Organization of EO cars

Organization daily maintenance includes control technical condition, cleaning, washing and refueling vehicles with fuel, oil, etc., as well as disinfection of vehicles (carrying products, etc.). Before leaving the line and upon returning, the control of the technical condition of the rolling stock is carried out by the mechanic of the KTP, the mechanic of the convoy and the driver, and when working on the line, by the driver. At the same time, the completeness of the car, its appearance, the operation of lighting and signaling devices, brakes and steering, wheel fastening, tire pressure, fuel quantity, exhaust gas toxicity are checked. Special meaning with EO, it has control of the technical condition of units and systems that ensure the safety of the vehicle.

Harvesting and washing works (WMR) are carried out in a separate building or in an isolated part of the production building. These works can be performed at separate posts with a daily program of less than 50 services, or on production lines (Fig. 6.3).

Most widespread received lines consisting of three working posts, one backwater post and a post in the exit vestibule. The backwater post creates a reserve of cars for the rhythmic operation of the line, provides heating of cars in winter before washing and allows you to clean the car from large contaminants before entering the working posts.

1 - container; 2 - shield for inventory; 3 – monorail with electric hoist; 4 - vacuum cleaner;

5 - a chest for cleaning material; 6 - a drum with a hose for water; 7– control panel; 8 - washing installation; 9 - conveyor; 10 - installation for washing cleaning material

Figure 6.3 - Technological layout of the EO line

Refueling, checking the technical condition and setting the car to the appropriate place, the driver performs at the expense of preparatory time. The first and third posts of the line are collective workplaces, and the second one is an individual workplace. At the first working post, cleaning operations are performed for the whole vehicle, including washing the cabins (inside). There are two people in this position. At the second working post, the car is washed, and at the third - wiping and drying. The third post is occupied by three people. On some motor transport enterprises the number of posts on the daily service line can be reduced by moving the cleaning post to another place, as well as by entrusting the cleaning and cleaning work to the driver.

Sometimes a backwater post and a vestibule are not provided, and the EO car line consists of only two posts - cleaning and washing. In this case, refueling of cars is carried out outside the EO cars zone.

Tractor vehicles are cleaned and washed along with trailers and semi-trailers.

What is MOT, what does it include and what is the frequency of car checks? The main and first task of maintenance ( Maintenance) car - keeping it in good condition and proper condition. The main difference between maintenance and repair is that this event is preventive, and is not performed as needed.

Repair is carried out only in the event of a breakdown or malfunction that makes it difficult or precludes the possibility normal operation auto, and MOT (car maintenance) is planned in advance and regularly. MOT usually includes the following types of work:

• Adjusting;
• Lubricants;
• filling stations;
• Control and diagnostic;
• Fixing;
• Electrotechnical.

Car maintenance does not have to include all of the above works. Much is determined by the current needs and requirements, the manufacturer's recommendations, the brand of the machine and the conditions of its operation. Your repair will be less likely to happen, the more competently you will approach the diagnosis of your car. Repair of the generator, starter failure, will occur less frequently, with correct operation these parts of your vehicle. Vehicle maintenance varies depending on the mileage of the vehicle and its age. There are several types of car maintenance (depending on the frequency of work performed, their laboriousness and complexity, quantity):

• First;
• Second;
• Seasonal;
• Daily.

The first and second maintenance must be carried out after a certain mileage of the car, in full accordance with the instruction manual. Usually the mileage before the first technical inspection is about 10-15 thousand km. An important factor The time of the first and second inspections is also the operating conditions of the machine: for example, if you have to ride on unpaved surfaces, the air filter must be changed more often than when traveling on high-quality asphalt roads.

Seasonal maintenance

Seasonal Vehicle Maintenance is carried out twice a year to prepare the vehicle for operation in the warm and cold seasons. Part of seasonal maintenance is “changing shoes” into winter tires when winter sets in, and into summer tires at the end of it. In some northern regions of Russia, motor oil is also changed, from winter to summer, and vice versa in autumn. Many drivers also anti-corrosion treatment bodies in anticipation of the winter season.

