Hello Autocadabra! Prior to this, our series of video responses was devoted to "basic" things, preparatory, so to speak - with today we begin to breed holivars for more technical things.

In today's episode, we'll talk about emergency braking - what it does, how it differs from service braking, and when to apply it.

Answer Alexandra Ilyukhina, Master of Sports, Lecturer at the Department of Applied Sports and Extreme Activities of the RGUFKSiT

For the most part of our driving career, we deal with the so-called comfort braking or regular braking. We apply emergency braking when we made a mistake on the forecast of the choice of speed, or a critical situation arises.

While practicing on the court, in most situations when we ask to be shown emergency braking, drivers show emergency crawling of the car, not understanding the capabilities of their car. We must use impulse or step braking as an alternative to regular braking so that the car does not get out of control.

Answer Andrey Lunin, leading instructor of autodrome training of the club "Extreme Drive"

Every day we perform service braking. Its main task and goal is comfort.

Emergency braking, from the name it is clear that it is used in emergency situations, in cases where the driver has no other option than to stop as soon as possible. He must perform emergency braking.

The task of emergency braking will be minimal braking distances. The task is to stop as quickly as possible at the minimum distance, in conditions of shortage of distance and time. We get used to braking smoothly, and in the case when a situation suddenly arises and we need to stop abruptly, anyway, out of habit, we press the brake pedal quite smoothly, not very hard, and so on.

We ask drivers to show emergency braking, and there was not a single driver who performed the correct 100% braking the first time.

If our car is equipped ABS system, then the task here is quite simple, you need to strongly, with all your might, press the brake pedal. A feature of the ABS system, the principle of its operation is that the harder we press the brake pedal, the more efficient machine will stop.

Common mistakes here are as follows. As a rule, they press the brake pedal smoothly, it must be pressed sharply. In order not to be afraid of this in a critical situation, in order to be ready for this, you need to try it, somewhere in safe conditions. See how it will happen, what will happen to the car, how it will slow down, the brake pedal will work, and so on.

Who does not have an ABS system, the task is more difficult. Here it will be necessary to perform the so-called impulse braking, i.e. keep the wheels on the verge of blocking.

The braking of the car is carried out by reducing the speed of the wheel, and not by blocking. Due to blocking, braking will be effective only with low speed about 30 km / h on dry pavement, then the car will effectively stop.

Answer Anton Zakharov, Leading Instructor of the Center for Higher Driving Excellence

This exercise is generally useful, and it is, of course, necessary, because not all of our drivers have experience in emergency braking, real emergency braking. And they don’t really know what the car is capable of during emergency braking, i.e. how many meters does it take for a car to stop. What can be, if you speak correctly, the braking dynamics of the car.

This is the first moment. You should definitely get acquainted with this, you should definitely know what the emergency deceleration of your car is at the moment when it is required. This is necessary in order to correctly build your actions. This is the first.

Second. It's no secret that now most of our cars are equipped with various electronic stabilization systems, anti-lock braking systems, i.e. braking assistance systems. These systems have their own idea of ​​how to organize the braking process.

Accordingly, you must correctly indicate that you currently want to carry out emergency braking. Starting braking in one way, you immediately notify the system that you are emergency braking - and you start really emergency braking. Starting braking in a different way, for example, gently, and then gradually increasing the effort on the brake pedal, you disorient the system a little: it starts one type of braking, and then switches to another. And all this leads to the fact that the braking distance increases by a certain number of meters.

Properly organized braking is braking, which is built on the principle of maximum effort at the beginning of braking and a gentle decrease in effort as the car slows down. This best option braking.

Well, in any case, braking must be started correctly, that is the question. And the main problem, as experience shows, is that, firstly, people do not know how to start braking correctly, and secondly, people do not know how to press the brake pedal correctly, i.e. Not everyone can provide the necessary effort on the brake pedal. In fact, many, even fairly experienced drivers, cannot correctly enter the braking mode on a dry asphalt road.

The organization of the braking process is a rather complicated thing, which includes both service braking and emergency braking. Here the main thing is the ability to work with the right foot. You must apply certain types of muscle activity. These exercises are aimed at teaching your right leg to work correctly.

Braking is always built, regardless of whether it is working braking, emergency - they always try to do the main braking at the beginning of braking, at the beginning of the process of slowing down the car, and then gradually the braking intensity should decrease. Here is the most important rule for you. When slowing down, even if you do it gently, even if you do service braking, always try to slow down more actively at first, then gradually reduce the braking dynamics.

Answer Mikhail Gorbachev, master of sports, author of many books on driving a car, member of the Union of Journalists

Emergency braking is a necessary technique with which driving training begins in all schools of emergency driving, for example, in Germany. This is the first thing you need to know how to do, because the driver, when driving around the city, especially in Moscow traffic jams, forgets about emergency braking in general. He is used to very smoothly pressing the brake, because all the time the movement is stop & go: he started off - he slowed down, he started off - he slowed down. If an unexpected obstacle arises, then he does not have a reflex to hit the brake pedal. He gathers for a very long time, and then he will still gently press the pedal. Valuable time is running out.

Emergency braking - very important point, it needs to be tried, trained. And he needs to be trained on any surface, that's what's more difficult. It is necessary to train emergency braking both on ice and on snow, and when some wheels drive on slippery, while others on good grip etc.

