Every car enthusiast should certainly know at least the basics of what a car consists of and how it works. This is the only way to become a good driver and understand the principle of why the car drives and is controlled in a certain way, which can cause some elements to fail or start to work incorrectly.
The basic device of modern cars
For the first time, a car equipped with a gasoline-powered engine was patented in the distant 1885. And since then, modern models have been produced from almost the same basic components as then. Key elements are as follows:
- Body;
- Engine;
- Chassis;
- Electrical equipment.
Knowing the basic structure of the car, as well as the specifics of the functioning of components and assemblies, you can significantly reduce the cost of service and repair. Such knowledge and understanding in practice will give a lot to the driver.
Engine
The engine, or power unit, acts as the heart of the machine - it is the basis for obtaining energy of a mechanical nature. It drives the whole heavy mechanism. If the car does not "pull", then the reasons, first of all, you need to look for problems in the engine.
Internal combustion engines (i.e. internal combustion engines) have become the most widespread. But lately, electric or hybrid cars have received no less active distribution.
Body
The body comes with a frame or frameless structural system. Most often, in modern models, the nodes are fastened to the body itself (which is the carrier), that is, there is no frame. Why is such a solution good? The weight of the machine is reduced to a minimum.
Chassis
Structurally, the chassis is a whole complex of mechanisms, the key tasks of which are the transmission of torque to the drive wheels (hereinafter referred to as KM) from the engine to ensure movement, as well as the implementation of vehicle control. The group of mechanisms includes the following elements:
Transmission
The main purpose in transferring the KM to the drive wheels, in order to change the KM in direction, as well as in size, for a two-axle car, most often consists of a clutch, a gearbox, gears (cardan and main), a half shaft and an additional differential.
Running system
Key components are represented by a frame or, in the second case, a monocoque body, axles (front and rear), springs and shock absorbers (suspension), tires and wheels.
control mechanism
It is formed from the steering and braking systems (disc brakes plus drum brake), is responsible for steering, changing speed, holding in place and stopping at the right time.
Pendants come in various shapes and types. This is a very important element that designers and engineers work hard on to give the car the best performance.
electrical equipment
In addition to these mechanisms, all cars have electrical equipment that provides the necessary current supply to various automotive systems. With its help, the engine starts and starts to work, the interior is heated, and it becomes possible to move in the dark.
The electrical system of a car is complex and multi-component, it works both when the engine is running and when the engine is not running.
For example, from the battery, they function seamlessly:
- brake lights,
- car radio other multimedia systems,
- acoustics and lighting system (in the cabin, under the hood, in the trunk, outside), etc.
Also, due to electrical equipment, safety for the car from theft is achieved (anti-theft alarm).
| You can ask your questions on the topic of the presented article by leaving your comment at the bottom of the page. You will be answered by the Deputy General Director of the Mustang Driving School for Academic Affairs Higher school teacher, candidate of technical sciences Kuznetsov Yury Alexandrovich |
Part 1. ENGINE AND ITS MECHANISMS
The engine is a source of mechanical energy.
The vast majority of vehicles use an internal combustion engine.
An internal combustion engine is a device in which the chemical energy of a fuel is converted into useful mechanical work.
Automotive internal combustion engines are classified:
By type of fuel used:
Light liquid (gas, gasoline),
Heavy liquid (diesel fuel).
Gasoline engines
Petrol carburetor.Fuel-air mixturebeing prepared in carburetor or in the intake manifold using spray nozzles (mechanical or electric), then the mixture is fed into the cylinder, compressed, and then ignited using a spark that jumps between the electrodes candles .
Petrol injectionMixing occurs by injecting gasoline into the intake manifold or directly into the cylinder using spray nozzles. nozzles ( injector ov). There are systems of single-point and distributed injection of various mechanical and electronic systems. In mechanical injection systems, fuel is dosed by a plunger-lever mechanism with the possibility of electronic adjustment of the mixture composition. In electronic systems, mixture formation is carried out under the control of an electronic control unit (ECU) by injection that controls electric gasoline valves.
gas engines
The engine burns hydrocarbons in the gaseous state as fuel. Most often, gas engines run on propane, but there are others that run on associated (petroleum), liquefied, blast furnace, generator and other types of gaseous fuels.
