Types of car engines. Varieties of internal combustion engines: what are the internal combustion engines

22.04.2019

Transmission

(engine internal combustion) is a heat engine and works on the principle of burning a mixture of fuel and air in a combustion chamber. The main task of such a device is the conversion of the combustion energy of the fuel charge into mechanical useful work.

Despite the general principle of operation, today there is a large number of units that differ significantly from each other due to a number of individual design features. In this article we will talk about what internal combustion engines are, and what are their main features and differences.

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Types of internal combustion engines

Let's start with the fact that the internal combustion engine can be two-stroke and four-stroke. Concerning automobile motors, these units are four-stroke. Engine cycles are:

inlet fuel-air mixture or air (depending on the type of internal combustion engine);
compression of a mixture of fuel and air;
fuel charge combustion and power stroke;
release from the combustion chamber of exhaust gases;

Both gasoline and diesel engines operate on this principle. piston engines, which are widely used in cars and other equipment. It is also worth mentioning, in which gas fuel burns similarly to diesel fuel or gasoline.

Petrol power units

Such a food system, especially distributed injection, allows you to increase the power of the engine, while achieving fuel efficiency and reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases. This became possible due to the precise dosage of the supplied fuel under control ( electronic system engine control).

Further development of fuel supply systems led to the emergence of engines with direct (direct) injection. Their main difference from their predecessors is that air and fuel are supplied to the combustion chamber separately. In other words, the injector is not installed above the intake valves, but is mounted directly into the cylinder.

This solution allows you to supply fuel directly, and the supply itself is divided into several stages (sub-injections). As a result, it is possible to achieve the most efficient and complete combustion of the fuel charge, the engine gets the opportunity to work on lean mixture(for example, engines of the GDI family), fuel consumption decreases, exhaust toxicity decreases, etc.

Diesel engines

It runs on diesel fuel, and is also significantly different from gasoline. The main difference is the absence of a spark ignition system. The ignition of the mixture of fuel and air in a diesel engine comes from compression.

Simply put, air is compressed in the cylinders, which heats up a lot. At the last moment, injection occurs directly into the combustion chamber, after which the heated and highly compressed mixture ignites on its own.

If we compare diesel and gasoline ICEs, diesel is more economical, the best efficiency and the maximum that is available on low revs. Taking into account the fact that diesel engines develop more traction at lower crankshaft speeds, in practice such a motor does not need to be “turned” at the start, and you can also count on a confident pickup from the very bottom.

However, in the list of disadvantages of such units, one can single out, as well as more weight and lower speeds in the maximum speed mode. The fact is that the diesel engine is initially “low-speed” and has a lower rotational speed compared to gasoline internal combustion engines.

Diesels also have a greater mass, since the features of compression ignition imply more serious loads on all elements of such an assembly. In other words, the parts in a diesel engine are stronger and heavier. Also diesel engines more noisy, due to the process of ignition and combustion of diesel fuel.

rotary engine

The Wankel engine (rotary piston engine) is a fundamentally different power plant. In such an internal combustion engine, the usual pistons that reciprocate in the cylinder are simply absent. main element rotary motor is the rotor.

The specified rotor rotates along a given trajectory. Rotary ICE gasoline, since such a design is not capable of providing a high degree compression working mixture.

The advantages include compactness, more power with a small working volume, as well as the ability to quickly unwind up to high speed. As a result, cars with such an internal combustion engine have outstanding acceleration characteristics.

If we talk about the minuses, then it is worth highlighting a noticeably reduced resource compared to piston units, as well as high flow fuel. Also rotary engine It is characterized by increased toxicity, that is, it does not quite fit into modern environmental standards.

hybrid engine

On some internal combustion engines, to obtain the necessary power, it is used in combination with a turbocharger, while on others with exactly the same displacement and layout, such solutions are not available.

For this reason, for an objective assessment of the performance of a particular engine at different speeds, and not on the crankshaft, but on the wheels, it is necessary to carry out special complex measurements on a dyno.

