The main parts of an internal combustion engine. The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine

01.10.2019

Brake system

For about a hundred years, everywhere in the world, the main power unit on cars and motorcycles, tractors and combines, and other equipment has been an internal combustion engine. Coming at the beginning of the twentieth century to replace external combustion engines (steam), it remains the most cost-effective type of motor in the twenty-first century. In this article, we will consider in detail the device, the principle of operation of various types of internal combustion engines and its main auxiliary systems.

Definition and general features of the internal combustion engine

The main feature of any internal combustion engine is that the fuel ignites directly inside its working chamber, and not in additional external carriers. During operation, chemical and thermal energy from fuel combustion is converted into mechanical work. The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine is based on the physical effect of thermal expansion of gases, which is formed during the combustion of the fuel-air mixture under pressure inside the engine cylinders.

Classification of internal combustion engines

In the process of evolution of internal combustion engines, the following types of these motors have proven their effectiveness:

Piston internal combustion engines. In them, the working chamber is located inside the cylinders, and the thermal energy is converted into mechanical work by means of a crank mechanism that transfers the energy of motion to the crankshaft. Piston engines are divided, in turn, into
carburetor, in which the air-fuel mixture is formed in the carburetor, injected into the cylinder and ignited there by a spark from a spark plug;

injection, in which the mixture is fed directly into the intake manifold, through special nozzles, under the control of the electronic control unit, and is also ignited by means of a candle;
diesel, in which the ignition of the air-fuel mixture occurs without a candle, by compressing air, which is heated by pressure from a temperature exceeding the combustion temperature, and fuel is injected into the cylinders through nozzles.
Rotary piston internal combustion engines. In motors of this type, thermal energy is converted into mechanical work by rotating the working gases of a rotor of a special shape and profile. The rotor moves along a "planetary trajectory" inside the working chamber, which has the shape of a "eight", and performs the functions of both a piston and a timing (gas distribution mechanism), and a crankshaft.
gas turbine internal combustion engines. In these motors, the transformation of thermal energy into mechanical work is carried out by rotating the rotor with special wedge-shaped blades, which drives the turbine shaft.

The most reliable, unpretentious, economical in terms of fuel consumption and the need for regular maintenance are piston engines.

Equipment with other types of internal combustion engines can be included in the Red Book. Nowadays only Mazda makes cars with rotary piston engines. An experimental series of cars with a gas turbine engine was produced by Chrysler, but it was in the 60s, and none of the automakers returned to this issue. In the USSR, T-80 tanks and Zubr landing ships were equipped with gas turbine engines, but later it was decided to abandon this type of engine. In this regard, let us dwell in detail on the "world-dominated" reciprocating internal combustion engines.

The engine housing combines into a single organism:

cylinder block, inside the combustion chambers of which the fuel-air mixture ignites, and the gases from this combustion drive the pistons;
crank mechanism, which transfers the energy of motion to the crankshaft;
gas distribution mechanism, which is designed to ensure the timely opening / closing of valves for the inlet / outlet of the combustible mixture and exhaust gases;
supply system ("injection") and ignition ("ignition") of the fuel-air mixture;
combustion products removal system(exhaust gases).

Cross section of a four-stroke internal combustion engine

When the engine is started, an air-fuel mixture is injected into its cylinders through the intake valves and ignites there from a spark plug spark. During combustion and thermal expansion of gases from excess pressure, the piston sets in motion, transferring mechanical work to the rotation of the crankshaft.

The operation of a piston internal combustion engine is carried out cyclically. These cycles are repeated at a frequency of several hundred times per minute. This ensures continuous translational rotation of the crankshaft exiting the engine.

Let's define terminology. A stroke is a work process that occurs in an engine in one stroke of the piston, more precisely, in one of its movements in one direction, up or down. A cycle is a set of cycles that repeat in a certain sequence. According to the number of strokes within one working cycle, internal combustion engines are divided into two-stroke (the cycle is carried out in one revolution of the crankshaft and two strokes of the piston) and four-stroke (for two revolutions of the crankshaft and four pistons). At the same time, both in those and in other engines, the working process goes according to the following plan: intake; compression; combustion; expansion and release.

The principles of operation of the internal combustion engine

- The principle of operation of a two-stroke engine

When the engine starts, the piston, entrained by the rotation of the crankshaft, begins to move. As soon as it reaches its bottom dead center (BDC) and proceeds to move up, a fuel-air mixture is supplied to the combustion chamber of the cylinder.

In its upward movement, the piston compresses it. When the piston reaches its top dead center (TDC), a spark from the electronic spark plug ignites the air-fuel mixture. Instantly expanding, the vapors of burning fuel rapidly push the piston back to the bottom dead center.

