In accordance with the modern system of digital indexing of cars, each car model (trailer train) is assigned an index consisting of four digits. Modifications of models correspond to the fifth digit indicating the serial number of the modification. Export version domestic models cars has a sixth digit. The numerical index is preceded by letters indicating the manufacturer. The numbers included in the full designation of cars indicate: class, type, model number, modification sign, export version sign.
The first digit gives information about the dimensions of the car or class of rolling stock. If this a car, then the numbers indicate the variant of the working volume of the engines: 1 - up to 1l; 2 - from 1.2 to 1.8 l; 3 - from 1.8 to 3.2 l; 4 - more than 3.5 liters.
If this is a truck chassis, then the first digit indicates the total mass of the vehicle: 1 - up to 1.2 tons; 2 - from 1.2 to 2 tons; 3 - from 2 to 8 tons; 4 - from 8 to 14t; 5 - from 14 to 20 tons; 6 - from 20 to 40 tons; 7 - over 40t.
Gross vehicle curb weight is its curb weight with fuel, payload, accessories, driver and passengers in the cab.
If this is a bus, then the following variants of the first digit and the overall length of the bus corresponding to it are possible: 2 - up to 5 m; 3 - from 6 to 7.5 m; 4 - from 8 to 9.5m; 5 - from 10.5 to 12m; 6 - more than 16 m. The number 8 in the first place in the brand of the car means that we are dealing with a trailer, 9 - with a semi-trailer.
The second digit characterizes the type of rolling stock or the type of car: 1 - passenger cars; 2 - buses; 3 - trucks (onboard) vehicles; 4 - truck tractors; 5 - dump trucks; 6 - tanks, 7 - vans; 8 - reserve; 9 - special cars.
1.3. Basic terms of technical characteristics of the car
wheel formula. For all vehicles, the designation of the main wheel formula consists of two digits separated by a multiplication sign. The first number indicates the total number of wheels, and the second number indicates the number of drive wheels to which torque is transmitted from the engine. In this case, dual-wheel wheels are considered as one wheel. The exceptions are front-wheel drive vehicles and road trains with single-axle tractors, where the first digit is the number of driving wheels, and the second is the total number of wheels.
Thus, for passenger cars, utility vehicles and light trucks, created on the basis of passenger car units, the formulas 4x2 (for example, a GAZ-3110 car), 4x4, 2x4, (VAZ-2109 car) are used.
Estimated weight (per person) of passengers, attendants and luggage - for cars - 80 kg (70 kg + 10 kg of luggage). For buses: urban - 68 kg; suburban - 71 kg (68+3); rural (local) - 81 kg (68 + 13); international - 91 kg. (68+23). Bus attendants (driver, guide, conductor, etc.) and driver, passengers in the cab of a truck - 75 kg. The weight of the luggage carrier with cargo installed on the roof of a passenger car is included in the total weight with a corresponding reduction in the number of passengers.
The load capacity is defined as the mass of the transported cargo without the mass of the driver and passengers in the cabin.
Passenger capacity (number of seats) - the driver's seat is included in the number of seats in cars and trucks. In buses, the number of seats for seated passengers does not include the seats of service personnel - driver, guide, etc. The capacity of buses is calculated as the sum of the number of seats for seated passengers and the number of seats for standing passengers at the rate of 0.2 sq. m. m of free floor area per standing passenger (5 people per 1 sq. m - nominal capacity) and 0.125 sq. m (8 people per 1 sq. m - maximum capacity). Rated capacity buses - capacity typical for operating conditions during inter-peak times. Maximum capacity - the capacity of buses during rush hours.
The curb weight of a car, trailer, semi-trailer is defined as the mass of a fully filled (fuel, oil, coolant, etc.) and equipped ( spare wheel, tools, etc.), but without cargo or passengers, the driver, other attendants and their luggage.
Gross vehicle weight consists of curb weight, cargo weight (according to carrying capacity) or passengers, driver, other attendants. At the same time, the total mass of buses (urban and suburban) should actually be determined for the nominal and maximum capacities. Gross mass of road trains: for a trailer train - the sum of the gross masses of the tractor and trailer; for a truck - the sum of the curb weight of the tractor, the weight of the personnel in the cab and the total weight of the semi-trailer.
Permissible (design) gross weight is the sum of the axial masses allowed by the design of the vehicle.
Ground clearance, approach and departure angles are given for auto Vehicle(ATS) gross weight. In the figures, the lowest points are under the front and rear axles PBXs are marked with the icon
Control fuel consumption - this parameter is used to check the technical condition of the vehicle and is not the norm fuel consumption(about regulation of fuel consumption, lubricants and others will be discussed later). The control fuel consumption is determined for the vehicle of the total mass on a horizontal section of the road with a hard surface in steady motion at a specified speed. The "urban cycle" mode (simulation of urban traffic) is given according to a special methodology in accordance with GOST 20306-90 "Fuel efficiency of automatic telephone exchanges. Nomenclature of indicators and test methods.
Maximum speed, acceleration time, gradeability, coastdown distance and braking distances- these parameters are given for a vehicle with a gross weight, and for truck tractors - when they operate as part of a road train with a gross weight. The exception is maximum speed and the acceleration time of cars for which these parameters are given for a car with a driver and one passenger.
The overall and loading height, the height of the fifth wheel coupling, the floor level, the height of the steps of the buses are given for equipped vehicles.
The coordinates of the center of gravity of the vehicle are given for the equipped state.
The center of gravity is indicated in the figures by the icon
The run-out of the car is the distance that the car of the full mass will travel, accelerated to the specified speed, when it is next turned on. neutral gear, to a complete stop on a dry asphalt flat road.
The braking distance is given for tests of the "zero" type, that is, the test is carried out with cold brakes with a full load of the car.
The turning radius is given along the track axis of the outer (relative to the turning center) front wheel.
