How to brake with ABS on ice and snow in winter. How to brake in a car with ABS so that it doesn’t hurt your wallet excruciatingly? Emergency braking of a car with abs

12.07.2019

Fuel system

What is emergency braking?

Dedicated to Tinsmith's Day :)

Once in late autumn, when the thermometer was jumping in the plus during the day and minus at night, Masha was returning from work late in the evening. There was a stretch of road a few hundred meters from her house...

Winter surprises or how does the day of the tinker come about? (Real story)

Once in late autumn, when the thermometer was jumping in the plus during the day and minus at night, Masha was returning from work late in the evening. A few hundred meters from her house, there was a stretch of road with a slight incline followed by a 90-degree turn.

According to the law of meanness, it was in this place that evening carriageway not sprinkled with reagent, but shiny wet asphalt under the wheels turned out to be frozen. In addition, the icy surface of the slope before the turn was polished by previously passing cars, which made it slip even more.

But Masha found out about this later, when on this very hill, out of habit, she began to slow down by smoothly pressing the brake. The car slowed down a little, but despite the studded tires, it did not think to stop. Masha pressed the middle pedal even more. Does not help. And here, as for evil, there is also a twist. And what an obsession! The car treacherously drove straight, despite the steering wheel twisted to the side ...

It was the first car for an extreme situation on the ice. She hasn't been out in the winter yet.
My friend still drove to her house that evening, but with a tattered front bumper, a crushed fender and a broken headlight. And the pillar standing alone at the end of the turn was carelessly marked with a silver abrasion.

“I knew how to slow down properly!” she repeated over and over...

Hide...

How to slow down in a critical situation?

Sometimes the situation on the road changes so suddenly that the driver has no choice but to "hit the brakes". In this case, it happens that due to incorrect actions of the brake pedal, the car still reaches the obstacle. And everyone hears "BA-A-AMS" :(

Emergency braking is, as you probably guessed, nothing more than a sharp, emergency braking applied to slow down the car as much as possible.

Reference

Pressing the brake pedal brakes both the front and rear wheels car. If at the same time at least one wheel is blocked, then the increase stopping distance and skidding is almost inevitable. When the front wheels are locked, everything else, the car stops turning (does not respond to turning the steering wheel).

Braking on the verge of locking the wheels gives maximum deceleration efficiency, minimum braking distance and avoids all of the above disadvantages, i.e. is the perfect brake.

ABS(eng. Anti-lock breaking system - anti-lock braking system) - a complex electronic-mechanical system that prevents blocking (skid) of the wheels vehicle when braking. If the yellow ABS icon on the dashboard of your car lights up when you turn the ignition key, it means that this system you have installed. With her good work this icon will turn off after a few seconds. The presence of ABS can also be recognized by a very light and sensitive brake pedal.

Often on a car without ABS the primary reflex of any unprepared person in a critical situation to put pressure on the brake pedal leads to terrifying consequences.

It is from this innate reflex of the driver, which claimed many human lives, that we will begin our acquaintance with the basic rules of braking.

So please take this article seriously. And if necessary (and most likely necessary), then check that you have exactly the right skills to work with the brake pedal. for their development are given at the end of the article.

The rules for operating the brake pedal during emergency braking are quite different depending on the presence or absence of an electronic ABS assistant in your car. You can not load yourself with unnecessary information and then carefully read only the sections of this article that are suitable for you.

(highlighted in dark blue font).

How to brake urgently on a car with ABS? Advantages of ABS

The vast majority of foreign cars sold are equipped with an ABS system. And if you have just such a car, then you are lucky :)

On a car with ABS during emergency (sharp) braking, the “break the pedal” rule applies. Brake pedal, of course :) If your car also has a clutch pedal, then break two at the same time * until it comes to a complete stop (!).

