Construction of car tires
The tire consists of: carcass, breaker plies, tread, bead and side part.
Tire design: 1 - tread; 2 - shoulder part; 3 - frame; 4 - side part; 5 - breaker; 6 - additional insert in the shoulder area (green); 7 - side ring; 8 - side part
frame- the main power element of the tire, consists of rubberized cord threads. The cord can be textile, metal or fiberglass. Textiles and glass are used in passenger tires. Metal cord - in trucks. Fiberglass is absolutely resistant to decay and stretching. Tires using fiberglass wear out less and are less prone to deterioration in conditions of high humidity and temperature (tropics).
Breaker is located between the carcass and the tread (cushion). It is designed to protect the carcass from impacts, to stiffen the tire at the point of contact with the road surface and to protect the tube from punctures. It is made from a thick layer of rubber (in light tires) or crossed layers of steel cord.
Tread the outer rubber part of the tyre. Provides tire grip with the road, and also protects the carcass from damage. The tread has a certain pattern, which, depending on the purpose of the tire, varies.
Board allows the tire to seal tightly on the wheel rim. To do this, it has side rings and is coated on the inside with a layer of viscous airtight (for tubeless tires) rubber.
Side part protects the tire from lateral damage.
Anti-skid spikes. In order to improve the safety of the car in conditions of ice and icy snow, metal anti-skid spikes are used.
Distinctive features of tires
Pneumatic car tires differ in the method of sealing the internal volume, the location of the cord threads in the tire carcass, the height and width of the profile, the type of tread, and seasonal destination.
According to the method of sealing tires are chamber And tubeless. Tubeless tires are currently replacing tubeless tires.
Tube tires (TUBE TYPE)
Tube tires consist of a tire, a chamber with a valve and a rim tape worn on the rim of the disc. 
The design of the wheel with a tube tire: 1 - disc rim; 2 - camera; 3 - tire (tire); 4 - valve
The valve is a non-return valve that allows air to be forced into the tire and prevents it from escaping to the outside. 
Chamber valve: 1 - spool rod; 2 - threaded head; 3 - bushing; 4 - sealant; 5 - upper cup; 6 - spool sealing ring; 7 - lower cup; 8 – valve body; 9 - spool spring; 10 - guide cup; 11 - rubberized casing.
Rim tape protects the tube from damage and friction on the disc and rim of the tire.
Tubeless tires (TUBELESS)
Tubeless tires (TUBELESS) characterized by the presence of an airtight layer superimposed on the first layer of the frame (instead of the camera) 
The design of the wheel with a tubeless tire: 1 - tread; 2 - sealing airtight rubber layer; 3 - frame; 4 - wheel valve; 5 - rim.
Tubeless tires have a number of advantages over tubeless tires, which are expressed in the following:
- reduced weight and low moment of inertia;
- improved balancing;
- increased safety and reliability, due to the impossibility of rapid depressurization;
- minimal downtime on the road, which was reduced by an average of 60%, due to the ability to repair small tire punctures with a special paste (this does not require removing the tire from the wheel);
- increased mileage - an average of 11%. This is achieved due to the absence of friction between the chamber and the tire, stable internal pressure and optimal temperature, which is maintained due to the increased heat transfer from the tire to the rim.
Chambered and tubeless tires according to the location of the cord threads in the carcass can be either diagonal so radial designs. 
The design of the diagonal (a) and radial (b) tires: 1 - sides; 2 - bead wire; 3 - frame; 4 - breaker; 5 - sidewall; 6 - protector.
In radial tires, the cord threads are located along the radius of the wheel, and in diagonal tires, at an angle to the radius of the wheel, and the threads of adjacent layers intersect. Radial tires are more rigid, they have a longer resource, better contact patch shape stability, and lower rolling resistance.
Depending on the purpose and operating conditions, tires are divided into:
Road(commonly called summer), designed for use at positive temperatures on highways. Tires of this type provide the best grip on dry and wet roads, have maximum wear resistance and are best suited for high-speed driving. For driving on dirt roads (especially wet) and in winter, they are of little use.