The fundamental difference between gas engines and gasoline and diesel engines is a higher compression ratio. The use of gas makes it possible to avoid excessive wear of parts, since the processes of combustion of the air-fuel mixture occur more correctly due to the initial (gaseous) state of the fuel. Also, gas engines are more economical, since gas is cheaper than oil and easier to extract.
The undoubted advantages of gas engines include safety and smokelessness of the exhaust.
By themselves, gas engines are rarely mass-produced, most often they appear after the conversion of traditional internal combustion engines, by equipping them with special gas equipment.
Diesel engines
Special diesel fuel is injected at a certain point (before reaching top dead center) into the cylinder at high pressure through an injector. The combustible mixture is formed directly in the cylinder as fuel is injected. The movement of the piston into the cylinder causes heating and subsequent ignition of the air-fuel mixture. Diesel engines are low speed and are characterized by high torque on the engine shaft. An additional advantage of the diesel engine is that, unlike positive ignition engines, it does not need electricity to operate (in automotive diesel engines, the electrical system is used only for starting), and, as a result, it is less afraid of water.
According to the method of ignition:
From a spark (gasoline),
From compression (diesel).
According to the number and arrangement of cylinders:
inline,
Opposite,
V - figurative,
VR - figurative,
W - figurative.
inline engine
This engine has been known since the very beginning of automotive engine building. The cylinders are arranged in one row perpendicular to the crankshaft.
Dignity:simplicity of design
Flaw:with a large number of cylinders, a very long unit is obtained, which cannot be positioned transversely relative to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle.
boxer engine
Horizontally opposed engines have a lower overall height than in-line or V-engines, which lowers the center of gravity of the entire vehicle. Light weight, compact design and symmetrical layout reduces the vehicle's yaw moment.
V-engine
To reduce the length of the engines, in this engine the cylinders are arranged at an angle of 60 to 120 degrees, with the longitudinal axis of the cylinders passing through the longitudinal axis of the crankshaft.
Dignity:relatively short engine
Flaws:the engine is relatively wide, has two separate heads of the block, increased manufacturing cost, too large a displacement.
VR engines
In search of a compromise solution for the performance of engines for passenger cars of the middle class, they came up with the creation of VR engines. Six cylinders at 150 degrees form a relatively narrow and generally short engine. In addition, such an engine has only one block head.
W-motors
In the W-family engines, two rows of cylinders in VR-version are connected in one engine.
The cylinders of each row are placed at an angle of 150 to one another, and the rows of cylinders themselves are located at an angle of 720.
A standard car engine consists of two mechanisms and five systems.
Engine mechanisms
Crank mechanism,
Gas distribution mechanism.
Engine systems
Cooling system,
Lubrication system,
Supply system,
ignition system,
System of release of the fulfilled gases.
crank mechanism
The crank mechanism is designed to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston in the cylinder into the rotational motion of the engine crankshaft.
The crank mechanism consists of:
Cylinder block with crankcase,
cylinder heads,
engine oil pan,
Pistons with rings and fingers,
Shatunov,
crankshaft,
Flywheel.
Cylinder block
It is a one-piece cast part that combines the engine cylinders. On the cylinder block there are bearing surfaces for installing the crankshaft, the cylinder head is usually attached to the upper part of the block, the lower part is part of the crankcase. Thus, the cylinder block is the basis of the engine, on which the rest of the parts are hung.
Cast as a rule - from cast iron, less often - aluminum.
Blocks made from these materials are by no means equivalent in their properties.
So, the cast-iron block is the most rigid, which means that, other things being equal, it withstands the highest degree of forcing and is the least sensitive to overheating. The heat capacity of cast iron is about half that of aluminum, which means that an engine with a cast iron block warms up to operating temperature faster. However, cast iron is very heavy (2.7 times heavier than aluminum), prone to corrosion, and its thermal conductivity is about 4 times lower than that of aluminum, so the engine with a cast iron crankcase has a more intense cooling system.
Aluminum cylinder blocks are lighter and cooler better, but in this case there is a problem with the material from which the cylinder walls are made directly. If the pistons of an engine with such a block are made of cast iron or steel, then they will wear out the aluminum cylinder walls very quickly. If the pistons are made of soft aluminum, then they will simply “grab” with the walls, and the engine will instantly jam.
Cylinders in an engine block can either be part of the cylinder block casting or be separate replacement bushings that can be "wet" or "dry". In addition to the forming part of the engine, the cylinder block has additional functions, such as the basis of the lubrication system - through the holes in the cylinder block, oil under pressure is supplied to the lubrication points, and in liquid-cooled engines, the base of the cooling system - through similar holes, the liquid circulates through the cylinder block.