If you're going to ride under certain conditions, I don't mean breaking the rules now. traffic, but if you are driving a car at 180 km / h and have never tried emergency braking at such a speed, then you are putting your life in very great danger. Because if there is an obstacle, you will brake at a speed of 180 km/h. You have never done this, and you do not know where the car will throw, how it will behave and what the stopping distance will be.

Answer Stanislav Semionov, leading instructor of the driving school Mikhail Gorbachev "Drive-Class":

This is a situation where you don't have enough room to stop and you use the brakes hard enough. It may be sharp, some more, but which at any cost will help stop the car.

In most cases, people themselves find themselves in emergency situations, but there is always only one problem - this is a lack of space due to non-compliance with the distance, non-compliance speed limit in the stream. But this is in general, so you can say, because the problem may be deeper ..

How is emergency braking different from service braking? Probably, at the beginning of his driving career, the instructor said to every person: "Press the brake very smoothly." And he still does this, presses smoothly, even if he needs to stop urgently.

Smoothly, I mean, constantly increasing the force on the brake pedal. By pressing in this way, the driver thinks that he will stop quickly if he presses faster. This is the main braking error, because we are now talking about a modern car equipped with an ABS system, with which you need to brake a little differently.

The ABS system involves shock braking, i.e. if we imagine that one hand is a pedal and the other is a foot, then the more biting you hit, the faster you will stop your car.

If we are talking about foot braking and not hand in hand, then you are very sharp, bitingly hitting the brake pedal.

When you train somewhere, I hope that your training will take place in closed areas under the supervision of a very experienced instructors, you should hear a slight slap on the brake pedal when you press the brake pedal.

If you press the brake pedal in this way, it will be very active and fast braking, because you immediately reach the maximum braking force, the ABS system will immediately work for you.

Very a big problem when braking urgently and during training, which I encounter very often on the court, when people start braking urgently with their feet, they begin to brake urgently, including with their hands. Both hands rest on the steering wheel and thus keep the position of the body behind the wheel.

In fact, the seat belt is designed in such a way that if you lean forward sharply on it, it will lock. Therefore, it is perfectly normal for us if we keep the body position vertical.

Here we do the following, you relax your hands and thus brake, because we need our hands to turn the steering wheel when there is not enough room for braking. If you rest against the steering wheel, then naturally the steering wheel turn is unlikely to happen the one you wanted. Therefore, the main idea of ​​​​emergency braking is a single biting very fast hit on the brake. Not a push, but a blow.

Answer Kirill Papkova, BMW Driving School Instructor

Here it is the simplest. If suddenly you need to stop immediately, hit the brake with all your might on the floor, please note, hit.

If such a need arose, then break the brake pedal, hit it with all your might and keep it on the floor until it stops.

If this is a car with ABS, then firstly, you can hear the chatter brake mechanisms, secondly, to feel the response vibration on the pedals from these mechanisms.

ABS will do everything itself. It will release the blocked wheels, it will create a more stable movement for you, keeping the trajectory, you will not rotate on the road, you will strictly go where the steering wheel is turned.

Accordingly, if emergency braking is performed on a car that is not equipped with an ABS system, and there is a task to stop, then press the brake to the floor and sit and wait. The car will rotate, go backwards, turn right, turn left - your task is not to worry about this if you set a goal for yourself to stop as soon as possible.

eX trimDrive

There are situations when all options have already been exhausted and nothing else remains, but the car does not stop because the brake system has failed or, for example, when the distance is too short to make a maneuver, then a controlled impact is used against an obstacle to avoid more serious consequences. The method for the driver, as the owner of the car, is extremely inconvenient, but if a person’s life is endangered, there may not be an alternative. At the end of the "" series, we decided to write about the latest emergency braking method - contact.

The vehicle is designed to provide passive safety for passengers when an obstacle is encountered. Optimum Opportunities for this, the trunk and wings of the car have, since they have deep sinuses and elements in their design, which, when crushed, will absorb some of the energy even from a fairly strong impact, of course, while the elements are deformed. Nothing without this. But they are better than humans.

Frontal impact avoidance

A frontal impact is considered to be the most dangerous, since the longitudinal spars have the greatest rigidity. In order to transfer the emergency into the category of controlled, it is necessary to interrupt the braking and metered taxiing to try to get away from frontal collision, at the same time, it is necessary to extinguish the speed using a sliding impact on an obstacle.

Experienced driver may try to apply contact braking with free rotation, because rotation or side sliding helps to reduce the force of the impact and partially dampens the speed before hitting the obstacle.

Before an impact occurs, the driver must play it safe by resting his left foot on the floor, which will ensure maximum contact with the seat, and also make a locking grip on the steering wheel. When entering a tangent impact with an obstacle, the driver must calculate the direction of the rebound and resume steering stabilization before the vehicle comes to a complete stop, and then apply measures that will reduce the severity of the consequences of the collision.

Pedestrian on the way

One of the most dangerous moments on the road is a collision with a person. As a rule, the driver abruptly applies the brakes when he sees a pedestrian on his way, which leads to a complete blocking of the wheels, and this, oddly enough, does not increase, but rather reduces safety, of course, if the car speed is not 20 km / h. Extreme this moment no one excludes, so the drivers first brake sharply, and then try to make a maneuver, but the first action, unfortunately, excludes the second.

