Electronic systems in cars. Vehicle electronic systems - to help the driver

There are a huge number of engine control systems and their modifications. To do this, consider the various ECM options that have ever been installed on mass-produced cars.

ECM is an electronic engine management system or, in a simple way, an engine computer. It reads data from the engine sensors and transmits instructions to the executive systems. This is done so that the engine operates in the optimal mode for it and maintains the norms of toxicity and fuel consumption.

Let's review with an example injection cars VAZ. Let's break the ESUD into some groups according to the criteria.

Manufacturer of electronic control system

For VAZ vehicles, engine management systems from Bosch, General Motors and domestic production were used. If you want to replace any part of the injection system, for example manufactured by Bosch, then this will be impossible, because parts are not interchangeable. But domestic fuel injection parts sometimes turn out to be similar to foreign-made parts.

Varieties of controllers

On VAZ cars you can find the following types of controllers:

• January 5 - production Russia;
• M1.5.4 - manufactured by Bosch;
• MP7.0 - manufactured by Bosch;

It seems that there are not many controllers, but in fact everything is more complicated. For example, controller M1.5.4 for a system without a converter is not suitable for a system with a converter. And they are considered non-interchangeable. The MP7.0 controller for the Euro-2 system cannot be installed on a Euro-3 vehicle. Although it is possible to install the MP7.0 controller for the "Evpo-3" system on a car with environmental toxicity standards "Euro-2", but for this you will need to reflash the controller software.

Injection types

According to this parameter, it can be divided into a system of central (single-point) and distributed (multi-point) fuel injection. In system central injection the injector delivers fuel to the intake manifold before the throttle valve. In multiport injection systems, each cylinder has its own injector, which delivers fuel directly in front of the intake valve.

Distributed injection systems are divided into phased and non-phased. In non-phased systems, fuel injection can be carried out either by all injectors at the same time or by pairs of injectors. In phased systems, fuel injection is carried out sequentially by each nozzle.

Toxicity standards

At different times, cars were assembled that met the requirements of exhaust gas toxicity standards from Euro-0 to Euro-4. Cars that comply with Euro-0 standards are produced without converters, gasoline vapor recovery systems, oxygen sensors.

You can distinguish a car in the Euro-3 configuration from a car with the Euro-2 configuration by the presence of a rough road sensor, the appearance of the adsorber, as well as by the number of oxygen sensors in exhaust system engine (in the configuration "Euro-2" it is one, and in the configuration "Euro-3" there are two of them).

Definitions and concepts

Controller- the main component of the electronic COURT. Evaluates information from sensors about the current mode of operation of the engine, performs rather complex calculations and controls actuators.

Mass Air Flow Sensor (DMRV)- converts the value of the mass of air entering the cylinders into an electrical signal.

Speed ​​sensor- converts the value of the vehicle speed into an electrical signal.

oxygen sensor- converts the value of the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gases after the converter into an electrical signal.

Control oxygen sensor- converts the value of the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gases up to the converter into an electrical signal.

Rough road sensor- converts the amount of body vibration into an electrical signal.

Phase sensor- its signal informs the controller that the piston of the first cylinder is at TDC (top dead center) on the compression stroke of the air-fuel mixture.

coolant temperature sensor- converts the temperature of the coolant into an electrical signal.

crankshaft position sensor- converts the angular position of the crankshaft into an electrical signal.

Position sensor throttle valve - converts the value of the throttle opening angle into an electrical signal.

Knock sensor- converts the amount of mechanical noise of the engine into an electrical signal.

ignition module- an element of the ignition system that accumulates energy to ignite the mixture in the engine and provides high voltage on the spark plug electrodes.

Nozzle- an element of the fuel supply system that provides fuel dosing.

Fuel pressure control- an element of the fuel supply system that ensures the constancy of fuel pressure in the supply line.

Adsorber - main element gasoline vapor recovery systems.

fuel pump module- an element of the fuel supply system that provides excess pressure in the fuel line.

Canister purge valve- an element of the gasoline vapor recovery system that controls the adsorber purge process.

Fuel filter- an element of the fuel supply system, a fine filter.

Converter- an element of the engine injection system to reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases. As a result of a chemical reaction with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst, carbon monoxide, CH hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides are converted into nitrogen, water, and also into carbon dioxide.

diagnostic lamp- an element of the on-board diagnostics system, which informs the driver about the presence of a malfunction in the EMS.

Diagnostic connector- an element of the on-board diagnostics system, for connecting diagnostic equipment.

idle speed controller- an element of the idling system that regulates Idling air supply to the engine.

DRIVING SCHOOL "REAL"

Abstract on the topic:

"Electronic driver assistance systems"

Completed by the student

Cholan Ekaterina

Orekhovo-Zuevo, 2015

1. Systems that improve directional stability and vehicle handling

1 Stability control system and its components

1.1 Anti-lock braking system (ABS)

1.2 Traction control

1.3 Brake force distribution system

1.4 Electronic differential lock system

Additional functions of the stability control system

Driver assistance systems

1 Downhill assist

2 Hill start assist

3 Dynamic start assist

4 Function automatic start parking brake

4.1 Stop-and-Go traffic assistant (traffic jam)

4.2 Traction assistant

4.3 Automatic parking

5 Brake listening function

6 Steering correction assistant

7 Adaptive cruise control

8 Front-of-vehicle scanning system

Conclusion

Literature

1. Systems that improve directional stability and vehicle handling

.1 Stability control system and its components

The system of exchange rate stability (another name is the system dynamic stabilization) is designed to maintain the stability and controllability of the vehicle by early detection and elimination of a critical situation. Since 2011, equipping new passenger cars with a stability control system has been mandatory in the USA, Canada, and EU countries.

The system allows you to keep the car within the trajectory set by the driver when various modes movement (acceleration, braking, driving in a straight line, in turns and with free rolling).

Depending on the manufacturer, the following names of the stability control system are distinguished:

· ESP(Electronic Stability Program) on most vehicles in Europe and America;

· ESC(Electronic Stability Control) on Honda cars, Kia, Hyundai;

· DSC(Dynamic Stability Control) on BMW cars, Jaguar, Rover;

· DTSC(Dynamic Stability Traction Control) on Volvo cars;

· VSA(Vehicle Stability Assist) on Honda, Acura;

· VSC(Vehicle Stability Control) on Toyota vehicles;

· VDC(Vehicle Dynamic Control) on Infiniti cars Nissan, Subaru.

The device and principle of operation of the exchange rate stability system are considered on the example of the most common ESP system, which has been produced since 1995.

The device of the exchange rate stability system

The stability control system is a system active safety higher level and includes anti-lock braking system (ABS), brake force distribution (EBD), electronic differential lock (EDS), traction control (ASR).

The course stability system combines input sensors, a control unit and a hydraulic unit as an actuator.

Input sensorsfix specific parameters of the car and convert them into electrical signals. With the help of sensors, the dynamic stabilization system evaluates the actions of the driver and the parameters of the vehicle's movement.

