Despite the fact that the electronic stability control system has been installed on cars for more than 15 years, most drivers still do not understand how it works. At the same time, there are two extremes: some rely completely on electronics without taking into account the laws of physics, while others are firmly convinced that electronics only interfere with them.
Let's try to figure this out together.
Mass implementation of control systems exchange rate stability started in the late 1990s. At the same time, one of the most scandalous cases in history occurred. Mercedes when presented in autumn 1997 new A-class(without a stabilization system) shamefully rolled over on the passage of " moose dough". It was this case that to some extent became the impetus for the mass equipping of cars with electronic stabilization systems.
At first, the system was offered as an option on executive and business class cars. Then it became more affordable and for more compact budget cars. Electronic Stability Control is now mandatory (in Europe, USA, Canada and Australia) for all new passenger cars as of autumn 2011. And since 2014, absolutely all cars sold must be equipped with an ESP system.
How ESP works
The task of the stabilization system is to help the car move in the direction in which the front wheels are turned. In the simplest representation, the system consists of several sensors that control the position of the car in space, electronic block control and pump with separate control brake lines each wheel (it is also used to work anti-lock braking system ABS).
Four sensors on each wheel with a frequency of 25 times per second track the speed of rotation of the wheels, the sensor on the steering column determines the angle of rotation of the steering wheel, and another sensor is located as close as possible to the axial center of the car - Yaw sensor, which fixes rotation around the vertical axis (usually a gyroscope , but modern systems use accelerometers).
The electronic unit compares the data on the speed of rotation of the wheels and lateral accelerations with the angle of rotation of the steering wheel, and if these data do not match, then there is an intervention in the fuel supply system and brake lines. It is important to understand that the stabilization system does not and cannot know the correct trajectory of movement, all she does is try to steer the car in the direction the driver turned the steering wheel. At the same time, the stabilization system is able to do what no driver is physically able to do - selective braking of individual wheels of the car. And the restriction of fuel supply is used in order to stop the acceleration of the car and stabilize it as quickly as possible.
There are two main cases of vehicle deviation from the intended trajectory: drift (loss of traction and side slip of the front wheels of the car) and skidding (loss of traction and side slip of the rear wheels of the car). Demolition occurs when the driver tries to perform a maneuver on high speed and the front wheels lose traction, the vehicle stops responding to the steering wheel and continues straight ahead. In this case, the stabilization system brakes the rear inner wheel to turn, thereby keeping the car from drifting. Skid usually occurs already at the exit of the turn and mainly on rear-wheel drive cars when you sharply press the gas pedal, when rear axle slips and starts moving out of the turn. In this case, the stabilization system brakes the outer front wheel, thereby extinguishing the incipient skid.
Actually for dynamic stabilization the vehicle uses selective braking with different intensity of not only one wheel. In some cases, braking of two wheels of one side at the same time or even three (except for the outer front one) is used.
Some drivers believe that the stabilization system prevents them from driving, but the simplest experiment on an ice track with an average driver behind the wheel shows that without a stabilization system, he is much more likely to fly off the track, not to mention that he is only able to show the best time with the help of the electronics.
If you do not have the title of master of sports in rallying and at the same time are sure that the stabilization system is preventing you from driving, then you simply do not know how to drive correctly and are completely unfamiliar with the laws of physics, car balance and car driving techniques. And on public roads, there are no situations where the lack of a stabilization system can help avoid an accident. Drivers who do not understand the simple truth have the most complaints about the stabilization system: The electronics tries to steer the car in the direction the front wheels are facing.
Different automakers have different settings for the sensitivity and response speed of the stabilization system. This is also due to the weight and dimensions of the car. Some systems have extremely high sensitivity, this is done because drift and skidding are easiest to extinguish at the very beginning, without waiting for the critical angles of the car's deviation from the trajectory.
The stabilization system will be superfluous only in two cases - either you want to effectively spin around, or you are a master of sports and on the race track you have the task of driving as fast as possible. In this case, the stabilization system will prevent the use of a controlled skid to turn the car (especially when using the technique of changing the slide from one side to the other), and the fuel supply restriction will not allow accelerating in side slips.