Winter used on icy and snowy roads, the grip of which may vary depending on the situation, from minimal (smooth ice or porridge of snow and water) to small (packed snow in the cold). They have good road properties, somewhat inferior to the summer “rubber”. Many winter tires allow the installation of anti-skid studs or are already studded at the factory.
All season are a compromise between summer and winter tires, therefore they are inferior in terms of grip to both the first and second tires in the conditions appropriate for the season. They allow year-round operation of the car on one set of tires.
Universal have properties that allow them to be used both on highways and on dirt roads. It is advisable to use them for off-road vehicles that make approximately equal runs on highways and roads. It can be quite difficult to draw a clear line between them and all-season tires.
Cross-country ability designed for off-road and soft soils. It is desirable to use such tires only for occasional traffic on the highway. Otherwise, they will wear out faster and create a high level of noise.
Tires can also be classified according to the shape of the profile.
regular profile(82-70% of tire width, e.g. 165/ 70
R13)
Low profile(65-50% of tire width, e.g. 225/ 60
R17)
Ultra low profile (<50 % от ширины шины, например, 255/40
R18)
wide profile- are applied on cars of big loading capacity, all-wheel drive cars and trailers. Their use allows you to increase the cross-country ability of the car (on certain soils), reduce the consumption of materials, since they are often used on one tire, instead of dual
Arched- they are installed on the rear axle of trucks on one tire, instead of two conventional profiles. The arch tire tread has sparsely spaced lugs. The use of these tires dramatically increases the patency of cars on soft soils, sand, virgin snow, wetlands. Their use on paved roads is limited.
Basic tire marking parameters
Tire manufacturers label their products according to general requirements, so all the main characteristics can be seen on the sidewall of the tire.
Marking can be in metric, inch or mixed system. Our tires are marked mainly in the metric system.
An example of marking in the metric system:
225/75R16 104R
The first parameter can be the bus type.
Tire type - (Service Type)
P LT ST- (Special Trailer) trailer, T
225 /75R16 104R
Tire width - (section width)
tire profile width in millimeters from sidewall to sidewall.
225/75 R16 104R
Profile width to height ratio - (aspect ratio)
the percentage of the width of the tire profile to its width, in this example 75 means that "tire width" / "tire height" = 75%. If this designation is absent, then it is considered equal to 82%.
225/75R 16 104R
Tire construction [R] – (Internal Construction)
a designation that reflects the features of the construction of the tire cord. Possible values: R– (Radial) tire carcass of a radial type (a common mistake when the letter R is mistaken for a radius designation). In radial-type tires, the tire carcass cord is stretched from bead to bead and the rubberized threads do not overlap, but lie parallel to each other around the entire circumference of the tire and thereby form a carcass layer. D- (Diagonal) diagonal frame type. A feature of the construction of diagonal tires is that the cords are located at an angle to the radius of the wheel. In one layer, the threads go in one direction, in the other layer, in the opposite direction. As a result, the threads of adjacent layers intersect. B - (Bias belt) diagonal belted tire. The carcass of a tire of this design is similar to bias tires, but in such a tire there is still a breaker, like in radial tires. If this designation is absent, then this means that the tire has a diagonal carcass type.
225/75R16 104R
Tire diameter - (rim diameter)
tire diameter or mounting diameter of the tire. The distance in inches from one inner edge of the tire to the other is also equal to the diameter of the rim.
225/75R16 104 R
Load index - (load index)
shows the maximum allowable load on one tire at optimal tire pressure, at the maximum allowable speed. In addition to this, the load may be indicated on the tire - Max load (in kg). Table for converting the load index to kilograms.
| Load index | 60 | 65 | 70 | 75 | 80 | 85 | 90 | 95 | 250 | 290 | 335 | 387 | 450 | 515 | 600 | 690 |
| Load index | 100 | 105 | 110 | 115 | 120 | 125 | 130 | 135 | 800 | 925 | 1060 | 1215 | 1400 | 1650 | 1900 | 2180 |
Duplication of the maximum load index (1984LBS or 900kg.) 
