In accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation No. 74 dated November 01, 2001, approving the instructions on the procedure for qualifying a fire truck driver and issuing a certificate for the right to work on a fire truck at the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, to drive a fire truck equipped with special signals (blue flashing beacons and special sound signals) and having special color schemes on the outer surfaces in accordance with GOST R 50574-2002, persons with continuous work experience as a driver of the corresponding vehicle category for at least the last three years are allowed (for the period from 2002 for St. region - at least one year) i.e. having certain skills in the use and operation of the base chassis of a fire truck of the corresponding category.
The driver of a fire truck is obliged to have a driver's license, a certificate for the right to work on a fire truck of a specific model, as well as to ensure that the fixed fire truck (cars) is in good technical condition and to constantly monitor the placement and fastening of fire-technical weapons and equipment on a fire truck during prevent it from falling while moving.
The driver of a fire truck, as the driver of any vehicle, is obliged to ensure the correct technical condition of the vehicle in accordance with the Basic Provisions for the admission of vehicles to operation and the duties of officials to ensure road safety, which establish a list of malfunctions and conditions under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited .
It is forbidden to operate fire trucks with the following malfunctions:
1. Brake system.
1.1. During road tests, the standards for braking efficiency of the service brake system are not observed. For fire trucks with a maximum permitted weight of up to 3.5 tons inclusive, the braking distance should be no more than 15.1 m, from 3.5 tons to 12 tons inclusive - no more than 17.3 m, over 12 tons - no more than 16 m. Vehicle tests are carried out in running order, with a driver, on a horizontal section of the road with a smooth, dry, clean cement or asphalt concrete surface, at a speed of 40 km / h at the beginning of braking, by a single action on the control of the service brake system.
1.2. The tightness of the hydraulic brake drive is broken.
1.3. Violation of the tightness of the pneumatic and pneumohydraulic brake drives causes a drop in air pressure with the engine off by more than 0.05 MPa in 15 minutes after they are fully activated.
1.4. The pressure gauge of the pneumatic and pneumohydraulic brake drives does not work.
1.5. The parking brake system does not provide a stationary state of a fire truck with a full load on a slope up to 16% inclusive.
2. Steering.
2.1. The total play in the steering exceeds 25°.
2.2. There are movements of parts and assemblies not provided for by the design, threaded connections are not tightened or not fixed in the established way.
2.3. The power steering provided by the design is faulty or missing.
3. External lighting fixtures.
3.1. The quantity, type, color, location and mode of operation of external lighting devices do not meet the design requirements of a fire truck.
3.2. Headlight adjustment does not meet the requirements of GOST 25478-91.
3.3. Lighting devices and reflectors do not work in the set mode or are dirty.
3.4. There are no diffusers on the lighting fixtures, or lamp diffusers that do not correspond to the type of lighting fixture are used.
3.5. The installation of flashing beacons, the methods of their attachment and the visibility of the light signal do not meet the established requirements.
3.6. Light devices with red lights or red reflectors are installed at the front, and white at the rear, except for reversing lights and registration plate lighting, retroreflective registration, distinctive and identification marks.
4. Windshield wipers and washer.
4.1. Windshield wipers and windshield washers do not work in the set mode.
5. Wheels and tires.
5.1. The tires have a residual tread height of less than 1 mm, local damage (punctures, cuts, tears) that expose the cord, carcass delamination, tread and sidewall delamination.
5.2. There is no bolt (nut) or there are cracks in the disk and wheel rims.
5.3. Tires do not match the vehicle model in terms of size or load capacity.
5.4. Bias tires are installed on one axle together with radial tires, or tires with different types of tread pattern.
6. Engine.
6.2. The tightness of the power supply system is broken.
6.3. The system of release of the fulfilled gases is faulty.
7.Other structural elements.
7.1. There are no rear-view mirrors and glass provided by the design.
7.2. Sound signal does not work.
7.3. Additional objects have been installed or coatings have been applied that limit visibility from the driver's seat, worsen the transparency of the windows, entailing the risk of injury to road users (transparent colored films can be attached to the upper part of the windshield of cars; it is allowed to use tinted glasses (except for mirrored ones), the light transmission of which meets the requirements of GOST 5727-88).
7.4. The body and cabin door locks provided for by the design, the locks of the sides of the cargo platform, the locks of the necks of tanks and the plugs of the fuel tanks, the mechanism for adjusting the position of the driver's seat, emergency exits and devices for actuating them, the door control drive, speedometer, glass heating and blowing devices do not work.
7.5. The rear protective device, mudguards and mudguards provided for by the design are missing.
7.6. Missing: first aid kit, fire extinguisher, warning triangle in accordance with GOST 24333-97, wheel chocks (on fire trucks with a maximum permitted weight of over 3.5 tons).
7.7. The presence on the outer surfaces of fire trucks of inscriptions and symbols that do not meet the state standards of the Russian Federation.
7.8. There are no seat belts if their installation is provided for by the design.
7.9. The seat belts are inoperable or have visible tears in the webbing.
7.10. The registration plate of the vehicle does not meet the requirements of the standard.
7.11. There are no additional elements of brake systems, steering and other components and assemblies provided for by the design, or installed without agreement with the manufacturer of the fire truck.
If malfunctions that prohibit the operation of fire trucks occurred on the way or in a fire (accident), the driver must eliminate them, and if this is not possible, go to the fire station with the necessary precautions. And only in the event of a malfunction of the working brake system, steering, off (missing) headlights and tail lights at night or in conditions of insufficient visibility, the windshield wiper inactive on the driver’s side during rain or snowfall, the movement of a fire truck is prohibited.
In accordance with the requirements of the rules of the road (SDA), the driver of a fire truck, as the driver of any vehicle, is prohibited from:
§ drive a vehicle in a state of intoxication (alcoholic, narcotic or otherwise), under the influence of drugs that impair reaction and attention, in a sick or tired state that jeopardizes traffic safety;
§ transfer driving to persons who are in a state of intoxication, under the influence of drugs, in a sick or tired state, as well as to persons who do not have a driver's license for the right to drive a vehicle of this category;
§ cross organized (including foot) columns and take a place in them;
§ use alcoholic beverages, narcotic, psychotropic or other intoxicating substances after a traffic accident in which he was involved, or after the vehicle was stopped at the request of a police officer, before conducting an examination to establish a state of intoxication or before making a decision on exemption from such an examination;
§ use while driving a telephone that is not equipped with a technical device that allows you to negotiate without using your hands.