To reduce the braking distance, the pressing force must be maximum from the very beginning of emergency braking. You will feel the operation of the ABS by the twitching of the brake pedal and a chirring sound. unpleasant sound crunchy. You should not be afraid - this is the normal operation of the above system, we continue that we have the strength to press the pedal to a complete stop.
________
* - For correct operation ABS systems during emergency braking, it is recommended to press exactly the two listed pedals at the same time, excluding the engine from the braking process.

If you need to stop quickly, then even on an icy surface, the same rule applies: press the brake all the way and do not let go (!) Until it comes to a complete stop. In this case, the vehicle electronics will calculate and apply the programmed braking mode for the driver.

In no case should you get rid of the natural reflex to press the brake all the way “to the floor” on a car with ABS!

Advantages of ABS during emergency braking:

in most cases, the length of the braking distance is reduced;

the car with such braking reacts to the turns of the steering wheel, while maintaining controllability;

in a turn with such braking, the car does not go into a skid * or demolition;

the driver is not required to have special braking skills (in the vast majority of cases).

_________
* - If the skid is not due to braking, then the ABS will be powerless. (For example, often the cause of skidding in a turn is an incorrectly selected speed and subsequent excessive turning of the steering wheel, etc.). Cornering is a very inappropriate place to brake, regardless of your vehicle's equipment.

Attention!
familiar to many professional drivers The reflex of intermittent application of the brake in an emergency can easily increase the braking distance on a car with ABS!

In a second, ABS is capable of performing a series of 12 brake impulses, and even an extra-class race car driver is no more than 8. Therefore, when braking in a straight line on even, uniform surfaces (asphalt, wet asphalt, even ice, etc.), it is usually possible to defeat the electronics in the length of the brake path is not realistic. But on mixed surfaces, especially those covered with snow, not everything is so simple.

How does ABS work? Basic working principle

Two conditions are required for ABS to operate: a depressed brake pedal and at least one wheel that has momentarily stopped*.
If both conditions are met, then the electronics immediately intervene in braking and, oddly enough, slightly release the brake pads on the locked wheel.

The task of ABS is to provide braking on the verge of blocking the wheels, thereby maintaining the controllability of the car.

_________
* - a complex algorithm for the operation of the electronics of the anti-lock braking system also probably provides for its operation without stopping the wheels, but on dry pavement, as a result of its operation, you can almost always detect strokes of a short-term skidding (blocking) of the wheels.

Disadvantages (cons) ABS

Having ABS on board is great, but just in case, know and remember about the disadvantages of such a system, because. some of them are significant.

1. On rough roads (potholes, pavers, rocky surfaces) efficiency ABS work decreases. This leads to an increase (!) braking distance.

This is due to the fact that on uneven sections the “jumped” wheel is blocked much earlier than when braking on a flat road. It is at this moment, when the wheel is approaching and has minimal grip, that the ABS gives the command to release the brake pads. But further, when the wheel lands, its grip increases, and the braking force is already suboptimal - reduced by electronics.

On uneven road sections, there are few options to counteract this disadvantage: we reduce the speed to a similar section or - after (on a flat surface). A safe distance is a matter of course.

Is it possible to use impulse braking if the ABS does not work satisfactorily?
But here the opinions of experts differ: some argue that intermittent pressing of the brake pedal on such cars will not bring a positive result, others admit it, but argue that the old-generation ABS will only respond to the full release of the brake pedal. The gain in stopping distance in this case remains rather doubtful. How to check? Probably just about specific vehicle. I haven't tested mine yet :) So the question remains open.

2. Mixed coatings with different grip properties also lead to reduced ABS performance. Sometimes to a significant (!). A vivid example of a heterogeneous coating: asphalt - ice - asphalt - snow - puddle.

For more slippery surface the wheels lock up earlier, which leads to excessive release of the brake pads in the subsequent section. In other words, the ABS in this case cannot quickly respond and select the optimal braking force for a particular small section of the road. Undoubtedly, this leads to an increase in the braking distance.

The measures of struggle are the same - increased distance, and, ideally, reduced speed to a similar section.

3. When braking on loose, loose surfaces, ABS interferes and usually significantly increases the braking distance!
It can be a sandy or gravel road, or even a snow-covered road(!).

