compression ratio was higher than using conventional units of gasoline. The FSI engine uses external exhaust gas recirculation by the method of working in 2 modes: a uniform charge enters the processing electronically and a stratified charge, the first reduces consumption, the 2nd achieves more power. The mentioned possibility of technical progress is the achievement of modernity, when using which a lower fuel consumption is obtained. Today, these innovative engines are considered a next-generation product, making a significant leap forward in terms of operational efficiency. The very principle of operation of the FSI engine provides new opportunities for a spark ignition unit. This technological step is comparable in its innovation to the introduced GDI technologies for diesel engine, in which fuel is directly injected into the ignition chamber by means of air masses, producing storage with a higher pressure. The technology of FSI engines, which produce layer-by-layer injection of the fuel mixture into the unit, has received official recognition as innovative and innovative. One of the first to master this GDI technology was Japanese car manufacturers, since the essence and application of it, first of all, is closest and clearest to automobile companies. Engines where the FSI system is used have a number of some differences. Direct fuel injection (FSI engine) is carried out directly into the combustion chamber. Such a process is called internal mixing, since the formation of combustible fuel-air mixtures occurs, directly, only in the combustion chamber. The main achievement in the operation of the FSI engine is the unconditional achievement of good luck in combining high power and effective reduction fuel consumption to a previously unattainable level. The improvement of the fuel system contributes to a significant reduction in the emission of harmful gases. The main torque band difference is to get more engine power. This feature of the engine characteristics appeared due to the horizontal arrangement of the nozzles, and the fuel torch reaches the spark plugs without touching the piston. FSI engines, their advantages. Thanks to innovation system with direct fuel injection, high power output is achieved and high level the effectiveness of the use of fuel mixtures. This better economy achieves a good environmental compliance score. Having such an engine under the hood of your car, you get incomparable pleasure from owning your “ iron horse". The actual economy of the fuel mixture, when operating the FSI engine, reaches fifteen percent compared to similar types of vehicles, being in equal operating conditions. applied innovative technology allows you to work without using throttle valve. The main factor contributing to obtaining such indicators was the stratified principle of charge, at the moment of reaching partial load and during homogeneous operation, giving the engine a full load. When under load, the FSI engine delivers an increase in compression increase as well as engine efficiency and performance. Providing the described mode of operation of the engine, it is required to supply the fuel-air mixture by the direct method of ignition, directly, on the spark plugs. The remaining part of the combustion chamber is subject to compact filling with a mixture, obtaining an excess enrichment of the air mass. By providing such a result, the operation of the engine is ensured without the presence of the incoming stream of the already mentioned mixture. The air layer and direct injection of the engine creates a complete insulating field around the combustible mixture, eliminating possible heat losses. This principle of operation of the engine has significant advantages. Unfortunately, the use of this engine model has been mastered not so long ago. The operation of this engine gave impetus to design engineers automotive manufacturers, to the new development of a large number of new units and assemblies. Fuel system injection is controlled by one piston pump high pressure, which was specially created and installed for this purpose. Sufficient pressure is maintained by supplying required amount fuel mixture. They improve the FSI engine by installing a sensor and catalytic converter. Everyday operation increases the potential of the engine to save the fuel mixture. Previously, we noted only the positive qualities, versatility and practicality of the FSI engine, but there is also a negative side - this is the harsh and noisy operation of an engine of such a modification. But, despite this fly in the ointment, the popularity of the FSI engine continues to grow.

Conclusion

We live in an age high technology, and the boom in the intellectualization of everything that a person uses has reached the car. Today, the automotive industry develops not only best parts and comfortable design, but also systems that allow cars to communicate, independently plan a route and protect the environment.

Every year, the automotive industry pleases motorists with the release of new and promising models. Designers and mechanical engineers strive to bring their models to perfection, developing and implementing new assemblies and parts.

The automotive industry does not stand still and confidently moves forward to new achievements for the benefit of all mankind.

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2.1. The basing of body parts during machining, the structure of the technological process in the processing of body parts.

Service purpose and design

Body parts in assembly units are basic or load-bearing elements intended for mounting other parts and assembly units on them. Thus, when designing and manufacturing body parts, it is necessary to ensure the required accuracy of dimensions, shape and location of surfaces, as well as strength, rigidity, vibration resistance, resistance to deformations with temperature changes, tightness, ease of installation of the structure.

Structurally, body parts can be divided into five main groups:

Rice. 2.1 Classification of body parts

a - box-type - one-piece and detachable; b - with smooth inner cylindrical surfaces; c - with a complex spatial geometric shape; g - with guide surfaces; d - type of brackets, squares

First group- box-shaped body parts in the form of a parallelepiped, the dimensions of which are of the same order. This group includes gearbox housings, gear boxes for metal-cutting machines, spindle headstocks, etc., which are designed to install bearing assemblies.

Second group- body parts with internal cylindrical surfaces, the length of which exceeds their diametrical dimensions. This group includes cylinder blocks of internal combustion engines, compressors, housings of pneumatic and hydraulic equipment: cylinders, spools, etc. Here, the internal cylindrical surfaces are guides for moving the piston or plunger.

Third group- body parts of complex spatial shape. This group includes cases of steam and gas turbines, fittings for water and gas pipelines: valves, tees, manifolds, etc. The configuration of these parts forms liquid or gas flows.

