Gearbox mechanics gear shifting. How to drive with a manual transmission

Manual transmission is popular among drivers. Of course, the production of new cars equipped with manual transmission is declining every year, but nevertheless experienced drivers stay true to mechanics.

Without a doubt, it is one of the most proven and reliable. She is competent and proper care can be used for a considerable period of time.

At first glance, an inexperienced driver may think that it is inconvenient to use and inferior in comfort to automatic and robotic devices. This common misconception has arisen because many drivers do not know how to properly shift gears on the mechanics.

The manual transmission is used to distribute the mechanical energy of the motor over the drive axles of the vehicle. Cars use manual box gears with different number of steps. The most popular are 5-speed transmissions and reves.

IN mechanical box The clutch must be used to shift gears. It is the link between the engine and transmission. Crankshaft the motor is constantly rotating. input shaft box is engaged with the crankshaft.

In order to connect the desired gears of the gear speed, it is necessary to suspend the rotation for a split second crankshaft. The clutch handles this well. That is why it is impossible to change gear without the clutch depressed.

How to change gears on the mechanics

An experienced driver shifts gears on the mechanics automatically, without controlling the course of the hand. All movements are reflex in nature and their clarity is due to driving experience.

We can distinguish the following order of gear shifting on a manual transmission when starting to move:

1. Depress the clutch and place the gear lever in neutral position;
2. Start the engine while holding the brake pedal;
3. Release the brake pedal and depress the clutch pedal;
4. Without releasing the clutch pedal, engage first gear;
5. Slowly release the clutch and move off;
6. If necessary, add speed with the gas pedal;

Once you start moving, you don't need to change gears too often. Typically in urban dense stream vehicles use third gear. When accelerating the vehicle, it is necessary to shift gears strictly in ascending order.

If necessary apply emergency braking depress the brake and clutch pedal at the same time. The gearshift lever can be moved to the neutral position later.

The following gear shift ranges in mechanics can be distinguished:

• first gear (0-20 kilometers per hour);
• second gear (20-40 kilometers per hour);
• third gear (40-60 kilometers per hour);
• fourth gear (60-90 kilometers per hour);
• fifth gear (90-110 kilometers per hour);
• sixth gear (over 110 kilometers per hour).

As practice shows, experienced drivers determine the necessary moment of gear shifting by the sound of the engine. The strained roar of the power unit indicates that the time has come to change gear.

Do not forget that timely gear shifting prevents premature engine wear, reduces fuel consumption and reduces emissions. harmful substances V environment. It must be remembered that the clutch is squeezed out smoothly and the gears change quickly.

Gear shifting manual transmission when overtaking

Minimum fuel consumption and optimal speed engine are achieved when the car is moving in high gear on a country road. Many drivers, and especially beginners, make a series of common mistakes with other road users.

Most beginners, when overtaking a vehicle, include a high gear and thereby lose dynamics and speed. Experts, on the contrary, recommend lowering the transmission speed by one step at the beginning of overtaking.

This will add agility to the engine and the speed of the vehicle will instantly increase. Thus, dangerous maneuver will be completed successfully. No need to tempt fate and shift gears while overtaking.

How to brake properly

There are situations when it becomes necessary to use the engine and gearbox for effective braking. Reducing the speed of the vehicle by using the capabilities of the engine is used when steep descents, failure brake system, malfunctions of the brake system and slippery road surfaces.

Engine braking actions are as follows:

1. Release the gas pedal;
2. Squeeze the clutch and shift into low gear;
3. Slowly take your foot off the clutch pedal.

When braking the engine, precautions must be taken, as improper operation can lead to damage to the manual transmission.

Conclusion

In principle, shifting gears correctly on the mechanics is not as difficult as one might imagine at first glance. The most important thing is to fast with patience, and experience and skills will come with time.

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We must learn to ride it, namely to figure out how to shift gears.

The most common beginner mistakes when switching:

• not fully squeezed clutch (crunching when shifting gears);
• inaccurate shift path (lever movements should be straight and move at right angles, not diagonally);
• wrong choice of the moment of switching (too high gear - the car will start to twitch or stall altogether, too low gear - the car will roar and most likely “bite”).

The figure below shows a gear layout that is repeated on most cars, with the exception of the reverse gear. Often reverse located in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bfirst gear, but to turn it on, most often, you need to lift the lever.