At this time, the exhaust valve opens, through which hot exhaust gases are removed from the combustion chamber. Having passed BDC again, the piston resumes its movement to TDC. During this time, the crankshaft makes one revolution.

With a new movement of the piston, the inlet channel of the fuel-air mixture opens again, which replaces the entire volume of exhaust gases, and the whole process is repeated anew. Due to the fact that the work of the piston in such motors is limited to two strokes, it makes a much smaller number of movements per unit of time than in a four-stroke engine. Friction losses are minimized. However, a lot of heat energy is released, and two-stroke engines heat up faster and more strongly.

In two-stroke engines, the piston replaces the gas distribution valve mechanism, during its movement at certain moments, opening and closing the intake and exhaust working openings in the cylinder. Worse, compared with a four-stroke engine, gas exchange is the main drawback of a two-stroke ICE system. At the moment of removal of exhaust gases, a certain percentage of not only the working substance, but also power is lost.

The areas of practical application of two-stroke internal combustion engines are mopeds and scooters; outboard motors, lawn mowers, chainsaws, etc. low power technology.

Four-stroke internal combustion engines are deprived of these shortcomings, which, in various versions, are installed on almost all modern cars, tractors and other equipment. In them, the intake / exhaust of a combustible mixture / exhaust gases are carried out as separate workflows, and not combined with compression and expansion, as in two-stroke ones. With the help of the gas distribution mechanism, the mechanical synchronization of the operation of the intake and exhaust valves with the crankshaft speed is ensured. In a four-stroke engine, the injection of the fuel-air mixture occurs only after the complete removal of exhaust gases and the closing of the exhaust valves.

The working process of an internal combustion engine

Each stroke of work is one stroke of the piston in the range from top to bottom dead center. In this case, the engine goes through the following phases of operation:

Stroke one, inlet. The piston moves from top dead center to bottom dead center. At this time, a vacuum occurs inside the cylinder, the intake valve opens and the fuel-air mixture enters. At the end of the intake, the pressure in the cylinder cavity is in the range from 0.07 to 0.095 MPa; temperature - from 80 to 120 degrees Celsius.
Bar two, compression. When the piston moves from bottom to top dead center and the intake and exhaust valves are closed, the combustible mixture is compressed in the cylinder cavity. This process is accompanied by an increase in pressure up to 1.2-1.7 MPa, and temperature - up to 300-400 degrees Celsius.
Bar three, expansion. The fuel-air mixture ignites. This is accompanied by the release of a significant amount of thermal energy. The temperature in the cavity of the cylinder rises sharply to 2.5 thousand degrees Celsius. Under pressure, the piston moves quickly to its bottom dead center. The pressure indicator in this case is from 4 to 6 MPa.
Bar four, issue. During the reverse movement of the piston to the top dead center, the exhaust valve opens, through which the exhaust gases are pushed out of the cylinder into the exhaust pipe, and then into the environment. The pressure indicators in the final stage of the cycle are 0.1-0.12 MPa; temperature - 600-900 degrees Celsius.

Auxiliary systems of the internal combustion engine

The ignition system is part of the electrical equipment of the machine and is designed to provide a spark, igniting the fuel-air mixture in the working chamber of the cylinder. The components of the ignition system are:

Power supply. During engine start, this is the battery, and during its operation, the generator.
Switch, or ignition switch. This was previously a mechanical, and in recent years, more and more often an electrical contact device for supplying electrical voltage.
Energy storage. A coil, or autotransformer, is a unit designed to store and convert enough energy to cause the desired discharge between the spark plug electrodes.
Ignition distributor (distributor). A device designed to distribute a high voltage pulse along the wires leading to the candles of each of the cylinders.

ICE ignition system

- intake system

The ICE intake system is designed For uninterrupted filing into the motor atmospheric air, for mixing it with fuel and preparing a combustible mixture. It should be noted that in the carburetor engines of the past, the intake system consists of an air duct and an air filter. And that's it. The composition of the intake system of modern cars, tractors and other equipment includes:

air intake. It is a branch pipe of a form convenient for each specific engine. Through it, atmospheric air is sucked into the engine, through the difference in pressure in the atmosphere and in the engine, where vacuum occurs when the pistons move.
Air filter. This is a consumable product designed to clean the air entering the motor from dust and solid particles, their retention on the filter.
throttle valve. An air valve designed to regulate the supply of the desired amount of air. Mechanically, it is activated by pressing the gas pedal, and in modern technology - using electronics.
Intake manifold. Distributes the air flow through the engine cylinders. To give the air flow the desired distribution, special intake flaps and a vacuum booster are used.