At the same time, even the included stabilization system within reasonable limits allows you to slide sideways in a controlled skid. All that is needed for this is not to turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid, because. this will lead to instant electronic intervention (the car slides in one direction, and turning the steering wheel you direct it in the other direction). If at the exit of the turn you need to accelerate, and the stabilization system has limited the fuel supply, then just put the steering wheel straight, the actual direction of the car will match the required one and the stabilization system will stop interfering. That is, you just need to drive correctly so that the front wheels are always directed where the car is actually going.
But you need to learn how to drive a car correctly with the stabilization system turned off., otherwise you will not have the skills to determine the beginning of a drift or skid, and accordingly correctly calculate the speed when performing maneuvers. The only possibility, if the automaker has not provided for the possibility of turning off the electronics by standard means, is to turn off one of the speed sensors from any wheel or the ABS pump fuse. In this case, it should be borne in mind that you will also lose the anti-lock braking system and the brake force distribution system along the axles.
The stabilization system is not able to change the laws of physics and it is effective until the limit of tire grip is reached. In all other cases, it is the main element of the active safety of any modern car.
In most countries, the system course stabilization ESP has become a mandatory component passenger cars. Based on this, we can say that ESP is an important part of the systems that ensure road safety. Let's see what the dynamic stabilization system is good for and briefly analyze how it works.
Why is this needed?
To answer the question of why dynamic stabilization is needed, let's first find out how the car goes into a skid.
turn it pretty dangerous area road, where all sorts of troubles can happen. Especially if it's a closed turn and you can't see who is moving towards you. But now it's not about that.
For successful completion turn, you, as the driver, slow down a little, turn the steering wheel and the car starts moving according to the angle you turned the steering wheel.
So far everything is going fine. But what happens if you don't slow down? Or more importantly, increase it as you enter a turn.
When driving along a curve, the vehicle is affected, among others, centrifugal force. And at the moment when this force becomes greater than all other forces, including the friction force of the wheels with the road, the car begins to skid.
A bit of simple physics: centrifugal force is a force that acts from the center of the circle, outward (Very approximate wording, since this is not the essence of the article).
So, the course system stability ESP It was created in order to avoid situations when your car goes into a skid, which means it becomes practically uncontrollable, which can lead to the most serious consequences.
How it works?
The principle of operation of the dynamic ESP stabilization is based on constant monitoring of information received from speed sensors, the difference between the angle of the vehicle and the steering wheel, as well as other indicators. Based on the information received, the computer, which is the basis of the stability control, decides whether everything is fine, or whether it is already necessary to intervene and correct the situation.
A short video on how the stability control system works
Dynamic stabilization ESP. ESP uses the speed sensors used by the ABS, as well as the ability of the braking system to respond quickly to changing conditions.
The main reason for mixing the ESP system into driving is the difference between the angle of the steering wheel and the angle of the car. This indicator indicates whether a skid has occurred or not.
How does dynamic stabilization improve the situation? This happens by reducing the speed of rotation of certain wheels, depending on how and in which direction your car skids. Moreover, it decreases overall speed vehicle. Thus, the machine returns to its original trajectory of movement and everyone remains whole, unharmed and with a balanced nervous system.
Most often, the driver does not even notice that his car was supposed to break into a skid, because the ESP stability control system reacts very quickly to the situation. Reading information from all sensors occurs 50 times per second, so the reaction to a change is really very fast.
Many names - one essence
The main and most significant manufacturer of equipment for exchange rate stabilization is Bosch, and just their product is called ESC - electronic stability control. But in our world there is no uncompetitive production, and therefore there are several more companies producing the same equipment, but under different names.
So do automakers. various brands machines install these mechanisms, giving them different names. Below we will provide you with a table that briefly compares the cars and the names of the stabilization systems installed in them.