When the wheels are locked, the car loses full controllability above itself, continuing the rectilinear movement by skidding, that is, by sliding.

To prevent a collision with a person, there are a number of rational ways. Firstly, stepwise combined braking will help reduce the braking distance. Secondly, after you have noticed a person in your path, you will want to brake sharply, do not give in to reflexes, continue to briefly press the brake pedal impulsively. Well, if only leaving your car to the side and hitting an obstacle can save a person’s life, be prepared for such an outcome.

Let's see this method with an example:

In the video, the driver walked away from a collision with a parked car. But the situation is twofold. After all, people in the room could have been injured, but at the moment of impact, the driver saw that there was no one on the street.

How to avoid twisting

So, summing up our entire series "", we can note the main points. Braking is stepped in a constant gear, reducing the braking distance by 10-20 centimeters. With the same braking, but using the impact of lower gear, compensated by the inching steering, eliminates rotation vehicle. In addition, side-slip braking during compensatory steering will help prevent the vehicle from spinning. To increase the load on the front wheels, which will increase the controllability of the car, an emergency maneuver will help after impulsive braking has been completed. It is also possible to make contact braking with an obstacle after an emergency maneuver has been completed.

Of course, this is not at all full list all safe practices. The main condition in any emergency is an attempt to fight to the end, overcoming fear and shock.

This article uses an image from www. samara24.ru

emergency braking in front of a sudden obstacle is one of the most dangerous and unpredictable maneuvers performed driver on road. This measure is used only in extreme cases, and requires high professional qualities and knowledge! How correct emergency braking timely stop the car rushing towards the impact, avoid a serious accident?
Standard acceptance of braking used by most drivers in emergency, consists in a sharp and strong pressure on brake pedal. Unfortunately, this method almost always causes complete wheel lock. The car begins to slide on the asphalt with minimal deceleration dynamics. In addition, he is also completely loses control, because at locked wheels The reaction of the car to the actions of the steering wheel is practically absent. Avoid an accident V similar cases units succeed!

To date, motorsport specialists and instructors extreme driving Many methods have been developed to enable shorten the stopping distance car at emergency braking. Below are those that are available for execution. simple motorist without special training.

Intermittent braking

This technique is based on the maximum possible reduction in the time of blocking the wheels. It is performed as follows. Brake pedal when braking, press quickly and sharply. At the first sign of the car slipping into a slip, the pedal is completely or almost completely released, allowing the wheels to catch the road again. After this, the actions of the brake pedal are repeated. The episodes of the brake work are repeated at the maximum possible speed for a particular driver.

The effectiveness of this technique is based on the fact that the maximum deceleration rate is achieved at the moment when braking occurs on the verge of stalling into a skid. It is important to remember that the gear lever should not be moved to the neutral position. Some thrust reserve serves as an additional anti-lock measure, and also allows accelerate sharply if necessary.

Pulse braking

Pulse braking is a slightly more efficient emergency stop technique vehicle than intermittent. At the same time, impulse braking is an order of magnitude more difficult to implement. It is performed with the help of sharp and quick pressing on brake pedal, but without a complete separation of the leg from it. Thus, by briefly pressing the pedal and feeling wheel lock, the driver only needs to reduce the braking force, and not completely eliminate it. The thrust of the engine will allow the wheels to spin and catch the road, but the car will continue to slow down.

Release the brake pedal only when you reach wheels slipping. An earlier release of braking forces will significantly reduce the effect of the application of this contra-emergency reception.

gas plus brake

Perhaps the simplest technique available to almost all drivers is braking by simultaneously pressing the gas and brake pedals. At the same time, the left foot of the driver presses the brake, the right foot - the gas. Reception is carried out when the transmission is on.

Similar combined braking allows you to quickly reduce speed even for inexperienced drivers who are not able to quickly work the brake pedal. The principle of its effective operation is that a running engine creates a certain torque that does not allow the wheels to slip into the skid.

side sliding

Experienced drivers available and brake reception side sliding. At the same time, with the help hand brake, or turning the wheels with the creation of excessive traction, the car is deliberately torn into and put sideways relative to the road. side sliding is an excellent inertia damper, which allows you to quickly stop the car. It must be remembered that drivers who do not have a great driving experience and a good sense of the car, this technique use is not recommended.

contact inhibition

contact inhibition represents car stop by contacting it with any large road object (another car, a fence). Contact must be made along a tangent path. This will allow to avoid serious damage vehicle and injury to people in it.

contact inhibition is last resort, and should only be used when other techniques emergency stop Vehicles are no longer able to provide the necessary intensity of deceleration.

The danger of many critical situations can be significantly reduced by intensive overclocking. This applies to a passing collision, overtaking, an emergency avoidance of obstacles and many, unfortunately, typical cases when it is necessary to avoid a collision caused by gross errors of other drivers or violations of the Rules of the Road.