When shifting gears, the trajectory of the lever should coincide with that shown in the figure, that is, when you turn on the first gear, the lever first moves all the way to the left and only then up, but in no case diagonally.

Gearshift Algorithm

Suppose the car has already started and this moment moving at first speed. When reaching 2-2.5 thousand revolutions, it is necessary to switch to the next, second gear. Let's analyze the switching algorithm:

Step 1: Simultaneously release all the gas and depress the clutch.

Step 2: Move the gearshift lever to the second gear position. Most often, second gear is under first, so you need to move the lever down, but at the same time lightly pressing it in left side so that it does not jump into the neutral position.

There are 2 ways to switch: the first is described above (that is, without moving to the neutral position). The second way is that from the first gear we switch to neutral (moving down and to the right), and then we turn on the second gear (moving to the left all the way and down). All these actions are performed with the clutch depressed!

Step 3: Then we add gas, about 1.5 thousand revolutions and smoothly release the clutch without jerking. That's it, the second gear is on, you can accelerate further.

Step 4: Shift to 3rd gear. When reaching 2-2.5 thousand revolutions in 2nd gear, it is advisable to switch to 3rd, here you can’t do without a neutral position.

We perform the actions of step 1, return the lever to the neutral position (by moving up and to the right, the main thing here is not to move the lever to the right further central position so as not to turn on 5th gear) and from neutral we turn on 3rd gear with a simple movement up.

The advent of automatic transmissions did not cause enthusiasm among motorists, since today they are considered uneconomical. And buy a car with a really good and reliable automatic transmission not affordable for everyone. Therefore, most drivers have to use a manual transmission, which is not so easy to master. To help beginners who are just learning all the basics of driving a car with a manual transmission in this matter, we have prepared this article.

1. Start of movement and gearbox.

Starting the car is possible only when the gear is engaged and the petrol supply is opened. In general, this task looks quite simple, but when you get behind the wheel of a car and you need to drive onto a busy road, you can get confused. Moreover, at the time of the start, the car can simply stall, which leads inexperienced drivers into bewilderment. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to properly balance the pressing of the gas and clutch pedals. In order for the engine to start and not stall, at some point they both must be in the pressed state.

However, it is even more important to use a manual transmission correctly. If the car starts from a flat and dry surface, it is recommended to move the gear lever to the first position. Since it will transmit quite intense torque to the wheels, car engine is unlikely to fade.

Another important point: it is necessary to engage the gear only after the clutch pedal is literally pressed to the floor of the car. At the same time, the automatic transmission lever itself must be moved slowly. During its switching, you will feel a natural resistance that cannot be overcome by sudden efforts. But if at the same time you heard unpleasant sound from lever operation and a sharp shift in the point of resistance, move the lever to neutral, then fully release the clutch pedal and try the task again.

A signal that you have switched to desired gear, there will be a missing effort and stop the movement of the lever itself. At this point, he will hit the stop located at the end of the groove, which will fix the lever.

But all these recommendations are useful for driving in the dry and warm seasons. When winter comes and the cold comes, it is better to start in second gear, which is also necessary for novice drivers to familiarize themselves with. By starting in second gear, you can avoid wheel spin on slippery and wet road. With this start, you can also avoid skidding and burrowing car wheels in loose snow.

Such a start is performed in the same way as described above, however, it has a small feature. If the balance between pressing the gas pedal and the clutch is harsh, you risk putting a lot of stress on the car engine. That's why the balance between pressing the two pedals should be as fine as possible. When starting on your car, you need to consider a few simple recommendations that will help to avoid breakdowns and premature wear manual transmission:

1. Do not sharply move the gearshift lever and try to switch from gear to gear by applying too much effort to it.

2. The clutch pedal must be released as smoothly as possible.

3. Control the rate of fuel delivery.

2. Using a manual transmission on the go.

Proper shifting of gears while driving allows you to ensure good dynamics operation of all automotive components, reduce fuel consumption and prevent the possibility of breakdowns of the gearbox itself. If you have previously wondered about correct use gearboxes, you probably came across the following recommendation: each of the gearshift lever positions corresponds to a certain speed at which the car is moving. But this recommendation has nothing to do with reality. Do not forget that each car has its own individual power, which depends both on the power unit and on the state of the main working units of the entire automobile body. Moreover, each car has its own gear ratios, which are selected individually.