Classification of engines by type

The principle of operation of the power unit is based on the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy. Repetitive processes in the motor are the engine's duty cycle. Depending on how many strokes the piston makes, engines are divided into four-stroke and two-stroke. Internal combustion engines that are used in cars operate on a 4-stroke cycle. This includes fuel inlet, power stroke (back and forth), and exhaust.

In a two-stroke engine, only 2 strokes of the piston occur in one cycle: the power stroke and compression. Cylinder filling and cleaning takes place during these 2 cycles. This type of engine has significant shortcomings, For example high level exhaust emissions. The main disadvantage is high, which is why two-stroke engines are not used in modern cars.

injection engine it works a little differently: fuel is injected into the air by a small injection method. Sprayed under pressure through a nozzle flammable liquid, which significantly reduces fuel consumption, because the amount is dosed by special devices. For this reason injection engines more economical, and the optimal proportion combustible mixture allows you to increase the purity of the exhaust and increase the efficiency of the power unit.

Injection engines are divided into mechanical and electronic. IN mechanical engine the fuel dosage is set using levers, and the electronic power unit uses special system fuel dosing control. When using such systems, the fuel burns out more thoroughly and harmful emissions are reduced.

Gasoline that passes through the fuel system enters the carburetor or intake manifold. Air enters it, which is then mixed with fuel and the finished mixture is obtained. It is fed into the cylinders and there it is ignited by a spark that is given.

Vehicles with carburetor type engine on this moment considered obsolete. Injection type engines are now widely used. Fuel is sprayed by injectors or through the intake manifold.

Worthy of special attention diesel engines. Their principle of operation is based on the ignition of the working mixture during compression. When air is drawn in, the process takes place under high pressure, causing the mixture to spontaneously ignite. After ignition, the piston stroke occurs, which then displaces the exhaust gases.

This type of engine has more and a small amount of harmful substances in emissions. The efficiency of this power unit is also much higher. Diesel engines are now continuing to improve and even frost is no longer an obstacle to starting the engine.

Different types of diesel engines have different characteristics that depend on the time of year. These power units do not have an ignition system, because the fuel ignites due to high pressure, which gives the movement of the piston.

Videos engine types

It would not be an exaggeration to say that most self-propelled devices today are equipped with internal combustion engines of various designs, using various operating principles. In any case, if we talk about road transport. In this article, we will take a closer look at ICE. What it is, how this unit works, what are its pros and cons, you will learn by reading it.

The principle of operation of internal combustion engines

Main principle ICE operation is based on the fact that the fuel (solid, liquid or gaseous) burns in a specially allocated working volume inside the unit itself, converting thermal energy into mechanical energy.

The working mixture entering the cylinders of such an engine is compressed. After its ignition, with the help of special devices, an excess pressure of gases arises, forcing the pistons of the cylinders to return to their original position. This creates a constant working cycle that converts kinetic energy into torque with the help of special mechanisms.

To date internal combustion engine device can be of three main types:

often called easy;
four stroke power unit allowing for higher power outputs and efficiency values;
with enhanced power characteristics.

In addition, there are other modifications of the main circuits that improve certain properties of power plants of this type.

Benefits of internal combustion engines

Unlike power units that provide for the presence of external chambers, the internal combustion engine has significant advantages. The main ones are:

much more compact dimensions;
higher power ratings;
optimal efficiency values.

It should be noted, speaking of the internal combustion engine, that this is a device that in the vast majority of cases allows you to use different kinds fuel. It could be gasoline diesel fuel, natural or kerosene and even ordinary wood.

Such versatility has given this engine concept its well-deserved popularity, ubiquity and truly world leadership.

Brief historical excursion

It is generally accepted that the internal combustion engine has been counting its history since the creation by the Frenchman de Rivas in 1807 of a piston unit that used hydrogen in a gaseous state of aggregation as fuel. And although since then the ICE device has undergone significant changes and modifications, the main ideas of this invention continue to be used today.

First four stroke engine internal combustion saw the light in 1876 in Germany. In the mid-80s of the XIX century, a carburetor was developed in Russia, which made it possible to dose the supply of gasoline to the engine cylinders.