The fuel system, or the power supply system of the internal combustion engine, is "responsible" for uninterrupted fuel supply to form a fuel-air mixture. The fuel system includes:

Fuel tank- a container for storing gasoline or diesel fuel, with a device for taking fuel (pump).
Fuel lines- a set of tubes and hoses through which its "food" enters the engine.
Mixing device, i.e. carburetor or injector- a special mechanism for the preparation of the fuel-air mixture and its injection into the internal combustion engine.
Electronic control unit(ECU) mixture formation and injection - in injection engines, this device is “responsible” for synchronous and efficient work on the formation and supply of a combustible mixture to the engine.
Fuel pump- an electrical device for pumping gasoline or diesel fuel into the fuel line.
The fuel filter is a consumable for additional purification of fuel during its transportation from the tank to the engine.

ICE fuel system diagram

- Lubrication system

The purpose of the ICE lubrication system is friction reduction and its destructive effect on parts; abduction parts of the excess heat; removal products soot and wear; protection metal against corrosion. The engine lubrication system includes:

Oil pan- engine oil storage tank. The oil level in the sump is controlled not only by a special dipstick, but also by a sensor.
Oil pump- pumps oil from the sump and delivers it to the necessary engine parts through special drilled channels - "lines". Under the influence of gravity, the oil flows down from the lubricated parts, back into the oil pan, accumulates there, and the lubrication cycle is repeated again.
Oil filter traps and removes solid particles from engine oil formed from soot and wear products of parts. The filter element is always replaced with a new one with every engine oil change.
Oil radiator Designed to cool engine oil using liquid from the engine cooling system.

The exhaust system of the internal combustion engine serves for removing spent gases And noise reduction motor work. In modern technology, the exhaust system consists of the following parts (in order of exhaust gases leaving the engine):

An exhaust manifold. This is a pipe system made of heat-resistant cast iron, which receives hot exhaust gases, dampens their primary oscillatory process and sends them further to the exhaust pipe.
Downpipe- a curved gas outlet made of fire-resistant metal, popularly referred to as "pants".
Resonator, or, in popular language, the “bank” of the muffler is a container in which exhaust gases are separated and their speed is reduced.
Catalyst- a device designed for purification of exhaust gases and their neutralization.
Muffler- a container with a complex of special partitions designed to repeatedly change the direction of gas flow and, accordingly, their noise level.

Exhaust system

- Cooling system

If on mopeds, scooters and inexpensive motorcycles an air cooling system of the engine is still used - with an oncoming air flow, then for more powerful equipment it is, of course, not enough. This is where a liquid cooling system comes into play. For absorbing excess heat at the motor and reduction of thermal loads on its details.

Radiator The cooling system is used to release excess heat to the environment. It consists of a large number of curved aluminum tubes, with fins for additional heat dissipation.
Fan designed to enhance the cooling effect on the radiator from the oncoming air flow.
Water pump(pump) - "drives" the coolant in the "small" and "large" circles, ensuring its circulation through the engine and radiator.
Thermostat- a special valve that ensures the optimum temperature of the coolant by starting it in a "small circle", bypassing the radiator (when the engine is cold) and in a "large circle", through the radiator - when the engine is warm.

The coordinated work of these auxiliary systems ensures maximum efficiency from the internal combustion engine and its reliability.

In conclusion, it should be noted that in the foreseeable future, worthy competitors to the internal combustion engine are not expected to appear. There is every reason to assert that in its modern, improved form, it will remain the dominant type of motor in all sectors of the world economy for several decades to come.

To date internal combustion engine (ICE) or as it is also called "aspirated" - the main type of engine that is widely used in the automotive industry. What is DVS? This is a multifunctional thermal unit that, using chemical reactions and the laws of physics, converts the chemical energy of the fuel mixture into mechanical force (work).

Internal combustion engines are divided into:

Piston engine.
Rotary piston engine.
Gas turbine engine.

The piston internal combustion engine is the most popular among the above engines, it has won worldwide recognition and has been a leader in the auto industry for many years. I propose to consider the device in more detail ICE, as well as the principle of its work.

The advantages of a piston internal combustion engine include:

Universality (application on various vehicles).
High level of battery life.
Compact dimensions.
Acceptable price.
Ability to start quickly.
Light weight.
Ability to work with different types of fuel.

In addition to the "pluses", it has an internal combustion engine and a number of serious disadvantages, including:

High crankshaft speed.
Great noise level.
Too much toxicity in the exhaust gases.
Low efficiency (coefficient of performance).
A small service resource.

Internal combustion engines differ by type of fuel, they are:

Petrol.
Diesel.
As well as gas and alcohol.

The last two can be called alternative, because today they are not widely used.

Alcohol-based internal combustion engine running on hydrogen is the most promising and environmentally friendly, it does not emit harmful "CO2" into the atmosphere, which is contained in the exhaust gases of reciprocating internal combustion engines.