Annual maintenance

The task of daily maintenance is to maintain appearance, monitoring the timeliness of refueling with fuel, oil, other consumables, traffic safety control on the road. Checking the availability of everything you need in your trunk is carried out as needed. What is recommended to carry there, I wrote in the article What you need to have in the trunk. Checked before every ride:

• Completeness of your car;
• State registration numbers and their readability;
• body condition;
• Rear-view mirrors and their adjustment;
• Serviceability of all locks (door, trunk and hood);
• Serviceability of electrical equipment (“wipers”, alarm, lighting);
• The tightness of cooling systems, lubrication, the presence of consumable liquids in them;
• Tightness of the drive of the braking system;
• The work of instrumentation (instrumentation);
• Freedom of the steering wheel.

It must be remembered that if the car gets into an accident, for example, due to a violation of the hermetic state of the hydraulic drive of the brake system or another malfunction that was not detected in a timely manner before the trip, the driver of the car will definitely be recognized as the culprit traffic accident, with all the ensuing consequences.

Every 2 years (20-30 thousand kilometers) you need :

• Replace spark plugs (if not required before);
• Tighten the fastenings of units, parts and assemblies of the chassis, engine;
• Check the tightness of the seals of units and assemblies, etc.;
• Lubrication of clamps and battery terminals.

Every 3 years in operation (30-45 thousand km.) :

• Clean the starter manifold, check the fit and wear of the brushes;
• check work vacuum booster brakes;
• Lubricate and clean starter drive parts;
• Adjust the direction of the headlights.

Every 4 years (50-60 thousand km.) :

• Change coolant and brake fluid;
• Clean the alternator contact rings, check the wear of the brushes.
• Cleaning of drainage holes in thresholds and doors;
• Cleaning carburetor parts.

Every 5 years in operation (60–75 thousand km) must be replaced :

• Gearbox oil;
• Wheel alignment of the front wheels;
• Flushing the lubrication system;
• Toothed timing belt.

The technical inspection of the car should be carried out daily. Before the trip, it is recommended to check a number of key parameters that directly affect the safety of the trip and reliable operation technology. Not allowed in engine compartment do any work until the engine, radiator, exhaust manifold, muffler or catalytic converter is cool. Before starting maintenance, turn off the engine and let it cool down.

Daily inspection outside the car

• Check the pressure in the tires, along the way, make sure that there are no damages of any kind: cuts, cracks, punctures, strong, uneven wear, etc.
• Check if the wheel nuts are tight enough.
• Check the operation of turn signals, head optics, brake lights, fog lights, interior lighting, etc.
• Make sure that there are no leaks of water, oil, fuel, or other liquids.

Daily inspection inside the car

• Make sure that the steering wheel rotates freely, without jamming, knocking, extraneous sounds.
• Check the operation of the parking brake lever.
• Check the operation of the rotary and sound signals, windshield wipers.
• Check the operation of instruments and indicators on the dashboard.
• Constantly monitor the fuel level in the tank, both before departure and on the way.
• Adjust the position of the rear-view mirrors so that the "blind spot" area is as small as possible.
• Check the operation of the door and window locking mechanism.
• Test whether the brake and clutch pedals are pressed freely, at what height they are and what their performance is.
• Inspect the seat belts for damage, whether they are clearly fixed.
• If there is any doubt about the suitability of the vehicle for driving, it is necessary to carry out diagnostics in a certified workshop.

Checking the oil level

Daily technical inspection unthinkable without monitoring the oil level in the engine. A drop in the level warns of the possible presence of serious breakdowns of components and assemblies. This is especially true for vehicles with decent mileage.

1. To do this, you must place the machine on a flat, always horizontal platform. Even a slight slope will distort the true oil level.
2. Engage the parking brake lever.
3. If the engine was running before, it must be turned off and wait 6-9 minutes until the oil drains and the units cool down.
4. Remove the dipstick and wipe it clean. Insert the dipstick into place until it stops.
5. Again, carefully remove the dipstick and check the oil level. Level indication on the dipstick engine oil should be between the lower "Min" and upper "Max" marks. Oil should be added before its level drops below the minimum mark.
6. If the level is too low, open the oil filler cap located at the top of the cylinder block and add the required amount of oil. By technical regulations The oil level should just barely reach the upper mark.
7. After six minutes, recheck the oil level.