And at the very end of the century before last, the famous German engineer proposed the idea of igniting a combustible mixture under pressure, which significantly increased the power internal combustion engine characteristics and efficiency indicators of units of this type, which previously left much to be desired. Since then, the development of internal combustion engines has been mainly along the path of improvement, modernization and the introduction of various improvements.

The main types and types of internal combustion engines

Nevertheless, more than 100 years of history of this type of units has made it possible to develop several main types of power plants with internal combustion of fuel. They differ from each other not only in the composition of the working mixture used, but also design features.

Gasoline engines

As the name implies, the units of this group use various types of gasoline as fuel.

In turn, such power plants are usually divided into two large groups:

Carburetor. In such devices fuel mixture before entering the cylinders, it is enriched with air masses in special device(carburetor). Then it is ignited by an electric spark. Among the most prominent representatives of this type can be called VAZ models, the internal combustion engines of which are very for a long time was exclusively carbureted type.
Injection. This is a more complex system in which fuel is injected into the cylinders through a special manifold and injectors. It can happen like mechanically, as well as through a special electronic device. Direct systems are considered the most productive. direct injection Common Rail. Installed on almost all modern cars.

Injected gasoline engines are considered to be more economical and provide more high efficiency. However, the cost of such units is much higher, and maintenance and operation are much more difficult.

Diesel engines

At the dawn of the existence of units of this type, one could very often hear a joke about the internal combustion engine, that this is a device that eats gasoline like a horse, but moves much more slowly. With the invention of the diesel engine, this joke has partially lost its relevance. Mainly because diesel is able to run on fuel much more Low quality. This means that it is much cheaper than gasoline.

chief fundamental difference Internal combustion is the absence of forced ignition of the fuel mixture. Diesel fuel is injected into the cylinders by special injectors, and individual drops of fuel are ignited due to the pressure force of the piston. Along with the advantages, the diesel engine has a number of disadvantages. Among them are the following:

much less power compared to gasoline power plants;
large dimensions and weight characteristics;
difficulties with starting under extreme weather and climatic conditions;
insufficient traction and a tendency to unjustified power losses, especially at relatively high speeds.

In addition, repair ICE diesel of a different type, as a rule, is much more complicated and costly than adjusting or restoring the performance of a gasoline unit.

gas engines

Despite the cheapness of natural gas used as fuel, the construction of gas-fired internal combustion engines is incommensurably more complicated, which leads to a significant increase in the cost of the unit as a whole, its installation and operation in particular.

In power plants of this type, liquefied or natural gas enters the cylinders through a system of special gearboxes, manifolds and nozzles. The ignition of the fuel mixture occurs in the same way as in carburetor petrol plants, - with the help of an electric spark emanating from a spark plug.

Combined types of internal combustion engines

Few people know about combined systems ICE. What is it and where is it applied?

It is, of course, not about modern hybrid cars capable of running both on fuel and on an electric motor. Combined engines internal combustion is commonly called such units that combine elements of various principles fuel systems. Most prominent representative families of such engines are gas-diesel installations. In them, the fuel mixture enters the internal combustion engine block in almost the same way as in gas units. But the fuel is ignited not with the help of an electric discharge from a candle, but with an ignition portion of diesel fuel, as happens in a conventional diesel engine.

Maintenance and repair of internal combustion engines

Despite a fairly wide variety of modifications, all internal combustion engines have similar principal constructions and schemes. However, in order to provide quality service and ICE repair, you need to thoroughly know its device, understand the principles of operation and be able to identify problems. For this, of course, it is necessary to carefully study the design of internal combustion engines. various types, to understand for yourself the purpose of certain parts, assemblies, mechanisms and systems. This is not easy, but very exciting! And most importantly, necessary.

Especially for inquisitive minds who want to independently comprehend all the mysteries and secrets of almost any vehicle, approximate circuit diagram ICE is shown in the photo above.

So, we found out what this power unit is.

Compared to older cars, new ones differ in the design features of individual components. Every year, modern and leading manufacturers improve not only machine models, but also take into account other important elements related to details. With the advent of the latest innovative technologies, a lot has changed.

