Bluebird Electric speed records
Sir Malcolm Campbell broke the world speed record nine times various cars bluebird. On the sandy coast of Wales Pendine Sands, he set the following records:
- On September 25, 1924, Campbell set a record of 146.16 mph in a Sunbeam car.
- On July 21, 1925, he reached a speed of 242.79 km / h, breaking the line of 150 miles per hour.
In the future, Campbell abandoned Sunbeam cars and built cars of his own design.
- In early 1927, Campbell on Pendina Beach (Great Britain) raised the speed record to 281 km per hour.
A year later, Campbell went to the start with the new Blue Bird. There, in Daytona, he set a record of 333 km / h.
- In 1935, at Lake Bonneville, Utah, he reached a speed of 301.12 miles per hour or 484.620 km/h.
Campbell's latest record was set on Utah's famed Bonneville Salt Lake, discovering that the lake's salty surface was not only perfectly flat, but also provided excellent tire grip. Almost all subsequent speed records were set on Bonneville. After that, the already middle-aged Campbell (he was 49 years old) left the sport, however, in 1940 he broke the world water speed record. Campbell's record was 237 km/h.
- His son, Donald, continued the tradition and broke the 400 mph barrier in a Bluebird.
Campbell first appeared on new car BluebirdCN7 to launch in 1960 at Bonneville. And one of the races almost ended in disaster: the car flew into the air at full speed, rolled over and hit the ground. Contrary to expectations, the rider got off light scratches. Having completely rebuilt the Bluebird and attached a high keel to it for better exchange rate stability, Campbell took her to Australia, to the salt lake Eyre, deciding that the Bonneville track was no longer suitable for such speeds. As a result, Campbell managed to break the record only in 1964. It was 403 miles per hour (648 km/h). When designing the machine, Campbell had hoped for much more. But he must have been happy about that, especially since now he was officially listed as the fastest racer on the planet.
- Don Wales now holds the world speed record. He set two American national records and eight UK records. Wells, following Campbell, continued to set records, the first of which was the speed record for a car in 1998.
- In 2009, he set the current speed record for steam car 148 km/h
- In August 2011, Don Wells set a new record - he overcame the milestone of 500 km / h.
In total, 27 speed records were set on the Bluebird car, 9 of them using Castrol oil.
Notes
Links
- Land speed records at the International Automobile Federation website
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
Try mentioning new speed records in excess of 1000 km/h in any company - there are sure to be a few people who consider them unjustified risk. However, the constant increase in speed is the real engine of progress in automotive industry. Engineers are forced to develop new reliable components for record-breaking cars, as well as modify them in accordance with safety requirements. All technological advances obtained at the same time, sooner or later pass into the civil automotive industry. Therefore, the next world record is not an aimless risk, but a new impetus to development.
origins
Despite the absence of official figures, history will forever remember the name of Emile Levassor, one of the pioneers in automotive industry And brilliant inventor. On his own designed transport, he covered a considerable distance from Paris to Bordeaux and back, winning prestigious competitions. Unfortunately, no one bothered to measure the speed in that race, and the specific figure will forever remain a mystery. However, not only the record brought fame to Levassor, but also the unforgettable phrase that driving at a speed of over thirty km / h can be called real madness.
After that, only 3 years passed before the first official speed record on land transport- in 1898, the car of Count Chasselu-Loba showed a result of 63.15 km / h. It is curious that the car did not use the engine internal combustion- it was driven by a compact electric motor designed by Charles Janto. For achievement record speed it only took one kilometer. It was from that time that the modern method of fixing records began to be applied - the car must overcome a given distance three times, and one race must be done in the opposite direction in order to eliminate the error caused by the effect of the wind.
It took only one year to overcome the milestone of 100 km / h by car. Camille Jenatzi used an original electric car, which he called "Forever Discontented". was only 40 horsepower, but this was quite enough due to the streamlined shape of the body and the ability of electric motors to reach the maximum torque for enough low revs. After that, almost everyone began to dream of their own world speed records.
pre-war time
Doubled the result of the Belgian professional racer Burman, who used a gasoline car produced by Benz. The maximum speed reached by him was 228 km / h. Of course, it was difficult to call this transport serial - it was subjected to many improvements both at the factory and before the race itself. However Benz received good advertising, which in just a couple of months seriously increased its sales.