The free steering angle (play) is given when the wheels are in a straight line position. For power steering, readings should be taken with the engine running at the design recommended minimum RPM. idle move engine.
Tire pressure - for cars, light trucks and buses made on the basis of car units and trailers for them, a deviation from the indicated values \u200b\u200by 0.1 kgf / cm2 is allowed, for trucks, buses and trailers for them - by 0, 2 kgf/cm2.
Engine specification terms are discussed separately.
Cylinder displacement(engine displacement) - this value is determined as the sum of the working volumes of all cylinders, i.e. this is the product of the working volume of one cylinder and the number of cylinders i, i.e. Measured in liters or cubic meters. dm. It is the digital designation of displacement that is applied to the body elements of a number of cars.
Cylinder displacement- this is the amount of space released by the piston when moving it from top dead center (TDC) to bottom dead center (BDC).
Combustion chamber volume is the volume of space above the piston when it is at TDC.
Full cylinder volume is the volume of space above the piston when it is at BDC. Obviously, the total volume of the cylinder is equal to the sum of the working volume of the cylinder and the volume of the combustion chamber, i.e. 
.
Compression ratio E is the ratio of the total volume of the cylinder to the volume of the combustion chamber, i.e. . 
The compression ratio shows how many times the total volume of the engine cylinder decreases when the piston moves from BDC to TDC. The compression ratio is a dimensionless quantity. In gasoline engines E = 6.5..11, in diesel engines E = 14..23. With an increase in the compression ratio, the power and efficiency of the engine increase (this is why diesel engines are more economical).
The piston stroke S and the diameter D of the cylinder determine the dimensions of the engine. If the S/D ratio is less than or equal to one, then the engine is called short-stroke, otherwise it is called long-stroke. The vast majority of automotive engines are short-stroke.
Indicated engine power is the power developed by the gases in the cylinders. Indicator power more effective engine power by the amount of friction losses and the drive of auxiliary mechanisms.
Effective engine power- the power developed on the crankshaft. It is measured in horsepower (hp) or kilowatts (kW). Conversion factor: 1hp = 1.36 kW.
The effective power of the engine is calculated by the formulas:
;
,
where is the engine torque, Nm (kg/cm),
n - speed crankshaft, min-1(r/min)
Net power- any power calculated for the serial configuration of the engine.
Gross power- any power calculated to complete the engine without some serial attachments where power is spent (air cleaner, muffler, cooling fan, etc.)
Rated effective motor power- effective power guaranteed by the manufacturer at a slightly reduced crankshaft speed. It is less than the maximum effective power of the engine. Reduced by artificially limiting the crankshaft speed for reasons of ensuring a given engine resource (hp/kg).
Liter engine power- the ratio of effective power to displacement. It characterizes the efficiency of using the working volume of the engine.
Engine weight power- the ratio of the effective power of the engine to its weight (hp / kg).
Specific effective fuel consumption- the ratio of hourly fuel to the effective engine power (g/kWh).
External speed characteristic of the engine- dependence of the engine output indicators on the crankshaft rotational speed at the full opening of the fuel supply body.
Marking of vehicles (TC) is divided into main and additional. The main marking of the vehicle and their constituent parts is mandatory and carried out by their manufacturers. In the case of the manufacture of a vehicle by several enterprises in succession, it is permissible to apply the main marking of the vehicle only by the manufacturer of the final product.
The main marking is carried out on the following products:
Trucks, including specialized and special ones on their chassis, tractors with an onboard platform, as well as multi-purpose vehicles and special wheeled chassis;
- cars, including specialized and special on their basis, cargo-passenger;
- buses, including specialized and special buses based on them;
- trolleybuses;
- trailers and semi-trailers;
- forklifts;
- engines internal combustion;
- motor vehicles;
- truck chassis;
- cabs of trucks;
- car bodies;
- blocks of internal combustion engines.
Content and place of the main marking
In addition to the fact that the vehicle, chassis and engines must have trademark in accordance with GOST 26828, and products subject to mandatory certification must have a conformity mark in accordance with GOST R 50460, a special marking of the vehicle and its components is carried out.
Vehicle marking
A. Directly on the product (non-removable part), in places least susceptible to destruction in a traffic accident, the vehicle identification number - VIN must be applied. One of the selected places should be on the right side (in the direction of the vehicle). VIN is applied:
- on the car body - in two places, in the front and rear parts;
- on the back of the bus - in two different places;
- on the body of a trolley bus - in one place;
- on the cab of a truck and a forklift - in one place;
- on the frame of a trailer, semi-trailer and motor vehicle - in one place;
- on off-road vehicles, trolleybuses and forklifts, VIN may be indicated on a separate plate.
B. The vehicle, as a rule, should have a plate, located at the front if possible, containing the following data:
- VIN;
- index (model, modification, version) of the engine (with a working volume of 125 cm3 or more);
- permissible gross weight;
- permissible total mass of the road train (for tractors);
- permissible mass per axle/bogie axles, starting from the front axle;
- permissible mass per fifth wheel coupling.
Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) - a combination of digital and alphabetic symbols assigned for identification purposes, is a mandatory element of marking and is individual for each vehicle for 30 years.
The VIN has the following structure: WMI VDS VIS
The first part of the VIN (the first three characters) is the international manufacturer identification code (WMI), which allows you to identify the manufacturer of the vehicle and consists of three letters or letters and numbers.
In accordance with ISO 3780, the letters and numbers used in the first two characters of WMI are assigned to the country and controlled by an international agency - the Society automotive engineers(SAE) under the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The distribution of the first two characters characterizing the zone and country of origin, according to SAE, is given in Appendix 1.
The first character (geographical area code) is a letter or number that represents a particular geographic area.
For example:
1 to 5 - North America;
from S to Z - Europe;
A to H - Africa;
from J to R - Asia;
6.7 - Countries of Oceania;
8,9,0 - South America.
