1. The steeper the slope, the higher the gear.
2. The steeper the slope, the lower the gear.
3. The choice of gear does not depend on the steepness of the descent.
19. To reduce the effort required to turn the front wheels, use ...?
1. Hydraulic booster.
2.Hydraulic pump.
3.Hydraulic motor.
20. Which of the named parts is included in the steering mechanism?
1.Longitudinal thrust.
2. Traverse.
3. Both answers are correct.
4. Both answers are not correct.
TICKET #8.
1.What is transmission?
1. a set of mechanisms transmitting torque
moment.
2. the engine and its service systems.
3. steering and brakes.
2. Is it possible to remove the cylinder head on the ZIL 131 engine?
3. only in the conditions of specialized production.
3.What is the purpose of the thermostat?
1.to accelerate the warm-up of a cold engine.
2.to maintain the optimum thermal regime of the engine.
3.both answers are correct.
4. What type of oil filter is used on the KAMAZ 740 engine?
1.slotted.
2. centripetal.
3. paper.
1.group operational properties(highly forced
engines).
2. oil for diesel engines.
3. oil for hypoid gears.
6.What is usually installed in filler neck fuel tank?
1.mesh filter.
2.filter packing.
3. inlet receiver.
7. Which answer indicates the main signs of detonation?
1. increase in engine power, smoke at the outlet.
2.metal knocking, engine temperature increase, loss
power.
3. metallic knocks, power increase, “pops” in
carburetor.
8. How many mixing chambers are in the K-88 AM carburetor?
3.This item is available in fuel pump high pressure.
9.What is the voltage in onboard network car ZIL 131?
1. 6 volts.
2. 12 volts.
3. 24 volts.
10. For what reason does sulfation of plates occur in the battery?
1.systematic undercharging.
2.long-term storage of a discharged battery.
3.increased electrolyte density.
4.decrease in electrolyte level.
5. All answers are correct.
11. How many clutch pressure plates are on a ZIL 131 car?
3. This part is not included in the clutch device.
12. Are used in cardan joints ...?
1. Roller bearings.
2. Ball bearings.
3. Needle bearings.
4. Bearings are not used (bronze bushings are used).
13.Whether the device is included cardan joint forks?
3. Enter only in the hinges of equal angular speeds.
4. Enter only in the hinges of unequal angular velocities.
14. In what answer do both cars have front drive axles?
1. KAMAZ 5320 and ZIL 131.
2. KAMAZ 4310 and URAL 4320.
3. KAMAZ 4310 ZIL 130.
15. Is the pressure in the tires of the front wheels and the tires of the rear bogie the same on a ZIL 131 car?
1. The same.
3. When fully loaded, the pressure in the tires of the rear bogie is higher.
16. The operation of which brake is associated with the action of wheel brake mechanisms?
1. working.
2. working and peripheral.
3. working, emergency and auxiliary.
4. auxiliary.
17. The brake system consists of...?
1.brake mechanisms and brake actuator.
2.compressor, air tanks and brakes.
3.compressor, circuits and pedals.
18.How the length changes stopping distance passenger car when driving with a trailer that does not have a brake system?
1. Decreases as the trailer provides additional
movement resistance.
2.Increases.
3.Does not change.
19. The steering trapezoid is used on the car ... ?
2. KAMAZ 4310.
4. On all previously listed.
20. Drive of the power steering pump on a ZIL 131 car?
2. Gear.
3. Belt.
TICKET #9.
Sign 1.13 "Steep descent"
Road sign 1.13 shows the slope of the road in the form of a black triangle, above which the angle of inclination is indicated as a percentage. Immediately it is worth clarifying that the unit of measurement for angles is degrees, not percentages! So what are the percentages indicated on road signs for a steep descent and a steep ascent? A slope of 45 degrees should be considered as 100%, and the tangent of 45 degrees is 1. If the road slope is 7 degrees, then the tangent of 7 degrees is 0.12, which is why 12% is written on the sign. The second question is why complicate things so much? It turns out that the tangent of the angle of inclination is equal to the coefficient of adhesion to the road surface. For example, the coefficient of adhesion of the wheels of a car with wet ice is less than 0.1. If you see 10% downhill, then you must understand that no driving experience, no studded tires and even a headwind will not help you slow down on such a descent! Even if you park the car on such a descent on dry pavement, after which water will flow down the descent, and then it will start to freeze, the car can roll down such a descent!