225/75R16 104R
Speed index [R] – (speed symbols)
shows the maximum allowable speed of the car on such tires at full load. The operation of tires at maximum permissible speeds and loads significantly reduces their resource. It is not recommended to use tires at 100% of the possible load and 100% of the permissible speed - this can lead to their destruction. Table for converting the speed index into numerical values.
| Speed index | A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | A6 | A7 | A8 |
| Speed, km/h | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 40 |
| Speed index | B | C | D | E | F | G | J | K |
| Speed, km/h | 50 | 60 | 65 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 110 |
| Speed index | K | L | M | N | P | Q | R | S |
| Speed, km/h | 110 | 120 | 130 | 140 | 150 | 160 | 170 | 180 |
| Speed index | T | H | V | W | Y | VR | ZR | ZR(Y) |
| Speed, km/h | 190 | 210 | 240 | 270 | 300 | >210 | >240 | >300 |
IN inch system dimensions are in inches.
For example bus parameters 35x12.50 R 15LT 113R are deciphered:
35 x12.50 R 15 LT 113R
External diameter tires in inches
35x12.50 R 15LT 113R
Tire width
– (section width)
tire width in inches. (Note that this is the width of the tire, not the tread. For example, for a tire with a specified width of 10.5 inches, the tread width will be 23 cm, not 26.5, and a tire with a specified width of 12.5 will have a tread of 26.5 cm.) If the outer diameter is not specified, then the profile is calculated as follows: if the tire width ends in zero (for example, 7.00 or 10.50), then the profile height is considered equal to 92%, if the tire width ends in a non-zero (for example, 7.05 or 10.55), then the profile height considered equal to 82%
35x12.50 R 15LT 113R
Tire construction [R] – (Internal Construction)
designation indicating that the carcass of the tire is of a radial type.
35x12.50 R 15LT 113R
Tire diameter - (rim diameter)
tire diameter or mounting diameter of the tire.
35x12.50 R 15LT 113R
Tire type - (Service Type)
optional designation (mandatory by DOT for North America), indicates the purpose of the tire. Possible values: P- (Passenger car designation) passenger car, LT- (Light Truck) light truck, ST- (Special Trailer) trailer, T- (Temporary) temporary, used only for spare tires.
35x12.50 R 15 LT 113 R
Load index - (load index)
shows the maximum allowable load on one tire at optimal tire pressure, at the maximum allowable speed.
35x12.50 R 15LT 113R
Speed index [R] – (speed symbols)
shows the maximum allowable speed of the car on such tires at full load.
For diagonal tires were labeled in a mixed system.
For example 8,40-15/215-15
Here
8,40
- tire width in inches
15
- disc diameter in inches
Through the fraction is the designation of the tire width in millimeters and the wheel diameter in inches
Additional tire marking options
Tire operating conditions
Winter- Winter tires.
Snowflake pictogram- tires are marked for operation in severe winter conditions.
Aqua, Rain, Water, Aquatred, Aquacontact, etc. (or umbrella icon)- indicates that the tires are effective on wet roads.
AS, All Season or A.G.T. (All Grip Traction)– designation of all-season tires
AW or Any weather– all-weather
M+S (Mud+Snow) or M&S– Mud and snow, winter or all-season tires are specially designed to improve vehicle handling when driving in mud or snow. At the end of the marking may be " E" - studded tires.
If the tire does not have the above symbols on the sidewall, then this tire is intended for use only in summer conditions.
All Terrain- designation for all-terrain tires with universal properties designed for off-road vehicles.
Max pressure- The maximum allowable pressure, measured in kPa.
Max load– The maximum allowable tire load, measured in kg (or English pounds).
ROTATION with direction arrow- applied to tires with a directional tread pattern, indicates the direction of rotation of the tire.
DOT- Compliance with US standards. The U.S. Department of Transportation requires tire manufacturers to conduct a tire quality assessment [Tyre Quality Classification], with the exception of winter tires. This code specifies the company and factory, soil, lot, and production date (2 digits for the week of the year plus 2 digits for the year; or 2 digits for the week of the year plus 1 digit for the year for tires made before 2000.)