The next significant bar was overcome by the Englishman Sigrev after the First World War - in 1927. Specially designed for the record, the Sunbeam was able to reach a speed of 327.9 km/h, making it unbeatable for the next 5 years. Yes, in these years the records were short-lived, because the technology was rapidly improving, the power of the motors grew, and the chassis required less and less effort to control it at high speed.
In 1932, the automobile enthusiast Malcolm Campbell became the record holder. He worked on the creation in collaboration with Napier, and was able to achieve speeds in excess of 400 km / h. Imagine a result that is considered almost unattainable for a modern production car, was shown over 80 years ago!
However, Campbell's record was also destined to exist for 5 years. In 1937, when Europe had already met with the first prerequisites for war, John Aiston was able to reach speeds in excess of 500 km / h, which for many years became the maximum for transport with piston engine. Helped him build a car Rolls-Royce company, who prepared a three-wheeled chassis and assembled a motor capable of accelerating it to incredible speed. Only 10 years later, John Cobb broke this record, reaching 600 km / h.
Jet engine time
Surprisingly, Cobb's speed record for a long time remained absolute, despite the rapid improvement of technology in the postwar period. The next result was shown only in 1970 - it belonged to the American stuntman Harry Gabelich. A vehicle called Blue Flame can hardly be called a car - it was rather a rocket more than 11 meters long, equipped with wheels and a cockpit for the pilot. Jet engines were able to disperse the Gabelich car to 1014 km / h, despite the mass exceeding 2 tons.
Interestingly, the speed of sound was first achieved by another American stuntman - Stan Barret, who used the Budweiser Rocket car. An interesting feature such a record transport was the simultaneous installation of a liquid and solid rocket engine on it. Barrett made a record run on the operating runway of a military airfield, showing a result of about 1300 km / h. However, the commission of the International Federation of Motor Sports refused to register the record, because the stuntman refused to drive in the opposite direction, and the radar used by the military did not have automatic system management.
Modernity
Due to the incomprehensible stubbornness of Barret, who refused to try again, maximum record speeds are now associated with the name of Andy Green, who is a pilot in the British Air Force. His result was 1227 km/h, and according to the operator of the measuring complex, in one of these races the speed exceeded 1231 km/h, but an average result was recorded. There is no need to talk about the Thrust SSC drive - traction of 110 thousand horsepower was provided by two turbofan motors Rolls-Royce brands Spey. The track was laid in the USA, in the Black Rock Desert, in the state of Nevada.
The team that built incredible car preparing for a new record. Currently, the active phase of work continues on the vehicle under the name Bloodhound SSC, which, according to the plan of the creators, should reach a speed of 1000 miles, or 1609 km / h. Its acceleration will be carried out in two stages - at the first stage, the car will reach a speed of 1200 km / h thanks to a Eurojet jet engine borrowed from an English fighter, and then a hybrid rocket engine will be launched. Interestingly, to drive pumps and electrical generators the car will use a Jaguar V12 petrol engine with 800 horsepower. A veteran will sit at the helm car records Speed Andy Green.
If we talk about the records set on a production car, then the speed of 455 km / h is developed by the Ford BADD GT, which is produced in a small series. The power of the V8 engine reaches 1700 horsepower thanks to serious modifications by the tuning workshop. A production car is considered because it received official approval design department.
Interestingly, John Cobb's record was truly surpassed in 2001, having existed for 64 years - for this, the American Don Vesco will build a Turbinator car that had a wheel drive. Strictly speaking, Blue Flame and Thrust SSC cannot be considered cars in the usual sense, since they are driven by a jet stream, not an internal combustion engine. Turbinator is equipped with a 3750 horsepower engine, which allows it to accelerate to 737.5 km / h. Don Vesco has already signed a contract with an engineering agency that will supply a 4,400 horsepower engine that will allow it to reach 500 mph, which is 805 km/h.