If you think this is absurd, then watch a lot of videos of cars rolling down on ice...
First of all, seeing this road sign, the driver should slow down and prepare for a descent.
It is worth understanding and remembering:
1) From weather conditions changing grip.
2) Grip with wet ice is less than 0.1, which means that descents and ascents with signs on which more than 10% can be extremely dangerous and insurmountable.
3) On long descents, the most effective braking is engine braking! The steeper the slope, the lower the gear should be.
4) When going downhill, drivers are uphill (on oncoming lane) have an advantage and you must give way to him if he enters your lane! According to paragraph 11.7 of the rules, when passing on a descent is difficult, you must give way to vehicles moving uphill.
When signs for a steep descent or a steep ascent indicate a small percentage, many consider it superfluous. This is wrong! It often happens that in conditions of poor visibility (night, fog, snowfall ...) the driver simply does not notice small but long descents or ascents.
Sign 1.13 is set
In the locality: at a distance of 50-100 meters before the start of the descent.
outside locality: at a distance of 150-300 meters before the start of the descent.
Outside the village given sign can be installed together with signs:
8.1.1 - "Distance to the object".
Specifies the distance from the sign to the start dangerous area, V this case down a steep descent.
8.2.1 - "Scope".
Indicates the length of the dangerous section of the road, in this case a steep start.
1.14 - "Steep Climb"
If, after a steep descent, a steep ascent immediately begins, then the sign 1.14 is set directly at the beginning of the ascent.
3. The steeper the descent, the higher the gear.
A comment: Lower gear on steep descent will give you more engine braking efficiency, so you should choose a gear based on the condition: the steeper the descent, the lower the gear.
Question 20.
What kind of injuries in the victim can be indicated by the "frog" position (legs bent at the knees and apart, and the feet turned with the soles to each other) and what first aid should be provided?
The victim may have a fracture of the femoral neck, pelvic bones, a fracture of the spine, damage internal organs pelvis, internal bleeding. Do not change his position, do not stretch his legs, do not put splints on him. In first aid, place a soft tissue roller under the knees, apply cold to the stomach, if possible.
2. The victim may have a fracture of the bones of the lower leg and lower third of the thigh. For first aid, splint only the injured leg from ankle to knee without stretching the leg.
3. The victim may have a bruise of the abdominal wall, a fracture of the ankle, a fracture of the bones of the foot. In first aid, stretch the legs, put splints on both legs from the ankle to the armpit.
A comment: The forced "frog" posture is a sign of dangerous injuries (pelvic bones and hip joints, femurs, spine), rupture of internal organs and internal bleeding. The victim cannot change the position of the legs, the feet are turned outward, the knees are raised and turned. Do not move the victim, take off his clothes or allow him to move. You should put a roller of clothes under your knees, cover with something warm, monitor the airway, remove blood, mucus from your mouth and nose, immediately call " ambulance". You can only transport on a solid stretcher and a vacuum mattress.
Question 1.
Is a car driver allowed to take a seat in a moving organized column?
1. It is allowed if there are no more than three traffic lanes on the road.
2. It is allowed if the speed of vehicles moving in a convoy is not more than 30 km/h.
Not allowed.
A comment: Clause 2.7 of the rules. Any driver vehicle forbidden how to cross organized columns, and take a place in them.
Question 2.
Which of the yards can you enter in this situation?
1. Only to the courtyard to the left.
Only in the courtyard to the right.
3. In any.
4. Turns into courtyards are prohibited.
A comment: Sign 4.1.1 “Going straight ahead” installed behind the intersection prohibits left turns into yards and U-turns in this section, but does not restrict entry into yards located on the right.
Question 3.
What sign forbids further movement all without exception vehicles?
A comment: Further movement of all vehicles, including route vehicles, is prohibited by sign "B" 3.17.2 "Danger".
Question 4.
What do these signs inform you about?
2. When wet, the speed limit is 40 km/h.
How to get down
Everyone knows that on a downhill, especially a steep one, you need to move in gear, do not use the brakes and do not depress the clutch. But I don't think most people understand why.
