Most drivers have no idea what a car engine is. And you need to know this, because it’s not in vain that when studying in many driving schools, students are told the principle ICE operation. Every driver should have an idea about the operation of the engine, because this knowledge can be useful on the road.
Of course there are different types and brands of car engines, the operation of which differs in details (fuel injection systems, cylinder arrangement, etc.). However, the basic principle for all types of internal combustion engines remains unchanged.
The device of a car engine in theory
It is always appropriate to consider the internal combustion engine device using the example of the operation of one cylinder. Although most often cars have 4, 6, 8 cylinders. In any case, the main part of the motor is the cylinder. It contains a piston that can move up and down. At the same time, there are 2 boundaries of its movement - upper and lower. Professionals call them TDC and BDC (upper and lower dead spots).
The piston itself is connected to the connecting rod, and the connecting rod is connected to crankshaft. When the piston moves up and down, the connecting rod transfers the load to the crankshaft, and it rotates. The loads from the shaft are transferred to the wheels, causing the car to start moving.
But the main task is to make the piston work, because it is he who is the main driving force of this complex mechanism. This is done with petrol. diesel fuel or gas. A drop of fuel ignited in the combustion chamber pushes the piston back great strength down, thereby setting it in motion. Then, by inertia, the piston returns to the upper limit, where the explosion of gasoline again occurs and this cycle is repeated constantly until the driver turns off the engine.
This is what a car engine looks like. However, this is just a theory. Let's take a closer look at the cycles of the motor.
Four stroke cycle
Almost all engines operate on a 4-stroke cycle:
- Fuel inlet.
- Fuel compression.
- Combustion.
- Output of exhaust gases outside the combustion chamber.
Scheme
The figure below shows typical circuit car engine devices (one cylinder).
This diagram clearly shows the main elements:
A - Camshaft.
B - Valve cover.
C - Exhaust valve through which gases are removed from the combustion chamber.
D - Exhaust port.
E - Cylinder head.
F - Coolant chamber. Most often there is antifreeze, which cools the heating motor housing.
G - Motor block.
H - Oil sump.
I - Pan where all the oil flows.
J - Ignition spark plug fuel mixture.
K- Inlet valve through which the fuel mixture enters the combustion chamber.
L - Inlet.
M - A piston that moves up and down.
N - Connecting rod connected to the piston. This is the main element that transmits force to the crankshaft and transforms the linear movement (up and down) into rotational.
O - Connecting rod bearing.
P - Crankshaft. It rotates due to the movement of the piston.
It is also worth highlighting such an element as piston rings (they are also called oil scraper rings). They are not shown in the figure, but they are an important component of the car engine system. These rings wrap around the piston and create a maximum seal between the walls of the cylinder and the piston. They prevent fuel from getting into oil pan and oil into the combustion chamber. Most of the old VAZ car engines and even motors European manufacturers have worn rings that do not create an effective seal between the piston and cylinder, which can allow oil to enter the combustion chamber. In such a situation, there will be increased consumption gasoline and "zhor" oil.
These are the basic design elements that take place in all engines. internal combustion. In fact, there are many more elements, but we will not touch on the subtleties.
How does an engine work?
Let's start with the initial position of the piston - it is at the top. IN this moment the inlet port is opened by a valve, the piston begins to move down and sucks the fuel mixture into the cylinder. In this case, only a small drop of gasoline enters the cylinder capacity. This is the first cycle of work.
During the second stroke, the piston reaches its lowest point, while the inlet closes, the piston begins to move upward, as a result of which the fuel mixture is compressed, since it has nowhere to go in a closed chamber. When the piston reaches its maximum upper point, the fuel mixture is compressed to its maximum.
The third stage is the ignition of the compressed fuel mixture using a spark plug that emits a spark. As a result, the combustible composition explodes and pushes the piston down with great force.
At the final stage, the part reaches the lower boundary and, by inertia, returns to top point. Opens at this time Exhaust valve, the exhaust mixture in the form of gas leaves the combustion chamber and enters the street through the exhaust system. After that, the cycle, starting from the first stage, repeats again and continues for the entire time until the driver turns off the engine.
As a result of the explosion of gasoline, the piston moves down and pushes the crankshaft. It spins and transfers the load to the wheels of the car. This is what a car engine looks like.