The piston internal combustion engine consists of the following subsystems:

Crank mechanism (KShM).
intake system.
Fuel system.
Lubrication system.
Ignition system (in gasoline engines).
Graduation system.
Cooling system.
Control system.

The engine housing consists of several parts, which include: a cylinder block, as well as a cylinder head (cylinder head). The task of the crankshaft is to convert the reciprocating movements of the piston into rotational movements of the crankshaft. The gas distribution mechanism is necessary for the internal combustion engine to ensure the timely intake of the fuel-air mixture into the cylinders and the same timely release of exhaust gases.

The intake system serves to timely supply air to the engine, which is necessary for the formation of a fuel-air mixture. The fuel system supplies fuel to the engine, in tandem these two systems work to form a fuel-air mixture, after which it is fed through the injection system into the combustion chamber.

The ignition of the fuel-air mixture occurs due to the ignition system (in gasoline ICEs), in diesel engines, ignition occurs due to compression of the mixture and glow plugs.

The lubrication system, as the name implies, is used to lubricate rubbing parts, thereby reducing their wear, increasing their service life and thereby removing the temperature from their surfaces. Cooling of heated surfaces and parts is provided by the cooling system, it removes the temperature with the help of coolant through its channels, which, passing through the radiator, is cooled and repeats the cycle. The exhaust system ensures the removal of exhaust gases from the ICE cylinders by means of which is part of this system, reduces the noise accompanied by the emission of gases and their toxicity.

The engine management system (in modern models, the electronic control unit (ECU) or on-board computer is responsible for this) is necessary for electronic control of all the above systems and ensuring their synchronization.

How does an internal combustion engine work?

The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine is based on the effect of thermal expansion of gases, which occurs during the combustion of the fuel-air mixture, due to which the piston moves in the cylinder. The working cycle of an internal combustion engine occurs in two revolutions of the crankshaft and consists of four cycles, hence the name - a four-stroke engine.

The first stroke is the inlet.
The second is compression.
The third is the workflow.
Fourth release.

During the first two strokes - intake and working stroke, it moves down, for the other two compression and exhaust - the piston goes up. The duty cycle of each of the cylinders is configured in such a way as not to coincide in phase, this is necessary in order to ensure the uniform operation of the internal combustion engine. There are other engines in the world, the duty cycle of which occurs in just two cycles - compression and power stroke, this engine is called a two-stroke.

On the intake stroke, the fuel system and the intake form a fuel-air mixture, which is formed in the intake manifold or directly in the combustion chamber (it all depends on the type of design). In the intake manifold in the case of central and distributed injection of gasoline internal combustion engines. In the combustion chamber in the case of direct injection in gasoline and diesel engines. The fuel-air mixture or air during the opening of the inlet timing valves is supplied to the combustion chamber due to the vacuum that occurs during the downward movement of the piston.

The intake valves close on the compression stroke, after which the air-fuel mixture in the engine cylinders is compressed. During the "power stroke" stroke, the mixture ignites forcibly or spontaneously ignites. After ignition, a large pressure arises in the chamber, which is created by gases, this pressure acts on the piston, which has no choice but to start moving down. This movement of the piston, in close contact with the crank mechanism, drives the crankshaft, which in turn generates a torque that sets the wheels of the car in motion.

The "exhaust" stroke, after which the exhaust gases release the combustion chamber, and then the exhaust system, leaving cooled and partially cleaned into the atmosphere.

Short summary

After we have considered working principle of an internal combustion engine you can understand why the internal combustion engine has a low efficiency, which is about 40%. While a useful action is taking place in one cylinder, the rest of the cylinders, roughly speaking, are idle, providing the work of the first one with cycles: intake, compression, exhaust.

That's all for me, I hope you understand everything, after reading this article you can easily answer the question of what an internal combustion engine is and how an internal combustion engine works. Thank you for your attention!

(internal combustion engine) is a heat engine and operates on the principle of burning a mixture of fuel and air in a combustion chamber. The main task of such a device is the conversion of the combustion energy of the fuel charge into mechanical useful work.

Despite the general principle of operation, today there are a large number of units that differ significantly from each other due to a number of individual design features. In this article we will talk about what internal combustion engines are, and what are their main features and differences.

Read in this article

Types of internal combustion engines

Let's start with the fact that the internal combustion engine can be two-stroke and four-stroke. As for automobile engines, these units are four-stroke. Engine cycles are:

intake of a fuel-air mixture or air (depending on the type of internal combustion engine);
compression of a mixture of fuel and air;
fuel charge combustion and power stroke;
release from the combustion chamber of exhaust gases;

Both gasoline and diesel piston engines, which are widely used in cars and other equipment, work on this principle. It is also worth mentioning and in which gas fuel is burned similarly to diesel fuel or gasoline.