Another important factor justifying the need for this technique is the widespread use of economical driving. This method has become the property of many drivers due to the scarcity and high cost of fuel. But many drivers do not understand that, winning in one area, in particular gas mileage, they lose in another - safety. Movement in traffic flow or in conditions of difficult terrain on overdrive And low revs reduces the dynamic capabilities of the engine. Sharp throttling like real reception A high-speed maneuver does not give the expected effect in many time pressure situations, such as when overtaking with a risk of head-on collision.

It is possible to reduce the danger of many critical situations by reducing the time of maneuver, and for this it is necessary to use the dynamic qualities of the car. In its turn sharp acceleration perhaps only when the engine develops high speeds.

Emergency acceleration from a standstill is carried out by abruptly engaging the clutch at a power that provides maximum traction (for engines of the VAZ family, at least 4000 rpm, at which maximum torque is provided). The resulting slip of the drive wheels allows you to maintain high power engine, increase the temperature of the tires and increase the grip quality of the tire. However, this method of starting off does not give the expected effect with a low friction coefficient (see technique 11). The inclusion of II and subsequent gears is carried out after the engine has entered the maximum speed mode. “Twisting” - switching delay in the critical speed mode - is undesirable, since four stroke engine may reduce power in this mode due to the “freezing” of the valves. The overdrive and clutch are switched on sharply, in a shock way. In exceptional cases, it is possible to partially depress the clutch pedal without “throwing off”, i.e. without reducing the speed. Naturally, such operation of the car will not bring him any benefit, but will damage the synchronizers and cause other micro-breakdowns. However, in cases of real danger, there can be no other solution.

Emergency acceleration immediately requires most often a sharp downshift while increasing engine speed.

If you want to take off abruptly from a standstill on dry pavement, use the full power of the engine, which is provided by the maximum speed.

Turn on next gear in such a way as to maintain the maximum thrust mode after switching on.

If it is necessary for safety, then shift gears abruptly without “throwing off” and with incomplete engagement of the clutch.

This is achieved by high-speed "regassing", which is provided by a delay in the engagement of the clutch. The clutch engagement extended over time allows increasing the speed due to the slipping of the discs. crankshaft engine and acceleration.

In some cases, when the lack of time does not allow shifting gears, one or more clutch slip cycles (partial release) give a one-time increase in power and, as a result, a small acceleration impulse. This technique can be used when overcoming the top of a hill, in the final phase of overtaking and in many other cases, when even a few meters of distance can move away from an emergency.

45. Side slip braking

In the arsenal of the highest skill of driving a car, there are several non-traditional braking techniques. They are very effective in critical situations when braking with the service brake is or is not possible, for example, in the event of a brake system failure (brake hose breakage, mechanical damage braking devices, etc.), or dangerous due to loss of vehicle stability and controllability. If the car was in a turn at a speed above the critical speed, then it is not always possible to reduce it in the traditional way. The most effective braking techniques - stepped and intermittent - cannot be used because of the possible blocking of the wheels, and smooth, which eliminates blocking, is ineffective. There is a “vicious circle” or a situation where any of the options turns out to be losing, and an emergency situation is inevitable. However, it can be avoided by using a deep critical or rhythmic skid as a way to slow down. Driving at an angle and sliding sideways, the car quickly loses speed due to the wide lateral contact patch of the tire with longitudinal treadmills or other forms of lugs. In order to brake with side slip, you need to move the car into controlled (!) skid and hold it in this state for a certain time required to reduce speed. An arbitrary drift can be called in the following ways:

– sharp throttling on the turning arc with a low friction coefficient (ice, snow, etc.). Moving on the turning arc, you need to sharply “open the gas”, after the occurrence of a skid, “close the gas”, stabilizing the car by turning the steering wheel in the direction of the skid;

- counter-shift and sharp throttling at the entrance to the turn. In order to switch to side slip before the first turn to the left, you must first maneuver to the right and then to the left, sharply increasing engine power. Counter-shifting and steering, following one another, create a rotational momentum, which is then amplified by wheel spin. Stabilization of the car is carried out by turning the steering wheel in the direction of skidding and reducing the engine speed;

- shock (sharp) downshifting with a pass on the turning arc (see technique 10).

1. A critical skid, which the driver is always wary of in a normal situation, can become a lifesaver for emergency braking before turning onto slippery road when other methods are ineffective.

2. When starting a turn, artificially induce slip rear wheels by any means available to you (hard throttling, downshifting, countershifting, or engaging/disengaging the parking brake).

3. Stabilize the vehicle in a critical skid by high-speed taxiing, and then hold it in this position for exactly as long as necessary to reduce the speed to a safe one.

4. Beware side stop outer wheel, which can cause the vehicle to roll over.

Side slip of the rear wheels can be caused by abrupt downshifting with the throttle closed. There is a short-term effect of blocking one of the wheels, similar to the case with the application of the parking brake. This effect causes the vehicle to spin momentum if the vehicle is moving through a curve. Further adjustment of the skid angle is achieved by dosed variable throttling, and vehicle stabilization is achieved by taxiing.

Only three techniques are presented here that allow you to switch to controlled sliding, but there are much more of them. In particular, on a front-wheel drive car, it is more efficient to use the “gas-brake” technique (see technique 18), which, on a turning arc, can block the rear wheels while maintaining front traction. Depending on the magnitude and duration of the braking force, the required drift angle can be adjusted. However, unlike rear wheel drive car long-term retention of a front-wheel drive car in side sliding is almost impossible.