Used in assessing the actions of the driver steering wheel angle sensors, pressure in the brake system, brake light switch. The actual parameters of movement are evaluated by sensors of wheel speed, longitudinal and lateral acceleration, angular velocity of the car, and pressure in the brake system.

The control unit of the ESP system receives signals from sensors and generates control actions on the actuators of controlled active safety systems:

· intake and exhaust valves of the ABS system;

· switching and high pressure valves of the ASR system;

· control lamps of the ESP system, ABS system, brake system.

In its work, the block ESP control interacts with the engine management system and automatic transmission (through the appropriate blocks). In addition to receiving signals from these systems, the control unit generates control actions on the elements of the engine control system and automatic transmission.

For the operation of the dynamic stabilization system, the hydraulic block of the ABS / ASR system with all components is used.

The principle of operation of the stability control system

The determination of the onset of an emergency is carried out by comparing the actions of the driver and the parameters of the movement of the car. In the case when the driver's actions (desired driving parameters) differ from the actual driving parameters of the car, ESP system recognizes the situation as uncontrollable and gets to work.

Stabilization of the movement of the car using the stability control system can be achieved in several ways:

· braking of certain wheels;

· change in engine torque;

· changing the angle of rotation of the front wheels (in the presence of an active steering system);

· by changing the degree of damping of the shock absorbers (in the presence of an adaptive suspension).

During understeer, the ESP system prevents the vehicle from pulling out of the corner by braking the rear inner wheel and changing the engine torque.

During oversteer, the vehicle is prevented from skidding in a corner by braking the front outer wheel and changing the engine torque.

The wheels are braked by turning on the appropriate active safety systems. In this case, the work is cyclical: increasing pressure, holding pressure and depressurizing the brake system.

Changing the engine torque in the ESP system can be done in several ways:

· changing the position of the throttle valve;

· skip fuel injection;

· skipping ignition pulses;

· changing the ignition timing;

· cancellation of gear shifting in automatic transmission;

· redistribution of torque between the axles (in the presence of all-wheel drive).

The system that integrates the stability control system, steering and suspension is called the integrated vehicle dynamics management system.

In case of emergency braking of the car, one or more wheels may be blocked. In this case, the entire margin of wheel adhesion to the road is used in the longitudinal direction. The locked wheel ceases to perceive the lateral forces that hold the car on a given trajectory and slides along the road surface. The car loses control, and the slightest lateral force causes it to skid.

The anti-lock braking system (ABS, ABS, Antilock Brake System) is designed to prevent the wheels from locking during braking and maintain vehicle controllability. The anti-lock braking system improves braking efficiency, reduces the braking distance on dry and wet surfaces, and provides better maneuverability on slippery road, handling during emergency braking. Less and even tire wear can be recorded as an asset of the system.

However, the ABS system is not without drawbacks. On loose surfaces (sand, gravel, snow), the use of an anti-lock braking system increases the braking distance. On such a surface, the shortest braking distance is provided just with the wheels locked. At the same time, a wedge of soil is formed in front of each wheel, which leads to a reduction in the braking distance. In modern ABS designs, this drawback is almost eliminated - the system automatically determines the nature of the surface and implements its own braking algorithm for each.

The anti-lock braking system has been in production since 1978. Over the past period, the system has undergone significant changes. Based on the ABS system, a brake force distribution system is built. Since 1985, the system has been integrated with the traction control system. Since 2004, all vehicles manufactured in Europe have been equipped with anti-lock brakes.

Bosch is the leading manufacturer of anti-lock braking systems. Since 2010, the company has been producing the 9th generation ABS system, which is distinguished by the smallest weight and overall dimensions. Thus, the hydraulic unit of the system weighs only 1.1 kg. ABS system is installed in the regular brake system of the car without changing its design.

The most effective is the anti-lock braking system with individual wheel slip control, the so-called. four channel system. Individual control allows you to get the optimal braking torque on each wheel in accordance with road conditions and, as a result, the minimum braking distance.

The design of the anti-lock braking system includes wheel speed sensors, a pressure sensor in the brake system, a control unit and a hydraulic unit as an actuator. <#"justify">The principle of operation of the anti-lock brake system

The operation of the anti-lock braking system is cyclical. The system cycle includes three phases:

.pressure retention;

.pressure release;

.increase in pressure.

Based on the electrical signals from the speed sensors, the ABS control unit compares the wheel speeds. If there is a danger of blocking one of the wheels, the control unit closes the corresponding inlet valve. The outlet valve is also closed. Pressure is maintained in the wheel brake cylinder circuit. Pressing the brake pedal further does not increase the pressure in the wheel brake cylinder.

If the wheel continues to lock up, the control unit opens the corresponding outlet valve. The intake valve remains closed. The brake fluid is bypassed into the pressure accumulator. There is a release of pressure in the circuit, while the speed of rotation of the wheel increases. If the capacity of the pressure accumulator is insufficient, the ABS control unit activates the return pump. The return pump pumps the brake fluid into the damping chamber, reducing the pressure in the circuit. The driver then feels the pulsation of the brake pedal.

As soon as the angular speed of the wheel exceeds a certain value, the control unit closes the exhaust valve and opens the intake valve. There is an increase in pressure in the circuit of the wheel brake cylinder.

The cycle of operation of the anti-lock brake system is repeated until the braking is completed or the blocking stops. The ABS system is not disabled.

1.1.2 Traction control

The traction control system (another name is the traction control system) is designed to prevent slipping of the drive wheels.

Depending on the manufacturer traction control system has the following trade names:

· ASR(Automatic Slip Regulation, Acceleration Slip Regulation) on Mercedes, Volkswagen, Audi, etc.;

· ASC(Anti-Slip Control) on BMW cars;

· A-TRAC(Active Traction Control) on Toyota vehicles;

· DSA(Dynamic Safety) on Opel vehicles;

· DTC(Dynamic Traction Control) on BMW vehicles;

· ETC(Electronic Traction Control) on range cars Rover;

· ETS (Electronic Traction System) on Mercedes vehicles;

· STC(System Traction Control) on Volv vehicles o;

· TCS(Traction Control System) on Honda vehicles;

· TRC(Traking Control) on Toyota vehicles.

Despite the variety of names, the design and principle of operation of these traction control systems are in many ways similar, therefore, they are considered using the example of one of the most common systems - the ASR system.

The traction control system is based on the design of the anti-lock braking system. The ASR system has two functions: electronic differential lock and engine torque control. <#"justify">The principle of operation of the traction control system

The ASR system prevents wheel slip over the entire vehicle speed range:

.at low speeds movement (from 0 to 80 km / h), the system provides the transmission of torque due to the braking of the drive wheels;

.at speeds above 80 km / h, the forces are regulated by reducing the torque transmitted from the engine.

Based on the signals from the wheel speed sensors, the ABS/ASR control unit determines the following characteristics:

· angular acceleration of the driving wheels;

· vehicle speed (based on the angular velocity of the non-driving wheels);

· the nature of the movement of the car - rectilinear or curvilinear (based on a comparison of the angular velocities of the non-driving wheels);

· the amount of slippage of the driving wheels (based on the difference in the angular velocities of the driving and non-driving wheels).