The never ending struggle
Bloodhound SSC is not the only contender for the title of world record holder - about his intention to prepare supersonic vehicles announced several more teams from different parts of the world. Although their initiatives are not well received by society, engineers appreciate such projects, since each of them brings serious benefits to production cars. While we are waiting for a new speed record, it is worth remembering other interesting achievements:
- The maximum speed of steam transport is 223.75 km / h (2009);
- The maximum speed of a diesel car is 563.42 km / h (2006);
- The speed of the fastest Audi sedan S4 - 418 km / h (1992);
- Speed record - 843.32 km / h (1976).
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Speed has always attracted a person - it made it possible to instantly overcome huge distances, significantly saving precious time. However, not only convenience attracted a person - after all, the name of the one who set a new record was immortalized by technology and gained worldwide fame. That is why world speed records on a car are constantly updated - hundreds of brilliant engineers are working to create even more powerful and advanced cars, millions of dollars are invested in their development, and hundreds of thousands of caring people are waiting with bated breath when the next frontier will be overcome. Surely everyone who is not indifferent to speed will be interested to learn about the history of its conquest.
At the dawn of the automotive era
It is believed that the first speed record belongs to the French driver and designer Emile Levassor, who set it during the Paris-Bordeaux race. The whole world remembers his phrase, which served as the beginning of the desire for high speeds: “We gave out thirty kilometers per hour! It was real madness!” But in 1895 there was no official definition of record figures, so formally the French engineer was left without the status of a pioneer.
And he went to Count Gaston de Chasselus-Loba, who took care of registering his achievement. The car, developed by designer Charles Jeantot, accelerated to 63 km / h at a distance of 1 kilometer. The title of the record holder was decided to be taken by his eternal rival - professional race car driver Camille Zhenatzi, who accelerated to 66 km / h in just a few days. This is how the long-term confrontation began, during which the cars continued to improve and receive, as well as aerodynamic bodies. In 1899, the Comte de Chasselus-Loba finally managed to significantly outrun the enemy, reaching 92.7 km / h - then such a speed was considered simply unattainable.
But just two months later, Camille Zhenatzi set the first landmark speed record by car - he overcame the line of 100 km / h, exceeding it by 5 kilometers. His incredible success he owed a lot to the car with the name "Forever Dissatisfied", which was equipped with electric motors and had a streamlined body made of alloyed aluminum alloy. Such a car was the last of the record electric vehicles - all other cars were already equipped with other types of power units.
Surprisingly, the next milestone was first overcome by steam transport, which has not yet been completely written off - in 1906, racer Fred Marriot in a Stanley car accelerated to 205 km / h. , then still very imperfect, could not reach such a record. But in 1909, a Blitzen Benz car driven by Victor Emery on the Brookland track in Great Britain showed a result of 202 km / h. Two more years later, Robert Burman set the next world speed record, using a car with an internal combustion engine - he reached a value of 228 km / h.
In pursuit of the impossible
The next world speed record was set by Henry Seagreve, who had a Sunbeam "The Slug" 1000 hp, powered by two aircraft engines with a total output of 900 horsepower. On the Daytona Beach track in 1927, he accelerated to 327 km / h, which allowed him to simultaneously exceed the milestone in miles - 200 per hour. Interestingly, unlike the pre-existing prototypes, this car was not at all light - its total starting weight exceeded 4 tons!
Another famous racer, Malcolm Campbell, who had previously unsuccessfully tried to put the world championship on the Blue Bird car equipped with a Napier engine, could not come to terms with the championship of Sigreva. In 1931, Campbell brought a new generation of his famous car, which had the name Campbell-Napier-Railton. During two races, he showed a speed of 396 km / h, just a little short of the next threshold. However, a year later, he returned with a slightly modified car, and reached a speed of 404 km / h, officially writing his name in history and receiving the title of knight.
However, internal combustion engines soon had to make room, giving way to more powerful jet turbines. But until this happened, the American John Ayston took advantage of the maximum available power of the internal combustion engine at that time, installing two aircraft engines with a capacity of 5000 horsepower on his car. In 1937 his record car reached a speed of 502 km / h, driving several times along the bottom of the dried-up Lake Bonneville. In 1939, this record was raised to 575 km / h, but Ayston refused further competition, and soon he was overtaken by the racer John Cobb, who showed the result first at 595 and then at 640 km / h.