In order to find out what types exist, you need to carefully read the article and listen to the advice of professionals. First of all, you should familiarize yourself with internal combustion engine features. The engine is a device that is converted into mechanical work during the combustion process. Everyone does work exclusively in a cycle, which consists of 4 phases.

Engine classification

First, air or a mixture with the presence of fuel, such as gasoline or diesel, is admitted, and then the working mixture is compressed. As a result, the action of the working stroke occurs. When the working mixture finally burns out, the exhaust gas is released. It is important to note that piston, gasoline engines are considered the most common.

The gasoline engine is very popular. This common type of engine has a special design that is reliable and durable.

Everyone knows that gasoline and its variety is the most common and affordable source of energy. Such a power unit was introduced by the most complex innovative technologies, which distribute the phase and provide electronic control fuel injection. To repair this design will not require to spend a lot of money and effort. Since the process is quite easy and simple.

A modern unit operating on gasoline has a certain advantage. That is, the action of igniting the air-fuel mixtures occurs by means of the ignition of spark plugs. However, the fuel supply system is divided into several main categories.

Therefore, gasoline is mixed with air in carburetor device. The process is carried out through the inlet pipeline. Similar engines differ from other units in particular efficiency.

Injection engines supply fuel with an injector. Fuel enters the intake manifold. In this unit, power is increased to the maximum and, accordingly, hot is consumed more economically. Naturally, the toxicity of the spent fuel (gas) decreases. This process is carried out due to the supply of fuel. The energy supply process takes place under the influence of specially installed electronic systems.

In a diesel device, a mixture of fuel ignites when interacting with air. This process occurs if the temperature rises when the fuel is compressed. Comparing Gas engine with diesel, it can be clearly said that the ratio of efficiency reaches from fifteen to twenty percent.

When installing diesel device combustion improves air-fuel mixture. Absence throttle valves contributes to the creation of resistance to air movement when the intake process occurs and, accordingly, an increase in fuel consumption.

The gas unit is considered to be compressed natural, generating and liquefied fuel. A common engine and other types of unit provide environmental safety vehicle. In some cases, the gas is stored in a special cylinder, which gradually loses pressure as it enters through the evaporator. gas system may not even be used as part of the evaporator.

old diesel designs less economical and practical. The compression power is one and a half times more, there is an increase in pressure in the cylinder. Early models are too noisy due to the fuel burning. There is also less crankshaft rotation. Now you know all the types automotive engines which are the most sought after and popular.

What are the new and modern types of engines other than diesel and gasoline

Now, consider the types of engines that are distinguished by new technologies. The in-line unit is recommended for the use of a small cylinder. The most practical and convenient is the 6-cylinder engine. The use of a V-shaped engine helps to reduce the length of the unit.

However, this increases its width. Each cylinder this device located in 2 different planes and is designated "V". Basically six and eight cylinder engines equipped with this model.

The camber angle of the boxer engine is 180 degrees. As a result, the engine height is considered to be the smallest. The camber angle VR of the engine is about fifteen degrees.

Thanks to these parameters, both the longitudinal and transverse dimensions of the engine are reduced. For example, the W-engine is equipped with two layout options, that is, the content of three cylinders and high angle collapse. Compact cylinders are available in the W8 and W12 series.

Mention should be made of horn and star-shaped aggregates. For example, star device otherwise called radial. The internal combustion engine has cylinders located under the influence of radial rays. The crankshaft is surrounded by waiting cylinders that pass through equal angles. The small length of the unit contributes to the convenient placement of a large number of cylinders. This unit is mainly used in aviation.

The horn assembly is characterized by the rotation of the cylinders. Cylinders, in turn, are presented in odd numbers. They also have a propeller and a crankcase. These products are fixed on motor frames. Rogative aggregates were widely used during the war period.

Main parameters of the units

They have special options. The index of engines is determined by the force that performs the action in the cylinder. Accordingly, this action takes into account the ignition and power supply system of the unit, as well as the degree of wear of each part.

Having considered the main characteristics, we can draw a conclusion about each individual device. The principle of operation of the unit is determined by safety valve, spark plugs, exhaust, water cooling jacket, cylinder with inlet and outlet ports, air duct, drive heater, exhaust crankshaft, intake crankshaft.