The driver of a fire truck, in accordance with the requirements of the SDA, is obliged to undergo an examination for intoxication at the request of the police officers, and during the day on duty - an examination for intoxication at the request of his superiors.
When following a fire truck to a fire (accident) or an exercise with a flashing blue light on, the driver of a fire truck can deviate from the requirements of traffic signals, while making sure that the fire truck gives way. So, for example, the driver of a fire truck is allowed to drive through a prohibitory traffic light signal, when ensuring the safety of vehicles and pedestrians at the intersection. At the same time, it is necessary to remember that the fire truck driver must comply with the requirements of the traffic controller's signals.
Subject to ensuring the safety of vehicles and pedestrians, the driver of a fire truck with a blue flashing beacon on is allowed to deviate from the following sections and annexes of the traffic rules:
§ start of movement, maneuvering;
§ location of vehicles on the roadway;
§ speed of movement;
§ overtaking, oncoming traffic;
§ stopping and parking;
§ passage of intersections;
§ Pedestrian crossings and stops of route vehicles;
§ movement through railway tracks;
§ traffic on highways;
§ movement in residential areas;
§ priority of route vehicles;
§ requirement of road signs;
§ requirement for road markings.
Despite the above deviations, before starting to move, changing lanes, turning (turning) and stopping, the driver of a fire truck is obliged to give signals with light indicators for the direction of the corresponding direction.
The driver of a fire truck should set the speed depending on the characteristics of the road (width and number of lanes, profile, quality and condition of the road surface), visibility conditions, density and intensity of traffic flows, bearing in mind that the higher the vehicle speed, the greater the likelihood and more serious consequences of traffic accidents. Rectilinear sections of the road allow, it would seem, to sharply increase speed due to the lack of intersections, traffic lights, and pedestrian crossings. However, in practice, the unexpected actions of road users, the lack of response to the included special sound and light signals of a fire truck can cause dangerous situations and accidents. Most often this is due to a discrepancy between the selected speed and the experience of the driver or his condition.
A stop for public transport is a place where it is possible to run into pedestrians. The detour of buses, trolleybuses, trams standing at the bus stop is also dangerous: a person can suddenly run out from behind them. The driver of a fire truck must be extremely careful at the entrance to unregulated pedestrian crossings, where a pedestrian may be invisible due to moving vehicles.
The most dangerous section of the road (up to 2/3 of all vehicle collisions) is the intersection. At intersections, the driver of a fire truck has to perceive and evaluate the behavior of several vehicles and groups of pedestrians at the same time. Some intersections have limited visibility. Vehicles may suddenly appear on them. The limited size of individual intersections makes maneuvering a fire truck difficult. Approaching the intersection, the driver of a fire truck must necessarily give a special sound signal, slow down the car, assess the type of intersection, visibility on it, the number of lanes, be able to accurately assess the speed of approaching cars, the distance to them and the time to travel in the right direction. You should cross the intersection only after making sure that it is completely safe, i.e. provided that all road users give way to a fire truck.
The driver of a fire truck should know the sections of the road that give rise to dangerous traffic situations.
When driving a fire truck at night and in conditions of insufficient visibility, regardless of road lighting, as well as in tunnels, high-beam or low-beam headlights must be turned on. Moreover, the speed of movement in the dark in almost all cases should be less than the speed in the daytime. It must be installed in such a way that the stopping distance of the car is half the visibility distance. Statistics show that almost half of all accidents with the most serious consequences occur during the hours of darkness. During daylight hours, if it is necessary to move a fire truck with flashing beacons turned on and a special sound signal along the lane towards the traffic flow, the driver of the fire truck must turn on the dipped headlights and emergency light signaling. To warn of overtaking, it is advisable to additionally give a light signal, which is in the daytime - a periodic short-term switching on and off of the headlights, and in the dark - multiple switching of the headlights from dipped to high beam.
The movement of a fire truck outside settlements should be carried out with the dipped headlights on at any time of the day. In the event of a forced stop (including during a fire or an accident), where, taking into account visibility conditions, a fire truck cannot be seen in a timely manner by other drivers, an emergency light alarm should be turned on, and at night on unlit sections of roads and in conditions of insufficient visibility additionally, the side lights must be turned on (in addition to the side lights, dipped beam headlights, fog lights and rear fog lights can be turned on). In addition, at a distance that provides timely warning of other drivers about the danger in a specific situation (at least 15 meters from the vehicle in built-up areas and 30 meters outside built-up areas), the driver of a fire truck must put up an emergency stop sign.
For violation of traffic rules and other regulatory legal acts in the field of road traffic, the driver of a fire truck is liable in accordance with the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Chapter 6
ELEMENTS OF THE THEORY OF FIRE VEHICLE MOVEMENT
The theory of movement of a fire truck (FA) considers the factors that determine the time it takes for a fire department to travel to the place of a call. The theory of PA motion is based on the theory of operational properties of motor vehicles (ATS).
To assess the design properties of the UV and its ability to timely arrive at the call site, it is necessary to analyze the following operational properties: traction and speed, braking, motion stability, controllability, maneuverability, smoothness.
Traction and speed properties of a fire truck
The traction and speed properties of the PA are determined by its ability to move under the action of the longitudinal (traction) forces of the driving wheels. (The wheel is called driving if torque is transmitted to it through the transmission from the ATC engine.)
This group of properties consists of traction properties that allow the UAV to overcome slopes and tow trailers, and speed properties that allow the UAV to move at high speeds, accelerate (acceleration) and move by inertia (run-out).
For a preliminary assessment of traction and speed properties, specific power is used N G PA, i.e. engine power ratio N, kW, to the gross vehicle weight G, t. According to NPB 163-97, the specific power of the PA must be at least 11 kW / t.