On such surfaces, when skid braking, a compacted “roller” is raked in front of the wheel, for example, from the same snow that will stop the wheel faster, the so-called plow effect occurs. Those. on loose surfaces, skidding is more effective.

4. ABS stops working before stopping. Watch out for slippery slopes!

The fourth minus of ABS is that it turns off at speeds below 5-7 km / h and for some driving conditions (for example, when you roll down a slippery slope), this fact must be taken into account.

That is, for example, in winter on an icy exit to underground parking you have applied braking to the floor. A car with pulsating ABS continues to slowly and steadily roll down the hill and does not want to stop until the end. This can happen on slippery slopes*.

How to be? And here I don't even know how to come up with a way out. Handbrake? Maybe. Intermittent braking? Maybe ... On a car with automatic transmission in similar situations I think that it is preferable to slow down in "Neutral" ("N" mode). Thank God that similar conditions are not often found.

5. One of the biggest disadvantages of ABS is, perhaps, the illusion that car owners have of the infallibility of this system. Now, obviously, you have realized that this is far from the case!

Usually on expensive cars anti-lock braking systems are “smarter”, and there will be more electronic assistants. On budget cars, their performance
in recent years, although it has increased significantly, nevertheless, on certain surfaces, especially snowy ones, their performance is not ideal.

The main advantage of ABS is that during emergency braking, the car reacts to steering turns and in most braking situations “to the floor” it nevertheless reduces the braking distance, thereby providing more chances to avoid an accident.

Winter surprises or how does the day of the tinker come about? (Continuation)

Let's return to the case with Masha described at the beginning. You probably guessed that our heroine's car was without ABS. And, what is most interesting, Masha theoretically knew perfectly well how to brake correctly on slippery surfaces. She solved it with ease with almost no mistakes. exam tickets I've heard a lot about intermittent braking.

But in the summer, while learning to drive, no one instilled in her this vital skill for winter, and not only for winter, driving.

What can I say ... Even drivers with experience over the summer wean from the winter driving style and often lose the necessary braking skills on slippery surfaces!

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How to brake urgently on a car without ABS?

If your car does not have ABS, then you yourself will have to be similar system and control the moment of blocking the wheels when braking.

How to reduce the braking distance?

Each of us heard the squeal of the tires of a decelerating car. And of course, everyone saw the black marks on the pavement left after such a stop.
This type of wheel-lock braking is ineffective and often dangerous, especially when used on slippery or slippery surfaces. high speed.

Wheel lock brakingdangerous because:

increases the stopping distance (sometimes significantly);

almost always leads to skidding of the car (its rotation);

when the front wheels are locked, the car does not respond to steering turns (not steerable);

on a turn, such braking leads to the demolition of the car (the car is also not controlled).

Wheel lock can occur not only on slippery surfaces. Even on dry pavement at a relatively low speed, a sharp application of the brake will lead to skid braking, with a full range of all the negative consequences.

When braking in this way, the wheel tire during friction with the road surface heats up to such an extent that it begins to melt and even burn. Of course, you will not see flames - not those speeds - but smoke is easy.

It is clear that melting rubber, like cheese in the oven, is not particularly effective. When skid braking on ice or packed snow at the point of contact with the wheel, a layer of water is bound to form, which almost always leads to an uncontrolled skid and requires a greater distance to stop than when braking ... on the verge of locking the wheels.

The most effective braking is braking on the verge of wheel lock!

What does braking on the verge of blocking mean?

This means that you are pressing on the brake with such a force that it still allows the wheels to spin, but on the verge of stopping them, i.e. if you press the pedal a little harder, the wheels will lock (stop).

When braking on the verge of blocking, the surface of the tire in contact with the road is different at each moment of time, which prevents the temperature at the point of contact from rising to a critical level.