Modern cars are equipped with two to sixteen cylinders. The difference is determined only when calculating the power and volume. However, there are other options as well. It is also worth noting the fact that for the manufacture of new models, the developers used three types of materials, for example, cast iron or other ferroalloys, which have the greatest strength.

For example, aluminum has a low weight and medium strength, magnesium alloys have the lowest weight and high strength. But to buy this tool you have to spend a lot of money.

Experts say that all these parameters share only the sound-vibration and resource quality. In all other respects, they are almost identical.

recoil maximum level measured in horsepower or kilowatts. To determine the maximum tractive effort must be measured in newton meters. Now you know what engines are and how to identify certain models.

5, 10, 12 or more cylinders. Allows you to reduce the linear dimensions of the motor compared to an in-line arrangement of cylinders.

VR-shaped
"VR" is an abbreviation of two German words for V-shaped and R-row, i.e. "v-shaped-row". The engine was developed by Volkswagen and is a symbiosis of a V-engine with an extremely low 15° camber angle and an in-line engine. . The pistons are located in the block in a checkerboard pattern. The combination of the advantages of both types of engines led to the fact that the VR6 engine became so compact that it made it possible to cover both banks of cylinders with one common head, unlike a conventional V-engine. The result is a VR6 engine that is substantially shorter in length than an inline 6 and narrower in width than a conventional V6 engine. Installed since 1991 (model 1992) on Volkswagen Passat, Golf, Corrado, Sharan cars. It has factory indexes "AAA" with a volume of 2.8 liters, with a capacity of 174 l / s and "ABV" with a volume of 2.9 liters and a capacity of 192 l / s.

boxer engine- piston internal combustion engine, in which the angle between the rows of cylinders is 180 degrees. In automobiles and motorcycles, a boxer engine is used to lower the center of gravity, instead of the traditional V-shaped, as opposed to the arrangement of the pistons allows them to mutually neutralize vibrations, so that the engine has a smoother performance.
The boxer engine was most widely used in the Volkswagen Kaefer (Beetle, in the English version) model produced during the years of production (from to 2003) in the amount of 21,529,464 units.
Porsche uses it in most of its sports and racing models series , GT1 , GT2 and GT3.
The boxer engine is also hallmark Subaru brand cars , which has been installed in almost all Subaru models since 1963 . Most engines of this company have boxer layout, which provides very high strength and rigidity of the cylinder block, but at the same time makes the engine difficult to repair. Old EA series engines (EA71, EA82 (produced until about 1994)) are famous for their reliability. Newer EJ, EG, EZ series engines (EJ15, EJ18, EJ20, EJ22, EJ25, EZ30, EG33, EZ36) mounted on various models Subaru from 1989 to the present (since February 1989, Subaru Legacy cars are equipped with boxer diesel engines coupled with mechanical box gears).
It was also installed on the Romanian Oltcit Club cars (it is an exact copy of the Citroen Axel), from 1987 to 1993. In motorcycle manufacturing boxer engines found wide application in BMW models, as well as in Soviet heavy motorcycles "Ural" and "Dnepr".

U-engine - symbol power plant, which is two inline engine, crankshafts which are mechanically connected by means of a chain or gear.
Known use cases: sports cars- Bugatti Type 45, an experimental version of Matra Bagheera; some marine and aircraft engines.
A U-shaped engine with two cylinders in each block is sometimes referred to as square four.

Counter-piston engine- the configuration of an internal combustion engine with the arrangement of cylinders in two rows one opposite the other (usually one above the other) in such a way that the pistons of the opposite cylinders move towards each other and have a common combustion chamber. The crankshafts are mechanically connected, power is taken from one of them, or from both (for example, when driving two propellers). The engines in this scheme are mostly turbocharged two-strokes. This scheme is used on aircraft engines, tank engines(T-64, T-80UD, T-84, Chieftain), locomotive engines (TE3, 2TE10) and large marine marine diesels. There is another name for this type of engine - an engine with oppositely moving pistons (an engine with a PDP).

