Tips and tricks, as well as useful information on how to fix something at home yourself, mandatory rules and safety precautions. We disassemble the electric lock

Tips and tricks, as well as useful information on how to fix something at home yourself, mandatory rules and safety precautions. We disassemble the electric lock

Do you want to look irresistible at an important event, but your favorite lip product broke at the crucial moment? Don't worry and don't panic, lipstick is easy to fix. The procedure will not take long. If cosmetics cannot be made, it can always be used at home.

How to fix lipstick if it's broken? It all depends on the cause of the breakdown.

  • Incorrect storage. Do not expose this item to high temperatures and her swings.
  • Excessive force applied to a given item of care.

Repair depends on the nature of the damage.

  • If the bottle has stopped spinning, then find another one and rearrange the stick.
  • If the old makeup is broken at the base, then place it in a special container. Apply such a tool should be a special cosmetic brush.
  • Try to press the broken parts without heating and place in the freezer.

You can continue to use cosmetics if, after a breakdown, it did not end up on a contaminated surface.

How can I fix

Let's try to repair the lip care product with heat.

  1. It is necessary to unscrew the tube to the end to remove the lipstick and place the composition in a spoon. Heat the contents and pour the contents of the spoon into a tube. Place in the cold for 15 minutes.
  2. Bring the lighter (lit match) to the broken end and to the remaining one in the tube. Heat evenly without overheating. Press tightly together and place in the freezer for 10-15 minutes.
  3. Remove the stick from the broken tube, mix with the broken part and heat, after adding wax. Place in a bottle and refrigerate.

Please note that if you expose the lipstick to excessive heat, it will change Chemical properties. This will lead to peeling and dryness of the lips, and through the mouth harmful substances can enter the body.

Other Ways to Use Broken Lipstick

  • Make lip gloss. Heat the product to a liquid state, add care oil (jojoba, almond) and wax.
  • Red will help temporarily paint over the tattoo. Bright pigment will block the pattern, after which you can apply the corrector and tonal foundation. At the end, apply a little hairspray.
  • broken Pink colour lipstick is perfect as an alternative to blush. Apply to cheekbones and blend.
  • Cosmetics can serve as excellent liquid shadows for special occasion. It is easy to draw bright and eccentric arrows with red lipstick.
  • Disguise the damaged area of ​​​​the shoe with a tool of a similar color range.

Using broken lip balm

  • It will help you fix a stuck zipper yourself. To do this, gently go over the teeth of the zipper with lipstick, and then try to unzip and fasten it.
  • If the ring is stuck on the finger and cannot be removed, a thin layer of “hygiene” is sufficient.
  • A thin layer can be applied to a scratch in the absence of medical products (antibacterial components will kill germs).
  • Helps temporarily cover split ends and strengthen cuticles.

  • Eyebrows will look well-groomed if they are treated with a brush with a pre-applied "hygienic".
  • An inexpensive and affordable tool for painting over moles while in the solarium.
  • Rub the “hygienic” thread that cannot be inserted into the eye of the needle.
  • If the composition contains peppermint, then this is the first aid for insect bites.
  • Prevents the formation of calluses. Actual in the summer, when uncomfortable shoes are worn on bare feet.
  • Before dyeing your hair, you should lubricate the areas of skin in contact with the hair with cosmetics. This will prevent them from staining.
  • If you need to remove makeup, but no special means, then apply lipstick on the face area and wipe off with a cotton pad. So you can remove makeup and moisturize your skin at the same time.

If you follow the conditions for storing cosmetics and do not expose the product mechanical damage, greatly extend the service life. Even if your favorite lipstick fails, don't throw it away. It can be useful for home use.

You will need

  • - a small Phillips screwdriver;
  • - hexagon screwdriver;
  • - stationery eraser;
  • - scotch.

Instruction

Clear workplace from unwanted items. Take a small box to store the bolts so they don't get lost. Separate the sides from the phone. Using a hex screwdriver, unscrew the two bolts at the bottom of the rear cover and the two bolts under the sides. Also do not forget to remove the two bolts in the battery compartment. Where the sidewalls were removed, you will see the latches. Separate with a screwdriver top cover. Turn off the screen connector and Phillips screwdriver unscrew the two screws at the top. Locate the headphone jack in the top right corner of the board. Below it is a microphone. Release the connector from the phone case and separate the board from the screen.