Depending on the current value performance characteristics brake pressure control or engine torque control.

Brake pressure controlcarried out cyclically. The working cycle has three phases - pressure increase, pressure holding and pressure release. Increase in pressure brake fluid in the circuit provides braking of the drive wheel. This is done by turning on the return pump, closing the changeover valve and opening the high pressure valve. Pressure retention is achieved by shutting off the return pump. The pressure is released at the end of the slip with the intake and switching valves open. If necessary, the cycle of work is repeated.

Engine torque controlcarried out in conjunction with the engine management system. Based on information about the slip of the drive wheels received from the wheel speed sensors and the actual torque value received from the engine control unit, the control unit traction control calculates the required torque. This information transmitted to the control unit of the engine management system and implemented using various actions:

· throttle position changes;

· skipping fuel injections in the injection system;

· skipping ignition pulses or changing the ignition timing in the ignition system;

· canceling gear changes in vehicles with automatic transmission.

When the traction control system is activated, the control lamp on the instrument panel lights up. The system has the ability to turn off.

1.1.3 Brake force distribution system

The brake force distribution system is designed to prevent the rear wheels from locking up by controlling the brake force. rear axle.

A modern car is designed so that the rear axle has less load than the front. Therefore, to maintain vehicle directional stability, the front wheels must lock before the rear wheels.

When the car brakes hard, there is an additional reduction in the load on the rear axle, as the center of gravity shifts forward. And the rear wheels, at the same time, may be blocked.

The brake force distribution system is a software extension of the anti-lock brake system. In other words, the system uses the structural elements of the ABS system in a new quality.

generally accepted trade names systems are:

· EBD, Electronic Brake Force Distribution ;

· EBV, Elektronishe Bremskraftverteilung.

The principle of operation of the brake force distribution system

The operation of the EBD system, as well as the ABS system, is cyclical. The cycle of work includes three phases:

.pressure retention;

.pressure release;

.increase in pressure.

Based on the wheel speed sensors, the ABS control unit compares the braking forces of the front and rear wheels. When the difference between them exceeds a predetermined value, the algorithm of the brake force distribution system is activated.

Based on the difference in the sensor signals, the control unit determines the beginning of the blocking of the rear wheels. He closes intake valves in contours brake cylinders rear wheels. The pressure in the rear wheel circuit is kept at the current level. The front wheel intake valves remain open. The pressure in the circuits of the brake cylinders of the front wheels continues to increase until the blocking of the front wheels begins.

If the rear axle wheels continue to block, the corresponding exhaust valves open and the pressure in the rear wheel brake cylinder circuits decreases.

When the angular velocity of the rear wheels exceeds the set value, the pressure in the circuits increases. The rear wheels are braked.

The work of the brake force distribution system ends with the beginning of the blocking of the front (driving) wheels. At the same time, the ABS system is activated.

1.1.4 Electronic differential lock system

The electronic differential lock (EDS, Elektronische Differenzialsperre) is designed to prevent slipping of the drive wheels when starting the car, accelerating on a slippery road, driving in a straight line and in turns due to the braking of the drive wheels. The system got its name by analogy with the corresponding differential function.

The EDS system is triggered when one of the drive wheels slips. It slows down the sliding wheel, due to which the torque on it increases. Since the drive wheels are connected by a symmetrical differential, on the other wheel (with better grip) the torque also increases.

The system operates in the speed range from 0 to 80 km/h.

The EDS system is based on the anti-lock braking system. Unlike the ABS system, the design of the electronic differential lock provides for the possibility of independently creating pressure in the brake system. To implement this function, a return pump and two solenoid valve(on each of the driving wheels) included in the ABS hydraulic unit. These are a changeover valve and a high pressure valve.

The system is controlled by the appropriate software in the ABS control unit. The electronic differential lock is usually integral part anti-slip system.

The operation of the electronic differential lock is cyclical. The system cycle includes three phases:

.increase in pressure;

.pressure retention;

.pressure release.

Drive wheel slip is determined by comparing the signals from the wheel speed sensors. The control unit then closes the diverter valve and opens the high pressure valve. To create pressure in the circuit of the brake cylinder of the drive wheel, the return pump is turned on. There is an increase in the pressure of the brake fluid in the circuit and the braking of the drive wheel.

When the braking force necessary to prevent slipping is reached, the pressure is held. This is achieved by turning off the return pump.

At the end of the slip, the pressure is released. In this case, the intake and switching valves in the circuit of the brake cylinder of the drive wheel are open.

If necessary, the cycle of the EDS system is repeated. The ETS (Electronic Traction System) from Mercedes has a similar principle of operation.

2. Additional functions of the stability control system

The following additional functions (subsystems) can be implemented in the design of the course stability system: hydraulic brake booster, rollover prevention, collision prevention, road train stabilization, increase in brake efficiency when heated, removal of moisture from brake discs, etc.

All of the listed systems, in general, do not have their own structural elements, but are a software extension of the ESP system.

ROP rollover prevention system(Roll Over Prevention) stabilizes the movement of the car in the event of a rollover threat. Rollover prevention is achieved by reducing lateral acceleration by braking the front wheels and reducing engine torque. Additional pressure in the brake system is generated by an active brake booster.

Collision avoidance system(Braking Guard) can be implemented in a vehicle equipped with adaptive cruise control. The system prevents the danger of a collision by means of visual and audible signals, and in a critical situation by pressurizing the brake system (automatic activation of the return pump).

Train stabilization systemcan be implemented in a car equipped with towing device. The system prevents trailer yaw when the vehicle is moving, which is achieved by braking the wheels or reducing torque.

FBS Hot Brake Improvement System(Fading Brake Support, another name - Over Boost) prevents insufficient adhesion of the brake pads to the brake discs that occurs when heated, by additionally increasing the pressure in the brake actuator.

Brake Disc Moisture Removal Systemactivated at speeds over 50 km/h and the wipers on. The principle of operation of the system is to briefly increase the pressure in the front wheel circuit, due to which the brake pads are pressed against the discs and moisture evaporates.

3. Driver assistance systems

Driver support functions or systems are designed to assist the driver in certain maneuvers or in certain situations. Thus, they increase the driving comfort and safety. Such systems, as a rule, do not interfere with management in critical situations, but are always on and can be turned off if desired.

3.1 Downhill assist

Hill Descent Control, also called HDC (Hill Descent Control), helps the driver when driving on mountain roads. When the car is on an inclined plane, the force of gravity acting on it is decomposed, according to the parallelogram rule, into normal and parallel components.

The latter represents the rolling force acting on the car. If the car is affected own strength traction, then it is added to the rolling force. The rolling force acts on the car constantly, regardless of the speed of the car. As a result, a car rolling down an inclined plane will accelerate all the time, i.e., move faster, the longer it rolls down.

Principle of operation:

Hill Descent Assist is activated when the following conditions are met:

● vehicle speed is less than 20 km/h,

● slope exceeds 20-,

● the engine is running,

● Neither the gas pedal nor the brake pedal is pressed.