They all have the same principle of operation, and the table will help you not to get confused in the abundance of words meaning the same thing.
| Name of the stability control system | Car brands |
|---|---|
| ESP | Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Chery, Chrysler, Citroen, Dodge, Diamler, Fiat, Holden, Hyundai, Jeep, Kia, Seat, Skoda, Mercedes Benz, Opel, Peugeot, Proton, Renault, Saab, Scania, Smart, Suzuki, Vauxhall Volkswagen |
| ASC, ASTC | Mitsubishi, BMW |
| ESC | Chevrolet, Hyundai, Kia Skoda, Lada |
| VDC | Alfa Romeo, Fiat, Subaru, Nissan |
| VSA | Acura, Hyundai, Honda |
| MSP | Maserati |
| CST | Ferrari |
| DSTC | Volvo |
| PSM | Porsche |
| VDIM, VSC | Toyota, Lexus |
| RSC | Ford |
| DSC | BMW, Jaguar, Land Rover, Mazda, Mini, Ford - Australian market only |
This is a relatively short list, in fact, there are much more varieties of names for systems that provide exchange rate stability. But in the main they intersect - this is work in order to avoid critical situations and keep the safety of the driver and passengers intact.
Be afraid of an experienced driver
In normal driving modes, ESP is always on, no matter what speed or road you are driving on.
However, for fans of road extreme there is a button to turn off the stabilization of your car. True, manufacturers do not add such a function in all models. For example, in business class cars, most often dynamic stabilization is not turned off.
The point of disabling directional stability is that an experienced driver can, for his own pleasure, create a controlled skid of a car or give gas when exiting a turn, which will lead to a slight skid of the rear wheels.
With the exchange rate stability system turned on, it is not possible to do this, since the electronics will stop these attempts at the very initial stage.
But we are all human and everyone can make mistakes, and therefore by turning off exchange rate stability, you take full responsibility for the risk. And this is not only a risk to you, but also a danger to other road users.
Skidding is not only unpleasant, but also a dangerous phenomenon that can lead to sad consequences. Such unnatural movement of the car is accompanied by slipping of the wheels, in which vehicle loses traction with pavement. This can happen on an icy road or during a sharp maneuver. However, in the fight against drifts, the electronic dynamic stabilization of the car (ESP) will help.
How does the electronic stability control system of a car work?
Electronic stability control system of the car can save your life
The electronic stabilization system simultaneously controls the direction of the steering wheel and its actual trajectory. As soon as the position of the car does not correspond to the direction of the steering wheel, ESP intervenes.
In fact, the work of the stabilization system is much more complicated. ESP processes data from several informants at once, such as:
- wheel rotation sensors;
- steering wheel angle meter;
- brake line control system;
- Yaw Sensor - axial rotation sensor.
The control unit reads and analyzes information from each sensor. If the data does not correspond to the norm and the indicators diverge, then ESP is automatically activated. In an emergency, this system slows down the movement of the wheels (depending on the circumstances - front, rear or all), prevents gasoline from entering the injector and stops the engine.
ESP stabilization system device
circuit diagram electronic system stabilization
The vehicle stabilization system is a complex of various devices that help the driver avoid an emergency.
- ABS - prevents the wheels from locking during heavy braking and maintains vehicle controllability.
- EBD is a brake force distribution system that prevents the rear wheels from locking.
- EDS or electronic differential lock prevents the drive wheels from spinning due to their braking.
- ASR also prevents the drive wheels from spinning, but at the expense of reduced tractive effort engine.
Additional functions of the electronic stabilization system
A visual diagram of the effectiveness of the stabilization system
Some car models are equipped with ESP with additional features.
- ROP is a system that prevents the car from tipping over and stabilizes its movement.
- FBS increases the pressure in the brake actuator, which prevents insufficient grip when the brake pads heat up.
- Braking Guard prevents danger with special signals. Can only work in vehicles equipped with cruise control.