The best recommendation for inexperienced drivers is to keep an eye on the car's tachometer. If on its dial you see an indicator in the range from 2500 to 3500 rpm, then the engine is running most economically, and there is no need to switch to another gear. If the operation of the engine has become very intense, then it is necessary to switch to the next, higher gear. In this case, do not forget about the clutch, the pedal of which must be fully depressed. If the engine speed drops, it is necessary to change gear again, but in this case it will be necessary to shift to a lower one.

If you are overclocking, then you need to shift gears sequentially, moving from first to second, from second to third, and so on. In general, it is possible to jump over one or two gears of the gearbox, but in such a situation it is necessary to be extremely careful with the clutch. If the pedal is not fully depressed, there is a possibility of damage to the manual transmission shafts.

It should be noted that directly while driving, a manual transmission gives the driver whole line benefits. In particular, thanks to it, you can prepare in advance for difficult traffic situations. For example, according to the rules traffic, it is necessary to switch to a lower gear in the following cases:

1. When you come up a very steep hill.

2. When it is necessary to move along a rather dangerous descent.

3. During overtaking.

4. On very tight turns.

The gearbox can save you even if you can't use the brakes. For example, if you have to travel slippery roads or drive downhill. In such situations, it is recommended to start braking with the engine. To do this, simply release the gas pedal and shift from the highest gear to the lowest until the speed drops to the required limit. In this case, you should not increase the engine speed very much and, if possible, still use the brake system.

For drivers with great experience shifting gears is not difficult, as they are guided by the sound of the engine. However, changing behind the wheel of another car, you still have to learn everything anew and adapt to the features of its engine. For a true pro, the clue to shifting gears is to observe how the car reacts when pressed. When the engine reaches a certain level of performance, it simply switches to next gear, thereby improving the performance of the car as a whole.

There is a definite difference in gear shifting on sports cars equipped with high speed engines. In order to master the driving of such a car, it is necessary to attend special courses that teach driving high-speed cars.

3. Secrets of efficiency of a mechanical transmission.

Even knowing how to shift gears in a gearbox, you also need to learn certain rules that will help you reduce fuel consumption and reduce the load on power unit. These secret recommendations are as follows:

1. To reduce fuel consumption, gaining acceleration, it is necessary to switch gears quickly enough. As we have already said, the optimal switching points are individual for each car model. But in general, the transition from the first stage to the second is recommended to be carried out at the moment when the car accelerates to 25 km / h. You can shift to higher gears already when accelerating to 50-60 km / h.

2. Use the basic rule for using a manual transmission, which is: if the engine is running too hard and the car does not need that much power to maintain the required speed, you need to move up.

3. Changing to a lower gear must be carried out if, without pressing the gas pedal, the car begins to slow down. Do not drive slowly in high gears, as this contributes to a very high flow fuel.

The first rule to help ensure good work manual transmission is the timely passage Maintenance vehicle and all its components. But besides this, it is also important to use the gearbox correctly, which will increase its service life at times:

1. To increase the coefficient useful action transmission and prevent wear of parts, it is necessary to move in direct gear, if your car has one. By doing this, you will shorten the path of torque and take the load off the gears, which will be less involved in the transmission of torque.

2. Do not leave the clutch depressed if the car has already accelerated to a speed of 20 km / h. It is especially important to consider this recommendation for vehicles with rear wheel drive. It is equally important to know that pressing the clutch pedal must be done as quickly as possible. But you need to release this pedal smoothly. This will avoid slippage and will not cause premature wear of parts.

3. It is not recommended to stop the car solely by switching gears. For this, it is also necessary to use a braking system, in parallel with which it is possible to switch from higher gears to lower ones.

4. Do not leave your car in gear in winter.

5. So that when driving on ice, the wheels do not lose traction, do not change gears abruptly.

6. To reduce the load on the power unit during gear shifting, you can do the following: before shifting to a lower gear, slow down a little with the help of the brake system.

7. Do not forget to clean the gearbox and maintain required level oils. Use only those lubricants recommended by your vehicle manufacturer.