For domestic serial PAs, the specific power is less than the recommended airbag value. Increase N G serial PA is possible if you install engines with more power on them or if you do not fully use the load capacity of the base chassis.
Evaluation of the traction-speed properties of the PA in terms of specific power can only be preliminary, since often vehicles with the same N G have different maximum speed and throttle response.
In regulatory documents and technical literature there is no unity in the estimated indicators (meters) of the traction and speed properties of the vehicle. The total number of proposed performance indicators is more than fifteen.
The specifics of operation and movement (sudden departure with a cold engine, heavy traffic with frequent accelerations and decelerations, rare use of coastdown) makes it possible to single out four main indicators for assessing the traction and speed properties of the UA:
top speed v max ;
the maximum climb to be overcome in first gear at a constant speed (angle α max or slope i max);
acceleration time to set speed t υ;
minimum sustained speed v min.
Indicators v max , α max , t And v min are determined analytically and experimentally. For the analytical determination of these indicators, it is necessary to solve the differential equation of the UA movement, which is valid for a particular case - rectilinear movement in the profile and plan of the road (Fig. 6.1). In reference frame 0 xyz this equation looks like
Where G– PA mass, kg; δ >
1 - coefficient for accounting for rotating masses (wheels, transmission parts) PA; R k is the total traction force of the driving wheels of the PA, N; Ρ
Σ =P f +P i +P in the total force of resistance to movement, N;
Pf– wheel rolling resistance force PA, N: P i– force of resistance to PA lifting, N; R c is the force of air resistance, N.
It is difficult to solve equation (6.1) in general form, since the exact functional dependences connecting the main forces ( R To , P f ,P i , P c) at the speed of ATS. Therefore, equation (6.1) is usually solved by numerical methods (on a computer or graphically).
Rice. 6.1. Forces acting on a fire engine
When determining the traction-speed properties of a vehicle by numerical methods, the force balance method, the power balance method and the dynamic characteristic method are most often used. To use these methods, it is necessary to know the forces acting on the vehicle during movement.
Unlike conventional vehicles, fire trucks operate in special, one might say more “hard” conditions. The purpose of the technical operation of fire trucks is the maximum realization of their potential properties, when moving in an on-line mode and ensuring the main actions in a fire and during emergency rescue operations.
The operation of a fire truck consists of two main modes: waiting and intended use. The fire truck usage mode includes:
▪ departure and following to the place of the call;
▪ deployment of funds;
▪ elimination of combustion and performance of special works;
▪ drawdown of funds;
▪ following to the unit.
When leaving and following to the place of call, the cold engine of a fire truck is operated with the maximum possible load in forced modes, which undoubtedly increases its wear, while reducing its durability.
When the combustion is eliminated, the car engine operates in a stationary load mode - actuation of the fire pump. Depending on the stationary power consumed, the thermal state of the units can be normal or increased.
The features of the operation of fire trucks are also frequent starts of mechanisms in order to check their performance, warming up the mechanisms in motion, the absence of steady-state operating modes of the engine when water is supplied by a pump.
Thus, in the aggregates of fire trucks, processes that predetermine a decrease in their performance are more intensive than in conventional transport vehicles. As a result, the technical condition of the fire truck inevitably deteriorates, and its reliability decreases.
To maintain the fleet of fire trucks in good condition, a set of technical and organizational measures is carried out, which can be divided into two groups: maintenance and repair.
The operation of fire trucks must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Rules for labor protection in the subdivisions of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.
At change of duty the engines can be started only after inspection and acceptance of the fire extinguishing equipment and equipment, as well as after the gas outlet is connected to the exhaust pipe of the fire truck engine.
At collection, departure, following to the place of call and return to the place of permanent location the following rules should be followed.
The collection and departure of the duty shift on alarm is provided in the prescribed manner. At the “Alarm” signal, the personnel of the shift on duty arrive at the fire trucks, and the lighting in the personnel room and garage should automatically turn on. It is forbidden to leave clothes, household items, etc. on the routes. When using the descent column, the personnel must maintain the required interval, follow the descender in front to prevent injury. When descending the pole, one should not touch its surface with unprotected parts of the hands, but, having descended, make room for the next descent.
The procedure for boarding duty shift personnel in fire trucks (in the garage or outside it) is established by order of the head of the State Fire Service, based on security conditions and local characteristics. When landing, it is forbidden to run in front of cars leaving on alarm. If the landing takes place outside the garage building, the exit of the duty shift personnel to the site is allowed only after the fire trucks leave the garage. The landing is considered completed only when the personnel take their places in the car and close the cabin doors.
The movement of a fire truck is allowed only with the doors of the cabs and the body closed. At the same time, it is forbidden to give a command to move a fire truck until the end of the landing of the personnel on duty shift and the presence of unauthorized persons in fire trucks (except for persons indicating the direction of movement to the place of call). To warn urban transport and citizens about the departure of fire trucks from the garage, special traffic lights are lit, and in their absence, the guard at the facade is obliged to give signals with a red flag (at night with a red lantern).
The driver is responsible for the safe movement of the fire truck. When driving to the place of fire, the driver must turn on a special light alarm and use a special sound alarm in accordance with the regulatory legal acts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. It is forbidden to use a special sound signal when the car is not following a call (fire or accident) and when returning to the State Fire Service unit. Following to the place of the call (for a fire or an accident), the driver is obliged to strictly comply with the current "Rules of the Road". Subject to ensuring traffic safety, the driver of a fire truck is allowed to make certain deviations from the current traffic rules:
▪ move at a speed that ensures the timely completion of the task, but does not pose a danger to others;
▪ continue driving at any traffic signal, making sure that other drivers give way to him, and provided that the gestures of the traffic policeman do not oblige him to stop;
▪ drive through (turn, stop the car, etc.) in the places where operational work is performed, regardless of the installed signs, signs and lines (except for driving in the opposite direction to traffic).
The head of the shift on duty or the head of the department of the State Fire Service, who left at the head of the shift on duty to the place of the call, is obliged to know the rules of the road and ensure that the driver complies with them.
During the movement of a fire truck, personnel are prohibited from opening cab doors, leaning out of windows, standing on the steps (except for specially provided rear steps when laying hose lines from the vehicle), smoking and using open fire.