Adviсe

• Regularly check the oil level in the engine, top up with original engine oil if necessary.
• Before checking the level, always clean the dipstick with a clean cloth to prevent dirt from entering the engine.
• The oil level must not exceed the top mark on the dipstick.
• Running the engine with a low oil level can result in engine failure.
• If the engine is new, oil consumption during the break-in period may be higher than normal.

Each car owner and potential buyer has thought more than once in his life about what kind of car (firm and model) is really of high quality and will live long life. It is impossible to get an unambiguous answer to this question, but we can say that any technique is able to work smoothly for a long period of time if scheduled maintenance not skipped and not left for later. Never forget this. The main purpose of maintenance is to keep the machine running normally. It includes small complex works for checking parts, troubleshooting and correcting them immediately. And also special attention is paid to appearance.

Many owners barely distinguish between repair and maintenance. It is necessary to clarify once again that the latter is a preventive measure, a way to prevent many “diseases” of the car.

Types of preventive measures

So, maintenance is carried out in several ways:

• forcibly;
• according to plan;
• after reaching a certain mileage;
• at will or need, regardless of the technical condition of the car.

There are certain types of maintenance that are documented:

• EO. These alphabetic characters indicate the check of the car every day.
• TO-1 and TO-2. Has a simple explanation of the abbreviation - maintenance #1 and #2.
• CO. It's about checking every season.

All of them differ in a different set of tasks, goals and solutions, as well as their different frequency of maintenance. The last criterion depends on the brand of the car, its model, as well as the time general operation. More often, prevention should be carried out if the car drives off-road, is actively used in winter and in summer, when the air temperature is too high. TO-1 and TO-2 are produced, as a rule, after reaching a certain mileage. At the beginning of the inspection, the conditions under which the car moved were also taken into account: climate, topography and other determining factors.

Daily Maintenance

EO is carried out every day after long trip. The main task of the repairmen is to bring the appearance of the car in the proper form, internal parts- in the correct condition, in checking the tank and filling it completely with gasoline, adding oil, water and air. Tires should also be inspected and replaced if necessary. Although you can do it yourself, you still need to observe the frequency of maintenance.

The main tasks of daily maintenance:

• maintenance and improvement of the appearance of the machine;
• control of the filling of the tank and its refueling;
• oil regulation, which is necessary for engine operation;
• examination brake system and cooling systems of the unit;
• washer fluid control.

The cost of daily maintenance sometimes reaches high figures, so not everyone wants to bring their “swallow” to the station every day. This is quite logical, and you can understand such a driver. However, at least once or twice every two weeks, the car should be taken for preventive measures.

First maintenance

TO-1 includes a complex of all operations that are included in the daily preventive examination. In doing so, an additional amount of various lubrication, fastening and other maintenance work of this type is performed. However, the removal of various devices - the unit or other important mechanisms - is not planned. The car is not examined in more detail.

Second maintenance

Of course, TO-2 includes all the work performed during the first service. Additionally, a "deep" inspection is carried out, in which large quantity parts are considered separately and replaced if necessary.

Seasonal inspections

Maintenance of equipment is carried out at the stations during the transition to winter and summer period. With a stable and comfortable climate (for example, in central Russia), there are no problems when inspecting and replacing the necessary elements. Most important works in seasonal inspections are changing the fluid in the windscreen washer and changing tires. It is also not uncommon for the body to be treated against corrosion.

In regions where the climate is merciless, service stations carry out engine oil changes depending on the upcoming season. An ordinary liquid, which is supposedly intended for any season, due to constant temperature fluctuations environment changes its texture. For example, due to severe frosts, it becomes like thick honey. Subsequently, it will be difficult (or impossible) to start the car. In the summer, you should use just such an oil, since the winter oil loses all its properties and becomes useless.