One of the options for emergency slip braking rear axle is the use of a rhythmic skid (see technique 38). This technique is especially relevant on the descent in case of failure of the brake system (this situation most often leads to the most serious consequences associated with the death of drivers and passengers). For braking, the driver performs a series of rhythmic maneuvers, moving along a “snake” type trajectory, accompanying each turn with sharp throttling, which causes alternating drifts to the right and left. By adjusting the angle of the skid, you can create a braking force in accordance with the capabilities traffic situation. The complexity of the reception is associated with high speed taxiing, which can provide safety in extreme conditions movement. Lack of speed, poor preparation can immediately cause the car to rotate and turn a critical situation into an emergency.

46. ​​All wheel drift braking

A very dangerous situation occurs when entering a turn at a speed above the critical speed. Most often, it is the result of a gross error in predicting the steepness of the turn. Repaying excessive speed at the entrance is a difficult task even for a highly qualified driver. If the road is slippery and the engine power is sufficient to create wheel slip, then artificially created skid will allow the rear axle to side-slip braking, maintain front wheel control and overcome centrifugal force using engine power.

If the friction coefficient is high, then it is possible to partially extinguish the speed by side slipping of all wheels. To do this, the driver in any possible way (braking with the right or left foot, switching on a downshift) briefly loads the front wheels, then, using this effect, abruptly and abruptly enters the car into an arc.

1. If the speed before the turn is very high and it is too late to brake, do not despair and do not try to brake and turn steering wheel simultaneously.

2. Load the front wheels with whatever technique is available to you (engine braking, short braking, downshifting) and steeply enter the curve, “aiming” at the inner shoulder. The resulting side slip will help you slow down.

3. If the front axle begins to skid heavily, stop it by carefully applying the brakes and loading the outer front wheel.

4. If the rear wheels begin to slip (skid), disengage and immediately engage the clutch.

5. Force yourself to keep the throttle open.

The resulting centrifugal force breaks the car into side slip, which will reduce its speed. The danger of the situation can manifest itself in two ways:

– Intensive demolition of the front axle and loss of controllability if the loading is not used in time;

- the transition of sliding into rotation due to the complete cessation of throttling.

The driver can react to the first phenomenon by slightly braking with the left foot to increase the load on the front outer wheel. The second phenomenon can be responded to by quickly disengaging and engaging the clutch in order to equalize the speed of rotation of the front and rear wheels.

But in all cases, the situation with the side slip of all wheels is associated with a short-term loss of controllability. It can be figuratively described as “balancing on a knife edge”. It is very difficult to balance the forces and moments acting on the car. To do this, you need to have a wide arsenal of subtle control actions, acute muscle sensitivity and a self-regulating system of automated skills. All this can be characterized as the highest skill of driving.

47. Emergency combined braking

by the most effective way emergency deceleration from top speed movement is a stepped combined braking. It includes impulse braking with a service brake and sequential downshifting. Many drivers think that combined braking is the arithmetic sum of the braking forces of the service brake and the engine. However, the main thing is not this fact, but greater safety during deceleration.

When braking, the front wheels are loaded and the rear wheels are unloaded. Naturally, the rear wheels are the first to block and contribute to skidding. In other words, the braking force is limited by the rear wheels, so many cars have special devices, weakening their action, or are installed in front disc brakes, and behind - drums.

If, at the moment of braking, torque is applied to the rear wheels from the engine, then this can prevent the wheels from locking (on cars with a classic layout). Therefore, when braking, it is advisable to include downshifts, since this does not increase, but weaken(!) braking effect of the driving wheels. Thus, this technique can be considered anti-lock, allowing you to stabilize the car during heavy braking. It should be noted that for front wheel drive car combined braking is very effective, as it allows you to maintain control of the front wheels and vehicle stability.

The complexity of receiving combined braking is associated with a large number of various actions. Both hands and both legs are involved in the control, moreover, each performs actions of complex coordination with different controls.

When performing combined braking, a certain sequence must be observed.

1. Take a ready posture (position of hands on the steering wheel “10-2” or “9-3”), move the foot of the right foot from the fuel pedal to the brake pedal, select free play pedals.

2. Apply a series of brake impulses to the brake pedal, gradually increasing the strength and duration of efforts until the wheels lock. Use each release cycle to correct the vehicle's stability with sharp, short steering wheel actions.

3. Continuing braking with the toe of the foot, turn the foot with the heel outward and press the heel or side of the foot on the fuel pedal. Bring the engine speed to the maximum with the help of "regassing".

4. Disengage the clutch with your left foot and shift downshift with a quick movement of your right hand with a short pause in the passing phase neutral gear, for example IV - O - pause - III. Engage the clutch with a short delay (slip) in the engagement phase.

Sequential downshifting will help you increase the effectiveness of impulse braking. In this way, you will create an anti-lock effect on the drive wheels.