If these conditions are met and the information received by the downhill assist about the position of the accelerator pedal, engine speed and wheel speed indicate an increase in vehicle speed, the assistant assumes that the vehicle is rolling downhill and the brakes must be applied. The system starts at a speed that is slightly faster than walking speed.

The speed of the vehicle that the brake assistant must maintain (by braking all wheels) depends on the speed at which the downhill movement was started and the gear selected. In this case, the downhill assist switches on the return pump. The high pressure valves and ABS inlet valves open and the ABS outlet valves and changeover valves close. Brake pressure is built up in the brake cylinders of the wheels and the car slows down. When the vehicle speed has dropped to the desired speed, the hill descent control stops braking the wheels and reduces the pressure in the brake system again. If after that the speed starts to increase (while the accelerator pedal is not pressed), the assistant assumes that the car is still moving downhill. In this way, the vehicle speed is constantly kept within a safe range that can be easily controlled and controlled by the driver.

3.2 Hill start assistant

When the car stops on the rise, i.e. on an inclined plane, the force of gravity acting on it is decomposed (in accordance with the parallelogram rule) into normal and parallel components. The latter is a rolling force, i.e., the force under which the car will begin to roll back if the brake is released. When starting the vehicle after stopping on a hill, its tractive effort must first balance the rolling force. If the driver depresses the accelerator pedal too lightly or releases the brake pedal (or parking brake) too soon, the traction force will be less than the rolling force and the vehicle will begin to roll backwards before moving off. Hill Hold Control (also HHC) is designed to help the driver cope with this situation. The hill start assistant is based on the ESP system. The ESP G419 sensor unit is complemented by a longitudinal acceleration sensor that detects the vehicle's position.

Hill start assist is activated under the following conditions:

The vehicle is stationary (data from wheel speed sensors).

The amount of lift exceeds approx. 5- (sensor block data for ESP G419).

The driver's door is closed (data from the comfort system control unit, depending on the model).

The engine is running (data from the engine control unit).

Foot parking brake engaged (Touareg).

In this case, the hill start assistant always works in the direction of starting up (uphill). Including the HCC function - and reverse uphill starting, the direction of starting is recognized by the gear being engaged reversing. How it works The Hill Start Assist facilitates hill starting without the need for the parking brake. To do this, the start-up assistant slows down the reduction of the brake pressure from the hydr. system. This prevents the vehicle from rolling backwards while the traction force is still insufficient to compensate for the rolling force. Hill start assist can be divided into 4 phases.

Phase I - building up brake pressure

The driver stops or holds the vehicle by depressing the brake pedal.

The brake pedal is pressed. Changeover valve open, high pressure valve closed. The intake valve is open, in the brake cylinder is created required pressure. The outlet valve is closed.

Phase 2 - hold brake pressure

The car is stationary. The driver takes his foot off the brake pedal to move it to the accelerator pedal.

The hill start assistant maintains the brake pressure at the same level for 2 seconds to prevent the vehicle from rolling backwards.

The brake pedal is no longer depressed. The changeover valve closes. Brake pressure is maintained in the wheel circuits. This prevents premature pressure reduction.

Phase 3 - dosed reduction of brake pressure

The car is still stationary. The driver presses the accelerator pedal.

As the driver increases the torque (traction torque) transmitted to the wheels, the traction control reduces the braking torque so that the vehicle does not roll backwards, but is also not braked when starting off again.

The inlet valve is open, the diverter valve opens in a controlled manner and the brake pressure is gradually reduced.

Phase 4 - brake pressure release

The traction torque is sufficient for starting off and then accelerating the vehicle. The hill start assistant reduces the brake pressure to zero. The car is moving.

The changeover valve is fully open. There is no pressure in the brake circuits.

3.3 Dynamic traction help

The DAA dynamic traction assistant (Dynamischer AnfahrAssistent) is also designed for vehicles with an electromechanical parking brake. The dynamic assistant DAA simplifies starting off with the electric parking brake on and starting off on an incline.

Necessary requirements for the implementation of this assistant: the presence of an ESP system and an electromechanical parking brake. The function of this assistant itself is a software extension for the electromechanical brake control unit. When the driver wants to set in motion a car standing on an electric / mech. parking brake, it is not necessary for him to turn off the electric / fur. parking brake key off el / mech. parking brake.

The dynamic starting assistant will automatically turn off the electric / fur. parking brake if the following conditions are met:

● The intention of the driver to start pulling off must be expressed.

When the vehicle is stopped, for example at a traffic light, applying the parking brake eliminates the need to keep the brake pedal depressed all the time. After depressing the accelerator pedal, the parking brake is automatically released and the vehicle can start moving. Starting off with the parking brake applied.

Starting on the rise

Principle of operation

The car is stationary. The electromechanical parking brake is on. The driver decides to move off, engages 1st gear and presses the accelerator pedal. The dynamic traction control checks all relevant data for determining when the parking brake is released:

● tilt angle (Determined by the longitudinal acceleration sensor.),

● engine torque,

● position of the accelerator pedal,

● clutch pedal position (On vehicles with a manual gearbox, the signal from the clutch pedal position sensor is used. On vehicles with an automatic gearbox, the current value of the engaged gear is requested instead of the clutch pedal position.),

● desired direction of travel (On vehicles with automatic transmission, it is set according to the selected direction of travel; on vehicles with manual gearbox, it is set according to the signal from the reversing light switch.)

Based on these data, the control unit el / mech. parking brake calculates the amount of rolling force applied to the vehicle and the optimum moment to release the electric parking brake so that the vehicle can start without rolling backwards. When the traction moment of the vehicle becomes greater than the value of the rolling force calculated by the control unit, the control unit sends a control signal to both rear wheel brake actuators. The parking brake acting on the rear wheels is released electromechanically. The car moves off without rolling back. The dynamic traction assistant performs its functions without applying the hydraulic brakes, it just uses the information provided by the ESP system sensors.

3.4 Automatic parking brake function

The AUTO HOLD function is designed to work in vehicles that have an electromechanical parking brake instead of a mechanical one. AUTO HOLD automatically holds a stopped car in place, regardless of how it stopped moving, and helps the driver to carry out the subsequent start (forward or backward). AUTO HOLD combines the following driver support functions:

.4.1 Stop-and-Go traffic assistant (traffic jam)

When the vehicle comes to a stop on its own after a slow rollout, Stop-and-Go Assist automatically applies the brakes to hold it in that position. This makes it especially easy for the driver to control when driving in a traffic jam, since he no longer has to press the brake pedal just to hold the stopped car in place.

.4.2 Starting assistant

Automation of the process of stopping and starting off makes it easier for the driver to control when starting off on an incline. When starting off, the assistant releases the brakes at the right time. Unwanted rolling back does not occur.

3.4.3 Automatic parking

When the vehicle is stopped and the AUTO HOLD function is on, when the driver's door is opened or the driver's seat belt buckle is released or the ignition is turned off, the AUTO HOLD function automatically applies the parking brake.