The walls of the inner cavity of the cylinder also serve as guides for the piston when it moves between extreme positions. Therefore, the length of the generatrices of the cylinder is predetermined by the magnitude of the piston stroke.
The cylinder operates under conditions of variable pressures in the over-piston cavity. Its inner walls are in contact with the flame and hot gases heated to a temperature of 1500-2500°C. In addition, the average sliding speed of a piston set along the cylinder walls in automobile engines reaches 12–15 m/s with insufficient lubrication. Therefore, the material used for the manufacture of cylinders must have high mechanical strength, and the wall structure itself must have increased rigidity. Cylinder walls must resist scuffing with limited lubrication and have an overall high resistance to other possible types of wear.
In accordance with these requirements, pearlitic gray cast iron with small additions of alloying elements (nickel, chromium, etc.) is used as the main material for cylinders. High-alloy cast iron, steel, magnesium and aluminum alloys are also used.
cylinder head
It is the second most important and largest component of the engine. Combustion chambers, valves and cylinder candles are located in the head, and a camshaft with cams rotates on bearings in it. Just like in the cylinder block, there are water and oil channels and cavities in its head. The head is attached to the cylinder block and, when the engine is running, forms a single whole with the block.
Engine oil pan
It closes the crankcase from below (cast as a single unit with the cylinder block) and is used as an oil reservoir and protects engine parts from contamination. At the bottom of the sump there is a plug for draining engine oil. The pan is bolted to the crankcase. A gasket is installed between them to prevent oil leakage.
Piston
A piston is a cylindrical part that performs a reciprocating motion inside the cylinder and serves to convert a change in the pressure of a gas, vapor or liquid into mechanical work, or vice versa - a reciprocating motion into a change in pressure.
The piston is divided into three parts that perform different functions:
Bottom,
sealing part,
Guide part (skirt).
The shape of the bottom depends on the function performed by the piston. For example, in internal combustion engines, the shape depends on the location of the spark plugs, injectors, valves, engine design, and other factors. With a concave shape of the bottom, the most rational combustion chamber is formed, but soot is deposited more intensively in it. With a convex bottom, the strength of the piston increases, but the shape of the combustion chamber deteriorates.
The bottom and the sealing part form the piston head. Compression and oil scraper rings are located in the sealing part of the piston.
The distance from the bottom of the piston to the groove of the first compression ring is called the firing zone of the piston. Depending on the material from which the piston is made, the fire belt has a minimum allowable height, a decrease in which can lead to burnout of the piston along the outer wall, as well as destruction of the seat of the upper compression ring.
The sealing functions performed by the piston group are of great importance for the normal operation of piston engines. The technical condition of the engine is judged by the sealing ability of the piston group. For example, in automobile engines it is not allowed that oil consumption due to its waste due to excessive penetration (suction) into the combustion chamber exceeds 3% of fuel consumption.
The piston skirt (tronk) is its guiding part when moving in the cylinder and has two tides (lugs) for installing the piston pin. To reduce the temperature stresses of the piston on both sides, where the bosses are located, from the surface of the skirt, metal is removed to a depth of 0.5-1.5 mm. These recesses, which improve the lubrication of the piston in the cylinder and prevent the formation of scuffing from temperature deformations, are called "refrigerators". An oil scraper ring can also be located at the bottom of the skirt.
For the manufacture of pistons, gray cast irons and aluminum alloys are used.
Cast iron
Advantages:Cast iron pistons are strong and wear resistant.
Due to their low coefficient of linear expansion, they can operate with relatively small gaps, providing good cylinder sealing.
Flaws:Cast iron has a fairly large specific gravity. In this regard, the scope of cast-iron pistons is limited to relatively low-speed engines, in which the inertia forces of the reciprocating masses do not exceed one sixth of the gas pressure force on the piston bottom.
Cast iron has a low thermal conductivity, so the heating of the bottom of cast iron pistons reaches 350–400 °C. Such heating is undesirable, especially in carburetor engines, since it causes glow ignition.
Aluminum
The vast majority of modern car engines have aluminum pistons.