Maintenance work

When repair and maintenance is carried out, any machine is diagnosed, after which the following work is performed:

• checking fastenings of parts and elements;
• checking the filling of the tank;
• diagnostics of electrical wiring and compliance of the paper circuit with the real one;
• control check of vehicle performance and complete final diagnostics;
• adjustment work;
• lubrication work.

What should I pay attention to before the trip?

Leaving the garage, the driver must be sure that each system of the car is working. That is why you should pay attention to the following nuances, which will help to maintain a special frequency of maintenance:

• body and full set car;
• the correct location of the side mirrors and their presence;
• license plates and their readability (it is important that they are not stained with dirt);
• the presence of locks on the doors, trunk and hood and their stable operation;
• full serviceability of all electrical systems (wipers, headlights, etc.);
• availability of all necessary liquids;
• tightness of systems;
• normal operation of the steering wheel;
• correct operation of measuring devices.

Tires

The first step is to monitor tire pressure. Not only the long operational period of the wheels depends on this, but also the safety of the driver.

You need to pay attention to the following factors that will help detect problems.

• The maintenance system includes checking for wear on both side and center treads. The cause of this problem may be excessive tire pressure. It should be adjusted to get rid of unnecessary problems and rapid wear.
• Simultaneous wear on both sides. This is facilitated by sharp and constant entry into turns. At wrong pressure Tires make the problem worse.
• Wear on one side only. You need to pay attention to the camber of the wheels.

Electrical systems

Most frequent problems meet with the battery. If you check it every day, then avoiding the problem is easy enough:

• Operation and maintenance include exact check battery. If you do this manually, you should definitely familiarize yourself with the safety precautions.
• The instrument must be kept clean and free from clogging and debris.
• In winter, be sure to lubricate the battery with special grease.
• Particular attention should be paid to the tray. If corrosion has appeared, then it must be removed with a saline solution. When the metal succumbs to destruction, it is best to treat the surface with zinc liquid, and then paint it.
• The battery level should be checked every three months.

Thanks to these tips, the car will start like a clock in any frost.

Brake system

Whatever the frequency of maintenance, the brake system should be checked for leakage constantly, and the more often, the better. After all, few people want to know about a malfunction while driving, when the car simply refuses to respond to the driver’s desire to stop. When checking, remember that the liquid is dangerous and can easily harm the eyes.

When pouring a new solution, it should be borne in mind that it should not for a long time stand open in the air. Otherwise, the latter will fall into the liquid, and it will be difficult to slow down.

Engine

Of course, the engine is an important component of any car. It needs to be checked as often as the brake system. Any types of maintenance have in their list of tasks the inspection of the unit.

• It is necessary to pay attention to the cleanliness of the engine as a whole.
• You should not forget about the liquids that need to be constantly topped up and monitor their condition.
• On drive belts special attention must be paid.
• The ignition system should also not be bypassed. And it is best to even replace the candles, which will soon complete their operational period.
• The air filter must also be checked and replaced if necessary.
• Replacement and Maintainability fuel filter- this is also included in the list of tasks at the service station during a scheduled inspection. Pay special attention to leakage. It should not be, which, in principle, is quite logical and understandable to every driver.

With the engine, it is better if the driver is poorly versed in the car system, not to work on his own. The maintenance tools used at the stations allow monitoring and replacement of parts in half the time.

Engine oil

Before you check the engine oil, you must properly install the car. The process should be started either before turning on the engine, or five minutes after turning it off. When buying oil, you should pay attention to whether it is suitable established type unit. After all modern technology too demanding and capricious in such matters. If the driver notices that he constantly has to change the oil (too often), then you need to look for a leak. Sometimes it happens that the latter could not be found. In this case, we can talk about the wear of the pistons in the engine. Regular maintenance intervals will help you notice any existing problems. But some models themselves require oil changes too often. You should consult with a service station employee or read the instructions. It is recommended to maintain the oil level at an average level at all times. If there is too little fluid, then there is a chance to spoil the stuffing box.

coolant level

Until the engine is completely cool, do not open the grille and reservoir. Hot vapor and liquid can damage body parts of the driver or workshop worker. Top up the substance should be through the tank. It is impossible to leave the canister open unattended, as it poses a danger to the environment (contains poison).