The AUTO HOLD function is also a software extension of the ESP system and requires the presence of an ESP system and an electromechanical parking brake for its implementation.

To enable the AUTO HOLD function, the following conditions must be met:

● The driver's door must be closed.

● The driver's seat belt must be fastened.

● The engine must be running.

● To enable the AUTO HOLD function, you must press the AUTO HOLD key.

The activation of the AUTO HOLD function is indicated by the lighting of the control lamp in the key.

If one of the conditions fails, the AUTO HOLD function is disabled. After each new switching on of the ignition, the AUTO HOLD function must be reactivated by pressing the button.

Principle of operation

The AUTO HOLD function is enabled. Based on the wheel speed signals and the brake light switch, AUTO HOLD recognizes that the vehicle is stationary and that the brake pedal is depressed. The brake pressure created by it is "frozen" by closing the valves of the hydraulic unit, the driver no longer has to keep the pedal depressed. That is, when the AUTO HOLD function is on, the vehicle is first held stationary by the four-wheel hydraulic brakes. If the driver does not press the brake pedal and the vehicle, after it has already been recognized as a stationary state, starts moving again, the ESP system is activated. It independently (actively) creates brake pressure in the wheel circuits, so that the car stops moving. The pressure required for this is calculated and set, depending on the road inclination, by the ABS/ESP control unit. To build up pressure, the function turns on the return pump and opens the high-pressure and ABS inlet valves, the outlet and changeover valves are closed or resp. remain closed.

When the driver depresses the accelerator pedal to drive off, the ABS outlet valves open and the return pump pumps brake fluid through the open shift valves towards the reservoir. This takes into account the inclination of the vehicle and the road in one direction or another in order to prevent the vehicle from rolling.

After 3 minutes of vehicle immobility, the braking function switches from hydraulic system ESP to electromechanical brake.

In this case, the ABS control unit informs the control unit el / mech. brakes the value of the required braking torque calculated by him. Both parking brake actuators (rear wheels) are controlled by the electro-mechanical brake control unit. The car is braked using hydraulic ESP mechanisms

The vehicle is braked with an electromechanical parking brake. The braking function is transferred to an electromechanical brake. The hydraulic brake pressure is automatically reduced. To do this, the ABS outlet valves are reopened and the return pump pumps the brake fluid through the open change-over valves in the direction of the compensation reservoir. This prevents overheating of the hydraulic unit valves.

3.5 BSW brake drying system

The BSW brake drying system (short for the former German name Bremsscheibenwischer) was also sometimes referred to as Rain Brake Support (RBS).

In rainy weather, a thin film of water may form on the brake discs. This leads to some delay in the occurrence of the braking torque, since brake pads first they slide on this film until the water evaporates as a result of heating of the brake parts or is “erased” by the pads from the surface of the disc. Only after that brake mechanism develops its full braking torque. When braking in a critical situation, every fraction of a second of delay makes a huge difference. Therefore, to prevent this delay in the application of the brakes in wet weather, a brake drying system was developed. The BSW brake drying system ensures that the front brake discs are always dry and clean. This is achieved by light and short-term pressing of the brake pads to the discs. In this way, the full braking torque is achieved without delay if necessary and the braking distance is shortened. A prerequisite for the implementation of the BSW brake drying system on a vehicle is the presence of an ESP system on it.

Conditions for switching on the BSW brake drying system:

the vehicle is moving at a speed of at least 70 km/h

● the windshield wiper is on.

If these conditions are met, then during the operation of the wiper in a constant or interval mode, the front brake pads are brought to brake discs. The braking pressure does not exceed 2 bar. When you turn on the wiper once, the pads are brought to the discs also once. Such light pressing of the linings, as they are carried out by the BSW system, is invisible to the driver.

Principle of operation

The ABS/ESP control unit receives via the bus CAN data message that the speed signal corresponds to > 70km/h. Next, the system requires a signal to operate the wiper motor. According to it, the BSW system concludes that it is raining and a water film may form on the brake discs, leading to slower brake response. The BSW system then initiates a braking cycle. A control signal is applied to the filling valves of the front brake cylinders. The return pump is switched on and generates a pressure of approx. 2 bar and holds it for approx. x wheel revolutions. During this entire cycle, the system constantly monitors the brake pressure. If the brake pressure exceeds a certain value stored in the system's memory, it immediately reduces the pressure in order to prevent any noticeable braking effect. When the driver presses the brake pedal, the cycle is interrupted and after the pressing is completed, it starts again.

3.6 Steering correction assistant

The steering correction assistant, also called DSR (from the English. Driver-Steering Recommandation, lit. “recommendation to the driver for steering”), is additional function ESP for safe driving. This function makes it easier for the driver to stabilize the vehicle in critical situations (e.g. when braking on pavement with uneven grip or with a sharp lateral maneuver).

Consider the work of the steering correction assistant using the example of a specific traffic situation: the car slows down on the road, the right edge of which is potholes, repaired by filling them with gravel. Because of different grip there will be a turning moment on the right and left sides when braking, which should be compensated by turning the steering wheel in the opposite direction in order to stabilize the car on course.

On a vehicle without a steering assistant, the moment, nature and amount of steering wheel turn are determined only by the driver himself. Inexperienced driver it is easy to make a mistake, eg. adjust the steering wheel too much every time, which can lead to dangerous swaying of the car and loss of stability.

On a car with a steering correction assistant, power steering creates forces on the steering wheel that “tell” the driver when, where and how much to turn it. As a result, the braking distance is reduced, the deviation from the trajectory of movement is reduced and the vehicle's directional stability is increased.

The condition for the implementation of the function is:

● availability of ESP system

● electric power steering.

Principle of operation

On the example of the traffic situation discussed above, the difference in the brake pressures of the front right and left wheels in the ABS operation mode will be recorded. Further, further data will be collected using traction control systems. The assistant calculates, based on this data, what torque must be applied to steering wheel to help the driver make the necessary correction. In this way, intervention in the control of the ESP system is weakened or completely prevented.

According to this data, the ABS/ESP control unit tells the power steering control unit which control signal to apply to the electromechanical power steering motor. The requested supporting torque of the electromechanical booster makes it easier for the driver to turn the steering wheel in the desired direction to stabilize the vehicle. Rotation in the wrong direction is not facilitated and therefore requires more effort from the driver. The support torque is generated for as long as the ABS/ESP control unit requires to stabilize the vehicle and shorten the braking distance. Pilot lamp ESP does not light up, this only happens when the ESP system interferes with driving. Steering correction assistant is activated before ESP intervenes. The steering correction assistant therefore does not actively apply the hydraulic brake system, but simply uses the sensors of the ESP system to obtain the necessary data. The actual work of the steering correction assistant is carried out through communication with the electromechanical power steering.

3.7 Adaptive cruise control

Studies show that maintaining the correct distance on long journeys requires a lot of effort from the driver and leads to fatigue. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) is a driver assistance system that enhances driving comfort. It unloads the driver and thereby contributes to increased traffic safety. Adaptive cruise control is a further development of the conventional cruise control system (GRA, from German Geschwindigkeitsregelanlage).