E in a circle- tires are marked according to the requirements of ECE (Economic Commission for Europe). The number indicates the country of approval. 
Reinforced(or letters RF at the end of the size) - indicate that the tire is reinforced, used for vehicles with increased load capacity, and has 6 layers. Letter C in size, denotes a cargo tire having 8 plies.
XL (Extra Load)- Reinforced tyre.
Radial- a tire of a radial design. The same as the letter R in the standard size.
Steel (steel belted)- it means that in the design of the tire, there is a metal cord.
Outside, Side Facing Out- the outer side of the tire with an asymmetric tread pattern. During installation, the word Outside must be on the outside of the machine.
Inside, Side Facing Awards- the inner side of the tire with an asymmetric tread pattern. During installation, the inscription Inside must be on the inside of the machine.
Retread- restored;
Plies– tire design features – Tread area: – composition of the tread layer; Sidewall: - the composition of the sidewall layer. 
Tubeless or TL– marking of tubeless tires. The absence of this marking indicates that the use of this tire is only possible with a camera.
Tube Type, TT or MIT SCHLAUCH– The tire must only be operated with a tube.
Parameters reflecting the quality of tires, according to the American UTOG tire quality classification system:
Traction A, B or C- the coefficient of adhesion with the road surface or the ability of the tire to brake.
It takes the values A, B, C. Coefficient A means the highest clutch value in its class.
Temperature A, B or C- an indicator characterizing the heat resistance of the tire. Possible values are A, B and C. A is the best
Treadwear 200- wear resistance coefficient, determined in relation to the base tire (it has it equal to 100) of a particular manufacturer. It is obtained by conducting standard tests in the United States.
TWI (tread wear index) or TWID- indicates the location of the wear indicators of the projector, the protrusions at the bottom of the tread grooves. When the tread wears down to the level of these indicators, the tire is considered unsafe and it is time to replace it.
Date of manufacture of the tire (four digits enclosed in an oval or rounded rectangle)- the first two digits indicate the ordinal number of the week in the year, the next two indicate the year of manufacture.
DA (stamp)- indicates minor manufacturing defects that do not interfere with normal operation.
The tire also says:
Trademark, manufacturer's name
Trademark (tire model).
Made in ... - the name of the country of the tire manufacturer.
FB - (Flat Base)– marking of tires without wheel rim protection.
FR - (Flange protector)– marking of tires with disc rim protection.
Green X, Reduces CO2– tire designations with low rolling resistance, indicate fuel savings due to the use of such tires.
RunFlat, RunOnFlat, HP, SSR, SST– signs indicating that these are emergency running tires, make it possible to continue driving even when the wheel is lowered.
RPB (Rim Protection Bar) or MFS - (Maximum Flange Sheild)– protection of the disc rim from damage against curbs and sidewalks.
Colored labels used for tire marking:
Yellow marking on the tire(round or triangular mark) on the sidewall indicates the lightest spot on the tire. When installing a new tire on a rim, the yellow mark must be aligned with the heaviest spot on the rim. This is usually where the nipple is attached. This allows you to improve the balance of the wheel and put weights of less weight.
On tires with mileage, this yellow marking is not so relevant, since, as a rule, when the tire wears out, its balance shifts.
Red marking (red dot on the tire)- means the place of maximum power heterogeneity, the manifestation of which is usually associated with various connections of different layers of the tire during its manufacture. These irregularities are completely normal and all tires have them. But usually only those tires that go to the primary equipment of cars are marked with red dots, i.e. when the car leaves the factory.
This red mark is combined with white marks on the discs (white marking marks on the discs are also placed mainly for the original configuration of the car), which indicate the closest place to the center of the wheel. This is done so that the maximum inhomogeneity in the tire is minimally affected when driving, providing a more balanced power characteristic of the wheel. During normal tire fitting, it is not recommended to pay attention to the tire marking with a red mark, but to be guided by the yellow mark, combining it with the nipple.