Differences in gasoline engines
The method described above is universal. The work of almost all gasoline engines. Diesel engines differ in that there are no candles - an element that ignites the fuel. Detonation of diesel fuel is carried out due to the strong compression of the fuel mixture. That is, in the third cycle, the piston rises, strongly compresses the fuel mixture, and it explodes naturally under pressure.
ICE alternative
It should be noted that recently electric cars have appeared on the market - cars with electric motors. There, the principle of operation of the motor is completely different, because the source of energy is not gasoline, but electricity in rechargeable batteries. But for now automotive market belongs to vehicles with internal combustion engines, and electric motors cannot boast of high efficiency.
A few words in conclusion
Such internal combustion engine device is practically perfect. But every year new technologies are being developed that increase work efficiency engine, improving the characteristics of gasoline. With the right maintenance car engine, it can work for decades. Some successful engines of Japanese and German concerns"run" a million kilometers and become unusable solely due to mechanical obsolescence of parts and friction pairs. But many engines, even after a million run, successfully undergo overhaul and continue to fulfill their intended purpose.
Before considering the issue how a car engine works, it is necessary at least in general terms understand his device. In any car, an internal combustion engine is installed, the operation of which is based on the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy. Let's look deeper into this mechanism.
How a car engine works - we study the device diagram
The classic engine device includes a cylinder and a crankcase, closed in the lower part by a pan. Inside the cylinder is located with various rings, which moves in a certain sequence. It has the shape of a glass, in its upper part there is a bottom. To finally understand how a car engine works, you need to know that the piston with the help of piston pin and the connecting rod is connected to the crankshaft.
For smooth and soft rotation, indigenous and connecting rod bearings playing the role of bearings. Part crankshaft includes cheeks, as well as main and connecting rod necks. All these parts, assembled together, are called a crank mechanism, which converts the reciprocating movement of the piston into circular rotation.
The upper part of the cylinder is closed by the head, where the intake and exhaust valves are located. They open and close in accordance with the movement of the piston and the movement of the crankshaft. To accurately understand how a car engine works, the videos in our library should be studied in as much detail as the article. In the meantime, we will try to express its effect in words.
How a car engine works - briefly about complex processes
So, the piston displacement limit has two extreme positions- top and bottom dead center. In the first case, the piston is at the maximum distance from the crankshaft, and the second option is the smallest distance between the piston and the crankshaft. In order to ensure that the piston passes through dead centers without stopping, a flywheel made in the form of a disk is used.
An important parameter for internal combustion engines is the compression ratio, which directly affects its power and efficiency.
To correctly understand the principle of operation of a car engine, you need to know that it is based on the use of the work of gases expanded during the heating process, as a result of which the piston moves between the upper and lower dead spots. At top position The piston burns fuel that enters the cylinder and mixes with air. As a result, the temperature of gases and their pressure increases significantly.
The gases do useful work, due to which the piston moves down. Coming through crank mechanism action is transferred to the transmission, and then to car wheel. Waste products are removed from the cylinder through the exhaust system, and a new portion of fuel is supplied in their place. The entire process, from fuel injection to exhaust gas, is called the engine's duty cycle.
The principle of operation of a car engine - differences in models
There are several main types of internal combustion engines. The simplest is an in-line engine. Arranged in one row, they make up a certain working volume as a whole. But gradually, some manufacturers moved away from this manufacturing technology to a more compact version.
Many models use the design V-engine. With this option, the cylinders are located at an angle to each other (within 180 degrees). In many designs, the number of cylinders ranges from 6 to 12 or more. This allows you to significantly reduce the linear size of the engine and reduce its length.
Thus, a variety of engines allows them to be successfully used in vehicles for various purposes. These can be standard cars and trucks, and sports cars and SUVs. Depending on the type of engine, certain specifications the whole machine.
The vast majority of cars use oil derivatives as fuel for engines. When these substances are burned, gases are released. In a confined space, they create pressure. A complex mechanism perceives these loads and transforms them first into translational motion, and then into rotational. This is the principle of operation of the internal combustion engine. Further, the rotation is already transmitted to the drive wheels.
piston engine
What is the advantage of such a mechanism? What gave new principle operation of an internal combustion engine? Currently, they are equipped not only with cars, but also with agricultural and loading vehicles, train locomotives, motorcycles, mopeds, and scooters. Engines of this type are installed on military equipment: tanks, armored personnel carriers, helicopters, boats. You can also think of chainsaws, mowers, motor pumps, generator substations and other mobile equipment that uses diesel fuel, gasoline or a gas mixture for operation.