Power Steering Fluid

To check the condition of the power steering fluid, park the vehicle on level ground. Before turning off the unit, it is necessary during idling turn the steering wheel to extreme position and put wheel system in the direction of linear motion. In order to perform a fluid check and obtain correct and accurate results, the control wheel must be locked in a certain position, and the engine must be warmed up to an average operating temperature.

Why is it so important to visit the service station?

The machine is constantly exposed to dust, sunlight, and vibrations. This applies to any car, even if drivers try to drive only on smooth roads. Those machines that are idle for a long time without operation deteriorate much faster than those that are used frequently. Of course, the main parts will not become unusable, but the rubber elements will age over time, and they will have to be changed. Therefore, if a car with a mileage of 3 thousand km has stood in the garage for a long time, it must first be taken to the station in order to carry out maintenance. The service station has enough equipment, and the employees will carry out the work in a short time.

Maintenance is of great importance primarily for the safety of the driver and passengers. If the driver is confident in the good technical condition of the car, he can safely go to the most long journey. Also, regular maintenance will extend the life of the machine.

1 Car maintenance - 8 types of scheduled work

Maintenance (TO) is a set of measures aimed at maintaining the good condition of the car, proper appearance, identifying faults and eliminating them in a timely manner. A good car has high level reliability, safety and economy. TO is a preventive measure. It is better to keep the machine in good condition than to carry out repairs that take money and time.

The need for scheduled maintenance is caused by the laws of physics. During the trip, the car is subjected to overloads, vibration, exposure to precipitation, temperature changes. Wear of parts occurs quickly, as many of them are in constant friction. During friction, the size of the parts changes, they are deformed, and the gaps increase over time. As a result, there is a beating and knocking, since threaded connections do not fit tightly. This entails the following problems:

• engine power drops;
• fuel consumption increases;
• broken parts, etc.

The reliability of the car gradually decreases. To keep the machine in good condition you need to undergo MOT, which consists in performing the following types of work:

1. lubricating;
2. detergents;
3. control and diagnostic;
4. cleaning;
5. adjusting;
6. filling stations;
7. electrotechnical;
8. fixing.

Each type of work is carried out with a certain frequency or as needed, therefore, during one maintenance, not all work may be carried out, but only some that have come due, or they arose due to the technical condition of the machine. special attention requires an engine and control system.

It is advisable to draw up a plan in advance in which to indicate the types technical work and their timing.

If you are guided by existing standards, then the following types of maintenance can be distinguished:

1. Daily.
2. First.
3. Second.
4. Seasonal.

The frequency of maintenance is affected by operating conditions, mileage and age of the car, driver's driving style. Every car in without fail has an instruction manual that indicates the timing and procedure for maintenance.

2 Daily maintenance and check-up - what to do before you get behind the wheel?

Control inspection is carried out before departure vehicle, on the way and after the trip. Checking the technical condition of the car before leaving makes it possible to reduce the risk of dangerous situation on a road that could be cause of the accident. Daily maintenance consists of correcting deficiencies identified during control examination.

Pre-departure inspection starts with inspection external state cars and parking spaces. Where the vehicle was parked, there may be stains from fuel, coolant, hydraulic fluid, oils, which indicates problems in one of the systems that need to be identified and eliminated. Next, check the presence and level of coolant in expansion tank, engine oil according to the marks on the dipstick, fluid in the power steering, hydraulic fluid in the brake system and clutch tanks, fuel in the tank according to the instruments on the front panel, washer fluid in the tank. If the liquid level is insufficient, add the missing liquid to the required level.