The personnel of the duty shift arriving at the place of the call leave the fire truck only by order of the head of the fire brigade or a senior official who arrived at the head of the duty shift.
At deployment of funds the head of the fire extinguishing (emergency and rescue operations) or other officials, in order to implement security measures, ensures:
▪ selection of the safest and shortest ways of laying hose lines, transferring tools and inventory;
▪ installation of fire trucks and equipment at a safe distance from the place of fire (accident) so that they do not interfere with the alignment of arriving forces and means, fire trucks are installed from unfinished buildings and structures, as well as from other objects that may collapse in a fire, at a distance equal to at least the height of these objects;
▪ stop, if necessary, of all types of transport (stop of railway transport is agreed upon in the prescribed manner);
▪ installation of unified danger signals and notification of them to all personnel of the State Fire Service units working on a fire (accident);
▪ withdrawal of personnel of the State Border Service units to a safe place in case of a clear threat of explosion, poisoning, radiation exposure, collapse, boiling up and release of flammable and combustible liquids from tanks, etc.;
▪ organization of security posts on both sides along the railway track to monitor the movement of trains and timely notify the personnel of the State Border Service units about their approach, in case of laying hose lines under the railway tracks.
When deploying funds, it is prohibited:
▪ begin its implementation before the complete stop of the fire truck;
▪ use open fire to illuminate fire hydrant wells, gas and heat communications;
▪ descend without personal respiratory protective equipment and a rescue rope into the wells of water, gas, technical communications;
▪ put on a strap attached to the hose line of a fire nozzle when climbing to a height and when working at a height;
▪ is under the load when ascending or descending on the rescue ropes of the tool, anti-terrorist, etc.;
▪ carry mechanized and electrified tools in working condition, facing working surfaces (cutting, stabbing, etc.) in the direction of travel, and cross-cutting saws and hacksaws - without covers;
▪ raise a hose line filled with water to a height;
▪ supply water to unattached hose lines until the shafters reach their original positions or rise to a height (vertical hose lines must be fixed at the rate of at least one hose delay for each hose).
The supply of fire extinguishing agents is permitted only by order of the operational officials at the fire or direct superiors. Water should be supplied to the hose lines gradually, increasing the pressure in order to avoid the fall of the barrels and the rupture of the hoses.
When using a fire hydrant, open its lid with a special hook or crowbar. When doing this, make sure that the lid does not fall on your feet.
When laying a hose line from hose and pump-hose fire trucks, the driver must control the speed of movement (no more than 10 km / h), and the fireman must securely fix the doors of the fire truck compartments and monitor the serviceability of light and sound alarms.
In cases of an explosion threat, the laying of hose lines by the personnel of the State Border Service units is carried out by running, crawling, using available shelters (ditches, walls, embankments, etc.), as well as protective equipment (steel helmets, spheres, shields, bulletproof vests), or under cover armored shields, armored vehicles and vehicles.
It is forbidden to install fire trucks across the carriageway. Stopping on the carriageway of a street or road that interferes with the movement of vehicles is allowed only by order of operational officials or the head of the shift on duty. At the same time, the emergency light alarm must be turned on on the fire truck. For safety at night, a standing fire truck is illuminated by side, marker or parking lights.
At work with acid batteries necessary:
▪ use portable electric lamps up to 36 V (the lamp cord must be enclosed in a hose);
▪ transfuse acid only through a special siphon;
▪ prepare the electrolyte in a specially designated room in lead, faience or ebonite baths, while sulfuric acid must be poured into distilled water, stirring the solution;
▪ transport and carry bottles with sulfuric acid and electrolyte in baskets or in wooden crates.
▪ transport batteries only on special trolleys.
▪ Wash face and hands thoroughly with soap and water after finishing work with batteries.
When working with acid batteries prohibited:
▪ prepare electrolyte in glassware, pour distilled water into sulfuric acid, work with acid without safety goggles, rubber gloves, boots and rubber apron;
▪ enter the battery room with an open fire, smoke;
▪ install circuit breakers, fuses and socket outlets, as well as rectifiers, motor-generators, electric motors, etc. in the battery;
▪ use electric heaters (hobs, etc.) in the battery room;
▪ check the batteries by short circuiting the terminals;
▪ store and take food and drinking water in the battery room;
▪ charge batteries in the garage.
Refueling of fire trucks should only be done with hoses from gas stations or gas stations. Refueling from canisters, buckets and other containers is prohibited. It is also forbidden to refuel fuel and lubricants in the garage and at the maintenance post of fire trucks.
During the refueling of fire trucks, the personnel of the State Fire Service units must be outside the cab of the vehicle. Refueling should be carried out using pumps or a measuring tank in specially equipped places, avoiding spillage of oil products or their leakage. All spilled oil products should be covered with sand (sawdust) and immediately removed.
The platform for refueling fire trucks must have a hard coating of materials that resist the effects of petroleum products and oils. The slope of the site must be at least 0.02 m, but not more than 0.04 m.
Particular care must be taken when working with leaded gasoline, which can cause severe poisoning. It is forbidden to use it for washing hands, parts, cleaning clothes, sucking gasoline and blowing pipelines and devices of the power system by mouth. Transport and store gasoline only in closed containers with the inscription "leaded gasoline - poison." Clean up spilled gasoline with sand, sawdust, bleach or warm water. Areas of the skin that have been exposed to leaded gasoline are washed with kerosene, and then with warm water and soap. It is forbidden to leave empty containers from fuel and lubricants in the premises for car maintenance.
Fuel and lubricants in containers should be stored in covered warehouses in one tier on wooden linings (pallets), metal container caps should be screwed with special keys that exclude the possibility of sparking. Barrels should be stacked carefully, caps up, without hitting them one against the other. It is not allowed to store empty containers, overalls, cleaning material in the warehouse.