In practice, it is unrealistic to catch the “edge of blocking” by pressing on the brake with a certain constant force. Why? Yes, because at the slightest decrease in speed, this “line” comes with a different effort. Therefore, experienced drivers, even ABS itself, apply

And in order to be able to slow down in this way, i.e. effectively, you must definitely learn to feel the moment of blocking the wheels, regardless of the road surface.

Signs of wheel lock when braking:

wheel vibration occurs or vehicle deceleration worsens*;

there was a sound of tires scratching on the surface of the road or their screech;

there was a skid of the car, he stopped responding to the steering wheel (turn);

__________
* - Usually on slippery surfaces at the moment of blocking, the deterioration of deceleration is especially clearly felt. The car first reacts to braking, and then at some point the brakes seem to disappear - the wheels break into a slip. This is the very moment of blocking!

How to brake properly in a car without ABS?
The main methods of braking in critical situations

Depending on the traffic conditions and the need, drivers apply various ways braking, but, as a rule, they all come down to various variations, or a combination of the following three main methods.

Hard braking (aka emergency)

It is usually used in emergency situations when it is necessary to quickly stop the car. This type of braking is suitable for even surfaces with more or less good grip: asphalt, wet asphalt, etc.

We hit the brake hard. How better grip with the road, the later the wheels will move to the skid.

Effective deceleration with such braking occurs only until the wheel locks occur.

If you feel the wheels lock (tire screeching, vibration or suddenly reduced deceleration), you should immediately reduce the pressure on the brake pedal * and start impulse braking - intermittent pressing the pedal.

This way you will avoid prolonged wheel skidding and thus eliminate it. Negative consequences(skid, uncontrollability, increase in stopping distance).
__________
* - In a critical situation, releasing the brake pedal is not as easy as it seems, especially if there is very little space to stop. Even experienced drivers, frightened, sometimes press the brakes with all their might. Only practical training and, as they say, cold calculation will protect against such erroneous actions.

Impulse braking is performed in at least two ways.

Step braking

Be ready to apply it at the initial moment of using the wheels on any surface, and especially on slippery surfaces: packed snow, ice, etc. This method braking is very effective, but requires skill.

Push your foot on the brake pedal. It is necessary to press the pedal until the skid occurs, and then you should immediately release it a little. As soon as you feel the disappearance of the blockage, press again.

Press .. Let go a little ... Press ... Let go a little ...

Using the steering wheel, if necessary, we correct the trajectory of the car, while trying to avoid turning the steering wheel at the moment the wheels lock.

The very first pedal press should be as short as possible to avoid prolonged use. So to say to them you produce "reconnaissance coverage" and enough effort to skid.

It turns out that we, as it were, catch the “edge of wheel blocking”, preventing long-term slipping and at the same time constantly applying braking force to the pedal.
At the same time, you yourself choose for yourself a comfortable frequency and duration of pressing, depending on external conditions, but usually, the more slippery the surface, the more frequent shocks should be. (As the speed decreases, their frequency can be reduced, and the duration increased).

Intermittent braking

It is used on broken or uneven road surfaces (potholes, etc.), as well as in places where sections of coatings with different slipperiness alternate. For example: asphalt - ice - asphalt - rolled snow, etc.

Push your foot on the brake pedal, fully releasing it each time. In this case, you should press the pedal until the skid of the wheels occurs.

Press... Fully release... Press... Fully release...

At the moment of releasing the wheels, if necessary, by turning the steering wheel, we correct the trajectory of the car (taxi).

It differs from the previous method in that here each pressing of the pedal ends with a complete cessation of braking.

It is desirable to release the pedal exactly on the potholes of the road (when the front wheels come into contact with an obstacle) or on a more slippery surface, where it is not desirable to brake.
The moment of pressing the pedal in this case falls on surfaces that are more preferable for braking (flat sections of the road or places with better grip). On them, if necessary, you can apply

This deceleration method is less effective than the previous one, but easier to perform. Therefore, use it either on the above areas, or on any surface with sufficient margin in the distance.

What to do if the car skids?