Marking - white stamp with number means the number of the inspector who carried out the final inspection of the tire at the manufacturing plant
colored stripes on the tire tread are made to make it more convenient to "identify" the tire in the warehouse. All tire models and different sizes have different markings. Therefore, when tires are stacked in warehouses, it is immediately clear that a given stack of tires has the same size and model. These colored stripes on the tire have no other semantic load.
Often manufacturers indicate pictograms on tires:
A graphic symbol representing snowflake on a mountain background tires are marked for operation in severe winter conditions. This symbol was introduced by American and Canadian manufacturers. It is known by the acronym 3PMSF (Three Peak Mountain Snow Flake)
Pictograms on the universal (all-season) tire.
From left to right, this means: summer, rain, snow, fuel economy, confident cornering. Others, if they introduce similar badges, try to keep them on the company's website, because this information is needed only when choosing tires.
The requirements that the cord must meet are as follows:
high strength under repeated loads;
heat resistance and thermal conductivity;
excellent elasticity;
high density;
Uniformity in physical and mechanical properties;
high efficiency.
The use of fiberglass is justified by its resistance to stretching and rotting. Therefore, and having a fiberglass cord, have higher performance characteristics. Cord made of cotton fibers is currently not popular, as it has been replaced by cords made of polyamide fibers, viscose, and metal cord.
Cord fabric makes up approximately 28-30% of the total mass of the tire, but at the same time it experiences the maximum load during the operation of the tire and gives the latter wear resistance, strength and elasticity. The cord thread in the tire operates under conditions of tension, compression and multiple bends in a wide temperature range (from -50 to +110°C).
METALCORD
Currently, tires with steel cord have gained great popularity, which are produced in the following types:
· tires with metal cord in breaker and carcass;
Tires with metal cord of the sub-groove layer and nylon cord in the carcass;
· Tires with a metal cord in the breaker and a nylon or steel cord with a meridional arrangement of threads in the carcass.
The difference between tires with a metal cord from other samples is the presence of wider ones. Plus, in the zone (on the inside of the carcass) tires with steel cord have a vulcanized rubber layer. This allows, on the one hand, to achieve an even distribution of stress in the tread area, and, on the other hand, to protect the chamber from mechanical damage, in particular, from punctures.
Advantages of steel cord tires
Tires with steel cord have a number of advantages over other offers, including:
high strength, which makes it possible to produce tires for trucks with 2 to 4 layers of cord in the carcass instead of the traditional 8-14;
increase in tread thickness, which leads to a long service life, on average, such tires last twice as long as traditional ones;
Decreased sway
· high rates of heat resistance and thermal conductivity reduce stress, and also contribute to uniform temperature distribution.
But with all its advantages, the steel cord is characterized by low fatigue strength with repeated significant deformation.
VISCOSE CORDS
Viscose fabric cords are classified as textile materials, since artificial fibers are used for their manufacture, the material for which is cellulose. In terms of physical and chemical characteristics, viscose cord is superior to cotton cord and is characterized by:
greater uniformity of the thread;
improved resistance to deformation;
Higher strength with increasing temperature;
Reduced heat generation during tire operation.
Viscose cord tires have a higher mileage: up to 70% on average compared to cotton cord samples. With all its advantages, viscose cord also has disadvantages, which include susceptibility to moisture and a low coefficient of adhesion to rubber.
POLYAMIDE CORDS
Polyamide fibers, and in particular nylon, are the most suitable cord material. It has the following advantages:
high elasticity;
Great strength;
The lightness of the frame
almost complete recovery after tensile/compression loads;
low water absorption.
The strength of nylon cord exceeds cotton and viscose counterparts, plus it is not inferior in strength to steel cord, but exceeds it in fatigue strength.
One of the main components of the wheels of any car are pneumatic tires. They are mounted on the rim and provide high-quality contact with the road. When the vehicle is moving, the tire absorbs vibrations as well as vibrations from driving over bumps in the road. Thus, the tire provides comfort and safety. They make different types of tires. They differ in materials, chemical composition, physical properties. Tires have a different tread pattern that provides maximum grip on various surfaces.