Additional braking action improves pick-up efficiency and maintains stability and control. Their specific purpose is as follows:

multi-pulse braking allows you to stop blocking the wheels and maximize the effectiveness of the braking system;

“re-gassing” with the heel necessary to equalize the speed of the crankshaft of the engine and gearbox. The ultimate goal is to create an anti-lock effect on the drive wheels;

downshift pause allows you to reduce the speed to the optimum, if during the "re-gassing" there was an excess of it;

clutch engagement delay necessary to prevent shock loads that can contribute to the skidding of the car;

steering wheel correction contributes to countering the yaw of the car in the event of short-term blocking of the wheels and allows you to save exchange rate stability car.

Although the method of combined braking is the most optimal for emergency speed reduction in a critical situation, it is practically inaccessible to most drivers. Due to the complex execution technology, it requires the automaticity of skills, which is possible only with its daily use. This is impossible for an ordinary driver, as it requires increased consumption fuel, intensive use of the car, etc. Only constantly trained athletes can achieve perfection in the effective use of this technique. However, the use of even reception elements (possible downshifts) improves the quality of braking through the use of the anti-lock effect.

48. Emergency braking rotation

One of the most acute critical situations is related to the failure of the brake system. This situation is extremely rare because modern cars equipped with a dual-circuit braking system, which almost always excludes a complete failure. But when it does happen, dire consequences are inevitable. These situations have claimed many human lives on buses and trucks equipped with pneumatic braking devices, due to lack of air pressure in the brake system. Cars“old age” often find themselves in this type of situation when a brake hose breaks, a defect in a wheel brake cylinder and in many other cases, including those when the driver did not check the level of brake fluid in the master cylinder reservoir.

Although many experts believe that the failure of the brake system is preceded by a number of signs that can be used to predict the presence of defects (driving the car during braking, skidding, weakening of the braking effect), most often this phenomenon causes stress due to its unexpectedness and severity of a critical situation. An experienced driver immediately repeats the brake impulse many times, trying to increase the pressure in the brake system, an inexperienced one continues to press the brake pedal, reaching a state of shock that depresses motor activity.

In some cases, it is possible to reduce the speed of the car even with ineffective methods - engine braking with downshifts, a parking brake. But more often than not, a non-standard approach is needed to avoid an emergency. Variants of this approach can be side slip braking (see technique 45) and braking by rotating the car.

Spin braking is extremely effective due to the short stopping way. Its mechanism is associated with the translation of translational motion into rotational and a decrease in speed due to the intensive lateral sliding of the rear wheels. The braking distance of the rear wheels is twisted into a spiral, and this explains the high braking dynamics.

In order to brake by rotation, you need to perform three operations in sequence.

1. Create an initial rotation impulse, which can be obtained:

– switching on and off the parking brake on the turning arc (turn the wheels, start the turn, block the wheels…);

– a sharp downshift with the throttle closed (turn the wheels, sharply downshift ...);

- counter-shift (turn the steering wheel in the direction opposite to rotation, start turning in the other direction, abruptly “open the gas” ...);

- counter-skid (cause by any of the previously mentioned methods a small skid in the direction opposite to rotation, transfer the car to a critical skid in the direction of rotation ...)

2. Go into intensive rotation around the front wheels by sliding the rear wheels due to their slipping caused by throttling.

To do this, you need to turn the wheels to the largest angle, sharply increase the speed of the cranked engine to the maximum, thereby creating an intense slipping of the rear wheels. Hold this mode for the entire period of rotation of the car by 180 °.

3. Transfer the car into rotation around the rear wheels by sliding the front wheels with the clutch disengaged (see technique 39).

If it was not possible to completely stop forward movement, then you can continue the rotation by applying operations 2 and 3 for this one or more times until the car stops completely.

If the brake pedal has reached the floor, but there is no braking, do not despair. Try one or two impulses to "revive" the brake system and prepare for the worst.

Try to slow down everyone possible ways: hand brake, shock downshifting, side sliding.

When all possibilities for slowing down have been exhausted, use a spin if this technique does not create a danger to others. Perform a U-turn forward and then a “police U-turn” in reverse. Continue turning until the vehicle comes to a complete stop.

If you have never performed this braking technique, then do not try to use it, as the consequences can be disastrous.

Although this technique is very effective in emergency situations associated with the failure of the brake system, and in critical situations - when the vehicle loses its stability (see techniques 37 and 38), it is quite complicated and requires a high level of skill due to the large number of control actions associated with general structure.

If the coordination of actions is broken, then the car, instead of rotation, goes into an uncontrolled side slip, which can end in a rollover (see technique 43). Lateral slip can also occur during reflex inhibition. The danger lies in the return from rotational movement to translational movement with the removal to the oncoming traffic lane or the roadside.

Often, beginners perform spin braking involuntarily, with little or no understanding of how it happens. And this happens in most cases due to the creation of a preliminary impulse of rotation by sudden braking, a delay in the reaction to skidding and disengaging the clutch in the second phase of rotation. All these actions allow the car itself to perform a 360 ° turn without interference. This slows down the speed.

49. Emergency contact braking

When all possibilities have been exhausted and it is impossible to stop the car due to a failure of the brake system or insufficient distance, then there is almost always a way to avoid the serious consequences of an accident by controlled impact on an obstacle. This method of braking is used in cases where there is no alternative and human life is endangered.