Modern records
After World War II, most racers switched to jet engines, which seemed to them. And indeed, on the same dry Lake Bonneville, the American Harry Gabelich in 1970 accelerated to a speed of 1014 km / h. Such a car, called the Blue Flame, was equipped with a single jet turbine, the thrust of which reached about 22 thousand horsepower. In 1979, it was claimed that stuntman Stanley Barrett had broken the speed of sound, but the rider did not want to make a second run according to the rules for setting records, and the army specialists involved in the measurements did not enter his achievement in the protocols.
To date, the maximum car speed record belongs to the Thrust SSC supersonic vehicle, which showed a result of 1228 km/h. The corresponding confirmation record was made in 1997, when the car entered the track in the Black Rock Desert of the USA. The car was equipped with two Rolls-Royce Spey turbofan engines operating in afterburner mode - their total power reached 110 thousand horsepower. Especially for driving such an incredible vehicle, the pilot of the Royal Air Force of Great Britain Andy Green, who is the owner of the driver's title, was invited.
Now the team that created Thrust SSC is working on creating even more fast car, dubbed the Bloodhound SSC. Especially for him, the British Air Force provided the developers with two jet engine, and - an 800-horsepower V8 gasoline engine, all the power of which will be spent on providing motors with electricity, as well as driving fuel pumps. It is assumed that the car will overcome the barrier of 1000 miles or 1609 kilometers per hour, and the well-deserved record holder Andy Green will sit behind her wheel.
The speed record on a production car was set by the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport, which at one time accelerated to 431 km / h thanks to the W16, which is 1200 horsepower. Interestingly, many other manufacturers are trying to challenge this record. The problem is that any production cars of this brand are equipped with a speed limiter that works at 415 km / h, while it was turned off on the car that participated in the record race.
However, the fastest on the roads common use became the Ford GT, which was finalized by PPR and received the new name BADD GT. A car with a forced V8 develops 1700 horsepower and reaches a speed of 455 km / h. But this car cannot be considered serial, since it was produced in a single copy.
Sometimes speeds are confused with a similar achievement on land, which is fundamentally wrong. Thus, the maximum speed achieved by a vehicle that has not left the earth's surface is 10,430 km/h. It belongs to unmanned rocket sled, moving along a specially laid rail track. This achievement was recorded in 2003 at the Holloman Air Force Base in the USA.
Faster and faster
When the record-breaking Bloodhound SSC is ready and this car hits a new milestone, what will be the next threshold the engineers want to cross? Many people will say that such fun is a waste of money that does not bring any benefit to society, and that record races should be stopped. However, it is worth remembering that there are many technical solutions, which were first used in such record-breaking vehicles. Therefore, the whole world should look forward to new speed records.
Which just did not set speed records on a car. The interest to conquer the track, probably, has always been in the blood of racing fans, from the very moment the cars appeared. And many succeeded.
Absolute result
So, before talking about all kinds of speed records on a car (of which there are many), it is worth mentioning the most important result. The maximum figure was reached in 1997, on October 15th. Then a new, absolute and to this day unconquered speed record for a car was set. 1229.78 km / h - the arrow reached this mark on the speedometer. Andy Green, an Englishman and fighter pilot, became the conqueror of the track. The record was set in the desert The car, of course, was not ordinary, but jet - Thrust SSC.
The track, the length of which was 21 kilometers, was marked at the bottom of a dried-up lake located in the Black Rock Desert. Andy's car was powered by two powerful, turbofan power units from " Rolls-Royce". Each motor was equipped with forced draft. AND general power motors reached an incredible figure - 110,000 horsepower. It is not surprising that Green managed to accelerate to such a mark.
"Pioneers"-record holders
And now you can delve into other topics. So, the first world speed record for a car equipped with an internal combustion engine was set by a man like Emile Levassor. This was in 1985. Then the Paris-Bordeaux race took place. In fact, it was the first speed competition! And Emil won them. His phrase, which he said after the races, is widely known: “It was crazy! I did up to thirty kilometers an hour!” Of course, at that time, at the end of the 19th century, the figures were indeed stunning. True, Emil also died because of his love for racing. In 1987, during a speed competition, he had an accident while trying to avoid a dog. He soon died due to his wounds. But his speed record in a car with an internal combustion engine has forever remained in history.