Petrol power units

Such a power system, especially distributed injection, allows you to increase engine power, while achieving fuel efficiency and reducing exhaust toxicity. This is made possible thanks to the precise dosage of the supplied fuel under control (electronic engine management system).

Further development of fuel supply systems led to the emergence of engines with direct (direct) injection. Their main difference from their predecessors is that air and fuel are supplied to the combustion chamber separately. In other words, the injector is not installed above the intake valves, but is mounted directly into the cylinder.

This solution allows you to supply fuel directly, and the supply itself is divided into several stages (sub-injections). As a result, it is possible to achieve the most efficient and complete combustion of the fuel charge, the engine gets the opportunity to run on a lean mixture (for example, engines of the GDI family), fuel consumption drops, exhaust toxicity decreases, etc.

Diesel engines

It runs on diesel fuel, and is also significantly different from gasoline. The main difference is the absence of a spark ignition system. The ignition of the mixture of fuel and air in a diesel engine comes from compression.

Simply put, air is compressed in the cylinders, which heats up a lot. At the last moment, injection occurs directly into the combustion chamber, after which the heated and highly compressed mixture ignites on its own.

If we compare diesel and gasoline internal combustion engines, diesel is characterized by higher efficiency, better efficiency and maximum, which is available at low speeds. Taking into account the fact that diesel engines develop more traction at lower crankshaft speeds, in practice such a motor does not need to be “turned” at the start, and you can also count on a confident pickup from the very bottom.

However, in the list of disadvantages of such units, one can single out, as well as more weight and lower speeds in the maximum speed mode. The fact is that the diesel engine is initially “low-speed” and has a lower rotational speed compared to gasoline internal combustion engines.

Diesels also have a greater mass, since the features of compression ignition imply more serious loads on all elements of such an assembly. In other words, the parts in a diesel engine are stronger and heavier. Also, diesel engines are noisier, due to the process of ignition and combustion of diesel fuel.

rotary engine

The Wankel engine (rotary piston engine) is a fundamentally different power plant. In such an internal combustion engine, the usual pistons that reciprocate in the cylinder are simply absent. The main element of a rotary motor is the rotor.

The specified rotor rotates along a given trajectory. Rotary internal combustion engines are gasoline, since such a design is not capable of providing a high degree of compression of the working mixture.

The advantages include compactness, high power with a small working volume, as well as the ability to quickly spin up to high speeds. As a result, cars with such an internal combustion engine have outstanding acceleration characteristics.

If we talk about the minuses, then it is worth highlighting a noticeably reduced resource compared to piston units, as well as high fuel consumption. Also, a rotary engine is characterized by increased toxicity, that is, it does not quite fit into modern environmental standards.

hybrid engine

On some internal combustion engines, to obtain the necessary power, it is used in combination with a turbocharger, while on others with exactly the same displacement and layout, such solutions are not available.

For this reason, for an objective assessment of the performance of a particular engine at different speeds, and not on the crankshaft, but on the wheels, it is necessary to carry out special complex measurements on a dyno.

The principle of operation of the internal combustion engine (ICE)

The action of a piston internal combustion engine is based on the use of thermal expansion pressure of heated gases during piston movement. Heating of gases occurs as a result of combustion in the cylinder of the fuel-air mixture. To repeat the cycle, the exhaust gas mixture must be released at the end of the piston movement and filled with a new portion of fuel and air. In the extreme position, the fuel is ignited by a spark of a candle. The intake and exhaust of fuel and combustion products occur through valves controlled by the gas distribution mechanism and the fuel supply system.

Thus, the engine operation cycle is divided into the following stages:

intake stroke.
Compression stroke.
The expansion stroke, or work stroke.
Release stroke.

The force from the moving piston of the cylinder through the crankshaft is converted into rotational motion of the engine shaft. Part of the rotational energy is spent on returning the pistons to their original state, to complete a new cycle. The design of the shaft determines the different position of the pistons in different cylinders at any given time. Thus, the more cylinders in the engine, the, in general, the more uniform the rotation of its shaft.

According to the location of the cylinders, engines are divided into several types:

a) Engines with vertical or inclined arrangement of cylinders in one row

B) V-shaped with the mutual arrangement of cylinders at an angle in the form of the Latin letter V:

D) Engines with opposed cylinders. It is called "opposite", the cylinders in it are located at an angle of 180 degrees:

The gas distribution mechanism of the engine on the exhaust stroke ensures that the cylinders are cleaned of combustion products (exhaust gases) and the cylinders are filled with a new portion of the fuel-air mixture at the intake stroke.