The design of the vehicle provides for passive safety when hitting an obstacle. The fenders and trunk have the greatest buffer capabilities. Deep sinuses and crushable body elements allow you to absorb the energy of even strong impacts, deforming upon contact with an obstacle. Longitudinal spars have the greatest rigidity, so a frontal impact is the most traumatic.

In order to make the emergency situation manageable, it is necessary to stop braking, avoid a frontal collision with dosed taxiing, and try to extinguish the speed with a sliding impact against an obstacle, taking into account the possibility of a rebound and a corresponding change in the trajectory.

A highly skilled driver can perform contact braking from a random rotation (see technique 48), since side sliding or rotation will reduce the force of the impact and partially dampen the speed before hitting the obstacle.

Before the moment of impact, the driver must take self-insurance measures (put his left foot on the floor, ensure maximum contact with the seat and a locking grip on the steering wheel, etc.).

Bringing the car to a tangential impact against an obstacle, the driver can foresee the direction of the rebound and continue stabilization by taxiing techniques (see techniques 35–42) until the car comes to a complete stop, and then take necessary measures to reduce the severity of the consequences of a collision.

If an accident is unavoidable, try to make the situation manageable. Do not slow down and move away from the frontal collision with dosed power steering. A sliding hit against an obstacle will help to extinguish the speed.

50. Preventing a collision with a person

One of the most dangerous critical situations in terms of its consequences is a collision with a person. The “braking reflex” developed by most drivers, which leads to complete blocking of the wheels, does not increase, but most often reduces safety if the speed is high. The extreme conditions lead to the fact that at first the driver slows down, and then tries to avoid the collision with the help of a maneuver. But the first action excludes the second. The car on the locked wheels loses control and continues to move in a straight line with slipping - skidding of the wheels. The young driver most often reacts to the increasing danger of a collision with a complete refusal to drive. Fear binds him and forces him to press even harder on the brake pedal.

There are several rational ways to get out of the situation.

Stepped combined braking will help you shorten the braking distance.

In close proximity to a person, you will want to press the brake pedal with maximum effort. Give up this erroneous action, continue to brake with short impulses.

If braking does not save you from a collision, you need to decide on an emergency maneuver. It will be effective if you stop braking.

Saving a person's life, you need to be prepared for contact braking by hitting any obstacle.

When choosing a way to prevent a collision, have time to predict its consequences. Don't make it worse!

Stepped braking in constant gear, excluding wheel blocking by more than 10–20 cm.

Stepped combined braking with shock downshifts and compensatory impulse steering, which excludes the rotation of the car.

Side slip braking with compensatory steering to prevent the vehicle from spinning.

An emergency maneuver after a braking impulse, which will increase the loading of the front wheels and the vehicle's handling.

Contact braking against an obstacle after an emergency maneuver.

This is not a complete list of safe practices. The choice of driver depends on the severity of the situation, external conditions and own possibilities. The main condition is to fight to the end, overcome fear, give up braking if there is no 100% guarantee that the car can be stopped. At any cost, even if it is the price of your own health, you need to avoid hitting a person.

Emergency braking is a maneuver performed in the event of an emergency. dangerous situations on road. It is important to note: such actions are allowed to be carried out only in certain circumstances, they are all determined.

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Violation of the rules of road traffic on the roadway threatens with serious fines - this is controlled by the traffic police.

Definition

It is used in situations where it is necessary to stop the vehicle as quickly as possible - in order to avoid a traffic accident.

The reason is the lack of time, the critical distance. Intensive deceleration using vehicle systems is implied.

Can be used various ways stop moving:

• traditional;
• unconventional.

The choice of a certain one is based on the coefficient of adhesion of wheels with pavement, as well as other conditions of DD.

The main task of such an event is to stop in a short period of time with the passage of a minimum distance. This is what minimizes the chance of an accident.

An important parameter is the way the vehicle stops. It depends on the speed of the car, as well as the condition of the road surface:

The key to a successful ET is a well-functioning deceleration system. The mass of the car in most situations as such is relatively small. In this connection, the equipment with an emergency crane is not carried out.

The exception is the "handbrake" - when the pads rear wheel are put in action through the manual drive by means of special cables.

Factors affecting the success of a shutdown with minimal time:

• driver reaction speed;
• the condition of the tires installed on the vehicle;
• road surface condition.

Separately, it is worth noting that there are some nuances associated with the presence of special braking systems - for example, ABS. Stands for ABS - Anti-lock Braking System.

Modern stopping devices are divided into pneumatic and hydraulic. Thanks to these, a relatively small effort transmitted through the pedal allows you to quickly stop the car.

When is emergency braking used?

In the maneuver under consideration, it is imperative to follow certain rules, and they apply to almost everyone without any exceptions.

The most important point is to prevent the wheels from locking up during the deceleration process. When they just stop spinning. IN similar situation vehicle control drops to almost 0, which often leads to accidents.

If the driver feels that the car has suddenly ceased to obey control, then you should remove your foot from the brake pedal:

Before traffic lights and in front of animals, it is often necessary to reduce the speed of movement as quickly as possible.

Situations like this occur especially often in places in countryside. When at speed the driver notices cattle on the roadway. In these circumstances, you need to slow down quickly.

Such a situation just falls under the definition of a situation where emergency braking is generally allowed to be used.