If during braking the car skids, it is necessary to stop the started braking and immediately correct the trajectory of movement by turning the steering wheel, turning the wheels in the direction of skidding. Ideally, when leveling the car, it is better not to brake at all. Those. one thing: either we turn the steering wheel, or we brake.

When to depress the clutch pedal?

On a car without ABS during emergency braking, you can forget about the clutch pedal! Yes, the car will stall at this stop. But the deceleration efficiency will be greater, because. in addition to pedal braking, engine braking is added. Ideally depress the clutch immediately before stopping, and when

It is necessary to be able, and not just to know! Knowledge in the head, skills in the body

Do not think that after getting acquainted with various methods of braking, you automatically learned how to properly brake on real car. Skill (automatism) is developed only in the process of numerous trainings (repetition of the same actions).

Therefore, to get real positive results, you need to find time, choose safe place and develop the right skills. And from time to time to replenish (remember) them, especially before winter season. An icy area would be ideal for such exercises, because. it is on it that you can very well feel the moment of blocking the wheels and develop the right skills to stop the car. But if one is not available, then even dry asphalt is suitable for a start.

All of the above exercises are best performed on a relatively low speed. The main thing here is to develop the so-called muscle memory.

Exercising in a car with ABS

Having accelerated and sharply pressing the brake, try to feel the moment of ABS operation, work out the “break the pedal” principle. Those. depress the brake pedal as hard as you can until it comes to a complete stop.

If you initially did not have the habit of intermittently pressing the brake pedal, then you can not be zealous with training - in an extreme situation with a fright, you will press the brakes as it should.

If you have a habit of intermittently pressing the brake pedal, for example, you moved from a simpler car, then you will have to try hard. It will be necessary to unlearn the initial skill and learn how to press the brakes with a constant effort without releasing the pedal.

Exercising in a car without ABS

Having accelerated and sharply pressing the brake, try to get rid of the reflex to press the pedal with all your strength, and at the first sign of wheel lock, practice intermittent shock pedal pressing. You can consolidate such a skill with any more or less sharp braking, not even a real road.

On the court, also practice different methods and compare the difference in deceleration when using different methods.

If there is ice under the wheels, then at low speed try to practice braking while turning the steering wheel (avoiding an obstacle). Compare the difference in car handling when skid braking.

Is your vehicle equipped electronic assistants or not, in any case, it should not be forgotten that the length of the braking distance, first of all, depends on the speed of movement and the condition of the road surface. Moreover, a wet coating increases the braking distance by about 1.5 times, rolled snow or ice by 3-5 times (!).

Anyway safe distance, speed and timely forecast of danger should be above all!

Reconnaissance in combat. Some tricks of experienced drivers.

At times, usually in winter, it becomes necessary to make sure on the go how well the wheels cling to the road.

most faithful and reliable way- when driving in a straight line at a relatively low speed, press the brake pedal and feel the moment the wheels start to lock (ABS actuation). I think it is unnecessary to remind you of the need to look in the rear-view mirror beforehand and make sure that such braking is safe.

Usually at the first frost this is the most fast way determine whether the road is wet under the wheels or a thin layer of water has turned into ice. And this is possible already at a temperature +3ºС overboard. Bridges and flyovers are the first to freeze, they are above the ground and are better ventilated, so they cool faster.

With such simple training (preferably starting on the site), you can develop a sense of grip on wheels with various surfaces and, along the way, train your eye in determining the necessary distances to stop from different speeds. So to speak, gain experience. But do not forget about security measures.

Try not to brake hard on the lines road markings, because you can slip and beware of freshly laid asphalt. A thin bituminous film on its surface will "lubricate" any braking.

Suddenly activated ABS or, worse, squealing of the wheels when braking - this is a signal that you made a mistake in assessing the grip of the wheels with the road. At experienced driver there are practically no such surprises, as in other cases, and sharp braking.

I wish you less unexpected situations on the road!

IN winter time every driver should change the aggressive driving style to a more calm and gentle one.

Even experienced riders should be careful on the roads to avoid collision with other cars. This rule also applies to drivers who drive a car with ABS ( anti-lock braking system).