The ignition system produces a high voltage discharge and transmits it to the cylinder plug through a high voltage wire. The ignition is controlled by a distributor, the wires from which are suitable for each candle. The distributor is designed in such a way that the discharge occurs precisely in the cylinder where the piston is currently passing the point of greatest compression of the fuel mixture. If the mixture ignites earlier, then the gas pressure will work against its course, if later, the power released by the expansion of gases will not be fully used.

To start the engine, it must be given the initial movement. For this, a start system is used (see the article "how the starter works") from an electric motor - a starter.

Benefits of gasoline engines

Lower noise and vibration levels compared to diesel;
Great power with equal engine size;
The ability to work at high speeds, without serious consequences for the engine.

Disadvantages of gasoline engines

Greater than diesel fuel consumption, and higher requirements for its quality;
The need for the presence and constant operation of the fuel ignition system;
The greatest power of gasoline internal combustion engines is achieved in a narrow speed range.

More than one hundred and fifty years have passed since the invention of the first engine powered by combustion of the fuel mixture. Humanity has advanced in technological progress, but it still cannot be replaced. This type of power plant is used as a drive on machinery. Mopeds, cars, tractors, and other self-propelled units work due to the motor.

During the operation, more than ten types and types of motors were invented and applied for use. However, the principle of operation has not changed. Compared to the steam generator that preceded the installation, the engine that converts the thermal energy of combustion into mechanical work is more economical with a high efficiency. These properties are the key to the success of the motor, which remains in demand and popular for a century and a half.

Cross section of a piston internal combustion engine

Feature of work

The feature that makes the motor unlike other installations is that the operation of the internal combustion engine is accompanied by the ignition of the fuel mixture directly in the chamber. The very space where combustion occurs, inside the installation, this formed the basis for the name of the classification of motors. In the process of a complex exothermic reaction, when the initial working mixture is converted into combustion products with the release of heat, a transformation into mechanical work is performed. Work due to thermal expansion, a driving force, without which the existence of the installation would not be possible. The principle is tied to the pressure, gases in the space of the cylinder.

Types of motors

In the process of technological progress, types of units were developed and tested in which fuel was burned in the internal space, not all of them proved their feasibility. The most common types of internal combustion engines have been identified:

Piston installation.

The component part of the unit is made in the form of a block with cylindrical cavities mounted inside. Part of the cylinder is used to burn fuel. By means of a piston, a crank and a connecting rod, the combustion energy is transformed into the rotational energy of the shaft. Depending on how the combustible mixture is prepared, the units are divided:

Carburetor. In such installations, fuel is prepared by carburation. Atmospheric air and fuel are transported into the mechanism in proportion, and then mixed inside the plant. The finished mixture is fed into the chamber and burned;
Injector. The working mixture is supplied to the plant by means of a sprayer. The injection is carried out in the manifold and controlled by electronics. Through the collector, the fuel enters the chamber, where it is ignited by a candle;
Diesel. The principle is fundamentally different from previous opponents. The process is driven by pressure. A portion of fuel (diesel fuel) is injected into the volume through the atomizer, the air temperature is higher than the combustion temperature, the fuel ignites.

Piston motor:

Rotary piston motor. The transformation of the expansion energy of gases into mechanical work occurs due to the rotation of the rotor. The rotor is a part of a special profile, on which gases are pressed, forcing them to perform rotational movements. The trajectory of the rotor movement along the volumetric displacement chamber is complex, formed by an epitrochoid. The rotor performs the following functions: piston, gas distributor, shaft.

Rotary piston motor:

gas turbine engines. The process is carried out by converting heat into work. Rotor blades are directly involved. The rotation of parts from the flow of gases is transmitted to the turbine.

Today, piston engines have completely supplanted other types of installations and have taken a dominant position in the automotive industry. The percentage of rotary piston engines is small, since only Mazda is engaged in production. In addition, the production of installations is carried out in limited quantities. Gas turbine units also did not take root, because they had a number of disadvantages for civilian use, the main one being increased fuel consumption.

The classification of internal combustion engines is also possible according to the fuel consumed. Motors use: gasoline, diesel, gas, combined fuel.

Gas turbine engine:

Device

Despite the variety of installations, types of internal combustion engines are assembled from several nodes. The set of components is placed in the body of the unit. A clear and well-coordinated work of each component separately, in the aggregate, represents the motor as a single indivisible organism.