Using an eraser, clean the cable contacts - they should shine. Next, turn the screen over and connect it to the board. Then you need to include this design. Secure the battery with adhesive tape. In order for such a design to work, it is necessary to remove the lock, which is located between the battery and the CF connector. On the board, press the Power button.

The breakdown usually consists in the fact that there is no contact from the cable to the touch screen. To make sure of this, put an eraser on the connection area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe screen and the cable. Press it lightly and move the stylus across the screen. If everything works, it can be easily repaired. Cut off an even and very thin strip of eraser, about 1 mm. Then glue this strip with glue, which does not immediately harden, to the place where the cable contacts the screen. If during assembly it turns out that the screen is not restored, just move the eraser to appropriate place.

Gather all the details in reverse order. Don't forget about the microphone and pieces of adhesive tape left to secure the battery. Sometimes it happens that disassembly leads to a hard reset, for example, due to a dead auxiliary battery. In this case, make Russification and start the recovery process.

Related videos

Sources:

  • how to make phone screen touch

Probably, many are familiar with the problem of loss of sensitivity of the touch screen on the PDA. In the event that you consider it not economical to carry it for repair in service center and think that you can repair it yourself, then this article will help you.

You will need

  • A small Phillips screwdriver and a hex screwdriver, plus a stationery eraser and tape.

Instruction

Free your workspace from unnecessary items. Prepare a box for storing the bolts so that they do not get lost. Separate the sides. Unscrew the two bolts under the sidewalls and two bolts at the bottom of the rear cover with a hexagon. Also unscrew the bolts in the battery compartment. In the place where you removed the sidewalls, there are latches. Pry off the top cover with a screwdriver. Disconnect the screen connector and unscrew the two screws located at the top with a Phillips screwdriver. The headphone jack is located in the upper right corner of the board. There is under it. Release the connector from the case and separate the board from the screen.

Clean the contacts of the cable with an eraser - they will begin to shine. Flip the screen. Connect the shield to the board. Next, we need this design. Attach the battery to the board with adhesive tape. For this design to work, you need to remove the lock, which is located between the CF connector and the battery. Press the Power button on the board.

Usually the breakdown is that the contact of the loop with. To do this, put an eraser on the junction area of ​​​​the cable and the screen. Press lightly on it and move the stylus across the screen. If everything works, then you can easily fix it. Cut off a very thin and even strip of eraser, about 1 mm. Glue this strip to the place of contact of the cable with the screen with glue that does not immediately harden. If during assembly it turns out that the screen has not recovered, move the eraser to a more suitable place.

Assemble everything in reverse order. Don't forget the microphone and pieces of duct tape if you left them to secure the battery. Sometimes disassembly can lead to a "hard reset", for example, due to the fact that the auxiliary battery has run out. In this case, install Russification and start the recovery process.

Many cell phone users throw away their devices and immediately buy new ones if their screens break. In fact, you can save money on buying a new machine if you try to replace a broken screen yourself. This is not as difficult as it might seem at first glance.

Instruction

Determine the breakdown. You may see a distorted image, or a few pixels may be broken. IN this case should be taken to a service center. By using special devices experts will quickly bring the display into proper condition. If the image on the display is completely absent, or does not respond to pressing (on phones), then, most likely, in this case there is no way to do it.

Press the power button of your mobile phone and hold it for a few seconds until it turns off. Place the phone face down, remove the back cover, and then remove the battery from the compartment.

Use a Phillips screwdriver to remove the back cover of the phone. Just unscrew the fastening screws inside the battery compartment of the device. Remove the side buttons of the device. Now you have access to his board.

Disconnect the small cable from the phone board. It should be located either in its upper or lower part. Remove the card from the phone. You will see reverse side LCD screen.

Remove the screws securing the LCD screen to the front of the phone case. Pull the old LCD screen out of the device and set it aside. Place the new LCD screen in the inner compartment of the phone. Fasten all necessary screws, connect the appropriate cable to the screen.

Place the board back inside the mobile phone and connect the cable to it. Reattach all screws removed earlier. Install the back panel of the device and fix it with screws.

Align any unevenness on the back panel and press it firmly from all ends of the mobile phone case. Insert side buttons. Install the battery and back cover of the device. Turn on your cell phone to test your new LCD screen.