At refueling a fire truck with a foaming agent personnel of the State Border Service unit must be provided with goggles (shields to protect the eyes). Gloves and waterproof clothing are used to protect the skin. From the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, the foaming agent is washed off with clean water or saline (2% boric acid solution). Refueling of fire trucks with a foaming agent must be mechanized. If mechanized refueling is not possible, in exceptional cases, fire trucks can be refueled manually. In the case of refueling fire trucks manually, it is necessary to use measuring containers, hinged (removable) ladders or special mobile platforms. Containers for storing the foaming agent must be made with anti-corrosion protection and equipped with convenient and safe filling and draining equipment. It is forbidden to use intermediate containers for filling fire trucks with foam concentrate, as well as the use of open flames near the place of filling and smoking during refueling.
At maintenance of fire trucks the following requirements must be met:
▪ maintenance is carried out in rooms or posts provided with natural and forced ventilation;
▪ all fastening and adjustment operations must be performed in the sequence indicated in the flow charts;
▪ the sequence of performing the required scope of work should exclude the possibility of simultaneous work from above and below at one or another unit (unit) of the vehicle;
▪ after the fire truck is installed on the inspection ditch on the steering wheel, the sign “Do not start the engine - people are working” is fixed. Before leaving the ditch, overpass, floor lift, you must make sure that there are no objects or people in the path of the car;
▪ when placing the car at the maintenance station, brake it with a parking brake, turn off the ignition, turn on a low gear in the gearbox, put at least two stops (shoes) under the wheels;
▪ when lifting (hanging out) one wheel (axle), a stop is placed next to the jack, and “boots” are placed under the wheels of the other axle. Before starting maintenance, a sign “Do not touch - people are working under the car” is posted on the lift control mechanism. It is forbidden to lift or hang a fire truck by the tow hooks. In order to avoid spontaneous lowering of the hydraulic lift, its plunger in the working (raised) position must be securely fixed with a stop (rod);
▪ operation of the engine is checked with the parking brake applied and the gearshift lever in neutral position (in this case, ventilation is switched on and gas outlets are used);
▪ Clutch adjustment operation on fire trucks with carburetor engines must be performed by two workers, one of whom must turn the crankshaft using the crank;
▪ hard-to-reach points on a fire truck should be lubricated using tips connected to guns with flexible hoses or tips with hinges;
▪ When checking the oil level in lighting units, only portable lamps should be used. It is forbidden to use open fire for this purpose;
▪ when carrying out work, it is allowed to use only tools that are in good working order and are suitable for their purpose;
▪ during fixing operations it is necessary to use predominantly box or socket wrenches, and in hard-to-reach places with a limited angle of rotation, it is advisable to use ratchet wrenches (ratchet mechanism). Do not rotate the keys in a circle, as they may break;
▪ Tire mounting work should be carried out only with a special puller in a place designated for this purpose. It is allowed to inflate the mounted tire in a special fence or with the use of other devices that prevent the lock ring from jumping out and prevent tire ruptures that could cause injury to the worker;
▪ during work related to turning the crankshaft and cardan shaft, it is necessary to additionally check the ignition off, and set the gearbox lever to neutral position, release the parking brake lever, and after performing them, apply the parking brake and re-engage the lower gear;
▪ when removing and installing the springs, it is necessary to unload them first by raising the frame and placing it on the trestle.
When performing maintenance prohibited:
▪ increase wrenches with other wrenches or tubes, use spacers between the jaw of the wrench and the edges of bolts and nuts, hit the wrench when unscrewing or wrapping;
▪ use levers or extensions to increase the spanner arm;
▪ knock out disks with a sledgehammer, dismantle a wheel by running cars over it, etc.;
▪ service the transmission while the engine is running;
▪ work on machines and equipment without their grounding;
▪ use power tools with faulty insulation of current-carrying parts or if they do not have a grounding device;
▪ perform any work on a fire truck, hung out only on one lifting mechanism (jacks, hoists, etc.);
▪ place wheel rims, bricks, stones and other foreign objects under the suspended fire truck;
▪ perform work without special stops (horses) that protect against spontaneous lowering of the fire engine or its individual parts, during work requiring raising the fire engine using jacks, hoists and other lifting mechanisms;
▪ Perform maintenance on the fire truck with the engine running, except when checking engine and brake adjustments.
To work on diagnostic stands with devices and devices, operators are allowed who have the appropriate permit to work on them, who have undergone special training in labor protection and have studied the rules for operating diagnostic equipment.
Blowtorches, electric and pneumatic tools are issued only to employees (workers) who have been instructed and know the rules for handling them.
Lifts and jacks are tested by the employees (workers) to whom they are assigned once every 6 months with a static load exceeding the maximum allowable according to the passport by 10% for 10 minutes with the load in the upper extreme position. For hydraulic jacks, the drop in fluid pressure at the end of the test shall not be more than 5%.
Gas and smoke protection service
· PCh-1 with Namtsy has 21 people l/s, in a day 3 certified gas and smoke defenders take up combat duty.
The GDZS is armed with: Omega Sever-1 devices - 4 units, AIR GO - 3 units, Junior-2 compressor - 1 unit.
The GDZS is designed to ensure the combat work of fire brigade personnel in an unbreathable environment when extinguishing fires and eliminating the consequences of accidents.
The main tasks of the GDZS are: rescuing people, conducting reconnaissance, extinguishing fires, evacuating material assets, as well as creating conditions that ensure the combat operations of fire departments and emergency teams by pumping out smoke, forcing clean air, changing the direction of movement of gas flows.
Communication Service
Communication Service - a system of communication units of the State Fire Service, as well as a type of activity to ensure communication in the State Fire Service, the effective integrated use of communication facilities and the qualified technical operation of these facilities in management bodies and divisions.
The main tasks of the communication service of the State Fire Service are the organization of communication in the prevention of fires and in extinguishing fires.