Motor block. The cylinder block combines cylindrical cavities, inside which ignition and combustion of the air-fuel mixture occurs. Combustion leads to thermal expansion of gases, and the engine cylinders serve as a guide that prevents the heat flow from going beyond the required limits;

Engine block:

The mechanism of the cranks and connecting rods of the motor. A set of levers through which a force is transmitted to the crankshaft, forcing it to perform rotational movements;

Crank mechanism of the motor:

Motor gas distributor. Sets the intake and exhaust valves in motion, promotes the gas exchange process. Removes mining from the cavity of the unit, fills it with the necessary portion in order to continue the operation of the mechanism;

Gas distribution mechanism of the motor:

Fuel supply in the motor. It serves to prepare a portion of fuel in the required proportion with air, transfers this portion to the cavity by spraying or by gravity;

Ignition system in the motor. The mechanism ignites the incoming portion in the cavity of the chamber. It is carried out by means of a spark plug or glow plug.

Spark plug:

The system for removing waste products from the motor. The mechanism is designed to effectively remove burnt products and excess heat.

intake pipe:

The start of the internal combustion power plant is accompanied by the supply of fuel to the unit, and the substance burns out in the cavity of the volumetric displacement chamber. The process is accompanied by the release of heat and an increase in volume, which provokes the movement of the piston. Moving, the part converts mechanical work into torsion of the crank mechanism.

Upon completion, the action is repeated again, thus without interruption for a minute. The processes during which the work of the installation is performed:

Tact. Movement of the piston from the lowest position to the highest position and vice versa. A beat counts as one movement in one direction.
Cycle. The total number of cycles required to complete the work. Structurally, the units are able to perform a cycle in 2 (one revolution of the shaft) or 4 (two revolutions) cycles.
Workflow. Action, implying: mixture inlet, squeezing, oxidation, working stroke, removal. The working process is typical for both two-stroke engines and four-stroke engines.

two stroke motor

The principle of operation of an internal combustion engine using two cycles as a working process is simple. A distinctive feature of the motor, the performance of two cycles: squeezing and working stroke. The intake and purge strokes are integrated into the compression and power stroke, so the shaft rotates 360° per stroke.

The order to be executed is:

Squeezing. The piston moves from the extreme lower position to the extreme upper position. The movement creates a vacuum under the piston, due to which fuel seeps through the vent holes. Further movement provokes the overlap of the intake hole with the piston skirt and the exhaust holes leading out. Closed space contributes to the growth of tension. At the highest point, the charge is ignited.
Expansion. Combustion creates pressure inside the chamber, forcing the piston to move down through the expansion of gases. There is an alternate opening of the outlet and purge windows. The tension in the bottom area provokes the flow of fuel into the cylindrical cavity, while simultaneously clearing it of mining.

The device of the unit for two cycles eliminates the mechanism for distributing gases, which affects the quality of the exchange process. In addition, purge cannot be excluded, and this greatly increases fuel consumption, since part of the mixture is thrown out with the exhaust gases.

The principle of operation of a two-stroke motor:

Four stroke motor

Motors that perform 4 strokes of the internal combustion engine during the work process are equipped with the equipment used today. In these motors, the input and output of fuel and mining are performed in separate cycles. The engines use a gas distribution mechanism that synchronizes the valves and the shaft. The advantage of a four-stroke engine is the supply of fuel to a chamber cleaned of exhaust gases with closed valves, which eliminates fuel leakage.

The order is:

Enter.Move the piston from the topmost position to the bottommost position. A vacuum occurs in the cavity, which opens the intake valve. The fuel enters the displacement chamber.
Squeezing. Moving the piston from the bottom up (extreme positions). The inlet and outlet openings are blocked, which contributes to an increase in pressure in the positive displacement chamber.
Working stroke. The mixture ignites, heat is released, a sharp increase in volume and an increase in the force pressing on the piston. The movement of the latter to the lowest position.
Cleaning. The outlet ports are open, the piston moves from bottom to top. Getting rid of mining, cleaning the cavity before the next portion of the working mixture.

The mechanical efficiency of an internal combustion engine, with a cycle of 4 strokes, is lower in comparison with a 2-stroke unit. This is due to a complex device and the presence of a gas distribution mechanism, which takes part of the energy onto itself.

The principle of operation of a four-stroke motor:

Sparking mechanism

The purpose of the mechanism is timely sparking in the cavity of the motor cylinder. The spark helps ignite the fuel and make the unit work. The sparking mechanism, an integral part of the electrical equipment of the car, which includes:

Source of electrical energy storage, battery. A source that generates electrical energy, a generator.
A mechanical or electrical device that supplies electrical voltage to the car's network, it is also called ignition.
Accumulator and converter of electrical energy, transformer, or coil. The mechanism provides a sufficient charge on the engine candles.
Ignition distribution mechanism, or distributor. The device is designed to distribute and timely supply an electrical impulse to the desired cylinder to the spark plugs.