Advantages:
Low weight (at least 30% less compared to cast iron);
High thermal conductivity (3-4 times higher than the thermal conductivity of cast iron), which ensures the heating of the piston crown no more than 250 ° C, which contributes to better filling of the cylinders and allows you to increase the compression ratio in gasoline engines;
Good anti-friction properties.
connecting rod
A connecting rod is a part that connects piston (throughpiston pin) and crankpincrankshaft. Serves to transmit reciprocating movements from the piston to the crankshaft. For less wear of the connecting rod journals of the crankshaft, aspecial liners that have an anti-friction coating.
Crankshaft
The crankshaft is a complex-shaped part with necks for fastening connecting rods , from which it perceives efforts and converts them into torque .
Crankshafts are made of carbon, chromium-manganese, chromium-nickel-molybdenum, and other steels, as well as special high-strength cast irons.
The main elements of the crankshaft
root neck- shaft support, lying in the main bearing located in crankcase engine.
Connecting rod journal- a support with which the shaft is connected to connecting rods (there are oil channels for lubrication of connecting rod bearings).
Cheeks- connect the main and connecting rod necks.
Front shaft output (toe) - part of the shaft on which it is attached gear or pulley power take-off for drivegas distribution mechanism (GRM)and various auxiliary units, systems and assemblies.
Rear output shaft (shank) - part of the shaft connected to flywheel or massive gear selection of the main part of the power.
Counterweights- provide unloading of the main bearings from the centrifugal inertia forces of the first order of the unbalanced masses of the crank and the lower part of the connecting rod.
Flywheel
Massive disc with a toothed rim. The ring gear is necessary to start the engine (the starter gear engages with the flywheel gear and spins the engine shaft). The flywheel also serves to reduce uneven rotation of the crankshaft.
Gas distribution mechanism
Designed for the timely intake of a combustible mixture into the cylinders and the release of exhaust gases.
The main parts of the gas distribution mechanism are:
Camshaft,
Inlet and outlet valves.
Camshaft
According to the location of the camshaft, engines are distinguished:
With camshaft located in cylinder block (Cam-in-Block);
With a camshaft located in the cylinder head (Cam-in-Head).
In modern automotive engines, it is usually located at the top of the block head cylinders and connected to pulley or toothed sprocket crankshaft belt or timing chain, respectively, and rotates at half the frequency than the latter (on 4-stroke engines).
An integral part of the camshaft are its cams , the number of which corresponds to the number of intake and exhaust valves engine. Thus, each valve corresponds to an individual cam, which opens the valve by running on the valve lifter lever. When the cam "runs away" from the lever, the valve closes under the action of a powerful return spring.
Engines with an in-line configuration of cylinders and one pair of valves per cylinder usually have one camshaft (in the case of four valves per cylinder, two), while V-shaped and opposed engines have either one in the collapse of the block, or two, one for each half-block ( in each block head). Engines with 3 valves per cylinder (most commonly two intake and one exhaust) typically have one camshaft per head, while those with 4 valves per cylinder (two intake and 2 exhaust) have 2 camshafts per head.
Modern engines sometimes have valve timing systems, that is, mechanisms that allow you to rotate the camshaft relative to the drive sprocket, thereby changing the moment of opening and closing (phase) of the valves, which makes it possible to more efficiently fill the cylinders with the working mixture at different speeds.
valve
The valve consists of a flat head and a stem connected by a smooth transition. To better fill the cylinders with a combustible mixture, the diameter of the head of the intake valves is made much larger than the diameter of the exhaust. Since the valves operate at high temperatures, they are made of high quality steels. Inlet valves are made of chromium steel, exhaust valves are made of heat-resistant steel, since the latter come into contact with combustible exhaust gases and heat up to 600 - 800 0 C. The high heating temperature of the valves necessitates the installation of special inserts made of heat-resistant cast iron in the cylinder head, which are called seats.
The principle of the engine
Basic concepts
Top dead center - the highest position of the piston in the cylinder.
bottom dead center - the lowest position of the piston in the cylinder.
piston stroke- the distance that the piston travels from one dead center to another.
The combustion chamber- the space between the cylinder head and the piston when it is at top dead center.
Cylinder displacement - the space released by the piston when it moves from top dead center to bottom dead center.
Engine displacement - the sum of the working volumes of all engine cylinders. It is expressed in liters, which is why it is often called the displacement of the engine.
Full cylinder volume - the sum of the volume of the combustion chamber and the working volume of the cylinder.
Compression ratio- shows how many times the total volume of the cylinder is greater than the volume of the combustion chamber.