The rules of the road describe in sufficient detail the circumstances when the use of such a method of reducing the speed of movement is generally possible:

• upon detection of unsatisfactory operation of brake systems;
• when an EPC signal appears - in order to avoid longitudinal reactions - this takes place in a road train;
• if it is installed during the movement of a complete failure of all brakes;
• V winter period time - if at the entrance to railway no inhibitory effect should be obtained;
• when the pressure drops in the vehicle.

The main regulatory document that determines the use of such braking is Clause No. 6.14 of the SDA. It discusses in detail all the situations when it occurs.

It is necessary to work out all the main points in advance. By stopping in time, you can avoid a collision, an accident.

According to statistics, 30% in the territory of the Russian Federation take place just because of a malfunction of the brake systems.

To prevent an accident, you should not only be able to use the brake systems on time, but also keep your distance. Especially if ahead is moving at the same time a large number of machines.

According to clause 6.14 of the SDA, it is determined that the use of such a stopping method can only be used if:

• an accident with a vehicle and road infrastructure facilities is possible;
• A pedestrian is crossing the road and it is possible to run into him.

In winter, skidding and blocking of the wheels are possible. You are allowed to continue driving yellow light traffic light. Or when the traffic controller raises his hand and indicates the need to stop the vehicle.

It is worth remembering that a sudden cessation of movement can come as a complete surprise to someone who is moving behind. Which could cause a serious accident.

Therefore, before resorting to such a method, it is important to look in the rear-view mirror or simply turn your head back.

It is worth remembering that the driver of a vehicle moving behind may simply not have time to react in time. Stopping distance is often simply not enough.

Part of the reason for this is the lack of accurate information in the traffic rules about exactly what distance between cars should be in the process of their movement.

The term "safe distance" when driving a vehicle can actually mean anything.

There are quite a few circumstances when the cause of the accident was the tightness of the vehicles driving behind. Press the brake pedal sharply only when there is a really serious need.

Forbidden or allowed

The maneuver itself is dangerous - therefore, it must be used with extreme caution. It is important to familiarize yourself in advance with all the specifics of its application, various nuances. All of these should be worked out in advance.

This is the only way to avoid problems and serious accidents. It is allowed to use maneuvers only in circumstances when it is really necessary. For example, to avoid injuries, accidents.

Otherwise, driving will be identified as dangerous. Therefore, it will be necessary to familiarize yourself with all the subtleties and nuances in advance - otherwise the traffic police officers can simply impose a rather serious fine on the driver.

Relatively recently, a new violation appeared in the Code of Administrative Offenses, which implies a fine for committing unpredictable and dangerous actions on the roads.

It is important for the driver to monitor the technical condition of his own vehicle. Since this is the only way to avoid standard mistakes that often occur.

Often, it may simply not be possible to complete the stop in time. For example, if when the brake systems are in a deplorable state.

It is important to monitor blood pressure hydraulic system, as well as the condition of the vehicle pads. Today many stations Maintenance just sell diagnostic cards. And the cars are in disrepair.

This is precisely the main reason serious problems. Exist various situations requiring emergency measures when stopping. It is important to read all of them carefully.

Possible consequences

Actions of the type in question on the road have certain consequences. And you will need to familiarize yourself with them in advance. This is the only way to avoid common mistakes.

Moreover, the consequences take place not only in the form of an accident, an accident or other troubles. But also for the car itself.

Standard and most common consequences of actions:

• increased tire wear;
• quick erase brake pads vehicle;
• wear of transmission elements involved in braking;
• increase in fuel consumption.

Moreover, in some cars, damage occurs right on the go. For example, breakage of the brake disc is frequent.

When the pads clamp one and the disc itself simply crumbles. This can cause serious trouble, including an accident. Another problem that occurs quite often is damage to the hydraulic system.

Examples of damage to a brake disc on Honda CR-V after applying the emergency brake:

When in weak points follows brake fluid. If the car stopped very abruptly, with minimal time, then it is worth stopping at the first opportunity and checking its technical condition.

When the driver is not at fault

Even if an accident occurs and other road users are injured, the driver of the vehicle is not necessarily at fault. Each case is considered individually.

The driver will remain completely innocent of the following:

• if the driver in front applied ET;
• arose technical issues in the car itself - while he himself is not to blame for this;
• a pedestrian ran out onto the road and it was required to apply ET;
• others, when the application of the stopping method was simply unavoidable.

It is important to remember that deceleration techniques should only be used in certain circumstances. In some of them, not only a serious fine is threatened, but also the deprivation of a driver's license.

Such circumstances should not be allowed. Because it can cause serious trouble. The process of moving has its own subtleties, features.

Punishment for traffic violations

The legislation does not provide for any liability for emergency braking. At the same time, if an accident occurs, then punishment may take place. Its measure directly depends on how serious the emergency on the road has become.

In the presence of significant damage, causing harm and causing death through negligence, even deprivation of a driver's license is possible.

Separately, it is necessary to consider the circumstances when there is a collision of various road users - when one of the drivers crashed into the car in front.

In this case, even if the latter used ET, it will be quite difficult to prove his guilt. Each case is considered individually. It is important to familiarize yourself with all the subtleties in advance.