The main functions of the GPS communication service:
keeps records and analyzes the availability and condition of all means and systems of communication and automation available in the territorial and subordinate local garrisons in order to assess their sufficiency for the needs of management, plans, organizes, implements and controls their comprehensive technical support and operation;
· on the basis of orders and instructions on the organization of communication of higher authorities, develops wire and radio communication schemes with the necessary explanatory notes for territorial and local garrisons;
· taking into account the current state, immediate prospects for new construction of networks and systems, development of communication resources and services of the subject of the Russian Federation, plans to further improve its own communication system in the territorial and local garrisons, seeks for this purpose the necessary financial resources;
· develops and issues reasonable initial data for the design and construction of new communication systems and facilities in the garrison (garrisons);
· develops reports on the operation of communication facilities and makes proposals for changes in the tables of position of these facilities for the management bodies and subdivisions of the State Fire Service;
· supplies local garrisons with means of communication, technical support and operational and consumable materials;
· provides assistance to the communications services of local garrisons in the organization of communications, operation of equipment, ensuring the interaction of units, special training of personnel in the qualified use of communications;
carries out constant interaction with the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities and communication enterprises of various affiliations that provide GPS lines and communication channels for rent, in order to quickly eliminate accidents and malfunctions on the serviced cable lines by these enterprises and satisfy claims in case of poor-quality provision by them paid communication services;
· plans, actively participates and supervises the conduct of special training and training in the garrisons for the management and all personnel of the State Fire Service in the qualified use of communication and automation equipment that is in operation and entering service.
The driver is responsible for the safe movement of the fire truck. When proceeding to a fire (accident or other operational work), if necessary, he may allow, provided that traffic safety is ensured, the following deviations from the current traffic rules:
Move at a speed that ensures the speedy completion of the task, but does not pose a danger to others;
Continue driving at any traffic signal, making sure that other drivers give way to him, and provided that the gestures of the traffic police officer do not oblige him to stop;
Pass (turn, stop the car, etc.) in the places where operational work is performed, regardless of the installed signs, signs and road marking lines (except for driving in the opposite direction to traffic).
During the movement of the fire truck, the personnel must be in the place assigned to it, hold on to the handrails (belts), do not open the doors of the cabins, do not stand on the footrest (except for the specially provided rear steps when laying the hose lines of the vehicle), do not protrude from the cab, do not smoke and do not use open flames.
Upon arrival at the place of the call, the fire truck is stopped at the side of the roadway; personnel leave the car only by order of the head of the guard or the squad leader and, as a rule, to the right side. It is forbidden to install the car across the carriageway, on railway, tram rails.
At night, the parking of a fire truck should be indicated by lighting devices, as well as an emergency light signal. In addition, depending on the situation (heavy traffic, pedestrians), it is allowed to simultaneously turn on special light signaling (flashing beacons).
The commanding staff of the fire brigade must know the requirements of the rules of the road and, when traveling in a fire or company vehicle, prevent their violation by the driver.
Measures and safety precautions for fire reconnaissance
Fire reconnaissance is carried out continuously from the moment the unit leaves for the fire and until it is eliminated. The purpose of reconnaissance is to collect information about the fire in order to assess the situation and make a decision on the organization of hostilities.
For reconnaissance without the use of insulating gas masks, a reconnaissance group of two people is assigned, and when working in insulating gas masks - at least three.
The most trained commander is assigned to the senior group. In the subway or in similar underground structures, reconnaissance must be carried out by a reinforced link, not less than five people.
The reconnaissance group, depending on the intended volume and place of work, must have personal respiratory protection equipment (PPE), couplings, communication and lighting devices, rescue and self-rescue, as well as tools for opening structures, and, if necessary, extinguishing agents. For the period of reconnaissance, the head of fire fighting (RTP) creates a reserve of personnel in the RPE to assist the reconnaissance group.
During reconnaissance, security posts and checkpoints are set up, which are responsible for:
Registration in a special journal of the time of the start of reconnaissance, the names of the composition of the reconnaissance group and oxygen pressure when included in the RPE;
Maintaining contact with the intelligence group, transmitting messages to the RTP or headquarters;
Monitoring the time spent by the reconnaissance group in the building and informing the RTP and the head of the group about this;
Restoration of broken communications with the intelligence group and its timely removal to clean air or the provision of medical assistance, if required.
When working in RPE in a gassed facility over a large area, security posts and checkpoints are created for the entire period of extinguishing. In such cases, they are entrusted with instructing the persons sent to extinguish the fire on safety, taking into account the assigned tasks.
Security posts and checkpoints are located in places where the possibility of smoke or gas penetration is excluded. In case this is not possible, the personnel of security posts or checkpoints work in RPE. Checkpoints during long-term work provide firefighters with rooms (buses) for briefing and rest. These premises (buses) should be located close to the fire site.
In order to avoid accidents, the head of the reconnaissance group, before starting it, is obliged to interview each of those walking about how they feel, and after being included in the RPE, check their work and the oxygen pressure in the cylinders. Having determined the lowest pressure, the head of the group restores the time spent in the smoky zone using it and announces to the composition of the group and the firemen assigned to the security post the task, the procedure for its implementation, the period of stay in the zone and the type of communication (conditional signals) for the time spent in reconnaissance, indicates the order of movement of the group, appoints the trailers.
To ensure the safe operation of gas and smoke protectors on fire and in the classroom, they are given a personal token, and the GDZS links are provided with ligaments and guide cables. The personal token is made of Plexiglas or other material. The token reflects the following data: last name, first name, patronymic; name of the department; type of gas mask; oxygen pressure before entering the unbreathable environment and exit time; possible duration of stay in an unbreathable environment.
The bundle is made of a thin metal cable 3-7 m long, moored from both sides. The rings at the ends of the ligament are braided, but inside are free Guide cable (thin metal cable) 50-100 m long, moored from one end; with a carabiner put on, which is wound on a reel in a metal case. The reel has a handle for winding the cable, straps for carrying and a locking device. Before entering the unbreathable environment at the security post, the cable is fixed to the structure with a carabiner, and the closing link of the HZDS, moving as part of the link, lays it. At the position of the receiver or the place of other hostilities, a coil with a cable is fixed, and the link works in conjunction, while the commander must be attached to the guide cable. Removes the cable link, returning last.
When working in an environment unsuitable for breathing, the HZDS link must consist of at least 3 people. In exceptional cases, by decision of the head of fire fighting or the head of the combat section, the link may be reduced to 2 people. In this case, the link should consist, as a rule, of gas and smoke protectors serving in one squad or guard.
The work of the GdZs units during the operation of one guard is headed by the head of the guard or the commanders of the departments, which include GDZS units.