Compressionpressure in the cylinder at the end of the compression stroke.
Tact- the process (part of the working cycle) that occurs in the cylinder in one stroke of the piston.
Engine duty cycle
1st stroke - inlet. When the piston moves down in the cylinder, a vacuum is formed, under the action of which a combustible mixture (fuel-air mixture) enters the cylinder through the open intake valve.
2nd measure - compression . The piston moves up under the action of the crankshaft and the connecting rod. Both valves are closed and the combustible mixture is compressed.
3rd cycle - working stroke . At the end of the compression stroke, the combustible mixture ignites (from compression in a diesel engine, from a spark plug in a gasoline engine). Under the pressure of expanding gases, the piston moves down and drives the crankshaft through the connecting rod.
4th measure - release . The piston moves up and the exhaust gases exit through the opened exhaust valve.
13.08.2015 09:53
Any car, whether it is a passenger car or a truck, factory-produced serial production or unique hand-assembled, consists of three main parts: body, chassis and engine. In addition to the main components, the car contains many auxiliary units, without which the full operation of the machine is not possible.
The engine is the "heart" of the car, its main and most important part. The combustion of fuel occurs in the engine cylinders, the energy released during this sets the pistons in motion, which push the crankshaft. The shaft, through a variety of transforming mechanisms, in turn, sets the wheels of the car in motion.
car chassis
The chassis of a car is a whole system that combines mechanisms that transfer engine energy to the drive wheels. The chassis consists of transmission, running gear and control mechanisms.
The task of the transmission is to transfer energy from the engine to the wheels. The transmission consists of a gearbox (sometimes mechanical and automatic - with automatic gear shifting without the participation of the driver), clutch, axle shaft and differential.
Chassis of the car
The chassis of the car is structurally similar to the platform on which the entire car stands. It consists of a frame, front and rear axles, suspensions and wheels.
Control mechanisms, as the name implies, are designed to control the car. These mechanisms include steering (allows you to set the direction of movement of the car) and the brake system (allows you to control the speed of movement, force the car to stop and hold the car in place).
In addition to all of the above mechanisms, additional electrical equipment is installed in cars, which helps to carry out and control the operation of the car, and also makes it more comfortable to be in the cabin.
The car body is a kind of shell that houses the engine and other internal mechanisms of the car, the interior furnishings, the driver and passengers, as well as the goods transported. The appearance of the car and the features of its model depend on the type of body and its design features.
For example, trucks have a driver's cab and a cargo platform separately from it. In buses, the main part of the body space is occupied by a passenger compartment, and in cars, the body is at the same time the basis for installing working mechanisms, space for cargo, driver and passengers.
The invention of the automobile has fundamentally changed human life, both positively and negatively. Today, a car is not only a means of transportation, but also an indicator of status and position in society.
Almost every family has at least one car at its disposal, and there are cities where there have long been more cars than people.
In order to understand how to drive a vehicle and how to properly operate it, you need to know at least what it consists of and how it works. Each car owner has repeatedly been interested in the device of his iron horse. For some, basic knowledge is enough, and some prefer to study every detail of the car. Of course, in order to cover all the nuances of a car device, you will need to at least write a book, but in order to understand the basics and know the elementary, it is enough to read this article.
Perhaps for someone the device of a car is the highest mathematics, but if you spend a little time and delve into the essence, everything is quite simple. Now about everything in order.
1.Main units and systems
Despite the fact that today there are a huge number of different makes and models of cars, almost all of them are arranged according to the same principle. We are talking about light vehicles. The scheme of the device of the car is conditionally divided into several parts:
Vehicle body or supporting structure. Today, the car body is its basis, to which almost all units and components are attached. The body, in turn, consists of a stamped bottom, front and rear spars, roof, engine compartment and other attachments. Attached components include doors, fenders, hood, trunk lid, etc. This division is rather arbitrary, since all parts of the car, one way or another, are interconnected;
Chassis of the car. The name speaks for itself and suggests that the chassis consists of many components and assemblies with which the car has the ability to move. Its main components are considered to be the front and rear suspensions, drive axles and wheels. Also, the chassis of the car includes the frame, to which most of the units are also attached. The frame is the predecessor of the body.