At the next stage, we evaluate the electrical condition: the operability of the lighting system, instrumentation, alarms, serviceability sound signal. Then we check free play steering wheel, on passenger transport it should not exceed 10 degrees. Checking the health of the suspension is carried out by pressing the trunk or hood, the car body after pressing should not make more than 2-3 vibrations. Be sure to check the condition of the wheels and tire pressure before the trip. Tires should not have defects in the form of cuts, tears, bare cord, sidewall or tread delamination, carcass delamination. When driving a car, we check the operability of the brake system, the serviceability of the clutch, the gearbox.

During the control inspection, we check the rear-view mirrors, as well as others, if necessary, adjust and clean them. It should be ensured quality review which will increase driving safety. We also check the performance of the wipers, glass washer, cleanliness and readability of license plates. Any car must be equipped with a first aid kit, cable, sign emergency stop or a red flashing light, a jack, a spare wheel, a fire extinguisher, a set of tools.

During the trip, during the control inspection, we check the heating by touch brake discs and drums, wheel hubs, inspect the fuel, cooling and brake systems for leaks of working fluids. Visually determine the degree of tire inflation. After the trip, we eliminate the shortcomings identified along the way, check the levels of working fluids, the condition of the rubber. We clean the interior of the car and wash the body.

3 What does the first maintenance include?

Most often, the first maintenance is carried out after 10-15 thousand kilometers or a year after buying a car (look at the owner's manual). For a period of big influence provide operating conditions. For example, driving dirt roads leads to rapid pollution air filter, so it has to be changed earlier than the manufacturer recommends. The quality of gasoline affects the replacement of engine oil and filter.

The first MOT includes the same work as daily maintenance, but they are supplemented with fixing work, lubrication, diagnostics, control, equipment adjustment, and cleaning.

We change the engine oil and the corresponding filter. We check the level of hydraulic fluid in the power steering, brake reservoirs and hydraulic drives clutch, low-freezing fluid density, battery electrolyte density and level, gearbox oil level.

We carry out a check of the functioning of the brake system, steering, the condition of ball bearings, suspension, CV joints and anthers. Assess wear brake pads, discs, drums, the state of the standing brake, adjust it if necessary. We spend computer diagnostics engine. We check the illumination of devices, external and internal lighting, perform if necessary. The light should illuminate the road with high quality without blinding oncoming drivers. We check the performance of the glass cleaning system (washer, wipers).

We clean the battery terminals from oxidation products, check the condition of the wire clamps. When checking the spark plugs, we clean them of soot, adjust, if necessary, the gap between the electrodes. We change the central filter in the cabin. We check the condition and tension of the belt or timing chain. If they are worn out or defects are found, we change them. Adjust the belt tension. The main purpose of the first maintenance is to identify problems, ensure economical consumption lubricants and fuel, reduce environmental pollution, improve travel safety.

4 The season has changed - how to prepare a car?

Seasonal maintenance is done 2 times a year to prepare the vehicle for operation in the warm and cold seasons. When preparing your car for winter, you need to do the following:

1. Charge battery.
2. Replace engine oil with winter oil.
3. Check and lubricate door seals.
4. Change water to antifreeze.
5. Pour antifreeze liquid into the washer.
6. Change tires according to the season.
7. Complete the car for the winter.

Before the onset of winter, a battery that has lasted 2-3 years must be recharged using charger so that it does not run out during frost. When the battery is fully charged, it will not let you down even in very coldy And you don't have to constantly light it up. If summer engine oil was poured into the system, then it must be changed to winter oil, even if it has not reached its resource. Otherwise, problems may occur when starting the engine. If trips are frequent, then spring should be filled summer oil, and in the fall change it to winter. If you use the machine infrequently, then you can fill in oil with an index of 5W.

Engine oil differs in classes, the marking is applied to the canister. For the summer season, oil with an index of 10W is suitable; when frost sets in, the engine may not start when using this oil, so it should be changed. For the winter season, oil with an index of 5W and 0W is suitable.

If water was added to the cooling system when the engine boiled, then before winter season coolant should be replaced. No matter how much fresh antifreeze is added, water residues are possible, which during further operation form scale on the pipes and radiator, which adversely affects the functioning of the cooling system. Before replacing the coolant, check the operation of the stove. If the engine temperature does not increase to 90 degrees, and it is cold in the cabin, you need to check the thermostat.