Before the invention of the principle of internal combustion, fuel, more often solid (coal, firewood), was burned in a separate chamber. For this, a boiler was used that heated the water. Steam was used as the primary source of driving force. Such mechanisms were massive and overall. They were equipped with locomotives of steam locomotives and ships. The invention of the internal combustion engine made it possible to significantly reduce the dimensions of mechanisms.
System
When the engine is running, a number of cyclical processes constantly occur. They must be stable and take place within a strictly defined period of time. This condition provides smooth operation all systems.
Diesel engines do not pre-treat the fuel. The fuel supply system delivers it from the tank and it is supplied at high pressure to the cylinders. Gasoline is pre-mixed with air along the way.
The principle of operation of an internal combustion engine is such that the ignition system ignites this mixture, and the crank mechanism receives, transforms and transfers the energy of gases to the transmission. The gas distribution system releases combustion products from the cylinders and takes them outside vehicle. At the same time, the sound of the exhaust is reduced.
The lubrication system provides the possibility of rotation of moving parts. However, the rubbing surfaces heat up. The cooling system ensures that the temperature does not go beyond allowed values. Although all processes take place in automatic mode they still need to be watched. This is provided by the control system. It transmits data to the control panel in the driver's cab.
Enough complex mechanism must have a body. The main components and assemblies are mounted in it. Optional equipment for systems that ensure its normal operation, is placed nearby and mounted on removable mounts.
The crank mechanism is located in the cylinder block. The main load from the burnt fuel gases is transferred to the piston. It is connected by a connecting rod to the crankshaft, which converts forward movement into rotation.
Also in the block is a cylinder. A piston moves along its inner plane. Grooves are cut into it, in which o-rings are placed. This is necessary to minimize the gap between the planes and create compression.
The cylinder head is attached to the top of the body. A gas distribution mechanism is mounted in it. It consists of a shaft with eccentrics, rocker arms and valves. Their alternate opening and closing ensure the inlet of fuel into the cylinder and then the release of spent combustion products.
The pallet of the cylinder block is mounted to the bottom of the housing. Oil flows there after it lubricates the rubbing joints of parts of assemblies and mechanisms. Inside the engine there are still channels through which the coolant circulates.
The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine
The essence of the process is the transformation of one type of energy into another. This occurs when fuel is burned in the closed space of an engine cylinder. The gases released during this expand, and excess pressure is created inside the working space. It is received by the piston. He can move up and down. The piston is connected to the crankshaft by means of a connecting rod. In fact, these are the main parts of the crank mechanism - the main unit responsible for converting the chemical energy of the fuel into rotational movement of the shaft.
The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine is based on the alternate cycle change. When the piston moves downward, work is done - the crankshaft rotates at a certain angle. A massive flywheel is fixed at one end. Having received acceleration, it continues to move by inertia, and this still turns the crankshaft. The connecting rod is now pushing the piston up. He takes up the working position and is again ready to take on the energy of the ignited fuel.
Peculiarities
The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine cars most often based on the conversion of the energy of combustible gasoline. Trucks, tractors and special equipment equipped mainly with diesel engines. LPG can also be used as fuel. Diesel engines do not have an ignition system. Fuel ignition comes from generated pressure in the working chamber of the cylinder.
The working cycle can be carried out in one or two revolutions of the crankshaft. In the first case, there are four cycles: fuel inlet and ignition, power stroke, compression, exhaust gases. A two-stroke internal combustion engine performs a complete cycle in one revolution of the crankshaft. At the same time, fuel is admitted and compressed in one cycle, and ignition, power stroke and exhaust gases are released in the second cycle. The role of the gas distribution mechanism in engines of this type is played by a piston. Moving up and down, it alternately opens the fuel inlet and exhaust ports.
Except piston internal combustion engines there are also turbine, jet and combined engines internal combustion. The conversion of fuel energy in them into the forward motion of the vehicle is carried out according to other principles. Engine device and auxiliary systems is also significantly different.