Just like conventional GRA cruise control, adaptive Cruise control maintains the speed of the car at the level set by the driver. But adaptive cruise control can also ensure that the minimum distance set by the driver to the vehicle ahead is maintained. If necessary, adaptive cruise control reduces the speed to the speed of the vehicle ahead. The adaptive cruise control control unit determines the speed of the vehicle ahead and the distance to it. In this case, the system considers only objects (cars) moving in the same direction.

If the distance becomes less than the value set by the driver because the vehicle in front slows down or the slow vehicle moves from the adjacent lane, the vehicle slows down so that the set distance is maintained. Such a slowdown can be achieved due to recoil resp. commands to the engine control system. If deceleration by reducing engine power is insufficient, the braking system is activated. Deceleration Acceleration The Touareg's adaptive cruise control can bring the car to a complete stop if required. traffic situation. The required brake application is achieved by a hydraulic unit with a return pump. The changeover valve in the hydraulic block closes and the high pressure valve opens. A control signal is applied to the return pump and the pump starts to work. This creates brake pressure in the wheel circuits.

3.8 Front Assist

Assist is a driver assistance system with a warning function to prevent a collision with the vehicle ahead. Stopping distance reduction systems AWV1 and AWV2 (from German. Anhaltewegverkürzung, letters. - reduction of stopping distance) are constituent parts front assist systems. If the distance to the vehicle ahead is dangerously short, Front Assist reacts in two stages, the so-called pre-warning and main warning.

Advance warning.In the event of a pre-warning, a warning symbol is first displayed in the instrument cluster (in addition, an acoustic signal can be heard). At the same time, the brake system is pre-pressurized (Prefill) and the hydraulic brake assistant (HBA) switches to “high sensitivity” mode.

Major warning.If the driver does not react, the system warns him with a short push. At the same time, the brake assistant switches to "maximum sensitivity" mode.

Stopping distance reduction is not activated at speeds below 30 km/h.

brake directional stability parking

Conclusion

All traction control systems have evolved from anti-lock braking system (ABS), which is a brake-only braking system. The EBV, EDS, CBC, ABSplus and GMB systems are extensions of the ABS system, either at the software level or by adding additional components.

The ASR system is a further development of the ABS system, in addition to active management brakes, it also allows you to control the operation of the engine. Braking systems that rely solely on engine control include M-ABS and MSR. If your vehicle is equipped with a course control system stability ESP, then the operation of all traction control systems obeys it.

When the ESP function is turned off, the traction control systems continue to operate independently. The ESP stability control system independently makes adjustments to the dynamics of the car when the electronics detects a deviation in the actual movement of the car from the desired by the driver. In other words, the ESP electronic system decides when, depending on the specific driving conditions, it is necessary to activate or, on the contrary, disable one or another traction control system. ESP thus performs the function of a coordinating and controlling center in relation to other systems.

Literature

1.

Not so long ago, the main, and often the only electronic system on board the car was the system electronic ignition. But times are changing, and the automotive industry, moving with leaps and bounds into the future, fills with enviable zeal " iron horses"everything big and big amount electronic assistants. ABS, ASR, CDC, EBC, HBA... from one variety of English-language abbreviations it becomes scary (besides, different manufacturers call the same systems differently). Apparently, the time is approaching when the car, as if descended from the screen of the film "The Fifth Element", will not only fly over the roadway and give advice to the driver in a pleasant female voice, but will generally take over the control process. If you, dear readers of the portal, do not want the bright automated future to meet you with frightening abbreviations, then read the article below.

Control comfort

Recently, all leading automakers have been paying close attention to comfort and safety in driving a car, and more and more electronic systems are being created precisely in order to make the process of driving a real rest and pleasure.

The most famous and widespread electronic system that helps motorists is, of course, ABS. ABS is an anti-lock braking system that prevents the wheels from locking up and prevents skidding when braking. When a blockage threatens, ABS reduces the pressure in the brake cylinders of the respective wheels until they begin to rotate, providing the most effective deceleration. ABS is useful to the driver in order to maintain controllability of the car in critical situations. (used in cars such as: Citroen C4, Land Rover New range rover). The next most popular system is EBD- electronic distribution of brake forces. It takes into account the distribution of the dynamic load between the wheels during braking and redistributes the braking forces between the respective wheels accordingly. Recently, these two systems have been combined into one. (For example used on: Citroen C4, Hyundai Grandeur).

Also a very common system is parking sensors(in our time it can be found even on the Oka). Many people experience problems with parking a car, and this wonderful system, as you probably already guessed, helps the driver to park the car in the most “painless” way. There are two types of parking sensors: passive (when the car approaches an obstacle from behind or in front, an audible or visual signal is turned on to warn the driver) and active (when the car approaches an obstacle, the car automatically stops. (For example, used on: Land Rover Range Rover).

Many traffic police officers declared the day of the invention of this system their professional day of mourning. Guess what I'm talking about? ABOUT cruise control. Cruise control or gra, maintains a constant set speed car, preventing the driver from accidentally reaching a higher speed than necessary (and getting a well-deserved fine in this case). In addition to this, there is also adaptive cruise control or ACC. It differs from conventional cruise control in that the ACC includes an automatic distance control system that maintains a constant predetermined time distance to the vehicle in front. (For example used on: Jaguar X-Type, Hyundai Grandeur).

Another electronic assistant - system ASR. It is a traction control system that prevents wheel spin by reducing engine torque when abrupt start or when hitting a slippery or loose section of the road, providing efficient acceleration.

Also often used EDS- Electronic differential lock. It has an inhibitory effect on the driving wheel preventing it from slipping on the road with slippery areas to increase traction.

It has been noticed that some drivers, in a situation where emergency braking is necessary, get lost and do not press the brake pedal enough. It is for such motorists that ingenious manufacturers have come up with - HBA- hydraulic "assistant" braking. The HBA recognizes this braking attempt and independently applies effective braking. (For example used on: Jaguar X-Type).

Quite often, in the conditions of Russian roads, we have to slow down the engine, but this is not so simple and not everyone can do it right. To make it easier for drivers, auto manufacturers have come up with a system MSR. MSR is a controlled engine braking system. Prevents the drive wheels from locking up during engine braking, such as when the accelerator pedal is abruptly released (or in the event of downshift braking) or when engine braking in difficult conditions. road conditions.

I think everyone somehow got into a situation where, when the front wheels were blown off on a turn, the front of the car slides to the edge of the road (or the rear wheels slip with a turn when skidding). In order to get out of this situation with honor, ingenious engineers came up with a system ESP- a system for maintaining exchange rate stability. The system's sensors read the vehicle's drift or skid information and actuate the respective left or right front (when skidding) or rear (when skidding) brake system. At the same time, I strongly recommend not to forget about the laws of physics. (For example used on: Citroen C4).