Tire tasks
Pneumatic tires perform the following functions. They dampen vibrations from road bumps, ensure constant contact of the wheel with the roadway. Due to the tire, fuel consumption and noise level when driving are reduced. Rubber provides flotation in difficult conditions.
Device
The design of pneumatic tires is quite complex. The tire consists of several elements.
These are the cord, tread, belt, shoulder area, sides and sidewalls. Let's consider each element in detail.
Cord
This element is a power frame. It consists of several layers. The cord is a layer of fabric made from textile materials or metal wire. This layer is covered with rubber. The cord is stretched over the entire area of the tire or radially. Manufacturers make radial as well as diagonal tire models.
The most widely used is the radial model. It has the longest lifespan. has a more elastic cord. This significantly reduces heat generation and rolling resistance.
Diagonal pneumatic tires have a carcass made of several layers of rubberized cord fabric. These layers are arranged crosswise. These solutions have a low price, and the sidewalls are more durable.
Tread
This is called the outer part of the tire, which is in direct contact with the roadway. Its main function is to ensure reliable adhesion of the car wheel to the roadway, as well as protecting the wheel from possible damage. Noise, as well as vibrations during movement, depend on the pattern. In addition, the tread allows you to determine the degree of tire wear.
Structurally, this is a fairly massive rubber layer with a relief pattern. The latter is a groove, groove, protrusion. The tread pattern determines the possibility of operating the tire in various conditions. There are models purely for asphalt or for dirt. There are also universal tires.
Tread patterns
It is formed on a rubber pneumatic tire by the arrangement of elements (checkers) relative to each other, as well as the direction of rotation. Different tires can have a non-directional, directional or asymmetrical pattern. Each option has an impact on tire performance.
The non-directional pattern wheel can be set arbitrarily. A tire with a directional tread is installed in the direction of the arrow on the sidewall. It shows the direction of rotation. Asymmetric tires are installed according to the inscription located on the side.
The most versatile is the non-directional pattern. Some of the tires that are on the market today are produced with it. It allows you to install the tire on the wheel in any direction. However, at the same time, it is significantly inferior to other types of pattern in terms of the ability to drain water from the point of contact with the roadway.
The directional pattern is distinguished by elements that are cut in the form of a herringbone. It requires a certain direction. This method of constructing a pattern makes it possible to more effectively remove water and dirt. Also, this pattern significantly reduces the noise level compared to non-directional. On the side part, the direction in which the wheel should rotate is necessarily indicated. The downside is that a spare wheel equipped with such a tire can only be installed on one side of the car.
An asymmetric pattern is one of the options for implementing different properties in one tire. So, the outer side of the tread can have a pattern that provides maximum grip on dry pavement, and on the other side - with wet. Such a pattern is characterized by a different arrangement of checkers and grooves both on one and the other part from the middle of the tire. These tires are most often non-directional. Directed they are only in rare cases. In this situation, you need different tires for the left and right side. On the side parts there are necessarily symbols indicating which side should be external and which internal. A spare wheel with this tread pattern can be installed on the machine on either side.
Breaker
It consists of layers of cord that are located between the tread and the carcass. The element is needed to ensure a better connection between the tread and the cord. The breaker also prevents the tread from peeling off due to various external forces.
shoulder area
This is the part of the tread of pneumatic tires that is located between the tread and the sidewall. This part serves to increase lateral rigidity. In addition, the structural element improves the synthesis of the tire carcass with the tread, the shoulder area takes part of the loads that are transmitted by the treadmill.
sidewall
This is a rubber layer, which is a continuation of the tire tread on the side of the carcass.
This part is designed to protect the frame from moisture and various mechanical damage. The sidewall is also marked.
Board
This is where the sidewall ends. The board is used for mounting and sealing on the rim. At the heart of the bead of a pneumatic car tire is an inextensible steel wire coated with rubber. It gives the tire and bead the necessary strength and rigidity.