intake mechanism

The purpose of the mechanism is the uninterrupted formation of the required amount of air in the cylinders of the internal combustion engine of a car. Subsequently, air is mixed with fuel, and all this is ignited for the working process. Obsolete, carbureted engines used an air filter element and an air duct for intake. Modern installations are equipped with:

Motor air intake mechanism. The part is made in the form of a branch pipe with a certain profile. The objective of the design is to supply as much air as possible into the cylinder while creating less resistance at the inlet. The suction of the air mass occurs due to the pressure difference when the piston moves to the bottom dead center position.
Motor air filter element. The part is used to clean the air entering the motor. The operation of the element affects the resource and performance of the power plant. The filter refers to consumables, and changes after a period of time.
Motor throttle valve. A bypass mechanism located in the intake manifold and regulating the amount of air supplied to the motor. The part works electronically or mechanically.
Motor intake manifold. The purpose of the mechanism is to distribute the amount of air evenly over the engine cylinders. The process is controlled by intake flaps and flow amplifiers.

Intake system:

Power mechanism

Purpose, uninterrupted supply of fuel for subsequent mixing with air and preparation of a homogeneous stoichiometric mixture. The power mechanism includes:

Motor tank. A container of a closed type in which fuel (gasoline, diesel fuel) is stored. The tank is equipped with a fuel intake device (pump) and a tank filling device (filler neck).
Fuel wiring of the motor. Branch pipes, hoses through which fuel is transported or redirected.
A mechanism that mixes fuel in a motor. Initially, power plants were equipped with a carburetor; modern engines use an injector. The task is to feed the prepared mixture into the combustion chamber.
Control unit. Purpose of the mechanism, control mixture formation and injection. In units equipped with an injector, the device synchronizes the operation to increase the efficiency of the process.
Motor pump. A device that creates voltage in the fuel wire of the motor and promotes the movement of a flammable liquid.
Filtration element. The mechanism cleans the incoming fuel from impurities and dirt, which increases the resource of the power plant.

Power Mechanism:

Lubrication mechanism

The purpose of the mechanism is to provide the parts of the power plant with the necessary amount of oil to create a protective film on the surfaces. The use of liquid reduces the effect of friction force at the points of contact of parts, removes wear products, protects the unit from corrosion, seals components and mechanisms. consists of:

Motor sump. A container in which the lubricant is placed, stored and cooled. For the normal functioning of the motor, it is important to observe the required oil level, so the pans are equipped with a dipstick for control.
Motor oil pump. A mechanism that pumps fluid from the engine sump and directs oil to points that need lubrication. The movement of oil occurs along the highways.
Oil filter element. The purpose of the part is to purify the oil from impurities and wear products that circulate in the motor. The element is changed at each oil change, since work affects the wear of the mechanism.
Motor oil cooler. Appointment of the mechanism, removal of excess heat from the lubrication system. Since oil removes heat from overheated surfaces, the oil itself is also subject to overheating. A characteristic feature of the lubrication mechanism, mandatory use, no matter what model of internal combustion engine is used. This happens for the reason that today there is no more effective method of protecting the motor.

Lubrication system:

Release mechanism

The mechanism is designed to remove exhaust gases and reduce noise during engine operation. Consists of the following components:

Engine exhaust manifold. A set of nozzles made of heat-resistant material, since they are the first to come into contact with hot gases leaving the combustion chamber. The collector dampens vibrations and transports gases further into the pipe;
Motor pipe. The intake pipe is designed to receive gases and transport them further through the system. The material from which the part is made has a high resistance to temperatures.
Resonator. A device that allows you to separate gases and reduce their speed.
Catalyst. Device for cleaning and neutralizing gases.
Motor muffler. The tank with built-in baffles, thanks to the redirection of exhaust gases, reduces noise.

Engine exhaust system:

cooling mechanism

On low-power internal combustion engines, counter-flow cooling of the motor is used. Modern units, automobile, ship, cargo, use liquid cooling. The task of the liquid is to take on some of the excess heat and reduce the thermal load on the components and mechanisms of the unit. The cooling mechanism includes:

Motor radiator. The task of the device is to transfer excess heat from the liquid to the environment. The part includes a set of aluminum tubes with outlet fins;
Motor fan. The task of the fan is to increase the effect of cooling due to the forced airflow of the radiator and the removal of excess heat from its surface.
Motor pump. The task of the water pump is to circulate the coolant through the system. The circulation takes place in a small circle (until the engine is warmed up), after which the valve switches the fluid movement to a large circle.
Bypass valve of the motor. The task of the mechanism is to ensure the switching of fluid circulation from a small circle of circulation to a large circle.

Engine cooling system:

Despite numerous attempts to get away from the internal combustion engine, in the foreseeable future, such a possibility is not foreseen. Therefore, power plants of this type will delight us with their well-coordinated work for a long time to come.