Along with this, there are a number of actions that are unacceptable during the operation of a manual transmission. We are talking about fast and sharp switching from one gear to another. It is strictly forbidden to drive a car on slippery road with the clutch disengaged or in neutral gear. Can't switch to reverse gear if the car is moving forward. By observing all these rules and providing a manual transmission with the necessary and timely service, you will get rid of not only possible problems in its operation, but also to maximize its service life.

On modern automotive market Increasingly widespread are instances with automatic or robotic gearbox. By their own technical specifications they are no longer inferior to their mechanical counterparts, in addition, attracting a potential owner by the absence of the need to independently manage the process switching speeds, over and over again making a lot of gestures. However, in the secondary market, on average price segment the ratio of cars sold will still be, rather, in favor of those that have a manual transmission.

Drivers of the old school believe that more reliable than mechanics nothing can be, but all kinds of robots and automata are rather Consumables for cars than their full-fledged parts, since they are unnecessarily expensive to maintain and much more prone to all sorts of defects. In some ways, such car owners are really right: in itself, mechanical Transmission it is simpler than an automatic transmission and a robot, so there are fewer problems with it. If you take two cars of a certain brand, in the same body and the same years of production, one on the mechanics, and the second on the machine - the first copy will cost a little less. And if we compare prices for repair work- a manual gearbox will please the owner without emptying the wallet too much. But for car drivers automatic transmissions it is sometimes necessary to invest considerable sums in bringing them into working condition.

The figure is a diagram of a manual transmission.

The mechanics cause dissatisfaction, mainly among novice drivers. Due to the lack of any experience in driving a car, they immediately have questions: “How to shift gears on the mechanics?”, “How to start moving at all?” or “How to drive out backwards?”, - and a host of others. But after a few practical exercises dissatisfaction and bewilderment pass, and a practical skill appears - after all, in fact, there is nothing super complicated in self-switching There are no manual transmission transmissions.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE

First you need to understand what the principle of operation manual transmission. The purpose of the box is to generate gear ratio rotational speed from the engine internal combustion to the wheels of the car. gear ratios- this is a kind of “steps” of the box, and they are switched manually by those who drive the car using the selector. Since the process is completely mechanized and requires the direct participation of the driver, the gearbox is called "mechanical".

Manual transmission works in conjunction with the clutch - a mechanism that transmits torque to the wheels and allows you to shift gears as smoothly as possible, without disconnecting engine speed. Without a clutch, the huge amount of torque that is needed to keep the car moving normally will simply tear the box apart. The clutch is controlled by a pedal located in the driver's footwell, along with the accelerator and brake pedal. The main thing for the driver is to remember that shifting gears on a manual gearbox is always necessary only when the clutch pedal is fully depressed.

DRIVING A VEHICLE WITH A MANUAL TRANSMISSION AT START

At the initial stages of training in driving schools, many students enthusiastically get behind the wheel, turn on the ignition, remove the car from the handbrake, turn on the first gear and ... The engine stalls, and the car gets stuck. What causes such an error? Yes, indeed, the algorithm of actions when intending to move the car from a place is as follows: in a car with the ignition already on, the manual transmission knob must switch from neutral to first gear, after fully pressing the clutch pedal - this activates the fuel supply, and the car has the opportunity to move from places. The clutch is then released and the accelerator pedal accelerates the car.

But the problem is that it is for the start that the engine needs to overcome the most large quantity efforts, and if the clutch is released too quickly, the box cannot process the torque, and the motor, accordingly, cannot continue to function, which is why it stops. In order to properly move from a place to a car with, you need to maintain an accurate balance between the clutch and gas pedals. Having pressed the clutch with the first gear engaged, you must then slowly and smoothly press the gas. In the direction of the car, you need to gradually give it acceleration, while pressing the accelerator pedal harder, and slowly, carefully remove your foot from the clutch until it is completely released. When the car starts off, it is recommended to use only first gear for maximum efficiency. It is with its help that the maximum torque is given to the wheels, which will be enough to move the huge mass of the car from its place, and the possibility of stopping the engine when correct operation with pedals is reduced to a minimum. The transmission is switched on with the help of a smooth movement of the selector, as already mentioned, with the clutch fully depressed. You need to start releasing the clutch only when the manual transmission handle is firmly in place of the gear that is used in the current mode. If, when trying to move off, the selector starts to shake so much that vibrations are given to the driver’s hand, and an unpleasant rattle comes from the box itself, the gear has not been fully engaged, and you should immediately stop the car by fully depressing the brake, then pressing the clutch and shifting the box handle gears to neutral. After stopping, you can try again.