Losses
Despite the fact that the internal combustion engine is reliable and stable, its efficiency is not high enough, as it might seem at first glance. In mathematical dimension Engine efficiency internal combustion averages 30-45%. This suggests that most of the energy of the combustible fuel is wasted.
efficiency of the best gasoline engines may be only 30%. And only massive economical diesel engines, which have many additional mechanisms and systems, can effectively convert up to 45% of fuel energy in terms of power and useful work.
The design of the internal combustion engine cannot eliminate losses. Part of the fuel does not have time to burn and leaves with the exhaust gases. Another article of losses is the energy consumption to overcome various types of resistance during friction of the mating surfaces of parts of assemblies and mechanisms. And another part of it is spent on actuating the engine systems that ensure its normal and uninterrupted operation.
The invention of the internal combustion engine allowed mankind to step forward significantly in development. Now the engines that use to perform useful work The energy released during the combustion of fuel is used in many areas of human activity. But these engines are most widely used in transport.
All power plants consist of mechanisms, components and systems that, interacting with each other, ensure the conversion of the energy released during the combustion of flammable products into the rotational movement of the crankshaft. It is this movement that is his useful work.
To make it clearer, you should understand the principle of operation of the internal combustion power plant.
Principle of operation
During the combustion of a combustible mixture consisting of flammable products and air, more quantity energy. Moreover, at the moment of ignition of the mixture, it significantly increases in volume, the pressure in the epicenter of ignition increases, in fact, a small explosion occurs with the release of energy. This process is taken as a basis.
If combustion takes place in a closed space, the pressure arising during combustion will press on the walls of this space. If one of the walls is made movable, then the pressure, trying to increase the volume closed space, will move this wall. If any rod is attached to this wall, then it will already perform mechanical work- moving away, it will push this rod. By connecting the rod to the crank, when moving, it will cause the crank to rotate about its axis.
This is the working principle power unit with internal combustion - there is a closed space (cylinder liner) with one movable wall (piston). The wall is connected by a rod (rod) to a crank (crankshaft). Then the reverse action is performed - the crank, making a full turn around the axis, pushes the wall with the rod and so returns back.
But this is only the principle of work with an explanation on simple components. In fact, the process looks a little more complicated, because you must first ensure that the mixture enters the cylinder, compress it for better ignition, and also remove the combustion products. These actions are called cycles.
Total bars 4:
- inlet (the mixture enters the cylinder);
- compression (the mixture is compressed by reducing the volume inside the sleeve by the piston);
- working stroke (after ignition, the mixture pushes the piston down due to its expansion);
- release (removal of combustion products from the sleeve to supply the next portion of the mixture);
Piston engine strokes
It follows from this that only the working stroke has a useful action, the other three are preparatory. Each stroke is accompanied by a certain movement of the piston. During intake and stroke, it moves down, and during compression and exhaust, it moves up. And since the piston is connected to the crankshaft, each stroke corresponds to a certain angle of rotation of the shaft around the axis.
The implementation of cycles in the engine is done in two ways. The first - with the combination of cycles. In such a motor, all cycles are performed in one complete crankshaft rotation. That is, half a turn of the knees. shaft, in which the movement of the piston up or down is accompanied by two cycles. These engines are called 2-stroke.
The second way is separate beats. One piston movement is accompanied by only one cycle. As a result, in order for a full cycle of work to occur, 2 turns of the knees are required. shaft around the axis. Such engines were designated 4-stroke.
Cylinder block
Now the internal combustion engine device itself. The basis of any installation is the cylinder block. All components are located in it and on it.
The design features of the block depend on certain conditions - the number of cylinders, their location, and the method of cooling. The number of cylinders that are combined in one block can vary from 1 to 16. Moreover, blocks with an odd number of cylinders are rare; of the engines currently produced, only one- and three-cylinder installations can be found. Most of the units come with a pair of cylinders - 2, 4, 6, 8 and less often 12 and 16.
Four-cylinder block
Power plants with 1 to 4 cylinders usually have an in-line arrangement of cylinders. If the number of cylinders is greater, they are arranged in two rows, with a certain angle of position of one row relative to the other, the so-called power plants with a V-shaped position of the cylinders. This arrangement made it possible to reduce the dimensions of the block, but at the same time their manufacture is more difficult than in-line arrangement.