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The phone display is an indicator that displays graphical or numerical information. In case of problems with the display, working with a cell phone becomes much more complicated, up to the failure of the device.

Instruction

If you spill water, coffee, etc. on the display, turn off the phone immediately and do not turn it back on until you are sure that it is completely dry. Don't forget to open your phone, remove the battery and SIM card, and see if there are any traces of moisture on its internal surfaces.

Even if everything looks fine, leave the phone open for at least a day. Do not put it on heating appliances and do not try to dry it with a hair dryer, so as not to completely ruin everything.

Put the battery back in and try turning on the phone. If it is in working condition, take it, if possible, to a service for diagnostics, since often after a forced “bathing” phones fail once and for all.

For any other damage, you should first decide whether it is worth replacing the display, or it will be much cheaper to buy new model. If you decide this issue in favor of an old phone, go to a cell phone parts store, show the broken device to the seller, and he will tell you if there are displays suitable for this model on sale.

Get a new display and a set of special screwdrivers if you decide to repair it yourself, without contacting the service. But if on your phone touch screen, then in any case it is better for you to immediately contact the workshop, since it is impossible to repair such a device at home.

Turn off the phone, remove the SIM card and battery from it. Find on the Internet an illustrated step-by-step instruction on how to replace the screen of your mobile device model and read it.

Choose a bit from the set of screwdrivers that would match the type of slot on the screws that hold the phone parts together. Insert it into the handle of a screwdriver and disassemble the mobile phone following the instructions.

Remove the cable from the old display and carefully insert the new one. Collect the phone. Insert SIM card and battery. Turn on the machine and check its operation.

« How to fix?”- a question that sooner or later arises in every housewife. Of course, with serious problems at home, it will not be possible to cope. However, you need to know how to determine the severity of the problem, as well as how to eliminate minor and minor "cataclysms" in a house or apartment. This topic includes the repair of faucets, the cleaning of pipes from blockages, the elimination of leaks, and even the restoration of bathtubs and toilets. The articles in this section contain all the useful and necessary information, which will help even in the absence of experience to easily solve some minor domestic problems.

We will tell you in detail what to do if the filters are clogged washing machine, the control panel is broken or the water does not drain. Information on how to quickly and effectively eliminate blockages in pipes and what can cause them will also be useful. We'll also tell you why a toilet might be leaking or what causes condensation to form. If your favorite Christmas tree garland does not burn, you should not resort to radical measures and throw away the decoration. If you study the corresponding article of the subsection, you can find out how to fix individual light bulbs or the entire system at home.

In order to repair devices, equipment or systems at home, it is necessary not only to know how to do it correctly, but also to observe safety precautions. In this material, we will talk in detail about what you need to know if you want to fix the filter of an automatic machine, the toilet flush mechanism, or even the most ordinary Christmas tree garland yourself. It should be remembered that in case of serious problems, it is wiser to contact a specialist!

The bathroom is one of the important parts of the house. Both the toilet and the bathroom should be cleaned and cleaned regularly. It is also very important to monitor the order and performance of the components of the bathroom. The most serious problem in this case is dampness and mold. Mold spores are very dangerous for humans, so it is necessary to remove the formations on the surface of the bathtub or toilet bowl in time, and also make sure that the situation does not happen again in the future.

At home, you can also fix some problems associated with household appliances. In the articles of the section you will find useful information on how to fix the filter or mixer, what to do if the machine makes noise or the door does not open, and how to restart the work. household appliances. Using the recommendations and the rules below, you can easily maintain order in the house yourself. Be sure to learn the safety precautions before you start repairing anything in the house.

How to fix something at home?

At home, you can not fix so many things and appliances, because for the most part, breakdowns of household appliances are serious. In this case, only a specialist will help. However, if you still want to fix something or fix it yourself, do it right.