IMPORTANT: for driving on snowy or slippery surfaces, it does not hurt to master the skill of starting immediately from second gear. By starting off in this way, the car avoids axle box on the wheels, and, accordingly, the risk of skidding or getting stuck in the snow. The procedure is exactly the same as when starting in first gear, except that you need to lower the clutch and add gas much more slowly. If the clutch is released too sharply, the gear shift will not work correctly. If you repeat this mistake periodically, you can simply burn the clutch.

Switch transmission on time to an inexperienced driver will help a tachometer integrated into dashboard car. This device shows at what speed the engine is running in the current mode. Normal for driving in one gear is the interval of 2500-3000 rpm, when the arrow rises above the specified value, you need to turn on the next gear. If you constantly go to high speed using a low gear, this may cause damage and the subsequent need to replace the clutch.

Switching rules from any gear to a higher one are the same:

• the first step is to release the gas pedal and fully squeeze the clutch;
• then you need to put the shift selector in the position corresponding to the desired gear, while still holding the clutch pedal;
• then a smooth pressure on the gas pedal is carried out and, in proportion to the speed with which one foot presses on the accelerator, the other foot, which holds the clutch, gradually releases it.

In most cars with manual transmission after third gear switching take place more imperceptibly, and the clutch can already be released a little faster. However, this does not mean that you can simply abruptly remove your foot from it - this will still lead to malfunctions in the future.

On cars in the sports line, shifting can occur on increased speed, because they are supplied from the factory with a special ceramic or other reinforced clutch.

IMPORTANT: The manual transmission is valued by many drivers for being able to right moment switch to downshift. What does it give:

- the ability to adjust the speed of the car on hazardous areas roads: sharp descent or turn, elevation, etc.;
- allows to carry out safe overtaking others Vehicle;
- in case of a malfunction of the brake system using the manual transmission, you can stop the car using engine braking. Such inhibition is carried out by gradual successive

switching downshift to neutral. If the brakes are at least to some extent suitable for work, you need to help with the brake pedal in order to prevent a critical increase in speed and overheating of the internal combustion engine.

As mentioned, the most optimal moment for shifting gears on a manual transmission is when the tachometer needle reaches 2500-3000 rpm. Drivers with little experience often mistakenly believe that by turning on the next gear for more low revs, they thus save fuel and reduce its consumption. This opinion is fundamentally wrong - to start from low fuel speeds, you need just the opposite, much more. Plus, when shifting at low speeds, traction is partially lost, and steering can become unsafe, especially if it is carried out on uneven, slippery or snow covered road.

To save fuel, the highest gears in manual gearboxes are provided. Most modern models Is it 5th or 6th gear. However, savings occur only with systematic switching, premature transition to overdrive fuel consumption will not decrease, but will only slow down. In this way, you can save on fuel in a car with a manual transmission with constant unhindered movement, for example, along the highway. If you drive within the city at high density traffic flow- it is unlikely that you will have to use a gear over the fourth, and sometimes even the third.

Currently, many drivers with great experience prefer cars equipped with manual transmission. There are reasons for that:

• the lower cost of the car itself with a manual transmission compared to analogues with a machine gun;
• relative ease of maintenance of the mechanical box;
• reduced fuel consumption;
• downshift and engine braking.

Besides, just like that seasoned motorists, in their opinion, can fully control the car, drive it for real.

There are, of course, manual transmission and its disadvantages. After all, despite the trends secondary market, meet new car with mechanics - already rather a rarity than a regularity. main reason, according to which an increasing number of car owners prefer automatic manual mode– comfort. For many, especially those who are buying a car for the first time, it is important to focus on what is happening on the road in difficult situations, or enjoy the car in long journey instead of constantly pulling the handle and thinking how to switch correctly transmission, distracting from the driving itself. However, even automatic transmissions for the most part provide for a transition to manual control mode, albeit with a simpler algorithm and no need for independent clutch control.

Those who still choose time-tested manual transmissions need to be extremely careful when shifting gears in order to keep all mechanisms in working order for as long as possible.