Disabling the vehicle stabilization system ESP
There are situations when ESP interferes and constantly blocks the car. For this reason, it is more expedient to disable the stabilization system in the following cases:
- when driving off-road inhomogeneous ice, grass, pits, on sand;
- when trying to “rock” a car stuck in mud, snow or sand;
- when driving with special chains on tires;
- when testing the machine on a dynamic stand;
- if the car has tires of different diameters;
- if instead of one or more wheels there is a dokatka.
To turn the system off or on, just press the "ESP" button on the dashboard. The next time the engine is started, the system is automatically activated.
Other names
There are situations in which the stabilization system can only hurt
The abbreviation ESP (Electronic Stability Program) is used mainly in European and american cars. However, the stabilization system, depending on the automaker, may have a different name.
- Electronic Stability Control (ESC) for BMW, Jaguar, Rover;
- Dynamic Stability Traction Control (DTSC) on Volvo vehicles;
- Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA) on Honda vehicles;
- Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) on Toyota vehicles;
- vehicle Dynamic Control(VDC) on Infiniti, Nissan, Subaru cars.
Do you know that …
- crash tests from Euro NCAP have undergone minor changes, now all cars will have to have ESP.
- in the United States, according to statistics, over three years, the dynamic stabilization system saved more than 2,200 lives.
- for the first time ESP were installed on cars Mercedes-Benz brands in 1995.
- Bosch is the largest manufacturer of dynamic stabilization systems.
ESP has long ceased to be a luxury and in the near future this vital necessary system all new vehicles will be equipped.
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Vehicle dynamic stabilization system ( ESP)
The task of ESP is to control the lateral dynamics of the car and prevent the car from stalling into a skid and side slip through computer control moments of force wheels (one or more at the same time).
This system is sometimes referred to as "anti-skid" or "stability control". It is able to compensate for driver errors, neutralizing and eliminating skidding when control over the car is already lost.
Experts call the ESP system the most important invention in the field automotive safety afterseat belts. It provides the driver better control the behavior of the car, making sure that it moves in the direction in which the steering wheel points. According to the American Insurance Institute road safety ( IIHS ) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NHTSA (USA), about one third fatal accidents could be prevented by the ESP system if all vehicles were equipped with it.
The main ESP controller is a pair of microprocessors, each with 56 KB of memory. The system makes it possible, for example, to read and process the values provided by the wheel speed sensors, the steering wheel position sensor and the air pressure sensor. brake system at 20 millisecond intervals.
But the main information comes from two special sensors: angular velocity relative to the vertical axis and lateral acceleration (sometimes this device is called the G-sensor). It is they who fix the occurrence of lateral slip on the vertical axis, determine its magnitude and give further orders. At every moment, ESP knows how fast the car is going, what angle the steering wheel is turned, what rpm the engine has, whether there is a skid, and so on.
The ESP system can be considered as an extended version of the previously discussed anti-lock braking system (ABS). Many ESP nodes are merged with ABS system, but in addition to its components, ESP requires components such as a steering position sensor and accelerometer (a device that measures the difference between the absolute acceleration of an object and the gravitational acceleration, more preciselyfree fall acceleration) that follows the actual turn of the car.
If the accelerometer readings do not match the steering angle sensor readings, the system applies braking to one (or several) of the vehicle's wheels in order to prevent an incipient skid. For example, due to the high speed when passing the right turn, the front wheels are blown away from a given trajectory in the direction of the action of inertia forces, i.e. radius greater than the turning radius. ESP in this case brakes the rear wheel on the inside of the turn, giving the car more steering and directing it into the turn. Simultaneously with the braking of the wheels, the ESP reduces the engine speed. If the rear of the vehicle skids while cornering, ESP activates the brake on the left front wheel along the outer radius of the turn. Thus, a moment of counter-rotation appears, excluding lateral skid. When all four wheels are slipping, ESP decides on its own which wheel brakes should come into play. The system works at any speed and in any driving mode.
In addition, in vehicles equipped with automatic transmission electronically controlled, ESP is even capable of correcting the operation of the transmission, that is, switching to a lower gear or to a “winter” mode, if provided.