The second character (country code) is a letter or number that identifies a country in a specific geographic area. More than one character may be used to indicate a country, if necessary. Only the combination of the first and second characters guarantees the unambiguous identification of the country.
For example:
10 to 19 - USA;
1A to 1Z - USA;
2A to 2W - Canada;
from ZA to ZW - Mexico;
from W0 to W9 - Germany, Federal Republic;
from WA to WZ - Germany, Federal Republic.
The third character is a letter or number that is assigned to the manufacturer by the National Authority. In Russia, such an organization is the Central Research Automobile and Automotive Institute (NAMI), located at the address: Russia, 125438, Moscow, st. Avtomotornaya, house 2, which assigns WMI as a whole. Only the combination of the first, second and third characters provides an unambiguous identification of the vehicle manufacturer - the International Manufacturer Identity (WMI). The number 9 as the third character is used by National Organizations when it is necessary to characterize a manufacturer that produces less than 500 cars per year. International Manufacturer Codes (WMI) are listed in Annex 2.
The second part of the VIN - the descriptive part of the identification number (VDS) consists of six characters (if the vehicle index consists of less than six characters, then zeros are put in the blank spaces of the last characters of the VDS (on the right), indicating, as a rule, the model and modification of the vehicle, according to design documentation (CD).
The third part of the VIN - the indicative part of the identification number (VIS) - consists of eight characters (numbers and letters), of which the last four characters must be digits. The first character VIS indicates the code of the year of manufacture of the vehicle (see Appendix 3), the subsequent characters indicate the serial number of the vehicle assigned by the manufacturer.
Several WMIs can be assigned to a manufacturer, but the same number cannot be assigned to another vehicle manufacturer for at least 30 years from the moment it was first used by the previous (first) manufacturer.
Marking of vehicle components
Internal combustion engines, as well as the chassis and cabins of trucks, car bodies and engine blocks must be marked with an identification number of the component (CH).
The identification number of the MF consists of two structural parts, the number of characters and the rules for the formation of which are similar to VDS and VIS VIN.
The identification number of the SC on the chassis frame and the cab of the truck should be applied, if possible, in the front part, on the right side, in one place, allowing it to be seen from outside the vehicle.
Engines are marked on the engine block in one place.
Engine blocks are marked in one place, while the first part of the SC identification number, similar to VDS, may not be indicated.
Content and place of additional marking
Additional marking of the vehicle provides for the application of the VDS and VIS identification number of the vehicle, visible and invisible to the eye (visible and invisible marking).
Visible marking is applied to the outer surface, as a rule, of the following components of the vehicle:
- windshield glass - on the right side, along the upper edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;
- rear window glass - on the left side, along the lower edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;
- windows of sidewalls (movable) - in the rear part, along the lower edge of the glass, at a distance of about 20 mm from the seal;
- headlights and rear lights - on the glass (or rim), along the lower edge, near the sidewalls of the body (cabin).
Invisible marking is applied, as a rule, on:
- roof upholstery - in the central part, at a distance of about 20 mm from the windshield glass seal;
- upholstery of the backrest of the driver's seat - on the left (in the direction of the vehicle) side surface, in the middle part, along the backrest frame;
- the surface of the turn signal switch housing along the axis of the steering column.
Technical requirements for marking
The method of performing the main and additional visible markings must ensure the clarity of the image and its safety throughout the entire period of operation of the vehicle in the conditions and modes established in the design documentation.
The identification numbers of the vehicle and the midrange should use the letters of the Latin alphabet (except for I, O and Q) and Arabic numerals.
The font of letters the enterprise selects from the types of fonts established in normative documents, taking into account the accepted technological process.
The font of the numbers should exclude the possibility of deliberate replacement of one number with another.
The identification numbers of the vehicle and the midrange, as well as signs of additional marking, must be displayed in one or two lines.
When displaying an identification number in two lines, none of its components is allowed to be divided by a hyphen. At the beginning and end of the line (lines) there must be a sign (symbol, plate bounding box, etc.), which is chosen by the enterprise and must differ from the numbers and letters of the marking. The selected sign is described in the technical documentation.
There should be no spaces between characters and lines of the identification number. It is allowed to separate the constituent parts of the identification number by the selected character. Note. When citing an identification number in text documents, the selected character may not be affixed.
When performing the main marking, the height of letters and numbers must be at least:
a) in the identification numbers of the vehicle and SC:
7 mm - when applied directly to the vehicle and their components, while 5 mm is allowed - for engines and their blocks;
4 mm - when applied directly to motor vehicles;
4 mm - when applied to plates;
b) in the rest of the marking data - 2.5 mm.
The identification number of the main marking should be applied to surfaces that have traces of machining provided by the technological process. The plates must comply with the requirements of GOST 12969, GOST 12970, GOST 12971 and be attached to the product using, as a rule, a permanent connection.
Additional invisible marking is carried out using a special technology and becomes visible in the light of ultraviolet rays. When marking is performed, the structure of the material on which it is applied should not be violated.
It is not allowed to destroy and (or) change the marking during the repair of the vehicle and its components. Methods for applying marking are not specified by the standards and can be either manual or mechanized.
With the manual method of marking, by hitting the stamp with a hammer, an indented image of a number, letter, asterisk or other sign is obtained on a panel or platform. In this case, the order of applying signs is chosen by the worker. As a result of manual stuffing, signs are shifted horizontally and vertically, there is a deviation of the vertical axes, a template can be used to eliminate this. In this case, the depth of the marking digits is not the same.
Mechanized marking is carried out in two ways: impact and knurling. Both methods have their own characteristics. So, in a microscopic examination of the marking made by rolling, traces of the entrance of the working part of the stamp from one side and its exit from the other side of the sign are visible. With the impact method, the working part of the brand moves strictly vertically.