The next electronic system necessary for the implementation of comfortable and safe management car, is automatic brake drying. As you probably already guessed, it is effective during the rain. Special sensors signal that the car is in wet conditions and the brake pads are periodically pressed against the brake discs for a short period of time, drying the brakes with little effort. This ensures that the brakes are always ready for efficient operation when braking is required.

Less commonly used system CDC- it's independent air suspension all wheels with automatically adjustable ground clearance depending on the speed and road conditions. Provides high smoothness of the course under any road conditions of the movement.

There is an opinion that due to the spread of all these technological amenities, the driver’s skill to get out of difficult situations on the road is declining, but as a blonde, it seems to me that driving comfort is an important factor when choosing an iron satellite on the road.

Comfort inside the cabin

Personally, as a woman, what interests me most in cars is their level of comfort in the cabin. Like any owner of long legs, I appreciate the amount of usable space inside the car, and like any owner of complex hair styling, I respect the presence of climate control in the car (and not an open window as an alternative to it). So, dear men, if the comfort of your other half is not the last thing for you, then pay attention to the systems described below, and for yourself, I think their presence will be no less pleasant.

The first and in my opinion the most important system is Climate control - programmable automatic system for maintaining the set climate parameters in the cabin. Whatever you say, in our changing climate, such a system will never be superfluous. There are even more advanced climate control systems - air conditioners, with the ability to maintain individual temperature in 2-4 zones of the cabin, respectively. The special construction of the system ensures the complete absence of drafts. (For example used on: Toyota RAV4, Citroen C4, KIA Cerato).

Very convenient, in the conditions of the Russian winter, the system is heater. This is a heater that works regardless of the ventilation or heating system of the car, and can be used both when the car is moving and when parking.

Next system - Easy Entry greatly facilitates the process of embarkation and disembarkation of passengers. This system automatically retracts the seat when the door is opened. And in the two-door car, the seats that slide forward make it easier for rear passengers to get in. There is still its analogue, which provides a comfortable fit for the driver. A special system automatically remembers the position of the steering wheel and seat that is convenient for you, moves them away if you leave the cabin and returns to their previous position when you return (For example, used on: Toyota RAV4, Volvo XC90). There is also an option due to which the head restraint in the event of an accident maintains the tilt of the head of the driver or passenger, thereby protecting the neck from fractures.

If the ability to always stay in touch is a necessary condition for your life, then especially for you, the developers of internal autotuning have invented a unique option - device speakerphone with Bluetooth interface constantly in full working readiness. Simple and ingenious: the driver's mobile phone is connected to the electronics onboard network wireless and can stay in your pocket. The functions of the mobile phone are taken over by the permanently installed car phone, which uses data from the SIM card of the mobile phone. To do this, the mobile phone must be able to access the SIM card via the Bluetooth interface. (For example used on: Land Rover Range Rover).

Next system - GPS- global positioning system. Once a military development, which has found application for peaceful purposes. A satellite system that allows you to determine the position of an object on the ground with an accuracy of 5-10 meters. That will not allow you to get lost either in the city or outside it.

Also a successful development of automakers are rain sensors - special device controlling the weather outside the car and in the event of rain (wind window pollution) automatically setting the wipers to work. (For example, used on: Hyundai Grandeur, Renault Megane) .They work on the same principle light sensors- automatically turning on the headlights at dusk (at the entrance to the tunnel). (For example, used on: Hyundai Grandeur, Land Rover Range Rover).

An advantageous advantage when shopping or traveling will be provided by a luggage compartment lid that opens radio key, saving you from having to free your hands from bags and luggage. (Land Rover New Range Rover). Also, thanks to the emergence of such a device as electrohatch, the driver no longer has to manually open the sunroof of the vehicle. Opening and closing of the electrohatch is carried out by means of the rotary switch. (For example used on: Hyundai Grandeur). And for those who do not like to use the ignition key, there is an option: Keyless entry. Starter button located in convenient location Starts and stops the engine at the push of a button.

In order to facilitate the process of managing all these technical amenities, ingenious car builders came up with the idea of ​​placing on multifunctional steeringwheel keys designed to control various devices and vehicle systems. (For example, used on: Toyota RAV4).

All of these systems are designed to make it easier for you to drive a car and increase its comfort and safety. However, this is not all existing electronic systems. In only one single limousine, the number of electronic and electrical devices has long exceeded a hundred, and apparently this is not the limit. And what can not please all these ingenious options that make life easier for a motorist can now be found not only in a limousine worth fabulous money, but also in VAZ cars sold for reasonable money. Not so long ago, AvtoVAZ pleased fans of its cars by installing electric power steering, ABS and other joys on the Kalina.

» Car electronic systems - to help the driver

Auxiliary electronic systems are designed to create conditions conducive to improved driving. Many different electronic systems have been developed that operate in conjunction with vehicle components, which can be classified:

• Auxiliary systems working in conjunction with the mechanisms of the brake circuit:
  - auto blocking
  - extreme braking.
• Observance of exchange rate stability.
• Maintain distance between vehicles.
• Support for rebuilding cars when driving with a change of lanes of the highway.
• Parking using ultrasonic signals.
• Using the rear view camera.
• bluetooth.
• Cruise control

Anti-lock braking system

ABS () - specifically to improve the efficiency of the brakes under various road weather conditions.

It reads the speed of rotation of each wheel and, under heavy braking, prevents blocking and slipping, thereby leaving the ability to steer and maneuver the vehicle to a complete stop.

It includes:

• electronic control unit;
• mechanism - modulator for adjusting the pressure of the working (brake) fluid, (ABS block);
• showing the angular speed of rotation of the wheels.

Extreme braking system

Designed for emergency braking in conditions requiring an immediate stop of the car. And it helps the driver to press the brake pedal, when calculating the inefficiency of braking.

Consists of blocks:

• a hydraulic module assembled with an ABS unit and a brake fluid return pump;
• a sensor showing the pressure in the hydraulic circuit;
• a sensor that records the speed of rotation of the wheels;
• devices for switching off the signal transmitted to the extreme braking amplifier.

vehicle stability control

Allows you to stabilize the transverse dynamics of the car, prevents the vehicle from skidding. Works in conjunction with ABS and engine management system.

It includes:

• electronic block controller;
• a sensor showing the position of the steering wheel;
• pressure sensor in the brake system.

Exchange rate stability proved to be high efficiency on icy roads, helping the driver in difficult situations

Distance control system between moving vehicles

SARD is an electronic system for maintaining the required, predetermined distance between cars, operating in automatic mode. The effectiveness of the SARD is possible at speeds up to 180 km / h and works in conjunction with the speed control system, allowing the driver to drive the car in more comfortable conditions.

Lane change assist system

Designed to control the environment when maneuvering on the track. It allows using radar to control the dead zone around the car and warns the driver about the occurrence of obstacles while driving, prevents traffic accidents.

Electronic car parking system

Designed to ensure the safety of maneuvers when parking a car. The electronic system consists of several ultrasonic sensors that transmit information to the driver about possible obstacles using special sound and visual signals. Signal sensors operate in the mode of receiving and transmitting a signal and allow you to use them with the greatest efficiency.