They put on a gas mask and put it on alert on the way or upon arrival at the fire site at the command "Put on gas masks". Before switching on at the command "Check gas masks", the personnel of the GDZS unit conducts a combat check and reports on readiness for switching on, for example, "Ivanov is ready for switching on, pressure 19 MPa (190 atm)". After that, at the command “Turn on the gas masks”, the gas and smoke protectors thread the mask between the helmet and the chin strap, lower it onto the corrugated tubes, take deep breaths through the valve box nozzle until the lung machine operates and, without taking their mouths off the nozzle, exhale air through the nose and, holding breath, put on a mask on the face, and on top - a helmet. After checking the gas masks, the gas and smoke protectors record the pressure of oxygen in the cylinder in their personal badge and, taking this into account, the possible duration of being in an unbreathable environment. The flight commander personally checks the pressure gauge readings, confiscates personal tokens from the gas and smoke defenders, remembers the lowest pressure in the cylinder, and before entering an unbreathable environment, he hands over the token to the guard at the security post. The flight commander and the trailing one are fixed with carabiners at the ends of the bundle, the rest of the gas and smoke protectors - at the bundle between them. If a guide cable is laid, then the flight commander is also assigned to it.
Road safety requirements for firefighters
In accordance with the Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation No. 74 dated November 01, 2001, approving the instructions on the procedure for qualifying a fire truck driver and issuing a certificate for the right to work on a fire truck at the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, to drive a fire truck equipped with special signals (blue flashing beacons and special sound signals) and having special color schemes on the outer surfaces in accordance with GOST R 50574-2002, persons with continuous work experience as a driver of the corresponding vehicle category for at least the last three years are allowed (for the period from 2002 for St. region - at least one year) i.e. having certain skills in the use and operation of the base chassis of a fire truck of the corresponding category. The driver of a fire truck is obliged to have a driver's license, a certificate for the right to work on a fire truck of a specific model, as well as to ensure that the fixed fire truck (cars) is in good technical condition and to constantly monitor the placement and fastening of fire-technical weapons and equipment on a fire truck during prevent it from falling while moving.
The driver of a fire truck, as the driver of any vehicle, is obliged to ensure the correct technical condition of the vehicle in accordance with the Basic Provisions for the admission of vehicles to operation and the duties of officials to ensure road safety, which establish a list of malfunctions and conditions under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited.
funds. It is forbidden to operate fire trucks with the following malfunctions:
1. Brake system.
1.1. During road tests, the standards for braking efficiency of the service brake system are not observed. For fire trucks with a maximum permitted weight of up to 3.5 tons inclusive, the braking distance should be no more than 15.1 m, from 3.5 tons to 12 tons inclusive - no more than 17.3 m, over 12 tons - no more than 16 m. Vehicle tests are carried out in running order, with a driver, on a horizontal section of the road with a smooth, dry, clean cement or asphalt concrete surface, at a speed of 40 km / h at the beginning of braking, by a single action on the control of the service brake system.
1.2. The tightness of the hydraulic brake drive is broken.
1.3. Violation of the tightness of the pneumatic and pneumohydraulic brake drives causes a drop in air pressure with the engine off by more than 0.05 MPa in 15 minutes after they are fully activated.
1.4. The pressure gauge of the pneumatic and pneumohydraulic brake drives does not work.
1.5. The parking brake system does not provide a stationary state of a fire truck with a full load on a slope up to 16% inclusive.
2. Steering.
2.1. The total play in the steering exceeds 25°.
2.2. There are movements of parts and assemblies not provided for by the design, threaded connections are not tightened or not fixed in the established way.
2.3. The power steering provided by the design is faulty or missing.
3. External lighting fixtures.
3.1. The quantity, type, color, location and mode of operation of external lighting devices do not meet the design requirements of a fire truck.
3.2. Headlight adjustment does not meet the requirements of GOST 25478-91.
3.3. Lighting devices and reflectors do not work in the set mode or are dirty.
3.4. There are no diffusers on the lighting fixtures, or lamp diffusers that do not correspond to the type of lighting fixture are used.
3.5. The installation of flashing beacons, the methods of their attachment and the visibility of the light signal do not meet the established requirements.
3.6. Light devices with red lights or red reflectors are installed at the front, and white at the rear, except for reversing lights and registration plate lighting, retroreflective registration, distinctive and identification marks.
4. Windshield wipers and windshield washers.
4.1. Windshield wipers and windshield washers do not work in the set mode.
5. Wheels and tires.
5.1. The tires have a residual tread height of less than 1 mm, local damage (punctures, cuts, tears) that expose the cord, carcass delamination, tread and sidewall delamination.
5.2. There is no bolt (nut) or there are cracks in the disk and wheel rims.
5.3. Tires do not match the vehicle model in terms of size or load capacity.
5.4. Bias tires are installed on one axle together with radial tires, or tires with different types of tread pattern.
6. Engine.
6.2. The tightness of the power supply system is broken.
6.3. The system of release of the fulfilled gases is faulty.
7. Other structural elements.
7.1. There are no rear-view mirrors and glass provided by the design.
7.2. Sound signal does not work.
7.3. Additional objects have been installed or coatings have been applied that limit visibility from the driver's seat, worsen the transparency of the windows, entailing the risk of injury to road users (transparent colored films can be attached to the upper part of the windshield of cars; it is allowed to use tinted glasses (except for mirrored ones), the light transmission of which meets the requirements of GOST 5727-88).
7.4. The body and cabin door locks provided for by the design, the locks of the sides of the cargo platform, the locks of the necks of tanks and the plugs of the fuel tanks, the mechanism for adjusting the position of the driver's seat, emergency exits and devices for actuating them, the door control drive, speedometer, glass heating and blowing devices do not work.
7.5. The rear protective device, mudguards and mudguards provided for by the design are missing.
7.6. Missing: first aid kit, fire extinguisher, warning triangle in accordance with GOST 24333-97, wheel chocks (on fire trucks with a maximum permitted weight of over 3.5 tons).
7.7. The presence on the outer surfaces of fire trucks of inscriptions and symbols that do not meet the state standards of the Russian Federation.