Quite often, with a mechanized method of marking, especially on aluminum blocks, there is a "shortage", as a result of which the marking marks are too small or barely noticeable. In such cases, manual finishing or re-mechanized is performed. With manual finishing, accompanying signs appear. With repeated mechanized application, double outlines with the same character shift can be seen.
With the combined method of marking, part of the signs is applied mechanized, and the rest are achieved manually. This option is characterized by features of both methods.
Additional marking is applied, as a rule, by sandblasting or milling car parts made of glass, or by applying special markings containing phosphors to the interior elements of the car. In the first case, the marking is observed visually without the help of special devices, in the second case, the use of an ultraviolet lamp is required to detect it.
Examples of marking of vehicles of domestic and foreign production
This section provides examples of the location of the marking of the units of VAZ, GAZ and Peugeot cars. Cars produced in the early 80s and earlier may have markings that differ from those shown below, which was due to the lack of uniform requirements for it. In this case, it is necessary to refer to the special reference literature. The location of the marking places for some foreign-made cars is given in Appendix 3. Volzhsky Automobile Plant.
Let's give an example of marking models VAZ - 2108, VAZ - 2109, VAZ - 21099.
1. The factory data plate is fixed under the hood on the front wall of the air box.
2. VIN indicating the model and body number is stamped in engine compartment on the right side of the front suspension spring.
3. The engine model and number are stamped on the rear end of the cylinder block above the clutch housing.
XTA - international identification code of the manufacturer (for VAZ - XTA);
210900 - descriptive part: product index. The model or conditional code assigned by the manufacturer is indicated. In this case: 2108 - for VAZ 2108, 21090 - for VAZ 2109, 21099 - for VAZ 21099;
V - code of the year of manufacture of the car (V - 1997);
0051837 - production number of the product.
Structure and content of the engine marking
Engine marking is applied to special milling pads of engine blocks. The block is cast from special gray cast iron. The marking process is mechanized.
On the engines of the VAZ-2108, VAZ-21081, VAZ-21083 models, the marking is applied on the upper part of the rear wall of the block from the flywheel side to the left in the direction of the car in a single line in PO-5 font. It contains the model designation and the seven-digit serial number of the engine enclosed between two asterisks and being through for these models. The sprockets fit into a circle with a diameter of 3.0 mm.
Cylinder blocks supplied as spare parts are not marked.
In the event of an erroneous application of the marking sign, the overwriting is done manually using stamps and a mandrel. The sign is hammered with a special pin and a new one is stuffed. In case of erroneous application of the entire number (or several characters), it is cut off with an emery wheel of a grinding machine to the depth of the relief image and then stuffed new number. If only a part of the sign (signs) is displayed in relief, then its not displayed part is stuffed manually. Characters of the technological number that are not displayed are not stuffed. Body marking is applied with the help of a marker by impact method. From October 1 of each year, the identification number is entered letter designation next calendar year.
The body for spare parts is always produced with its own number, and the marked body parts for spare parts are produced without a number. If the marking sign goes beyond the marking field ("floats" in height) or is applied erroneously, then it is minted and a new sign is manually stuffed. In the same way, a mistake on a painted body is corrected: after stuffing the sign and stripping it, it is painted over. Vehicles intended for export may be fitted with additional plates with approval marks. The plates are fastened to the body with single-sided rivets, less often with self-tapping screws. Gorky Automobile Plant.
Let's give an example of marking for the GAZ-3102, GAZ-31029 models and their modifications.
1. The factory data plate is affixed under the hood to the mudguard on the right front fender.
2. The code of the year of manufacture and the body number (indicative part of the VIN) are stamped in the gutter of the hood drain on the right.
3. Model, number and year of manufacture of the engine are stamped on the tide on the bottom of the cylinder block on the left.
Structure and content of the identification number
XTH - international identification code of the manufacturer (XTH- for GAS);
310200 - descriptive part: product index. The model or conditional code assigned by the manufacturer is indicated. In this case: 31020 - for GAZ 3102, 31022 - for GAZ 31022, 31029 - for GAZ 31029;
W - code of the year of manufacture of the car (W - 1998);
0000342 - production number of the product.
Factory PEUGEOT (Peugeot).
Peugeot models - 205, 305 since 1983 and models 309, 405, 505 and 605 have the body number in the gutter on the right side of the front body panel flare or on the right front fender mudguard under the hood.
Firm PEUGEOT has been using a 17-position chassis number (VIN) for its models since July 1981. For example:
VF3 504 V51 S 3409458
VF3 - international identification code of the manufacturer (VF3 - for PEUGEOT);
504 - vehicle type;
V51 - vehicle variant;
S - code of the year of manufacture of the car (S - 1995);
3409458 - production number of the product.
Methods and signs of changing marking data
This section discusses ways to change markings outside of manufacturers, which should be distinguished from corrections of erroneously applied characters, all markings in general at the manufacturer.
It also lists signs that may indicate a change in labeling. When they are found, it is necessary to determine what caused them.
Some signs are formed both during manual stuffing or error correction at the manufacturer, and during falsification of marking data. The other part is only for fake. The issue of forgery can be resolved by conducting an appropriate study in the forensic unit.
Methods and signs of changing body markings
The main ways to change the marking of the body can be divided into two groups A and B.
For the group of methods A, accompanied by the destruction of the primary marking, it is typical to remove a section, part or all of the marking panel and replace them with others. To identify the vehicle in this case, a comprehensive analysis is required.
When using methods for changing the marking of group B, the primary marking or its traces are preserved and, in principle, its detection is possible. Group B includes the following common ways to change marking data, which are achieved by:
- finishing missing elements in the signs of the primary marking, having a similar style with the signs of the required (secondary) marking over the signs of the primary, (for example: 1 - 4, 6 - 8, 3 - 8);
- hammering (minting) of individual signs of primary marking and applying others in their place. Extra elements of signs are filled with plastic masses or melted and painted, (for example: 4 -1, 8 - 3, 8 - 6);
- deepening the marking area, applying a layer of metal or plastic mass to the primary marking and embossing the required (secondary) marking on the resulting relief surface, followed by painting the body area;
- deepening the section with marking and fixing in this place (by welding or gluing) the section of the panel with a different marking.