There is an opinion that this system interferes with an experienced driver who is able to drive to the limit. Such situations are really rare, but they can occur - for example, when you need to step on the gas to get out of a skid, and the electronics do not allow you to do this - it “strangles” the engine.
In addition, in some cases it may be useful to turn off the ESP system so that the wheels can spin with slip:
When driving in deep snow or wet ground;
When the car is rocking back and forth when stuck in the snow;
When driving with snow chains fitted.
In many vehicles equipped with ESP, it is possible to force it to turn off. And on some models, the system allows for small drifts and slips, giving the driver a little mischief, intervening only if the situation becomes really critical.
ESP system may have the following additional features:
Rollover prevention system;
Collision avoidance system;
Road train stabilization system;
System for increasing the efficiency of brakes when heated;
System for removing moisture from brake discs;
And etc.
Rollover Prevention System ROP (Roll Over Prevention) stabilizes the movement of the car in the event of a rollover threat. Rollover prevention is achieved by reducing lateral acceleration by braking the front wheels and reducing engine torque. Additional pressure in the brake system is generated by an active brake booster.
Collision avoidance system (Braking Guard) can be implemented in a car equipped with adaptive cruise control . The system prevents the danger of a collision by means of visual and audible signals and, in an emergency, by pressurizing the brake system ( automatic start return pump).
Train stabilization system can be implemented in a vehicle equipped with a towing device. The system prevents trailer yaw when the vehicle is moving, which is achieved by braking the wheels or reducing torque.
Heating Brake Improvement System FBS(Fading Brake Support, another name - Over Boost) prevents insufficient adhesion of the brake pads to the brake discs, which occurs when heated, by additionally increasing the pressure in the brake actuator.
Brake Disc Moisture Removal System activated at speeds over 50 km/h and the wipers on. The principle of operation of the system is to briefly increase the pressure in the front wheel circuit, due to which brake pads are pressed against the disks and moisture evaporates.
The dynamic stabilization system is called differently by different automakers. ESP is the most common name. In addition, the following abbreviations are used:
ASC(Active Stability Control) and ASTC (Active Skid and Traction Control MULTIMODE), used in cars: Mitsubishi
AdvanceTrac, used in cars: Lincoln, Mercury.
CST(Controllo Stabilità, used in cars: Ferrari.
DSC(Dynamic Stability Control), used in cars: BMW, Ford (Australia only), Jaguar, Land Rover, Mazda, MINI.
DSTC(Dynamic Stability and Traction Control, used in cars: Volvo.
ESC(Electronic Stability Control), used in cars: Chevrolet, Hyundai, Kia.
ESP(Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm), used in cars: Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Chery, Chrysler, Citroën, Dodge, Daimler, Fiat, Holden, Hyundai, Jeep, Kia, Lamborghini, Mercedes Benz, Opel, Peugeot, Proton, Renault, Saab, Scania, SEAT, Škoda, Smart, Suzuki, Vauxhall, Volkswagen.
IVD(Interactive Vehicle Dynamics, used in cars: Ford.
MSP(Maserati Stability Program, used in cars: Maserati .
PCS(Precision Control System, used in cars: Oldsmobile (which was discontinued in 2004).
PSM(Porsche Stability Management, used in cars: Porsche.
RSC(AdvanceTrac with Roll Stability Control, used in vehicles: Ford .
StabiliTrak, used in cars: Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet (called Active Handling on Corvette), GMC Truck, Hummer, Pontiac, Saab, Saturn.
VDC(Vehicle Dynamic Control), used in cars: Alfa Romeo, Fiat, Infiniti, Nissan, Subaru.
VDIM(Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management) with VSC (Eng. Vehicle Stability Control), used in cars: Toyota, Lexus.
VSA(Vehicle Stability Assist), used in cars: Acura, Honda, Hyundai.
Of course, ESP is a highly efficient system, but its possibilities are not unlimited. The reason for this is the laws of physics, which electronics cannot change. Therefore, if the turning radius is too small or the speed in the turn exceeds reasonable limits, even the most advanced motion stabilization program will not help here.
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