Before analyzing the most common breakdowns, as well as ways to solve everyday problems, remember the following rules:

  1. First of all, you should take care of the safety and security of property. If the breakdown in the house is in any way related to water, be sure to turn off the fluid supply. Also, you should not start carrying out repairs if the water has not been blocked in advance.
  2. Try to determine the severity of the problem. Often this can be done even without the appropriate education. If the automatic machine makes noise, trembles and makes other unnatural sounds, of course, you should urgently call the master, and also disconnect household appliances from the network. If the hose is leaking or there is a blockage in the pipe, you can deal with such a problem yourself.
  3. If a breakdown requires replacement of any part, make sure you have everything you need to carry out the work. If you remove some part of the pump in the toilet bowl, and there is nothing to replace the part, you will not be able to use the toilet for some time.
  4. In no case do not throw away boxes from under household appliances, as well as various documentation. The instruction manual will be useful to you not only in order to understand how this or that technique works, but also in order to fix something if necessary.

More detailed rules, as well as safety precautions that should be observed when repairing household appliances and electronics, we will describe in the appropriate section below.

In the table below, we will consider appliances and household appliances that you can fix with your own hands, even without experience or knowledge. It is enough to observe step by step instructions- and there will be no problems with eliminating the leakage of the barrel.

Possible problems and fixes

The most common problems associated with a toilet are blockages, leaks, and breakage of the flush mechanism. And if blockages are difficult to attribute to the topic of do-it-yourself repair, because this is more about cleaning and cleaning, then we will analyze the remaining problems in more detail. The drain mechanism, which is located in the tank, at first glance may seem complicated. However, if you study the specification, which was necessarily included with the system, you can easily understand where this or that element is located, as well as what it is responsible for. The drain mechanism is responsible for the water level, fluid intake and supply to the tank. A malfunction of the system will lead to the fact that the toilet will leak or water will not be collected at all. You can replace the mechanism yourself, you will find information about this in the corresponding article.

The main problems of the bath are associated only with the formation of mold and rust. However, if you properly care for the tank, as well as clean it in time, then you will never face the need to solve such a domestic problem. As for breakdowns, the only possible problem- This is a breakdown of the drain mechanism. If water is collected under the bath, you should pay attention to the condition of the pipes. The tank can even be restored and replaced by yourself.

Washing machine

The washing machine is a popular household appliance. There can be a lot of breakdowns associated with such equipment. Most of it can not be solved independently, even with all the desire. You can clean the filters yourself, reboot the system, open the door to emergency or fix problems with the drum. If you started washing, and at that moment turned off the light or water, do not worry: most often, after the supply of electricity or water, the machine will continue to work on its own. If this does not happen, the equipment can be restarted: just remove the plug from the socket, and then return it to its place. More serious problems related to the electronic part of the operation of technology, it will not be possible to solve it on your own. Filters can only be cleaned if there is no need to remove them from the equipment for this. For this, a special household chemicals. If the machine door is blocked, read the instructions. There will certainly be information on where the emergency door opening lever is located. It is very important to monitor the condition of the drain pipes of the washing machine so that they do not leak or clog. Try to use filtered water for washing, then there will be no need to clean the heater either.

Mixer

Faucets are not only in the bathroom, but also in the kitchen. There are not so many types of water supply systems: single-lever or double-lever. These types may differ in form, but the principle of their action is the same. At home, you can independently disassemble the mixer and fix it. To understand this issue in detail, study the corresponding article of the subsection.

This is not all that, if desired, you can repair yourself at home. If you wish, you can understand how an electric kettle works, as well as how to fix problems that may arise during its operation.

Keep track of the condition of household appliances and electronics, in which case you will not have to wonder how to fix this or that appliance. It will also help keep the house clean and tidy.

Rules and safety precautions

Safety precautions are a set of rules that you must follow if you are going to fix something with your own hands at home. This is especially true in cases where work is to be done with electronics.

If you are not confident in your abilities or knowledge, give up the idea of ​​repairing something yourself. In this case, it is strongly recommended to contact a specialist!

If you still decide to fix something yourself, follow the safety precautions:

  • before starting work, pay attention to the condition of the tools that you will need in the process of work, they must be in good condition;
  • Whatever repair work you are planning, do not forget about the availability of overalls, as well as a protective face mask if you plan to use a welding machine;
  • select and organize the workplace, remove all unnecessary items, and clean the surface before starting work;
  • if work needs to be done locally, for example, to fix something in a tank, cover the floor with oilcloth so that you do not have to clean it up later;
  • remember that if you have started work, it is strictly not recommended to be distracted, because this can lead not only to new breakdowns, but also to serious injuries;
  • make sure that the room in which something is being repaired is well ventilated;
  • strangers should not be allowed into the working room, especially children and animals;
  • if you are dealing with combustible mixtures, make sure that there is a fire extinguisher in the area of ​​​​free access;
  • when using caustic substances and chemicals, take care of the protection of the respiratory tract;
  • in the workplace it is forbidden to smoke, drink alcoholic beverages, as well as store food and consume it;
  • upon completion repair work it is important to properly dispose of waste, as well as tidy up the workplace;
  • it is also necessary to clean or wash and then properly dry the work clothes.