Operating principle:
1 inlet
2 drive supercharger
3 air duct
4 safety valve
5 graduation KShM
6 inlet KShM (later by ~ 20 ° relative to the outlet)
7 cylinder with intake and exhaust ports
Issue 8
9 water cooling jacket
10 spark plug

Rotary engine- radial engine air cooling, based on the rotation of the cylinders (usually presented in an odd number) along with the crankcase and propeller around the still crankshaft attached to the motor frame. Similar engines were widely used during World War I and the Russian Civil War. During these wars, these engines were superior in specific gravity to water-cooled engines, so they were mainly used (in fighters and reconnaissance aircraft).
star engine (radial engine ) - a piston internal combustion engine, the cylinders of which are located in radial rays around one crankshaft through equal angles. The radial engine is short and allows a large number of cylinders to be placed compactly. Has found wide application in aviation.
star engine differs from other types in the design of the crank mechanism. One connecting rod is the main one, it looks like a connecting rod conventional engine with an in-line arrangement of cylinders, the rest are auxiliary and are attached to the main connecting rod along its periphery (the same principle is used in V-engines). design flaw star engine is the possibility of oil leakage into the lower cylinders during parking, and therefore it is required to make sure that there is no oil in the lower cylinders before starting the engine. Starting the engine in the presence of oil in the lower cylinders leads to water hammer and breakage of the crank mechanism.
Four-stroke radial engines have an odd number of cylinders in a row - this allows you to give a spark in the cylinders "through one".

Rotary piston engine internal combustion engine (RPD, Wankel engine), the design of which was developed in the year by NSU engineer Walter Freude, he also owned the idea of \u200b\u200bthis design. The engine was co-developed with Felix Wankel, who was working on a different rotary piston engine design.
A feature of the engine is the use of a trihedral rotor (piston), which has the form of a Reuleaux triangle, rotating inside a cylinder of a special profile, the surface of which is made according to an epitrochoid.

Design
The rotor mounted on the shaft is rigidly connected to the gear wheel, which engages with the fixed gear - the stator. The diameter of the rotor is much larger than the diameter of the stator, despite this, the rotor with the gear wheel rolls around the gear. Each of the vertices of the trihedral rotor moves along the epitrochoidal surface of the cylinder and cuts off the variable volumes of the chambers in the cylinder with three valves.
This design allows any 4-stroke Diesel, Stirling or Otto cycle to be carried out without the use of a special gas distribution mechanism. Sealing of the chambers is provided by radial and end sealing plates pressed against the cylinder centrifugal forces, gas pressure and band springs. The absence of a gas distribution mechanism makes the engine much simpler than a four-stroke piston engine (the saving is about a thousand parts), and the absence of interface (crankcase space, crankshaft and connecting rods) between individual working chambers ensures extraordinary compactness and high power density. In one revolution, the vankel performs three complete work cycles, which is equivalent to the work of a six-cylinder piston engine. The mixture formation, ignition, lubrication, cooling, start-up are fundamentally the same as those of a conventional piston internal combustion engine.
Practical application was received by engines with trihedral rotors, with the ratio of gear and gear radii: R: r = 2: 3, which are installed on cars, boats, etc.

Engine configuration W
The engine was developed by Audi and Volkswagen and consists of two V-shaped engines. Torque is taken from both crankshafts.

Rotary vane engine internal combustion engine (RLD, Vigriyanov engine), the design of which was developed in 1973 by engineer Mikhail Stepanovich Vigriyanov. The peculiarity of the engine is the use of a rotating compound rotor placed inside the cylinder and consisting of four blades.
Design On a pair of coaxial shafts, two blades are installed, dividing the cylinder into four working chambers. Each chamber performs four working cycles in one revolution (a set of working mixture, compression, working stroke and exhaust gas emission). Thus, within the framework of this design, it is possible to implement any four-stroke cycle. (Nothing prevents you from using this design to work steam engine, only the blades will have to use two instead of four.)

Engine Balance

Degree of balance
(green cell - balanced forces or moments, red -
free)

R2*

VR5

VR6

V10

V12

B12

Forces of inertia of the first
order