Tire types
The pneumatic tire of a car is classified according to various parameters. These are seasonality, sealing method, purpose, tread pattern. Let's consider each classification separately.
seasonality
According to the season, tires are classified as follows - there are summer, winter and all-weather tires. The purpose of the tire for one of the seasons is distinguished by the tread pattern.
On summer tires there is no micropattern. But here there are pronounced furrows. They are designed to keep water running down them in wet weather. This makes it possible to obtain maximum grip. Winter tires have narrow tread grooves. Thanks to these grooves, the tire does not lose elasticity and keeps grip even on ice.
There are also all-weather tires. A lot has already been said about the advantages and disadvantages. These tires can withstand the heat of summer and the cold of winter. But the performance of all-season pneumatic tires is very mediocre.
Sealing method
According to this parameter, tires with a chamber and tubeless models can be distinguished. The latest tires do not have the usual chamber. And tightness is achieved due to the design features of such a tire. Both in the first and in the second case, these are tires with air.
Manufacturers
The Italian brand Pirelli is especially popular with motorists. The company represents a lot of tire options for any cars and motorcycles. All tires are produced using unique technologies. The Pirelli Scorpion line shows itself well - the company presents winter and summer tires in this collection. The catalogs of the company have a lot of names for all cars. Tires for classic cars are also produced.
The Pirelli Scorpion line is tires for exclusive and premium cars. The product was developed taking into account modern cars. Also, the development took into account maximum safety, a high level of controllability and stable performance in any weather. Among the possibilities is that the tire can perform its functions even if there is no air in it. The collection includes all modern standard sizes.
Also, other well-known companies producing rubber for cars cannot be discounted. Their products are not worse, and you can buy it at more affordable prices. When choosing tires, it is better to familiarize yourself with tire reviews in advance - a lot depends on the right choice of tires. Michelin, Continental and Nokian have proven themselves well. Among domestic it is worth noting "Rosava". According to reviews, these tires are no worse than imported ones. And they cost almost twice as much.
Conclusion
So, we learned what a car tire is, how it works and what types it is. This will help you choose the right model. Comfort, handling and safety depend on the right choice. An important factor when buying is tire reviews. They will allow you to evaluate the tire correctly, because sometimes, because of marketers, unpromising tires enter the market.
We have created this section specifically for tire processors or those who are going to become such in the territory of the Russian Federation.
In this section, we will not pour water and give a lot of information that is not necessary for the recycler, we will indicate the main characteristics of tires and divide them into groups as part of their disposal.
So, we distinguish two main classifications of tires:
1. By appointment: trucks, cars and CGSH (oversized tires). Truck tires are pneumatic tires for trucks, buses, trailers, tires from special equipment on board trucks. Passenger tires are tires from passenger cars and trailers for them, including tires for SUVs of the jeep class, tires from microtrucks. Car and truck tires come up to 1200 mm in outer diameter. Tires larger than 1200 mm are considered as oversized tires and oversized tires. As a rule, standard tire recycling lines can process tires up to 1200 mm in outer diameter, and additional equipment is required for the processing of LGR. The average weight of a passenger car tire is about 4 kg. The average weight of a truck tire is 50 kg. The weight of the KGSh starts from 70 kg and reaches 2 tons. The weight of the SKGSh reaches 4 and even 5 tons!
2. By type of cord construction tires are radial And diagonal . For the processor, such an aspect as the material from which the cord is made (is it metal or textile) is important.
Radial tires are available for both trucks and cars. Bias tires mainly freight and CGSH.
Truck tires with radial design cords can be of several types:
- Automobile footwear with an all-metal cord type (TsMK). These are imported models of truck tires, as well as expensive domestic tire models, the release of which has been established relatively recently;
- Tires with a mixed type of cord (rubber + textile + metal). These are truck tires of domestic manufacturers. They are distinguished by a high content of textiles in the composition. These are put on cars like MAZ, Kamaz, etc. Tires are characterized by the complexity of their processing due to the need for multi-stage destruction and separation from textiles and metal. Radial tires can be identified by the Radial label or by the size marking: 10.00 R20. The "R" icon just indicates that the tire is radial.