A bit of theory
A car on the road, and in general on any ground, is controllable as long as its wheels are spinning. Why are they spinning? They can rotate from two applied forces: firstly, from the engine, and secondly, from friction on the road when the car rolls by inertia. What can prevent the wheels from turning? And the same brakes that everyone loves to press with or without reason can prevent the wheels from turning.
What happens when we drive a car on the road when the engine is running and connected to the wheels through the car's transmission? The machine moves at a speed corresponding to the speed of rotation of the engine in the selected gear, all four wheels rotate. We press on the gas, thereby increasing the engine speed, we increase the speed, reducing the speed - we decrease it. If more intensive deceleration is required - we shift to a lower gear, again - all the wheels are spinning! If a very fast deceleration is required, we also press the brake, up to a complete stop of the car and, accordingly, the engine stops. And only at the very end, when the car is already rolling slowly, so that the engine still does not stall, it is permissible to squeeze the clutch and turn off the gear, i.e. disconnect the wheels from the engine. But by the way, this does not apply to emergency braking when the gear cannot be turned off until it comes to a complete stop, and the engine does not disconnect from the wheels until the very end, until it stalls. Why this is all done - we will analyze below.
Now let's see what happens when we drive a car along the same road, but by inertia, i.e. when the engine is disconnected from the transmission (clutch depressed and/or gear disengaged) and not connected to the vehicle wheels. The car is moving, the wheels are turning. And from what do they rotate if they are disconnected from the engine? They rotate, in this case, only from friction on the road. Can we drive a car and change its course? We can, because the wheels are spinning, and no matter what. How about increasing or decreasing the speed? This is already more difficult, because we do not have an engine - the main tool for controlling the speed of rotation of the wheels. There are only brakes with which you can slow down the speed of rotation of the wheels and / or completely stop them. And here - attention! We remember that our wheels rotate only from friction on the road. What happens when we start to press the brake pedal? start working brake mechanisms, separate for each wheel. And the wheels roll along the road on their own, separately. Ultimately, two forces act on each wheel separately: the friction force on the road and the friction force brake pads. The harder we push on the pedal, the higher the friction force of the pads. And so on until the friction force of the pads on the brake mechanisms of the wheels exceeds the friction force of the wheels on the road. As soon as this happens, the wheels will instantly stop (lock) and the car will continue its further movement already in the form of an uncontrollable piece of metal sliding along the road. It is useless to turn the steering wheel, the wheels do not rotate - accordingly, their position ceases to affect anything. The more slippery the road surface (snow, ice) - the less effort is required on the brake pedal to block the wheels. But that is not all. Even in the most serviceable car, the brake mechanisms do not work completely simultaneously, even if this difference is very small and is measured not even in miles, but in microseconds, but it will be. Plus to this, pavement not evenly, under some of the wheels it will be a little more slippery, under some less, even ordinary dust or sand on a dry summer road can greatly change the grip properties. An unfortunate combination of these factors will lead to more greater difference during wheel lockup. As a result, the car will not just slide - it will skid, or even just start to twist on the road. How to avoid it? Let's go back one paragraph.
A third force is needed, which will prevent the wheels from blocking, rotate them, i.e. need an engine! That is why you can not squeeze the clutch and turn off the gear until the car almost comes to a complete stop. For a very slippery surface the brakes cannot be used at all, the wheels will lock even with the gear engaged, the engine will stall and the vehicle speed will not change. If we squeeze the clutch, then we will return to the previous option. By the way, this is the most common mistake modern drivers– premature pressing of a brake pedal and especially premature switching off of coupling (transfer). The so-called "summer braking" - braking with simultaneous clutch release. Riding on good roads and on good rubber relaxes ...
Descent
Now consider what happens on the descent. While moving down an inclined plane, gravity also begins to act on the car, giving it additional acceleration. The steeper the descent, the stronger the impact, therefore, the faster the speed of the car increases. If it is not restrained by anything, then the descent will very quickly turn into a free fall. What can we do to counter this force? Brakes? But we have already found out what the use of brakes leads to. The wheels will lock up and the vehicle will begin to slide down uncontrollably, or, in best case if the friction of the wheels with the ground is sufficient, it will simply stop. But we need to go, not stand. Of course, you can try to move, gently braking and not letting the car accelerate, but this will only lead to the fact that one or more wheels will still lock up at some point, and the car will continue to slide (or stop) and you can start all over again, or to collect the debris... There is only one way out - to connect the wheels to the engine (engage the gear) and make them rotate, but rotate at the speed that corresponds to the selected gear. The steeper the descent, the lower the gear should be. In this case, the potential energy of the car will be spent on spinning the engine, increasing its speed. But, since we do not add gas, the speed will remain constant during the entire descent, because. a balance will quickly come between the acceleration imparted to the car by gravity and the resistance of the engine to rotation. You can even slow down gently on steeper sections of the slope, but precisely carefully! And in no case during the descent should you squeeze the clutch (!!!), you should not disconnect the wheels from the engine, depriving yourself of the only retarder!