Signs indicating a change in body markings include:
- fuzzy outline of signs, their vertical displacement, different intervals and depth, differences in the configuration of signs from samples, extraneous strokes in signs;
- traces of surface treatment under the enamel layer, an increase in the thickness of the coating, as well as the presence of remnants of putty or other materials in the marking area;
- the difference between the paintwork (LCP) of the marking panel and adjacent areas, the presence of traces of sawdust (particles) of enamel on nearby parts;
- discrepancy between the marking and its display on the reverse side of the panel and traces of clogging signs on it, a local increase in the thickness of the panel;
- welds on the marking panel, connection of panels with welds, traces of drilling of welding points and imitation of spot welding (filling holes with melts of tin or brass), etc.
Methods and signs of changing the marking of engines
To destroy the marking of the engine of cars of any brand, the following main methods are used:
- sawing with a file manually;
- removal of metal layer mechanical tool, for example, a grinding machine;
- clogging the old marking with a core or chisel, followed by stuffing the required signs;
- sticking a thin metal plate with the desired marking on the marking pad;
- thermal impact on the marking part of the cylinder block using a blowtorch, gas burner.
Signs of changing engine markings include:
- traces of mechanical processing of the site;
- traces of primary marking;
- difference between the texture of the surface of the site from adjacent areas or from the factory sample, imitation of the texture of the surface of the marking area;
- absence of a layer of enamel or special composition on the marking area (for blocks made of aluminum and magnesium alloys).
Marking research tools
Methods for falsifying marking data determine methods for searching and analyzing "foreign defects" in the metal structure under a layer of paint and varnish coating (LCP), such as the presence of a weld, putty elements of signs, imitation spot welding and so on.
In some cases, the identification of the fact of a change in marking does not cause serious difficulties and can be carried out during the inspection process. However, there are cases when a successful solution of the problem without violating the integrity of parts is possible only when using non-destructive testing devices or special methods. Required condition when traffic police officers identify signs of a change in the markings of units and assemblies of the vehicle - maintaining the integrity of the paintwork. Consider some non-destructive testing devices.
Eddy current flaw detectors
One of the first eddy current devices designed specifically for solving traffic police problems is the Contrast-M device (Voronezh). The device is designed for prompt detection of signs of marking data on the body parts of vehicles. The device allows you to detect changes in the thickness of the paintwork, soldering, sticking or welding of metal fragments with changed marking data. The principle of operation of the device is based on the excitation of eddy currents in the metal and the registration of deviations of the secondary electromagnetic field created by these currents due to changes in the marking data.
According to the test results, the small-sized vortex flaw detector MVD-2 (3) (Kazan) has also proven itself well. Its functionality can be improved with a sensor that has a small, almost point-like work surface(surface of contact with the controlled sample). Therefore, with the help of MIA-2(3), it is possible, for example, to determine the presence of filling of individual elements of signs when correcting signs with a similar configuration.
The VI-96N eddy current indicator has been developed at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute (MPEI). Devices MVD-2(3) and VI-96N have practically the same technical capabilities, but unlike the device "Contrast-M" they allow to detect:
- imitation of welding points (with rivets made of steel and non-ferrous metals, punching, mechanical working out, applying putty);
- places for attaching parts by welding, riveting (made of steel and non-ferrous metals), hidden by the subsequent application of paintwork;
- reducing the thickness of the marked part;
- "minting" of individual elements of signs;
- the presence of inclusions in individual elements signs: metallic (as a rule, non-ferrous metals), non-metallic (epoxy putty, polymer compounds, etc.).
The VI-96N device is more convenient in operation (it has automatic adjustment to the controlled surface, sensitivity threshold adjustment). VI-96N is recommended by the GUGAI of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia to traffic police officers for the operational check of the location of the markings of motor vehicle bodies and to employees of expert divisions as a technical means of preliminary verification by non-destructive testing.
Eddy current flaw detectors make it possible to detect marking changes associated with welding a section of a panel with a different marking, replacing a part of a panel, superimposing a panel fragment with a secondary marking on the primary marking.
The method of work is determined by the method of changing the marking of the body. As a rule, first of all, the panel sections adjacent to the marking place are examined. The operation of the sound and (or) light alarm of the device indicates the presence of a continuous metal defect in the form of a weld or a crack (in the case of a panel fragment with a new marking applied to the old marking), the presence of dissimilar metals on the panel under study (for example, steel - brass, in in case of overlaying a layer of tin or brass over the primary marking), etc.
If it was not possible to detect defects in the area adjacent to the marking area, the presence (absence) of a welded seam along the entire length of the air intake box shelf is checked. Such a seam may appear as a result of replacing part of the panel.
When working with eddy current flaw detectors, it must be remembered that the alarm may be triggered by cracks that have arisen in the process of straightening (repair, straightening) of the panel under study. As a rule, these cracks are located in a chaotic order, and therefore their differentiation does not cause any particular difficulties.
Experience in operating the technical means shows that they are most suitable for the needs of practitioners (portability, the ability to work in the field, versatility, etc.).
Magnetic particle flaw detectors
Usage this method implies the presence permanent magnet a certain configuration and a suspension of iron powder with water (powder consumption 20-30 g per 1 liter of water). Portable equipment of the MDE-20Ts type, developed at TSNIITMash, includes a rectifier, connection cable and an electromagnet. Overall dimensions of the device 150x150x100 mm, weight up to 5 kg.
To detect a possible change in the marking of the body, it is enough to apply a small amount of the suspension to the area under study, where a magnetic field is created. If present on the panel welds or other similar defects formed when the marking was changed, the magnetic particles will clearly outline the contours of this damage.