Fourth group- body parts with guide surfaces. This group includes tables, carriages, calipers, sliders, etc., which perform reciprocating or rotational movements during operation.

Fifth group- body parts such as brackets, squares, racks, etc., which act as additional supports.

Elements of body parts are flat, shaped, cylindrical and other surfaces that can be machined or unmachined. Flat surfaces are mainly processed and serve to attach other parts and assemblies along them or the body parts themselves to other products. During machining, these surfaces are technological bases. Shaped surfaces, as a rule, are not processed. The configuration of these surfaces is determined by their official purpose.

Cylindrical surfaces in the form of holes are divided into main and auxiliary holes. The main holes are the seating surfaces for the bodies of revolution: bearings, axles and shafts. Auxiliary holes are designed for mounting bolts, oil indicators, etc. They are smooth and threaded. These surfaces can also be bases for machining.

Accuracy Requirements

Depending on the purpose and design, the following requirements for manufacturing accuracy are imposed on body parts.

1 . Accuracy of the geometric shape of flat surfaces. In this case, deviations from the straightness and flatness of the surface at a certain length or within its dimensions are regulated.

2. Accuracy of the relative position of flat surfaces.

In this case, deviations from parallelism, perpendicularity and tilt deviation are regulated.

3. Accuracy of diametrical dimensions and geometric shape of holes. Accuracy of the main bores, intended primarily for bearing seating. Deviations of the geometric shape of the holes from cylindricity, steepness and profile of the longitudinal section: conical, barrel-shaped and saddle-shaped.

4. The accuracy of the location of the axes of the holes.

Deviations from parallelism and perpendicularity of the axes of the main holes relative to flat surfaces. Deviations from parallelism and perpendicularity of the axis of one hole relative to the axis of the other are.

The roughness of flat basing surfaces is 0.63-2.5 microns, and the surface roughness of the main holes is 0.16-1.25 microns, and for critical parts - no more than 0.08 microns.

The above requirements for the accuracy of body parts are averaged. Their exact value is set separately in each case.

Preparation methods and materials

The main methods for obtaining blanks for body parts are casting and welding. Cast blanks are obtained by casting into sand-clay molds, into a chill mold, under pressure, into shell molds, according to investment models.

Welded blanks for body parts are used in small-scale production, when the use of casting is impractical due to the high cost of tooling. In addition, it is recommended to use welded structures for parts subjected to shock loads.

Locating body parts during machining

The basic principles of basing are the principle of combination and the principle of constancy of bases.

The first principle is to combine the technological base with the design and measurement bases during machining.

The essence of the second principle is to use the same bases for all or most of the operations of the technological process. In the first operations, basing is carried out on raw (black) surfaces, which are called rough bases. Surfaces processed in these operations are then used as finishing bases. Surfaces for finishing bases must be selected in such a way that the above principles are observed.

The basing of prismatic parts with holes along the machined surfaces (finishing bases) is carried out in two ways: along three mutually perpendicular surfaces, but the plane and two holes on this plane (Fig. 2.2, a; b).

Rice. 2.2 Schemes for basing body parts

a - along three mutually perpendicular planes; b - along the plane and two auxiliary holes; c - along the plane, the main and auxiliary holes; g - mounting fingers: rhombic and cylindrical

In the first case, three mutually perpendicular planes are processed in the first operations. In the second case, a plane and two holes on it are processed, and these holes are processed more accurately than the others. Two fingers are used as mounting elements for the holes: cylindrical and rhombic (cut off) (Fig. 2.2, d).

For body parts with flanges, the flange end, the central main one, the hole or recess on the end and the auxiliary hole on the flange are used as bases (Fig. 2.2, c).

If it is necessary to remove a uniform allowance per side when processing the main holes, then the main holes are used as rough bases for processing the plane and two auxiliary holes. Conical or self-centering mandrels are inserted into these holes, still unmachined. Another base is the side plane of the workpiece (Fig. 2.3, a).

When processing the main holes, in order to maintain the same distance from the axes of these holes to the inner walls of the housing, the basing is carried out along the inner walls (Fig. 2.3, b). Basing on the internal "surfaces" also provides a given wall thickness when processing it from the outside. The use of self-centering devices eliminates the formation of wall thickness.

If the configuration of the part does not allow it to be reliably installed and fixed, then it is advisable to carry out the processing in a satellite device. When installing the workpiece in the satellite, rough or artificial bases are used, and the workpiece is processed at various operations with a permanent installation in the fixture, but the position of the fixture changes in different operations.

The structure of the technological process in the processing of body parts

The structure of the technological process of processing a body part depends on its design, geometric shape, dimensions, weight, method for obtaining technical requirements for it, equipment of production methods for its work. At the same time, the structure of the technological process for processing body parts, like any other, has common patterns. These patterns relate to determining the sequence of surface treatment in accordance with the planned technological bases, to determining the required number of transitions for surface treatment, to the choice of equipment, etc. Regardless of the above features of the body part, the technological process of its processing includes the following main operations:

Roughing and finishing of flat surfaces, a plane and two holes or other surfaces used in the future as technological bases; - roughing and finishing of other flat surfaces;

Roughing and finishing of the main holes;

Processing of auxiliary holes - smooth and threaded;

- finishing of flat surfaces and main holes;

Control of the accuracy of the machined part.

In addition, between the stages of roughing and finishing, natural or artificial aging can be provided to relieve internal stresses.