Rear View Camera

Designed to transmit visual images behind the car. The combined use of sound sensors and a rear view camera prevents collision situations with obstacles behind the vehicle during maneuvers.

Auxiliary Bluetooth system

Bluetooth - provides mobile communication for various devices installed on the vehicle:

• telephone;
• laptop.

Helps the driver to be less distracted from the road. Ensuring safety and comfort when driving a car.

Consists of blocks:

• electronic transceiver unit;
• antennas.

Cruise control

Helps the driver by increasing driving comfort.

Maintains a given vehicle speed, regardless of the terrain, on the slopes and ascents of the road. It has control with the addition of speed and speed limit, there is also a memorization of the set limit. It turns off when you press the brake or clutch pedal, it also has its own switch. When the accelerator pedal is pressed, the vehicle accelerates, when released, it returns to its speed limit.

The user has the opportunity to significantly simplify and automate the use of vehicle systems, taking into account autonomous control.

Electronic diagnostics of vehicle systems is carried out during each maintenance official dealer. A paper is issued on the presence of malfunctions with a printout of error codes. However, there is a slight difference between installed equipment and regular. For standard equipment, the dealer is obliged to provide repairs and its diagnostics, but for installed equipment, it may refuse you, especially if the equipment was installed in garage conditions with the introduction into the wiring and changing the algorithms of work. In such situations, if the car is under warranty, then you can lose warranty service. Be careful when installing additional equipment!

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It seems that humanity has long entered the world of electronic technology. The Silicon Age began with a very rapid development and it seems that nothing can stop this run of modernity. All electronic gadgets are extremely firmly established in the life of a modern person and give imaginary complete control in many situations in life. Why imaginary? Well, let's see. We will try to answer your questions.

Electronic assistants in cars.

Many motorists buying modern car, especially when before that they drove cars more than low class, or old cars that did not have similar systems, face the same problem, they all have one interesting feature. They overly trust the car, entrusting their safety and control of the car to its systems, mistakenly believing that the devices installed on them can prevent serious accident and you can totally rely on them.

This approach leads to the fact that drivers begin to neglect safety rules, exceed the speed limit, use their Cell phones right behind the wheel, without thinking about the consequences and possible problems.

Car owners believe that the car will not only protect them in an accident, but may well prevent it. This is a big misconception. Modern electronic technology, although they are developing by leaps and bounds, they have not yet reached the capacities and functionality of the human brain. Simply put, the most advanced computer of all is the human brain, and nothing better exists now. So, you should trust yourself, your experience, intuition, reaction, not be distracted and be extremely careful while driving any car. No electronic system can fulfill your duties now. And it will not be able, most likely, in the next few years, that's for sure.

As the companies promise, they will launch their autonomous cars into production and for some time after that it will be possible to see serial models of cars moving on public roads without the need for the driver to intervene in the control process. But again, at least five more years should pass before this. In the meantime ... For now, no matter how high-tech the machines seem, completely, 100%, you should not trust them.

Not so long ago, a person behind the wheel had to solve many problems at once, every second. But slowly, with the advent of first purely mechanical, then electrical, and in the last few decades of electronic systems, it seems that all this is a thing of the past, now the car independently monitors safety, by no means.

These electronic assistants are fraught with one, but very serious problem. It's no secret that technology sometimes does not work perfectly. Simply put, she has glitches. Even if the manufacturer has installed very powerful computers with extremely sensitive reliable sensors, an unexpected failure can still occur, especially in cases where data is received from external sensors, which may be damaged or misinterpret the external environment.

Plus, such technologies came to the market not so long ago. This means that automakers are now going through a phase of trial and error. That is, no matter how seriously they approach the safety of their cars, an unknown miscalculation can “emerge” in a year, two, or even more, during the operation of the car. But since there is only one life and there may not be a second chance to get out of a critical situation, we ourselves need to be extremely careful and not blindly trust seemingly ideal and super-intelligent technologies.

Of course, some cars also have a collision avoidance system in addition to this, which will first warn the driver of impending danger, and in extreme cases will apply automatic braking if the driver does not respond in time, but given the analyzed situation, the accident can hardly be avoided.

And we do not even mention the garbage and dirt, which can easily block normal work sensors system.

Lane Keeping Assist

This one uses cameras to "see" the lanes and keep your car in one of the lanes. Theoretically, this system can be completely autonomous, but just like in the case described above, not everything is so rosy.

Again, if you are too confident in the effectiveness of this system, then believe me, most likely, in the next tens of kilometers it will be able to send you into a ditch or into a passing car.

This security system relies solely on one thing: white and yellow lines on the pavement. In order for her to do her job well, she needs to see them, and where the lines are erased and not visible, then there will be no sense from this system. So don't dig into your phone when you turn on "Lane Keeping Assist" be vigilant and keep an eye on the situation on the road.

This type of assistant is really effective only in an ideal environment where the lanes are marked correctly or additional sensors are built into the asphalt, by which your car will “see” its direction, even if the road is covered with snow.

Blind Spot Monitoring

This device uses sensors or cameras mounted under each of the outside rear-view mirrors to continuously scan the "blind spot". On many vehicles, this annoying "blind spot" effect prevents you from being completely safe when changing lanes.

The operation algorithm is extremely simple - if there is a car nearby in the "blind zone", then the triggered sensor will notify you of this by lit up with a pictogram on the corresponding mirror. But, as in previous times, there are exceptions. There are situations on the road in which the sensors cannot work correctly.

Suppose a car moves quickly behind you, and then, at the last moment, abruptly changes into an adjacent lane. In such a situation, the sensors may not show the presence of an alien vehicle in the blind zone if you want to change lanes.

Moreover, some systems have not yet learned how to detect motorcyclists and cyclists on the street. Two types of vehicles that very suddenly sneak up on the sides of your car in city traffic.

Of course, we are not saying that these devices are absolutely useless, but it is worth paying attention and monitoring your surroundings, even if the icon does not light up. You never know where you will find, where you will lose ...

On expensive cars there is an Active Blind Spot Monitoring system that brings the car back into its lane if it detects movement in the "blind spot". But then again, even this system is not 100% able to get rid of problems. After all, it is tied to the Blind Spot Monitoring sensors.

Pedestrian Detection (Pedestrian detection system)

Usually correlated with the collision avoidance system. Cameras and/or sensors located on the vehicle continuously monitor the road in front of the vehicle and the pavement. In case those facing pedestrian crossing they suddenly enter the road and the driver does not have time to react in time, the brakes automatically work and the car freezes as if rooted to the spot, without causing harm to people.

But this is ideal. What if a child runs out onto the road, from behind a car where the system will not see him, or even some hurrying adult risks running across the road, what will happen then? You can be almost 100% sure that a car will hit a person, the only question is at what speed.

Although the system will react faster than a simple driver, physics cannot be deceived, no one will cancel the braking distance. Hence the conclusion, does not violate the rules, do not exceed the speed, only in this case this electronic assistant can make your car safer for pedestrians.

Remember, you can only rely on yourself in this life, especially when you are driving!