Magnetic particle flaw detectors make it possible to detect marking changes associated with welding a section of a panel, replacing a part of a panel, superimposing a panel fragment with a new marking on an existing marking. The undoubted advantages of the method are simplicity and clarity.
X-ray flaw detectors
The stationary X-ray complex "Rentgen-30-2" (MNPO "Spektr") allows you to detect changes in the marking associated with the welding of a panel section with a new marking, the replacement of a part of the panel, the overlay of a panel fragment with a new marking on the existing marking, can be operated in stationary conditions or mounted on the chassis of van trucks, has a significant weight and overall dimensions.
Portable X-ray flaw detectors of the MIRA-2D type (or similar imported ones) allow solving similar problems, but have significantly smaller overall dimensions and weight.
To study the panel with portable X-ray flaw detectors, the device is placed above the area under study (usually starting from the marking area), and an x-ray film is placed below, under the panel. After transillumination, the film is processed in a standard way, and the obtained images are analyzed. The advantage of such devices is that in some cases they can be used to identify the primary marking of the body (if it was not destroyed in the process of changing it). Devices of this group are used in forensic units.
Magnetic thickness gauges
Magnetic thickness gauge MT-41NU designed by MNPO "Spektr" is designed to measure the thickness of non-magnetic coatings (putty, tin, brass, etc.) deposited on ferromagnetic bases; has overall dimensions of 127x200x280 mm and a weight of 3.5 kg.
Using this device, it is possible to detect marking changes associated with the application of a layer of putty, tin, brass or other dia- and paramagnetic coatings (for example, epoxy resin) over the primary marking.
Establishing the fact of changing the marking of the body in this case is carried out by measuring the thickness of the non-magnetic coating applied to the steel panel at the location of the marking and at several points remote from it. Implementation of the proposed method is possible due to the fact that the thickness of the substance layer deposited on top of the marking area, as a result of the manipulations, becomes significantly greater than its thickness in distant places. The practice of researching vehicle marking data has developed in such a way that the objects of research are only marking areas with symbols printed on them, and nameplates. Such an unreasonable narrowing of the circle of objects of research reduces the possibility of resolving the issue of falsifying marking data, obtaining orienting information for checking the TS according to the records, etc. It is necessary to approach the study of TS marking data more broadly. Only an integrated approach ensures the reliability and completeness of the results of the study.
Such an integrated approach involves a thorough analysis of a certain set of features that characterize this car.
As already noted, this is:
- examination of registration documents;
- establishing the year of manufacture of the car, its model and, if possible, modifications, as well as compliance body parts and the main component parts and assemblies of the car model, the year of its release;
- inspection and, if necessary, examination of the paintwork and traces of repainting or repair touch-up;
- determining the location of the marking depending on the model and year of manufacture of the vehicle;
- study of connections of marked parts (panels) with adjacent ones, fastenings of nameplates;
- research of additional and hidden marking;
- study of the integrity of the parts to be marked;
- study of the features of marking areas (shape), surface texture;
- study of the marking itself (content, method of application, configuration, relative position, etc.);
- identification of primary marking in the presence of signs of its change.
The result of the study should be a decision on the authenticity of the label, the content of the primary label and (in necessary cases) drawing up a request for checking the vehicle according to the records of stolen and stolen vehicles.
The main conclusions are as follows:
- marking data is authentic (not changed);
- the marking data has been changed at the factory, the primary marking is indicated;
- the marking data has not been changed at the factory, the primary marking is indicated (in whole or in part);
- the marking data has not been changed at the factory, the primary marking has been destroyed (cannot be detected), orientation information is being compiled.
1.2 Conventions
G H - rated carrying capacity of the vehicle, N (provided specifications);
Go - weight of the empty car (tare weight in running order);
Go1 - own weight on the front axle, N;
Go2 - own weight on the rear axle, N;
Ga is the total weight of the vehicle (laden), N;
Ga1 - total weight on the front axle, N;
Ga2 - total weight on the rear axle, N;
Z - vehicle base, m;
A - distance of the front wheel axle to the center of gravity of the car, m;
C - distance from the axis of the rear wheels to the center of gravity of the car, m;
n1 - number of wheels on the front axle, pcs;
n2 - number of axles per rear axle, PC;
B - tire profile width, m;
D- landing diameter rims, m;
P1 - air pressure in the tires of the front wheels, MN / m 2;
V1 - vehicle speed, m/s;
P2 - air pressure in the tires of the rear wheels, MN / m 2;
R - turning radius of the road, m;
G - free fall acceleration, m / s 2 (g \u003d 9.8 m / s 2);
K y 1 - coefficient of resistance to slip of the wheels of the front tire, n/rad.;
K y 2 - wheel slip resistance coefficient rear tire, n/rad.;
PцG 0 - centrifugal force acting on an empty car, n;
PцG a - centrifugal force acting on a loaded car when it moves around a bend in the road, N ;.
Pö1G 0 - part centrifugal force attributable to the front axle of a loaded vehicle, N;
Pц2G 0 - part of the centrifugal force attributable to the rear axle of a loaded vehicle, N;
Pц1G a - part of the centrifugal force attributable to the front axle of an empty car, N;.