Eight-cylinder block
There is another type of blocks in which the cylinders are arranged in two rows and with an angle between them of 180 degrees. These engines are called . They are found mainly on motorcycles, although there are also cars with this type of power unit.
But the condition for the number of cylinders and their location is optional. There are 2-cylinder and 4-cylinder engines with a V-shaped or opposed position of the cylinders, as well as 6-cylinder engines with an in-line arrangement.
There are two types of cooling that are used on power plants- air and liquid. Depends on design feature block. Block with air-cooled less overall and structurally simpler, since the cylinders are not included in its design.
The block with liquid cooling is more complicated, its design includes cylinders, and a cooling jacket is located on top of the block with cylinders. A fluid circulates inside it, removing heat from the cylinders. In this case, the block together with the cooling jacket represents one whole.
From above, the block is covered with a special plate - the cylinder head (cylinder head). It is one of the components that provide a closed space in which the combustion process takes place. Its design can be simple, not including additional mechanisms, or complex.
crank mechanism
Included in the design of the motor, it provides the conversion of the reciprocating movement of the piston in the sleeve into the rotational movement of the crankshaft. The main element of this mechanism is the crankshaft. It has a movable connection with the cylinder block. Such a connection ensures the rotation of this shaft around the axis.
A flywheel is attached to one end of the shaft. The task of the flywheel is to transmit torque from the shaft further. Since a 4-stroke engine has only one half-turn for every two revolutions of the crankshaft, useful action- working stroke, the rest require the reverse action, which is performed by the flywheel. Having a significant mass and rotating, due to its kinetic energy, it provides turning of the knees. shaft during the preparatory cycles.
The flywheel circumference has a ring gear, with the help of which the power plant is started.
On the other side of the shaft is the drive gear. oil pump and gas distribution mechanism, as well as a flange for mounting the pulley.
This mechanism also includes connecting rods, which provide power transfer from the piston to the crankshaft and vice versa. The connecting rods are also movably attached to the shaft.
Surfaces of the cylinder block, knees. shaft and connecting rods at the joints do not directly contact each other, between them there are plain bearings - liners.
Cylinder-piston group
Consists of this group from cylinder liners, pistons, piston rings and pins. It is in this group that the combustion process and the transfer of the released energy for transformation take place. Combustion takes place inside the sleeve, which is closed on one side by the head of the block, and on the other by the piston. The piston itself can move inside the sleeve.
To ensure maximum tightness inside the sleeve, are used piston rings, which prevent leakage of the mixture and combustion products between the walls of the sleeve and the piston.
The piston is movably connected to the connecting rod by means of a pin.
Gas distribution mechanism
The task of this mechanism is the timely supply of a combustible mixture or its components to the cylinder, as well as the removal of combustion products.
At two-stroke engines there is no such mechanism. In it, the supply of the mixture and the removal of combustion products are carried out by technological windows that are made in the walls of the sleeve. There are three such windows - inlet, bypass and outlet.
The piston, moving, opens and closes one or another window, and this is how the sleeve is filled with fuel and exhaust gases are removed. The use of such gas distribution does not require additional components, therefore the cylinder head of such an engine is simple and its task is only to ensure the tightness of the cylinder.
The 4-stroke engine has a gas distribution mechanism. Fuel from such an engine is supplied through special holes in the head. These openings are closed with valves. If it is necessary to supply fuel or remove gases from the cylinder, the corresponding valve is opened. Valve opening provides camshaft who with his fists in right moment presses on the required valve and it opens the hole. The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft.
Timing belt and chain drive
The layout of the gas distribution mechanism may vary. Engines are produced with a lower camshaft (it is located in the cylinder block) and an overhead valve (in the cylinder head). The transmission of force from the shaft to the valves is carried out by means of rods and rocker arms.
More common are motors in which both the shaft and valves are on top. With this arrangement, the shaft is also located in the cylinder head and it acts directly on the valves, without intermediate elements.
Supply system
This system provides preparation of fuel for its further supply to the cylinders. The design of this system depends on the fuel used by the engine. The main now is the fuel isolated from oil, and different fractions - gasoline and diesel fuel.
Gasoline engines have two types fuel system- carburetor and injection. In the first system, mixture formation is carried out in a carburetor. It doses and supplies fuel to the air flow passing through it, then this mixture is already fed into the cylinders. Such a system consists fuel tank, fuel lines, vacuum fuel pump and carburetor.