How ABS works

On an icy road (as well as after rain), braking becomes a problem for drivers. If you apply the brakes hard, the wheels will lock up and the car will begin to slide. As an addition - the lack of control over the machine. The wheels are locked, which means that turning and maneuvering will not work. And if on ordinary road this threatens only with a collision with an obstacle ahead or standing, then a skid is inevitable on a slippery surface.

ABS is a blocking system. It works only during hard braking and removes the lock from the wheels. This allows you to control the car and safely move it away from obstacles. But in order for the system to work, two conditions must be met simultaneously:

Pressed brake pedal.
At least one blocked wheel.

Under these conditions, ABS is activated, which slightly lowers the brake pads, while maintaining vehicle controllability.

But the system also has disadvantages that should be considered:

Reduced system performance on rough roads with potholes and stones, which leads to an increase in the braking distance of the car. This is due to the fact that when the wheel clings to a stone and bounces, at that moment the ABS is activated. And when the wheel returns to the road, the grip increases, and the braking force is already reduced. Therefore, it is recommended to overcome such obstacles at a reduced speed.
The system is able to recognize the type of coverage, but does not change to mixed roads. For example, if the car first hits ice, then asphalt, and then a puddle, then the system will work as if there is ice everywhere. This reduces the efficiency of the ABS.
Reduced efficiency of the system on road sections covered with snow.
The ABS stops working when the speed drops below 5 km/h. And if the car is on a slippery slope, on which the car is steadily rolling down, it will be impossible to slow down. In this case, you will have to look for another way of braking - handbrake or neutral speed on automatic transmission.

But the most main disadvantage system is an over-reliance on it. Remember that ABS is a function of auto, which, like any program, tends to go astray and break. Trust your driving instincts above all and always have a backup emergency braking plan with you. And never speed on slippery roads.

How to brake properly with ABS?

The technique of emergency braking of a car with and without ABS is different. If your car does not have a wheel unlock system, then on a slippery surface you need to quickly, quickly press the brake pedal to stop. You can not press the brake to the floor - so you will lose control of the car.

But with installed system emergency braking technology is different. You need to gently press the brake pedal (and clutch, if any) to the stop and hold until it comes to a complete stop. And keep a few things in mind:

During emergency braking, you will hear a crunch - this is normal, this is how ABS works. There is no need to be afraid of this sound and, moreover, you must not release the brake pedal.
Do not release the gas pedal until it comes to a complete stop. Even if the speed of the car has dropped a lot, wait for the car to brake, after which you can loosen the pressure.
Control the car. Remember that ABS makes it possible to steer the car, not to go in one direction. Try to avoid collision with other vehicles.
Trust, first of all, yourself and your intuition. Do not forget that the system can fail at the most inopportune moment.
Before turning, start braking 20-30 meters away, slowly pressing the brake pedal. At the intersection, the system will provide a smooth maneuver without skidding.

Also remember the basic rules for driving in winter:

Distance between vehicles should be as wide as possible. Do not count on ABS to shorten the stopping distance. This may not happen, resulting in a collision with another road user.
Do not speed, especially on slippery road and in bad weather conditions. It is better to arrive at your destination a little late than not to arrive at all.
Pay close attention to the situation on the road, do not be distracted. Many ignore the danger by speeding, resulting in a skid. Be prepared for any situation and plan ahead.
Change tires promptly. In winter summer tires driving is very dangerous.

Watch the road and be especially careful in the winter season!

Training in a driving school is enough to graduate car roads new driver. At the same time, during the training course, the future motorist will not learn practically anything directly about driving a car, memorizing the rules and performing exercises on the training ground. Finding yourself on real roads and purchasing your first car, the driver may encounter the problem of the absence or presence of an anti-lock brake system. It is important to be able to properly stop a car at high speed, which is equipped with or lacks ABS.