Pц2G a - part of the centrifugal force attributable to the rear axle of an empty car, N;
δ n G 0 - slip angle of the front axle of an empty vehicle, rad;
δ C G 0 - slip angle of the rear axle of an empty car, rad;
δ n G a - angle of withdrawal of the front axle of a laden vehicle, rad;
δ C G a - angle of withdrawal of the rear axle of a laden vehicle, rad;
Critical speed of an empty vehicle, m/s;
Critical speed of the loaded vehicle, m/s;
The car model is selected according to the penultimate digit of the record book:
| Gn | 8,3 | N2 | 2 |
| Go | 17,2 | P1 | 0,25 |
| Go1 | 9,3 | P2 | 0,25 |
| Go2 | 7,9 | b | 0,200 |
| Z | 2,7 | d | 0,381 |
| A | 1,4 | n1 | 2 |
| C | 1,3 | ||
33.33 Pc, kN 0.606 0.431 0.460 0.491 0.526 Pb, kN 0.771 0.292 0.369 0.456 0.552 P, kN 1.377 0.723 0.829 0.947 1.078 movement, the driver constantly changes the speed of the car in accordance with the change road conditions. He must always be ready in case of need for ...
The improvement of justice at the present time is to remove the task of solving crimes from the court and exclude artificial opposition. 2. general characteristics criminal violation of the rules of the road and the operation of vehicles 2.1 Object of the crime. The objective side of the crime The nature of the criminal acts provided for in Art. 264 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation indicate that ...
It is acceptable for a device of this kind. 5.3 Conclusion As a result of the analysis of energy saving parameters, it was found that when implementing the vehicle user authentication system, it is impossible to do without analyzing the system's energy consumption and finding ways to reduce this parameter. The originally designed system would cause discomfort to the user due to unnecessarily small...
Federation dated July 31, 1998 N 880 "On the procedure for holding a state technical inspection vehicles registered with the State Inspectorate for Road Safety of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation "* (2). 2. These Rules determine the organization and procedure for the state technical inspection of motor vehicles and trailers for them ...
is the distribution different cars into groups, classes and categories. Depending on the type of construction, the parameters of the power unit, the purpose or features that certain vehicles have, the classification provides for several such categories.
Classification by purpose
Vehicles differ in their purpose. It is possible to distinguish passenger and trucks as well as special purpose vehicles.
If with passenger and truck everything is very clear, special transport not intended for the transport of people and goods. Such vehicles transport the equipment that is attached to them. So, such means include fire trucks, aerial platforms, truck cranes, mobile shops and other cars that are equipped with one or another equipment.
If a passenger car can accommodate up to 8 people without a driver, then it is classified as a passenger car. If the capacity of the vehicle is more than 8 people, then this type of vehicle is a bus.
The carrier can serve general purpose or for transportation special cargo. General purpose cars have in their design a body with sides without a tipping device. Also they can be completed with an awning and arches for installation.
Special-purpose trucks have in their design various technical capabilities for the transportation of certain goods. For example, the panel carrier is optimized for easy transport of panels and building boards. The dump truck is used mainly for bulk cargo. The fuel truck is designed for light oil products.
Trailers, semi-trailers, drop trailers
Any vehicle can be used with additional equipment. These can be trailers, semi-trailers or dissolutions.
A trailer is one of the types of vehicles used without a driver. Its movement is carried out by means of a car with the help of towing.
A semi-trailer is a towed vehicle without the participation of a driver. Part of its mass is given to the towing vehicle.
The trailer dissolution is intended for transportation of long loads. The design provides for a drawbar, the length of which may change during operation.
The towing vehicle is called a tractor. This car comes with special device, which allows you to couple the car and any of the trailers. In another way, this design is called a saddle, and the tractor is called a truck tractor. However truck tractor is in a separate category of vehicles.
Indexing and types
Previously, in the USSR, each vehicle model had its own index. It denoted the factory where the car was produced.
In 1966, the so-called industry standard OH 025270-66 "Classification and designation system for automobile rolling stock, as well as its units and components" was adopted. This document not only allowed to classify the types of vehicles. Based on this provision, trailers and other equipment also began to be classified.
Under this system, all vehicles, the classification of which was described in this document, had four, five or six digits in their index. According to them, it was possible to determine the categories of vehicles.
Deciphering digital indices
By the second digit it was possible to find out the type of vehicle. 1 - passenger vehicle, 2 - bus, 3 - general purpose truck, 4 - truck tractor, 5 - dump truck, 6 - tanker, 7 - van, 9 - special purpose vehicle. 
As for the first digit, it denoted the vehicle class. For example, passenger vehicles, the classification of which was carried out by engine size. Trucks divided into classes by weight. Buses differed in length.
Classification of passenger vehicles
According to the industry standard, passenger wheeled vehicles were classified as follows.
- 1 - an especially small class, the engine size was up to 1.2 liters;
- 2 - small class, volume from 1.3 to 1.8 l;
- 3 - middle-class cars, engine size from 1.9 to 3.5 liters;
- 4 – big class with a volume above 3.5 l;
- 5 – top class passenger vehicles.
Today, the industry standard is no longer required, and many factories do not adhere to it. However domestic producers autos still use this indexing.
Sometimes you can find vehicles whose classification does not fit the first digit in the model. This means that the index was assigned to the model at the development stage, and then something changed in the design, but the number remained.
Foreign-made cars and their classification system
Indexes of foreign cars that were imported into the territory of our country were not included in the list of vehicles according to the accepted normal. Therefore, in 1992, the Motor Vehicle Certification System was introduced, and since October 1, 1998, its modified version has been in force. 
For all types of vehicles that came into circulation in our country, it was necessary to draw up a special document called “Vehicle Type Approval”. It followed from the document that each vehicle should have its own separate brand.
To simplify the procedure for passing certification in the Russian Federation, the so-called International Classification System is used. In accordance with it, any road vehicle can be attributed to one of the groups - L, M, N, O. There are no other designations.