Carburetor system
The same is done in injection cars, but they have a more accurate dosage. Also, the fuel in the injectors is added to the air stream already in the inlet pipe through the nozzle. This injector sprays fuel, which provides better mixture formation. The injection system consists of a tank, a pump located in it, filters, fuel lines, and a fuel rail with nozzles installed on the intake manifold.
In diesel engines, the components of the fuel mixture are supplied separately. The gas distribution mechanism supplies only air to the cylinders through the valves. Fuel is supplied to the cylinders separately, by nozzles and under high pressure. Consists of this system from the tank, filters, fuel pump high pressure(TNVD) and injectors.
Recently, injection systems have appeared that work on the principle of a diesel fuel system - an injector with direct injection.
The exhaust gas system ensures the removal of combustion products from the cylinders, partial neutralization harmful substances, and sound reduction when the exhaust gas is removed. It consists of an exhaust manifold, a resonator, a catalyst (not always) and a silencer.
Lubrication system
The lubrication system reduces friction between the interacting surfaces of the engine by creating a special film that prevents direct contact of the surfaces. Additionally, it removes heat, protects engine elements from corrosion.
The lubrication system consists of an oil pump, an oil tank - a pan, an oil intake, oil filter, channels through which oil moves to rubbing surfaces.
Cooling system
Maintaining optimal operating temperature during engine operation is provided by the cooling system. Two types of systems are used - air and liquid.
The air system produces cooling by blowing air through the cylinders. For better cooling cooling fins are made on the cylinders.
IN liquid system cooling is provided by a liquid that circulates in the cooling jacket in direct contact with the outer wall of the sleeves. Such a system consists of a cooling jacket, a water pump, a thermostat, pipes and a radiator.
Ignition system
The ignition system is used only on gasoline engines. On diesel engines, the mixture is ignited by compression, so he does not need such a system.
In gasoline cars, ignition is carried out by a spark that jumps at a certain moment between the electrodes of a glow plug installed in the block head so that its skirt is in the combustion chamber of the cylinder.
The ignition system consists of an ignition coil, distributor (distributor), wiring and spark plugs.
electrical equipment
Provides this equipment with electricity onboard network car, including the ignition system. This equipment is also used to start the engine. It consists of a battery, a generator, a starter, wiring, various sensors that monitor the operation and condition of the engine.
This is the whole device of the internal combustion engine. Although it is constantly being improved, its principle of operation does not change, only individual nodes and mechanisms are improved.
Modern developments
The main task that automakers are struggling with is to reduce fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Therefore, they are constantly improving the nutrition system, the result is the recent appearance injection systems with direct injection.
Looking for alternative fuels latest development in this direction so far is the use of alcohols as fuel, as well as vegetable oils.
Scientists are also trying to establish the production of engines with a completely different principle of operation. Such, for example, is the Wankel engine, but so far there has been no particular success.
AutoleekThe modern internal combustion engine has gone far from its forefathers. It has become larger, more powerful, more environmentally friendly, but at the same time, the principle of operation, the structure of the car engine, as well as its main elements, have remained unchanged.
Internal combustion engines, widely used in automobiles, are of the piston type. Its name is this ICE type received thanks to the principle of work. Inside the engine is a working chamber called a cylinder. It burns in it working mixture. When the mixture of fuel and air is burned in the chamber, the pressure that the piston perceives increases. Moving, the piston converts the received energy into mechanical work.
How is the internal combustion engine
The first piston engines had only one cylinder of small diameter. In the process of development, to increase power, the cylinder diameter was first increased, and then their number. Gradually, internal combustion engines took on the form familiar to us. Motor modern car can have up to 12 cylinders.
The modern ICE consists of several mechanisms and auxiliary systems, which, for ease of perception, are grouped as follows:
- KShM - crank mechanism.
- Timing - a mechanism for adjusting the valve timing.
- Lubrication system.
- Cooling system.
- Fuel supply system.
- Exhaust system.
Also to ICE systems include electrical start-up and engine control systems.
KShM - crank mechanism
KShM - the main mechanism piston motor. He performs main job- converts thermal energy into mechanical energy. The mechanism consists of the following parts:
- Cylinder block.
- Cylinder head.
- Pistons with pins, rings and connecting rods.
- Crankshaft with flywheel.