From the very name "anti-lock braking system" we can conclude that it is necessary to prevent the wheels from locking. It is installed on most modern cars, but some drivers deliberately turn it off, noting that without it it is more convenient to control the process of car braking. Also, this system may fail during operation, which will be signaled to the driver. If it caught fire while driving, you should remember how to properly brake without ABS, otherwise there is a high risk of collision with other cars.

Experienced drivers who often drive cars without anti-lock systems subconsciously feel the moment when a little more pressure on the pedal will cause the car to “skid”. Proper braking on a car without ABS in city traffic is intermittent frequent pressing of the pedal. By pressing the brake and releasing it, the driver avoids the option of wheel lockup, in the event of which the car risks becoming uncontrollable.

At the same time, sudden braking on a car without ABS is different from slowing down in normal driving mode. If you urgently need to slow down or stop the car in order to avoid an obstacle that has arisen on the road, you can choose one of the following methods:

The main principle when braking a car without ABS is smooth operation with the brake pedal. A sharp press on it or a sharp release will cause the vehicle to lose stability.

The anti-lock braking system simplifies the braking process for inexperienced drivers, allowing them not to think about how to press the brake pedal to stop the car and not pull it to the side. A vehicle with ABS does not change direction if the brake pedal is depressed and not released. The system prevents the wheels from locking, and the driver can safely turn the steering wheel if it is necessary to overcome an obstacle that has arisen on the road. In fact, this system simulates the process of intermittent pressing the pedal.

If necessary hard braking on a car with ABS, depress the brake pedal to the floor and apply force to it until the car slows down to the required speed or comes to a complete stop. If you press the pedal gently, ABS system the vehicle may not work at all, and braking performance will be reduced.

Vehicle braking for automatic box gears are unlikely to raise questions, while the mechanics are a little more complicated. Should be remembered following rules how to slow down mechanical box gears:

Every motorist should be able to properly brake on any type of clutch with or without ABS. The safety of the driver, his passengers and surrounding motorists depends on the correct braking mode.

Starting a discussion of the topic of braking in winter, the first thing to note is that practically the most important condition proper braking during the period of ice is the driver's choice of "winter" speed. Usually, drivers with sufficient driving experience, with the onset of winter, automatically switch to a more relaxed way of driving. This method is not only about reducing average speed movement, but also in increasing the distance with neighboring cars, as well as in the transition to special equipment machine control.

Drivers with little experience gradually gain experience, learning from their own mistakes and analyzing all the temporary shortcomings of their own driving style. That is, in order to learn to feel confident on an ice-covered road, you should constantly improve your own driving technique, regardless of the length of time you have been driving a car.

Braking without ABS

If your car is not equipped with an automatic wheel lock system, and you yourself are a novice driver, you will need increased attentiveness and the ability to “listen” to the behavior of your car. Here it should be noted the ability to distinguish the characteristic sound of the blocked wheels when the brake pedal is pressed. This sound should serve as a signal to the driver that it will be difficult for the car to stop - on the principle of a children's sled rolling down a hill until some obstacle appears in their path.

In order not to bring the situation to a meeting with an obstacle, when a characteristic sound occurs, release the brake pedal to unlock the wheels - then control over the control will again pass to the driver, thanks to the force of inertia. In order for such dangerous situation not repeated in the future, the driver should work out a special technique of the so-called intermittent braking, which is achieved by frequent, but short pressing the brake pedal. In this case, braking on ice will be convenient in that the car will slow down, but the wheels will not lock up - this will allow the car not only to brake correctly, but also not to deviate from the chosen trajectory.

Attention - a common mistake!