These rules are relevant for any repair work at home. Failure to comply with them can lead to serious consequences. Even if it seems to you that replacing the flush mechanism in the tank is an easy and safe task, try to still follow the minimum safety requirements.

If you follow all the tips described, as well as study the information from the articles in this subsection, you can easily fix a leaking tank, a filter in a typewriter or a faucet in the kitchen. Repairing appliances and appliances is an integral part of maintaining order in the house. By following safety precautions, you protect yourself from injury and damage to valuable property.

If you drive a car, then you have somehow encountered or may potentially encounter this problem. It concerns the topic of locks, or rather the data drive. time and frequent use node sooner or later lead to its inevitable wear. Well, at least it will still be possible to get into the car by unlocking the door with the usual “physical” key. But this is not our method!

This breakdown, of course, is not the end of the world, but it takes you one step away from comfortable car your dream if you are used to the convenience of using electric locks. The moment the door stops locking and unlocking at the push of a button, it often means that the remote door lock has finally decided to retire. What to do? Repair! How? Now we'll tell you.


If we take the basis of the design, it will turn out to be extremely simple: the lock drive consists of a small electric motor that drives the gearbox of the lock drive mechanism. That's all wisdom.

Sounds really simple enough, right? And it seems that the most reasonable way to treat a sudden illness may be to buy a part to replace the failed one, but most likely you won’t even have to do this. broken drive remote control locks can be repaired for free on any car, for this you just need to spend some time.

Now we're going to take a look at the insides of a car door lock actuator, see what's broken, and then fix that breakage, because it's almost always going to be the same.

Getting to the source of the problem

The first thing we need to do is get to the lock mechanism actuator (a procedure that will vary from vehicle to vehicle). In some cars it is easy to get to the desired part, while in others it is a real challenge. 2011 release can be classified as a complex vehicle in terms of work. So much the better: the example will turn out clearer.

Note: The disassembly process is in most cases a very delicate operation that must be carried out flawlessly. depends on her success appearance car interior.

There are two basic steps that will be similar for any vehicle regardless of class and year of manufacture. The first is to disconnect the battery before starting work. Especially relevant for modern cars with side airbags. Before proceeding, do not forget to disconnect the battery. It is important!

The second step is to remove the inner door panel. Each car has original door cards". They also attach differently. Therefore, in order to find out and understand the principle of fastening, which is specific for your car, you will need to look into the manual for disassembling and assembling the car. The latter can be bought or found for free on the Internet using a Yandex or Google search.

Inexpensive tools to work with interior decoration, like the ones in the photo above, are convenient for working on detaching the inside of the upholstery, but, in fact, are not required. Plastic clips that hold the inner panel to the door are usually located along the outer perimeter of the door panel; it is easy to drown them one by one with a screwdriver with a flat wide sting. The main thing is to know where these plastic clips are located (the instruction diagram will help you) and act carefully!

On the way to the final removal of the door, you will have three or four hidden screws. They are usually located behind the door handle, small items pocket and the exterior mirror triangle. If the door panel won't come off, it's most likely because there's still an invisible screw somewhere that hasn't been removed. Do not use force! Find it.


Door panel almost removed

As soon as outer panel the interior will be removed from the door, as a rule, it will be necessary to remove the second part of the upholstery. This is a technical layer that works to absorb sounds and protect you from the ubiquitous dust in the car.

On some cars it's just glued on plastic film while on others it's tough plastic panel. The second option was installed on the Sonata.

Remember, I said that dismantling and generally repairing this car is more difficult? This is because all of the internals routed through the doors are built into this secondary panel. The speakers, window stopper, window motor, door lock actuator and all the electrics that are in the same place are bolted to the panel.

Mechanisms and wires fixed on the secondary panel

Before continuing to remove the protective inner panel, you must remove or loosen all parts on it. The lock actuator on this vehicle is built into the door latch. It was first unscrewed before dismantling. After outdoor door knob was removed from its place.