With the help of drive axles, the load is transferred from the frame or body to wheels and vice versa. When it comes to suspension, many cars have MacPherson strut type suspension, which greatly improves the handling of the car. There are also independent (each wheel is individually attached to the body) and dependent (may be in the form of a beam or a drive axle, considered obsolete) suspension;
Vehicle transmission. Under the transmission of a car, it is customary to consider a power transmission. Its main task is to transmit torque from the crankshaft to the drive wheels. In turn, the transmission also consists of several parts, in particular from the gearbox, clutch, driveline, differential, axle shafts and final drive. The latter are connected to the wheel hubs;
Car engine. The main task and purpose of the engine is the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy. Further, this energy is transmitted through the transmission to the wheels of the car;
control mechanism. Actually the control mechanism itself consists of a brake system and steering;
Vehicle electrical equipment. No modern car can do without electrics, the main parts of which are the battery, electrical wiring, alternator and engine management system. These are only the main parts of the car, each of which provides a system in the system and sometimes more than one. Some parts are worth dwelling on in more detail.
2. Brief overview of motor types
First of all, it is worth noting that the engine and the motor are one and the same. A motor is more commonly referred to as an internal combustion engine or an electric one. It is no secret that the engine serves as a source of energy for the movement of the vehicle. Most vehicles provide internal combustion engines, which can be conditionally divided into:
Piston, in which expanding gases during the combustion of fuel cause the piston to move, which in turn drives the crankshaft of the car;
In rotary engines, the same gases set in motion a rotating part, the rotor itself.
Going deeper, there are a large number of types and subtypes of engines. According to the type of fuel, engines can be divided into diesel, gasoline, gas-balloon and gas-generator.
There are also gas turbine internal combustion engines, electric, orbital, rotary, rotary vane, etc. Today, the most common is a piston internal combustion engine.
3. A brief overview of the types of checkpoints
The gearbox or gearbox is one of the main parts of the car's transmission.. Basically, the checkpoint is usually divided into three types, namely:
Manual Transmission. The principle of its operation is that the driver shifts gears with the help of a lever, while constantly monitoring the engine load and vehicle speed;
The automatic transmission eliminates the need to constantly monitor speed and load, and there is also no need to constantly use the lever;
A robotic gearbox is a semi-automatic type of gearbox that combines the properties of a manual and automatic transmission.
In fact, there are many more types and subspecies of checkpoints. Yes, they distinguish Tiptronic(base - automatic transmission with manual gearshift), DSG(equipped with 2 clutches, has an automatic shift drive and is a 6-speed gearbox) and variable speed drive(stepless transmission).
4. Brake system
As the name implies, the braking system is designed to slow down the vehicle or bring it to a complete stop. The brake system consists of brake pads, discs, drums and cylinders. Conventionally, the brake system can be divided into two types - it is working (designed to stop or slow down completely) and parking (designed to hold the car on uneven or difficult road surfaces).
Modern cars provide for the installation of braking systems, which consist of brake mechanisms and a hydraulic drive. At the time when you press the brake pedal, there is an excess pressure in the hydraulic actuator, which arises due to the brake fluid. This, in turn, triggers other brake mechanisms.
5. Clutch
In simple terms, the clutch is designed to disconnect the engine from the transmission for a short time, and then reconnect them. The clutch consists of a clutch mechanism and a drive. The drive is designed to transfer forces from the driver to a specific mechanism. In a car, each mechanism has its own drive, thanks to which it comes into action.
The clutch mechanism is a device in which the process of transmitting torque through friction takes place. The components of the clutch mechanism are the crankcase, casing, driving, driven and pressure disks.
All of the above is just the tip of the iceberg, since each of the items contains more than a dozen sub-items. For a general understanding of the device of the car, it is quite enough to know its main components and assemblies. Now you know exactly how and why your car moves, slows down and "eats" gasoline.
There are drivers who drive their cars, but do not know at all what the car consists of. It may not be necessary to know all the subtleties of the complex operation of the mechanism, but the main points should still be known to everyone. After all, the life of both the driver himself and other people can depend on this. At its core, the simplified consist of three parts:
- engine;
- chassis;
- body.
In the article, we will take a closer look at what parts the car consists of and how they affect the operation of the vehicle as a whole.
What does a car consist of: diagram
The device of the car can be represented as follows.
In the vast majority of cases, internal combustion engines are installed on the machines. Since they are not ideal, developments have been and are being made to invent new motors. So, recently, cars with electric motors have been put into operation, for charging which a conventional socket is enough. The Tesla electric car is very famous. However, it is certainly too early to talk about the wide distribution of such machines.