Bias tires do not contain metal. They are characterized by the highest level of textile content. These are tires from trailers for tractors, tractor tires, tires from all-terrain vehicles such as GAZ 66, ZIL 131. Often these tires have a directional mud herringbone tread pattern. In Russia and the CIS countries, diagonal tires are quite common due to the fact that such tires are produced by domestic factories. This is due to: a) bad roads and their absence; b) outdated tire production technologies; c) a large amount of cultivated land in the agricultural sector; d) numerous quarries and mines where natural resources are extracted by equipment on the CGSH and SKGSh. You can determine the diagonal tire by the size marking, instead of "R" before the designation of the landing diameter on such tires, the symbol "-" is indicated, for example, it looks like this: 10.00-20
Car tires. They have mainly a mixed type of cord (textile + metal), are characterized by a very low content of textiles. The textile thread is very thin. In the process of mechanical processing, textiles from such tires are practically not noticeable, even if it is not taken away.
It is truck tires of domestic manufacturers with a high content of textiles: radial with a mixed type of cord and diagonal with a textile type of cord determine the main difficulties and features of tire recycling in Russia.
That is why the complete sets of imported equipment for tire recycling cannot cope with the task of recycling tires into commercial crumb rubber in Russia. Such lines need to be upgraded with a powerful textile separation system, as a minimum.
This picture shows a truck tire with 2 types of cord:
- Divide tires by size: passenger; cargo and KGSh more than 1200 mm.
- If a paid acceptance of rubber is organized at a tire recycling facility, then at least 5 disposal costs should be assigned:
- The lowest cost of acceptance for passenger tires, since under the current legislation it is problematic to force ordinary "tire changers" to hand over tires. This is because the tire repair shop has no vehicles on its balance sheet, and the client leaves the scrap tires at his own peril and risk. There are methods and methods used by supervisory authorities that give results. However, all the same, today “tire fitting shops” are the most unscrupulous upon delivery. The return of car tires should be stimulated by a lower price for recycling or their free acceptance. For ease of calculation, we recommend considering the weight of each passenger tire as 4 kg.
- Truck tires, they are mainly rented out by enterprises. These are the most conscientious deliverers of rubber waste thanks to the regulations adopted in recent years. Supervisory authorities severely fine motor transport enterprises for violations of accepted legal norms. They are especially zealously fined if there is an operating legitimate tire recycling enterprise on the territory of the city, where you can hand over the scrap and receive documents for reporting to regulatory organizations. Typically, the cost of recycling such tires is several times higher than for passenger cars. For the convenience of calculating the cost of disposal, we recommend considering the weight of each truck tire as 50 kg.
- Oversized tires (KGSh). Here, the situation is the same as in the second case, but it should be taken into account that for the processing of KGG and SKGG, additional equipment is required to bring KGG to a crushed state for its further processing on standard equipment. Because of this, the cost of disposal of OTRs and OTRs can be higher than for standard tyres. For the convenience of calculating the cost of disposal of the LGR, we recommend that you indicate the average weight for each size of the LGR and SKGGR - there are not so many of them in terms of dimension.
- Tires heavily soiled, burnt, etc. We propose to introduce an additional coefficient on them and multiply the cost of disposal by 2-3 times by class.
- Studded tires. These tires are difficult to recycle. The cost of recycling for such tires should be higher than for other types of tires. - If the equipment is imported, then most likely it will not be able to process the main volumes of tires brought for recycling. It is advisable to recycle passenger car tires with a low content of textiles and truck tires with SMC. These types should be sorted from tires with a high content of textiles: diagonal tires and tires with a mixed type of cord. Over time, there will be a need to modernize the equipment to be able to process tires with a high content of textiles, since the volumes of fabric cord tires will accumulate very quickly on the territory of the enterprise.
- For recycling tiresRussia to acquire equipment capable of processing all types of tires with any type of cord.Pay special attention to the ability of the equipment to process tires with a high content of textiles. Although the composition of metal and textiles in the composition of the entire volume of scrap tires may vary slightly by regions of Russia, this does not change the situation as a whole. In any case, textile inclusions will be quite high.