A lot of novice drivers, especially female representatives, are afraid to drive a car with manual transmission. Especially now when technical progress comes to the point that cars with automatic transmission begin to dominate the sales market.

Many car enthusiasts simply do not want to connect their lives with the difficulties in learning and using mechanics. Since in the process of learning to drive there are many difficulties with gear shifting. And this distracts from the road and makes the unprepared driver and all road users nervous.

But automatic transmission transmission is also not perfect and has many shortcomings. The big and very important one is not a budget option. Therefore, despite the inconvenience, most drivers choose mechanics. And then the question immediately arises, how to properly shift gears on the mechanics while driving? In this article, we will help you deal with this issue.

Mistakes made by beginners when shifting gears

With the help of this pedal on the mechanics, the process of mechanically disconnecting the engine drive from the wheel drive is going on. Therefore, on the mechanics, when switching from low speed to high speed or vice versa, you need to depress the clutch pedal. If you do not learn the correct operation of this mechanism, then you are guaranteed not only the speedy repair of the car, but also the likelihood of getting into a traffic accident increases.

The main mistakes that most often occur when shifting gears for beginners can be called the following:

• Regassing or pecking of the car (short-term engine braking) at the moment the gas pedal is released and the clutch is pressed. This is due to the fact that the student releases the gas faster than he squeezes the clutch in case of a dive. Or vice versa, he quickly presses the clutch, while not releasing the gas pedal, as a result, regassing occurs.
• Transfer the emphasis to the hand with which the student holds the steering wheel (pulls the steering wheel to the left) at the moment the gear is engaged. This habit can easily lead you astray.
• Incorrect operation with the gearbox lever. The transmission is switched on not according to the scheme, but obliquely. This leads to the fact that instead of the desired transmission, a completely different speed is switched on. For example, instead of the first gear, the third is switched on, and instead of the second, the fourth. The location of each gear should be known even before you get behind the wheel for the first time. And it is better to train in switching gears on an unstarted car and exactly according to the scheme. In this way, various problems can be avoided, such as those associated with incorrect shifting while driving.
• Also, novice drivers often divert attention to the gear lever when shifting, instead of keeping an eye on the road. This is strictly prohibited and may lead to an accident, try not to look at it.
• As practice shows, it also becomes difficult to choose the moment for the subsequent shift or not knowing which gear to turn on at a particular speed. We'll talk about this in more detail below.

You can also learn about the mistakes of novice drivers from the following video:

Correct shifting while driving

There are often situations where inexperienced drivers start switching without typing desired speed. Ultimately, this destroys not only the transmission, but also the engine of the car. When driving on highways or highways, shifting should be smooth, gears should be changed as the vehicle speed increases.

You should not have the goal of reaching the highest gear at a low speed of the car, and vice versa, constantly drive high revs engine. Only the desired gear should be selected, corresponding to the current speed of the vehicle. Since each gear has its own optimal speed mode at which the engine operates most efficiently and economically.

We watch a useful video on how to shift gears using the speedometer or tachometer while driving:

Feature of driving a car on the mechanics

For novice drivers, some of the nuances of driving a car with a manual transmission may be surprising news. For example, when changing gears in the gearbox, the car loses a certain speed. And the longer you delay switching, the great speed loses the car.

If you need to upshift, then you need to shift the lever quickly, without wasting time thinking about this step. But this does not mean that you need to sharply "stick" the lever into the wrong position. Try to prepare in advance for the inclusion of a particular gear, even before changing speed. Since your car will suffer greatly from sudden and incorrect switching.

Remember that when overtaking a car, you should not switch unless you guarantee to do it quickly and correctly. This is especially true in cases where the maneuver must be completed in a minimum period of time or in an extreme situation.

How to shift gears on the mechanics while driving?

In fact, the actions are simple, in the process of driving everything is worked out to automatism:

• First of all, you should remove your foot from the accelerator pedal and, at the same time, depress the clutch pedal all the way.
• Next, you need to switch to a lower or top gear, depending on what you want to accomplish.
• After that, you need to release the clutch pedal very slowly and smoothly, while adding gas.

It is worth noting that at correct switching there should not be any jerks or jerks. At the same time, the engine should not roar much, everything should go smoothly and without unnecessary noise.