Timing - gas distribution mechanism
In order for the required amount of fuel and air to enter the cylinder, and the combustion products to be removed from the working chamber in time, the internal combustion engine has a mechanism called gas distribution. It is responsible for opening and closing the intake and exhaust valves, through which air-fuel enters the cylinders. combustible mixture and exhaust gases are removed. Timing parts include:
- Camshaft.
- Inlet and outlet valves with springs and guide bushings.
- Valve drive parts.
- Timing drive elements.
The timing is driven from the crankshaft of the car engine. With the help of a chain or belt, rotation is transmitted to the camshaft, which, through cams or rocker arms, presses the intake or exhaust valve through the pushers and opens and closes them in turn
Depending on the design and number of valves, one or two can be installed on the engine camshafts for each row of cylinders. With a two-shaft system, each shaft is responsible for the operation of its own series of valves - intake or exhaust. The single shaft design has English title SOHC (Single OverHead Camshaft). The dual shaft system is called DOHC (Double Overhead Camshaft). 
During operation of the motor, its parts come into contact with hot gases that are formed during combustion fuel-air mixture. In order for the parts of an internal combustion engine not to collapse due to excessive expansion when heated, they must be cooled. You can cool the car engine with air or liquid. Modern motors, as a rule, have a liquid cooling scheme, which is formed by the following parts:
- Engine cooling jacket
- Pump (pump)
- Radiator
- Fan
- Expansion tank
The cooling jacket of internal combustion engines is formed by cavities inside the BC and cylinder head, through which the coolant circulates. It removes excess heat from engine parts and carries it to the radiator. Circulation is provided by a pump driven by a belt from the crankshaft.
The thermostat provides the necessary temperature regime car engine, redirecting the flow of fluid into the radiator or bypassing it. The radiator, in turn, is designed to cool the heated liquid. The fan enhances the air flow, thereby increasing the cooling efficiency. Expansion tank needed modern motors, since the coolants used expand greatly when heated and require additional volume.
Engine lubrication system
In any motor, there are many rubbing parts that need to be constantly lubricated in order to reduce frictional power loss and avoid increased wear and jamming. There is a lubrication system for this. Along the way, with its help, several more tasks are solved: protection of internal combustion engine parts from corrosion, additional cooling motor parts, as well as the removal of wear products from the points of contact of the rubbing parts. The lubrication system of a car engine is formed by: 
- Oil sump (pan).
- Oil supply pump.
- Oil filter with .
- Oil pipelines.
- Oil dipstick (oil level indicator).
- System pressure gauge.
- Oil filler neck.
The pump draws oil from oil sump and delivers it to the oil pipelines and channels located in the BC and cylinder head. Through them, oil enters the points of contact of rubbing surfaces.
Supply system
The supply system for internal combustion engines with spark ignition and compression ignition differ from each other, although they share a number of common elements. Common are:
- Fuel tank.
- Fuel level sensor.
- Fuel filters - coarse and fine.
- Fuel pipelines.
- Intake manifold.
- Air pipes.
- Air filter.
Both systems have fuel pumps, fuel rail, fuel injector, but due to different physical properties gasoline and diesel fuel, their design has significant differences. The principle of supply is the same: the fuel from the tank is supplied by a pump through filters to fuel rail from which it enters the injectors. But if in most gasoline internal combustion engines the nozzles supply it to intake manifold engine of a car, then in diesel engines it is fed directly into the cylinder, and already there it mixes with air. Details that provide air purification and the flow of its cylinders - air filter and pipes - also belong to the fuel system. 
Exhaust system
The exhaust system is designed to remove exhaust gases from the cylinders of a car engine. The main details, its components:
- An exhaust manifold.
- Muffler intake pipe.
- Resonator.
- Muffler.
- Exhaust pipe.
IN modern engines internal combustion exhaust structure supplemented with neutralization devices harmful emissions. It consists of a catalytic converter and sensors that communicate with the engine control unit. Traffic fumes from the exhaust manifold through the exhaust pipe into catalytic converter, then through the resonator to the muffler. Coming through exhaust pipe they are released into the atmosphere. 
In conclusion, it is necessary to mention the start-up and engine control systems of the car. They are an important part of the engine, but they must be considered together with electrical system car, which is beyond the scope of this article, which deals with internal organization engine.