IN summer season drivers pour water into the washer to save money. IN winter period such savings can backfire, leaving the driver without a good view of the road, which can cause an accident. Therefore, when frost sets in, the water in the washer must be changed to a non-freezing liquid.

When winter comes big problem for many motorists, the seal on the doors is: during frosts, drivers often tear the seal, trying to open frozen doors. Do not pour warm water on doors if they are frozen, water will get in under the seal, and corrosion processes will begin. To prevent this from happening rubber seals need to wipe silicone grease for rubber parts. In addition, you need to lubricate the seals on the door glass and door locks.

5 Seasonal tire change and car equipment for the winter

One of the main types of seasonal maintenance work is the change of tires on wheels from summer to winter. Purchase seasonal tires beneficial for those who travel a lot. Since the tires in this case are nurtured for no more than 2-3 years, the harmful effect of overboarding during seasonal change will have little effect on operation. The most expensive option is to purchase all-season tires, but it is prudent to do this in southern regions where there are no low temperatures in winter. At low temperatures all season tires use is not recommended, as they are not adapted for such operation.

If you do not change tires according to the season, this entails problems on the road. Tires for different seasons different chemical composition. Winter tires when operating in temperature regime above 5 degrees it becomes soft, does not perform its functions, the car becomes unstable on the road. Summer tires not adapted to driving on ice, at low temperatures it tans, which increases the likelihood of skidding, traction disappears pavement, a puncture may rupture the tire.

When storing tires, certain rules must be observed. Tires without rims should only be stored in an upright position. If you store them in a stack, then the lower tires will get deformed, they will not be able to be put on the wheel.

Under the letter "a" shows how to store tires, under the letter "b" - how to store the wheels as an assembly. It is better to store tires in a garage or shed. If this is not possible, you can adapt a balcony for storage, just make sure that the sun's rays do not fall on the tires.

The car for the winter should be understaffed:

• a shovel if you have to dig out a car;
• wires for lighting in case of complete discharge of the battery;
• a cable, which should always be in the trunk in case you need to tow the car;
• means for freezing locks;
• water repellent spray WD-40;
• scraper, with which you can clean the snow from the windows and car body.

6 Second and subsequent maintenance - types and frequency of work

The second maintenance has the same goals as the daily maintenance and the first, but differs in the volume and complexity of the work. Lubrication, diagnostics, fastening and adjustment work involves complete disassembly nodes with the removal of parts. Maintenance and diagnostics are carried out using special equipment.

Depending on the recommendations of the manufacturer, we carry out certain work at different periods. Every two years or 20-30 km of run, we change spark plugs, check the condition of the seals, the tightness of the systems, tighten the fasteners of the units, clean them of rust and lubricate the connections, check the battery terminals for the presence of oxidation products, clean them, lubricate the wheel hub bearings, change the oil in the gearbox and crankcase. We check the condition of the starter, this includes checking the condition of the collector, brush wear. We lubricate bushings, gears, screw splines of the shaft and other components of the starting mechanism.

After 3 years of operation or 30-45 km of run, we check the performance of the vacuum brake booster, clean the starter manifold, check the wear and tear of the brushes, clean and lubricate the starter drive, check and adjust the headlights if necessary. After 50-60 km of run or after four years, we change the brake and coolant, clean the contacts on the generator, check the wear of its brushes, clean the carburetor elements, the drainage holes of the thresholds and doors.

Maintenance after five years of operation or 60-75 km of run consists in changing the oil in the gearbox, flushing the system and replacing the engine oil, replacing and adjusting the alignment of the front wheels, replacing the timing belt.

Timely maintenance reduces the risk of emergencies on road. If during an accident it turns out that the accident occurred due to a malfunction of the car, the entire responsibility lies with the driver, who has identified deficiencies in the technical condition.

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• Service stations break a lot of money for simple computer diagnostics
• To find out the mistake you need to go to specialists
• Simple wrenches work in the services, but you can’t find a good specialist

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