The chassis, in turn, consists of:
- transmission or power transmission;
- running;
- vehicle control mechanism.
The body is designed to accommodate passengers in the car and comfortable movement. The main body types today are:
- sedan;
- hatchback;
- cabriolet;
- station wagon;
- limousine;
- and others.
ICE: types
Any person understands that malfunctions in the operation of the motor can become dangerous to the health and life of people. Therefore, it is vital to know what is
Translated from Latin, motor means "setting in motion." In a car, it is understood as a device that is designed to convert one type of energy into mechanical energy.
Gas engines operate on liquefied, generator compressed gas. Such fuel is stored in cylinders, from where it enters the reducer through the evaporator and loses pressure. The further process is similar to the injection motor. Sometimes, however, the evaporator is not used.
Motor operation
To better understand the principle of operation, you need to analyze in detail what it consists of
The body is a cylinder block. Inside it are channels that cool and lubricate the motor.
The piston is nothing more than a hollow metal cup, at the top of which are the grooves of the rings.
The piston rings located at the bottom are oil scraper, and at the top - compression. The latter provide good compression and compression of the air-fuel mixture. They are used both to achieve the tightness of the combustion chamber, and as seals to prevent oil from entering there.
The crank mechanism is responsible for the reciprocating energy of the pistons on the crankshaft.
So, understanding what a car consists of, in particular, its engine, let's look at the principle of operation. The fuel first enters the combustion chamber, mixes with air there, the spark plug (in petrol and gas versions) produces a spark, igniting the mixture, or the mixture ignites itself (in diesel version) under the influence of pressure and temperature. The gases formed cause the piston to move down, transmitting motion to the crankshaft, due to which it begins to rotate the transmission, where the motion is transmitted to the wheels of the front axle, rear axle, or both, depending on the drive. A little later, we will touch on what the wheel of a car consists of. But first things first.
Transmission
Above, we found out what the car consists of, and we know that the chassis includes a transmission, chassis and control mechanism.
The following elements are distinguished in the transmission:
- clutch;
- main and cardan gears;
- differential;
- drive shafts.
Operation of transmission parts
The clutch serves to disconnect (KP) from the engine, then smoothly connect them when shifting gears and when starting off.
The gearbox changes the torque transmitted from the crankshaft to the driveshaft. The gearbox block disconnects the connection of the motor with the driveline as much as necessary for the vehicle to move in reverse.
The main function of the cardan transmission is the transmission of torque from the gearbox to the main gear at different angles.
The main function of the final drive is to transmit torque at a ninety degree angle from the propeller shaft through the differential to the drive shafts of the main wheels.
The differential rotates the drive wheels at different speeds when cornering and on uneven ground.
Chassis
The chassis of the car consists of a frame, front and rear axles, connected to the frame through the suspension. In most modern cars, the frame is the Elements that make up the suspension of the car, the following:
- springs;
- cylinder springs;
- shock absorbers;
- pneumatic cylinders.
Control mechanisms
These devices consist of which is connected to the front wheels by steering and brakes. In most modern cars, on-board computers are used, which themselves control the management in some cases, and even make the necessary changes.
Here we note such an important part as what the car wheel consists of. Without him, the car would simply not take place. This truly one of the greatest inventions here consists of two components: a tire made of rubber, which can be chambered and tubeless, and a metal disk.
Body
In most cars today, the body is a carrier, which consists of individual elements connected by welding. Bodies today are very diverse. The main one is the closed type, which has one, two, three, and sometimes even four rows of seats. Part or even the entire roof can be removed. It is either hard or soft.
If the roof is removed in the middle, then this is a targa body.
A fully removable soft top is obtained in a convertible.
If it is not soft, but hard, then this is a hardtop convertible.
On the station wagon, similar to the sedan, there is some extension above the luggage compartment, which is a distinguishing feature.
And the van will turn out already from the station wagon if the rear doors and windows are sealed.
With a cargo platform behind the driver's cab, the body is called a pickup truck.
A coupe is a two-door closed body.
The same, but with a soft top, was called a roadster.
A cargo-passenger body with a rear door at the back is called a combi.
A limousine is a closed type with a rigid partition behind the front seats.
From the article, we found out what the car consists of. The correct operation of all components is important, and it is better understood and felt when there is appropriate knowledge.