7.8. There are no seat belts if their installation is provided for by the design.
7.9. The seat belts are inoperable or have visible tears in the webbing.
7.10. The registration plate of the vehicle does not meet the requirements of the standard.
7.11. There are no additional elements of brake systems, steering and other components and assemblies provided for by the design, or installed without agreement with the manufacturer of the fire truck. If malfunctions that prohibit the operation of fire trucks occurred on the way or in a fire (accident), the driver must eliminate them, and if this is not possible, go to the fire station with the necessary precautions. And only in the event of a malfunction of the working brake system, steering, off (missing) headlights and tail lights at night or in conditions of insufficient visibility, the windshield wiper inactive on the driver’s side during rain or snowfall, the movement of a fire truck is prohibited. In accordance with the requirements of the rules of the road (SDA), the driver of a fire truck, as the driver of any vehicle, is prohibited from:
§ drive a vehicle in a state of intoxication (alcohol, narcotic or otherwise), under the influence of drugs that impair reaction and attention, in a sick or tired state that jeopardizes traffic safety;
§ transfer driving to persons who are in a state of intoxication, under the influence of drugs, in a sick or tired state, as well as to persons who do not have a driver's license for the right to drive a vehicle of this category;
§ cross organized (including foot) columns and take a place in them;
§ use alcoholic beverages, narcotic, psychotropic or other intoxicating substances after a traffic accident in which he was involved, or after the vehicle was stopped at the request of a police officer, before an examination was carried out to establish a state of intoxication or before a decision was made on exemption from such an examination;
§ use while driving a telephone that is not equipped with a technical device that allows you to negotiate without using your hands. The driver of a fire truck, in accordance with the requirements of the SDA, is obliged to undergo an examination for intoxication at the request of the police officers, and during the day on duty - an examination for intoxication at the request of his superiors.
When following a fire truck to a fire (accident) or an exercise with a flashing blue light on, the driver of a fire truck can deviate from the requirements of traffic signals, while making sure that the fire truck gives way. So, for example, the driver of a fire truck is allowed to pass through a traffic signal forbidding, while ensuring the safety of vehicles and pedestrians at the intersection. At the same time, it is necessary to remember that the fire truck driver must comply with the requirements of the traffic controller's signals. Subject to ensuring the safety of vehicles and pedestrians, the driver of a fire truck with a blue flashing beacon on is allowed to deviate from the following sections and annexes of the traffic rules:
§ start of movement, maneuvering;
§ location of vehicles on the roadway;
§ speed of movement;
§ overtaking, oncoming traffic;
§ stopping and parking;
§ passage of intersections;
§ Pedestrian crossings and stops of route vehicles;
§ movement through railway tracks;
§ traffic on highways;
§ movement in residential areas;
§ priority of route vehicles;
§ requirement of road signs;
§ requirement for road markings.
Despite the above deviations, before starting to move, changing lanes, turning (turning) and stopping, the driver of a fire truck is obliged to give signals with light indicators for the direction of the corresponding direction. The driver of a fire truck should set the speed depending on the characteristics of the road (width and number of lanes, profile, quality and condition of the road surface), visibility conditions, density and intensity of traffic flows, bearing in mind that the higher the vehicle speed, the greater the likelihood and more serious consequences of traffic accidents. Rectilinear sections of the road allow, it would seem, to sharply increase speed due to the lack of intersections, traffic lights, and pedestrian crossings. However, in practice, the unexpected actions of road users, the lack of response to the included special sound and light signals of a fire truck can cause dangerous situations and accidents. Most often this is due to a discrepancy between the selected speed and the experience of the driver or his condition. A stop for public transport is a place where it is possible to run into pedestrians. The detour of buses, trolleybuses, trams standing at the bus stop is also dangerous: a person can suddenly run out from behind them. The driver of a fire truck must be extremely careful at the entrance to unregulated pedestrian crossings, where a pedestrian may be invisible due to moving vehicles. The most dangerous section of the road (up to 2/3 of all vehicle collisions) is the intersection. At intersections, the driver of a fire truck has to perceive and evaluate the behavior of several vehicles and groups of pedestrians at the same time. Some intersections have limited visibility. Vehicles may suddenly appear on them. The limited size of individual intersections makes maneuvering a fire truck difficult. Approaching the intersection, the driver of a fire truck must necessarily give a special sound signal, slow down the car, assess the type of intersection, visibility on it, the number of lanes, be able to accurately assess the speed of approaching cars, the distance to them and the time to travel in the right direction. You should cross the intersection only after making sure that it is completely safe, i.e. provided that all road users give way to the fire truck. The driver of a fire truck should know the sections of the road that give rise to dangerous traffic situations. When driving a fire truck at night and in conditions of insufficient visibility, regardless of road lighting, as well as in tunnels, high-beam or low-beam headlights must be turned on. Moreover, the speed of movement in the dark in almost all cases should be less than the speed in the daytime. It must be installed in such a way that the stopping distance of the car is half the visibility distance. Statistics show that almost half of all accidents with the most serious consequences occur during the hours of darkness. During daylight hours, if it is necessary to move a fire truck with flashing beacons turned on and a special sound signal along the lane towards the traffic flow, the driver of the fire truck must turn on the dipped headlights and emergency light signaling. To warn of overtaking, it is advisable to additionally give a light signal, which is during daylight hours - periodic short-term switching on and off of the headlights, and at night - multiple switching of headlights from dipped to high beam. The movement of a fire truck outside settlements should be carried out with the dipped headlights on at any time of the day. In the event of a forced stop (including during a fire or an accident), where, taking into account visibility conditions, a fire truck cannot be seen in a timely manner by other drivers, an emergency light alarm should be turned on, and at night on unlit sections of roads and in conditions of insufficient visibility additionally, the side lights must be turned on (in addition to the side lights, dipped beam headlights, fog lights and rear fog lights can be turned on). In addition, at a distance that provides timely warning of other drivers about the danger in a specific situation (at least 15 meters from the vehicle in built-up areas and 30 meters outside built-up areas), the driver of a fire truck must put up an emergency stop sign.
For violation of traffic rules and other regulatory legal acts in the field of road traffic, the driver of a fire truck is liable in accordance with the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