Then the landing was weakened side glass door, because the window travel stop is attached to the inner panel. Itself can be removed from the door or left there, after securing it so that it does not fall out.

The gray tube running in the center is a reinforcing safety element that protects against side impact.

We finally remove the panel to access the door lock drive, it is attached to the back of the protective panel. note that door lock of the car and the lock closing drive are combined in a single unit. We remove a unit from a bulky structure.

When the door lock actuator is finally removed from the secondary panel, we are approaching the very milestone repair - a direct solution to a penny problem.

We disassemble the electric lock


Okay, we still need to get inside the lock actuator. At this point, it becomes more and more obvious that the manufacturer of the lock actuator didn't want you to fix it. The case is made like some kind of bank vault. It is worth turning the case in your hands, and you will understand that it consists of two or three parts, which are held together with small latches.

We take a couple of small flat-head screwdrivers and begin to squeeze through these clips, slowly but surely moving towards dividing the device into two halves. It is possible that you will break a few clips. There is nothing wrong with this, although it is better to try to act with extreme caution. If all or most of the clips are broken, the halves of the assembly will have to be glued, and this will make it difficult to access its electronic innards in the future (if necessary.)

So in front of you inner world hidden from prying eyes. We reduce the scale of our activities, moving further. IN without fail take pictures of all stages of disassembly. This will make the assembly process easier.

Now let's talk about the main

The drive shown in the example has a three-piece housing. The culprit for lock drive failures is usually the electric motor, which is a shiny silver rectangular piece with a worm gear at the end. We just pull it out (it is not fixed by anything) to continue a more thorough inspection.

To make sure that the motor really turned out to be the root of the evil, you can conduct a mini-test by connecting a 9-volt battery to the terminals on the electric motor. If everything is in order, the motor will come to life, if not, it will continue to lie motionless in its place. In our case, the engine did not rotate. Didn't even chirp. Patient found!

At this stage, you can go two ways. Buy a similar electric motor in a spare parts / electronic goods store / working, from disassembly. Or fix this one. Since we promised to show you the option free repair- and the repair here will really cost nothing, - then we will continue the preparation of the motor.

An impromptu test proved that the problem with the lock actuator was definitely in the engine. Let's not delve into the physics of how these little engines work. direct current. You just need to be aware that a part inside the motor called the commutator has become dirty, rendering the motor inoperable. To fix it, you need to clean the collector.

If something breaks, do not rush to immediately throw it away and buy a new one. After all, it happens that the repaired thing looks even more interesting than before. Don't believe? Then check out these extraordinary examples of creativity in fixing broken things.

10 PHOTOS

1 Restoration of an old plate. To do this, you will need unnecessary CDs and glue. Carefully break the discs with a hammer. Do not break discs with bare hands as you may injure yourself. Use glue to glue the colored shards of CDs onto the plate. Of course, eating from such a plate, especially hot dishes, is not recommended, but it is quite possible to use it as a decor. It will be safer to use ceramic tiles, like dogvozdya.ru here, or mosaics.
2 A creative way to "fix" a dent in a car. You can take the car to a car repair shop. For a fairly decent amount, they will level, putty and paint over the dent. But if you have artistic skills, you can turn a dent into creative art.
3 Broken flower pots turned into original arrangements. You can make a ladder or just make such a multi-level pot.
4 How to hide children's drawing on the wall. To do this, you will need a marker and some artistic skills.
5 Lego instead of bricks. Bright and original. The most important thing is to have unnecessary LEGO constructor, since buying a new one will more expensive than buying bricks.
6 Sometimes you can do nothing but make an art object (the inscription under the frame: "Our first Thanksgiving"). To do this, you just need to buy a frame and make a sign with the inscription. Think it looks stupid? Visit the Gallery of Modern Art.
7 Repair chair with lace. great way for those who know how to crochet. Beautiful and original.
8 The wall suffered from a breakthrough of water, but the owners found original solution by placing the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles in the destroyed wall. Original and creative.
Repairing cracked walls with a fake geode. A geode is a geological formation. This geode is made from paper or resin by street artist and designer Paige Smith. Similar installations can be found on the streets of Los Angeles, Madrid, Istanbul, Philadelphia.

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