Categories of vehicles according to the international system
Group L includes any vehicle with less than four wheels, as well as ATVs:
- The L1 is a moped or vehicle with two wheels that can reach a top speed of 50 km/h. If the design of the vehicle has an internal combustion engine, then its volume should not exceed 50 cm³. If as power unit used Electrical engine, then the rated power should be less than 4 kW;
- L2 - a three-wheeled moped, as well as any vehicle with three wheels, the speed of which does not exceed 50 km / h, and the engine capacity is 50 cm³;
- L3 - a motorcycle with a volume of more than 50 cm³. Its maximum speed is higher than 50 km/h;
- L4 - a motorcycle equipped with a sidecar for carrying a passenger;
- L5 - tricycles, the speed of which exceeds 50 km / h;
- The L6 is a lightweight quad. The curb weight of the vehicle must not exceed 350 kg; The maximum speed is not more than 50 km/h;
- L7 is a full-fledged ATV with a mass of up to 400 kg.
- M1 is a vehicle for the carriage of passengers with no more than 8 seats;
- M2 - vehicles with more than eight passenger seats;
- M3 - vehicles with more than 8 seats and weighing up to 5 tons;
- M4 - a vehicle with more than eight seats and a weight of more than 5 tons.
- N1 - trucks weighing up to 3.5 tons;
- N2 - vehicles with a mass of 3.5 to 12 tons;
- N3 - vehicles with a mass of more than 12 tons.
Vehicle classification according to the European Convention
In 1968, the Austrian Convention on road traffic. The classification provided in this document is used to designate different categories of transport.
Types of vehicles under the Convention
It includes several categories:
- A - these are motorcycles and other two-wheeled motorized vehicles;
- B - cars with a mass of up to 3500 kg and no more than eight seats;
- C - all vehicles, except for those that belong to category D. The mass must be more than 3500 kg;
- D - passenger transport with more than 8 seats;
- E - freight transport, tractors.
Category E allows drivers to drive road trains that consist of a tractor. Also here you can include any vehicles of classification B, C, D. These vehicles can work as part of a road train. This category is assigned to drivers along with other categories, and it is put on the vehicle certificate when registering a car.
Unofficial European classification
In addition to the official classification, there is also an unofficial one, which is used quite widely. It is quite popular among vehicle owners. Here you can distinguish categories depending on the design of vehicles: A, B, C, D, E, F. Basically, this classification is used in reviews by automotive journalists for comparison and evaluation.
Class A contains small-capacity vehicles of low cost. F are the most expensive, very powerful and prestigious car brands. In between are classes of other kinds of machines. There are no clear boundaries here. This is a wide variety of cars.
With the development of the auto industry, new cars are constantly being produced, which subsequently occupy their niches. With new developments, the classification is constantly expanding. It often happens that various models can occupy the boundaries of several classes, thereby forming a new class.
A striking example of such a phenomenon is parquet SUV. It is designed for paved roads.
VIN codes
In fact, this is a unique vehicle number. In such a code, all information about the origin, manufacturer and technical specifications one model or another. Numbers can be found on many one-piece units and assemblies of machines. They are mainly found on the body, chassis elements or special nameplates.
Those who developed and implemented these numbers introduced the most simple and reliable method, which greatly facilitates the process of classifying cars. This number allows you to at least slightly protect cars from theft.
The code itself is not a jumble of letters and numbers. Each sign carries certain information. The cipher suite is not very large, each code has 17 characters. Basically, these are letters of the Latin alphabet and numbers. This cipher provides a position for a special check number, which is calculated from the code itself.
The process of calculating the control number is a fairly powerful means of protecting against broken numbers. Destroying numbers is not difficult. But to make such a number so that it falls under the control number is already a separate and rather difficult task.
In conclusion, I would like to add that all self-respecting automakers use general rules to calculate the check digit. However, manufacturers from Russia, Japan and Korea do not adhere to such protection methods. By the way, using this code it is easy to find original spare parts for a particular model.
So, we found out what types of vehicles are, and examined their detailed classification.
Many drivers have difficulty understanding what is in the category of a slow vehicle, and therefore they try to overtake those who cannot, and where they cannot.
What about slow moving vehicles
The only slow-moving vehicle recognized as such by law is an asphalt paver.
The SDA does not define slow-moving vehicles. At the same time, it was found that the slow movement of the car due to certain circumstances, such as damage as a result of an accident, which prevent the development normal speed, are not parameters of low-speed vehicles.
Low-speed criteria can only be set by the manufacturer.
A slow-moving vehicle is a mechanism that can develop a maximum speed (according to the manufacturer) of no more than 30 km / h. All information is contained in technical passport auto.
Designation
If there is no sign of a slow-moving vehicle, it is not always possible to accurately determine the maximum speed of movement.
A slow moving vehicle is often marked with a badge on the rear of the vehicle, which looks like a red triangle with a yellow, orange or red border. Inner part equilateral triangle is covered with fluorescent paint, and the outer one is reflective.
If the factory marking is missing for some reason, a corresponding sticker is attached instead.
But not all drivers indicate the maximum speed of their vehicle, and sometimes road mechanisms may be on the road without this sign.
overtaking rules
If in front of the driver low-speed vehicle another car is driving, not daring to make a maneuver to enter the oncoming lane, then overtaking is prohibited
Overtaking slow-moving vehicles is possible only in two cases, but all the rules should be considered:
- In the area where the sign 3.20 “Overtaking is prohibited” is in effect, maneuver is allowed.
- If there is a solid marking (of any type) on the roadway and there is no “Overtaking prohibited” sign, you cannot overtake.
- If there is both a marking and a “No Overtaking” sign, the maneuver is allowed.
- In all other cases, any overtaking is prohibited.
In some cases, traffic rules allow overtaking a sedentary vehicle even in places where this maneuver is prohibited. This is done to relieve roads in rural and near rural areas.
In the event of a dispute, employees should be required to traffic police so that the model of the vehicle being overtaken is included in the protocol. For example, if it is known for sure that the equipment is slow-moving, but there was no sign.
Overtaking a slow moving vehicle without any markings is a risky maneuver that can lead to undesirable consequences. If the maximum speed of this vehicle is stated in the vehicle's vehicle's vehicle name is more than 30 km/h, then the overtaking driver will be held administratively liable.