Danger. Moving down the mountain, the car tends to gain high speed. And the further, the more actively this process takes place. Of course, when descending, increased demands are placed on the brake system: if it insufficient level liquid or it is overheated, then the effectiveness of the brakes drops sharply. It is especially dangerous if the car accelerates uncontrollably. Eventually brake system may not be able to cope with the increasing acceleration.
In neutral downhill and braking with the brake pedal
Typical mistakes. Often, seeing a slope, drivers feel like dashing down the mountain. As a rule, they choose the wrong gear in which they start the descent: basically it is an increased gear or (much worse) a disengaged clutch, and perhaps moving the gearshift lever into neutral - in neutral from a hill(we are talking about a manual transmission). As a result, the car practically cannot brake with the engine, since the braking torque at overdrive extremely low, especially when descending. Realizing that the speed is increasing too quickly and engine braking is ineffective, the driver attempts to reduce the speed with the service brake system. It helps for a while, but then the brakes overheat and won't hold the car. Further development things are easy to predict...
Safely. Approaching the descent, it is necessary to evaluate its steepness. The choice of gear and the initial speed depend on this. It is strictly forbidden to drive with mountains on neutral gear or with the clutch disengaged (with the pedal depressed)! You deprive yourself of communication with the car engine and will not be able to do anything in case of danger to avoid an accident.
Downhill driving - the steeper the downhill, the lower the gear, explanation
Use engine braking as much as possible. Engage a lower gear (II or even I) in advance so as not to change it during the descent and not to break the connection between the engine and the wheels. Remember: the steeper the descent, the lower the gear should be and initial speed! Try to press the brake pedal as little as possible. Otherwise it will lead to increased wear pads, overheating of the system and, as a result, brake failure.
Here are the approximate actions of the driver before the descent:
- when approaching a slope, reduce the thrust to almost zero;
- depress the clutch, turn on a lower gear, for example, second, release the clutch pedal;
- gradually add gas until you reach a speed of 20-30 km / h further, moving down, try to keep the speed no higher than 40 km / h.
Keep track of the vehicle ahead. Leave a double margin of distance relative to movement along flat road. Do not downshift in the immediate vicinity of the leader: with the clutch disengaged, the car will pick up speed sharply, and you may not be able to stop it in time.
On mountain roads, the so-called serpentines, where the slopes are long and there are too many turns, emergency dead ends are usually arranged, that is, lanes emergency stop. They are sections of the road at the end of a long straight path before especially dangerous turns. Dead ends, as a rule, continue straight and have a slight rise. They are made specifically so that the driver whose brake system has failed can brake naturally without any problems and stop without injuring himself or other participants. traffic. If on a mountain road you feel like you can't handle the acceleration, use the emergency dead end to slow down to a complete stop.
As for the forced stop or parking on the descent, the rules are the same as on the rise: leave the car on parking brake with the gear engaged (on the descent it is recommended to include reverse), turn the front wheels towards the curb or shoulder.
And what about the automatic? Majority modern cars equipped automatic transmission, have modes forced inclusion low gear. As a rule, they are marked with the numbers 3, 2, 1 or the letter L. Before descending, you will have to slow down and turn on one of these modes. The rules are the same as for mechanical box: The steeper the slope, the more severely the gearbox must be limited in selecting the maximum gear.
SDA. Paragraph 11.7 determines the sequence of passing an obstacle on a slope: “On slopes marked with signs 1.13 and 1.14, in the presence of an obstacle, the driver of a vehicle moving downhill must give way”. In addition, on a mountain road, pay attention to the sign 6.5 "Emergency stop lane". They indicate emergency dead ends on steep descents.