In general, braking on ice by the “to the floor” method is major mistake drivers. Any sudden movements - with the steering wheel or with the brake and gas pedals - are generally categorical when the coefficient of adhesion of the tire to the road is extremely low. With sudden movements on a slippery road, the wheels inevitably lock up, which leads to skidding of the rear or front axles of the car. Therefore, as mentioned above, you need to brake intermittently or stepwise - then the car will be able to slow down even before the wheels lock up and thus you can avoid skidding

If you have enough space for braking, you can use the so-called combined winter braking method, which consists in downshifting at the same time as braking. When using this method, the main thing is not to knock the engine down - for this it is necessary to engage the gears only in the appropriate speed range so that the excess traction directed to the drive wheels does not interfere with the stability of the machine

Braking with ABS

Unfortunately, it is not always perfect - especially its first variations. Owners of cars equipped with ABS should be aware that the braking distance of their cars, under certain circumstances, can become even longer than on cars without an anti-lock system.

The computer "brain" of ABS is designed to read and analyze wheel braking impulses so that the system has the ability to balance the wheels if one of them starts to lock up. Everything would be fine, but slippery areas The ABS "does not understand" how to act - it is precisely with this that the excessive length of the braking distance is connected. Of course ABS recent years the release of such problems usually do not have, and thanks to the work of the system in emergency you can stop in time, as well as “hold out” for some time on unlocked wheels in order to pass the obstacle.

In order to properly brake in winter on a car equipped with an anti-lock braking system, you should press the brake pedal all the way down and squeeze the clutch. In this case, the ABS will start impulsively braking on its own, but the wheels will not block. This needs to be perfected on training grounds in order to thoroughly study the behavior of your car during emergency braking on an ice skating rink.

Engine braking method

Engine braking in winter is one of the most useful preventive skills a driver can take to avoid skidding on an icy road. To perform such braking, release the gas pedal while the clutch is engaged in a certain gear. In this case, the supply will stop. combustible mixture to the engine, however, it will receive torque through the transmission. That is, the motor, consuming energy, will slow down the transmission and, as a result, slow down the wheels. The front wheels will receive additional weight due to the inertia force, and, accordingly, the stability of the vehicle as a whole will increase.

Wheels will not block brake pads, in contrast to the impact on them working system brakes. The braking force, with the help of a differential, is distributed among all the driving wheels of the machine. That is why engine braking in winter is so popular among drivers as preventive measure safety on slippery or wet road surfaces.

In general, engine braking should occur according to a certain pattern in order to avoid possible damage and / or rapid wear synchronizer parts. The necessary procedure should be thoroughly known to every driver - especially a beginner.

So, the first step is to release the accelerator pedal. Then the driver depresses the clutch pedal, after which. When the gear is off, you need to release the clutch (not including the gear!). After that, depress the clutch, turn on downshift and, as the final stage - release the clutch pedal. If you follow these instructions carefully, you can avoid possible harm for synchronizers and, in addition, significantly increase the level of safety when braking by the engine.

It is best to hone this method of braking first on the training ground, and start using it on the road only when it is thoroughly mastered. By the way, among other things, this method is also useful because the driver will be able to get better acquainted with the behavior of his car and get a clearer idea of its stopping distance.

In conclusion, a few words must be said about different situations winter braking.

For example, braking pedestrian crossings, the driver must always remember that pavement in these sections, as a rule, it is much more slippery than in other sections of the road. This is due to the fact that various vehicles most often slow down in these places. It is recommended to brake at traffic lights impulsively or in combination - and this should be done in advance. It is also better not to start moving from a place immediately, since other drivers may not have time to finish crossing the intersection by this moment, despite the red traffic light. You should be especially careful at pedestrian crossings - there is a risk of a pedestrian falling, which also poses a serious danger on a winter road.

In traffic jams and flows, you also need to be extremely careful and slow down in an intermittent, stepped or combined way. Keep an eye on the future and start braking when cars far ahead begin to slow down (the third - fifth car in front of you). These precautions will allow you to increase the distance for a safe stop if necessary.

Drive on icy slopes with the clutch engaged to avoid loss of vehicle stability.

Video - braking on a car with and without ABS

Conclusion!

If you suddenly encounter an obstacle on an ice-covered road, brake impulsively. Although, depending on the situation, you can try and drive around a suddenly appeared object, the main thing at the same time is to carefully look around with the help of rear-view mirrors.

We wish all drivers safe ride on winter roads!

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