The following results have been officially recorded. In 1898, a speed of 63.149 km / h was reached. The motorist was Count Gaston de Chasselus-Loba. He then drove an electric car designed by Charles Janto. By the way, this was the first officially registered record.
Distance racing
Already at the end of the 19th century, speed competitions began to be held, in which motorists had to overcome a certain distance. Who was the first, he won, everything is logical. And the first was the 100-kilometer distance. She was conquered by Camille Zhenatzi, a Belgian motorist. And it was April 29, 1899. He also drove an electric car with 40 horsepower. The maximum he reached was 105.8 km / h.
The next distance was 200 kilometers. She was conquered in 1911. And then R. Burman became the winner. It is not difficult to guess that he was driving a car from the Benz company. His maximum car speed record was incredible - 228 km/h! What can I say, not all modern machines some brands can work out such a maximum.
300 kilometers was first conquered by H. O. D. Sigrev. This was in 1927. And its maximum stopped at around 327.8 km / h. Then, in 1932, there was a 400 km race. Malcolm Campbell managed to win. And it was 408.6 km / h.
John Aiston won the 500 km race in a Rolls-Royce Aiston in 1937. He “squeezed” out of the car a maximum of 502.4 km / h. And finally, a thousand kilometers. Garry Gabelich covered this distance in 1970, on October 23rd. His car was rocket car called "Blue Flame". amounted to 1014.3 km / h. Interestingly, the car was 11.3 meters long. The race was held on a dry salt lake called Bonneville.
Sound speed
And once it was overcome. This was first done by a man named Stan Barrett. This is a professional stuntman from America, who at the time of the event was 36 years old. He set a record in a 3-wheeler. It was called the Budweiser Rocket. By the way, there were two of them. The main engine is a rocket engine with a thrust of 9900 kgf. And the second - RDTT. He had a thrust of 2000 kgf. It was installed in the car in order to use additional power if the main one was not enough to overcome the declared speed.
The race took place at an air base in California in 1979. By the way, talking about speed records on a car, it should be noted that this one was just not registered by the FIA. And all because the rules of the organization say: to fix the result, you need to spend two races in two different directions. This is done to eliminate the slope of the track and the influence of the wind. Stan Barret refused it. He said the record had already been set.
For a thousand miles
So far, no one has managed to conquer the speed limit of 1000 miles / hour. This, it is worth clarifying, is 1609 kilometers per hour. But people who deal with cars do not lose their enthusiasm. They rightly believe that everything is possible, and this too. The designers of the Bloodhound SSC, for example, have a plan for setting a new record. Most likely, the car intended for the race will be equipped with three power units. The first will be a hybrid rocket engine. The second will be the Eurojet EJ200 jet unit, which is used on a fighter aircraft called And the third - V-shaped motor with 8 cylinders from the Jaguar concern. It will, of course, run on gasoline. But used this engine will be used to drive the pumps that pump fuel to the rocket motor and activate the onboard electric generator.
Other categories
Many women also set speed records in a car. Most best result- this is 843.3 km / h. It was reached by an American girl named Kitty Humbleton. And she set a record in 1976, in December. The engine power of her car was 48,000 “horses”.
The maximum that could be achieved by racers driving a car with a steam engine is 223.7 km / h. There were 12 boilers in the car, where the water was heated by burning natural gas. Approximately 40 kilograms of water were evaporated in the boilers every minute in this way. The power of the installation was approximately 360 liters. With.
And what about the speed record on a production car? Naturally, the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport hypercar is the best in this regard. His figure is 431.072 kilometers per hour! But this is not the limit. After all, the fastest and most dynamic passenger car designed to drive on the roads has become ... Ford Badd GT! He was able to reach the mark of 455 km / h. And this is more than the notorious Bugatti.
Diesel "champions"
Cars that run on diesel engines are often underestimated. So, all stereotypes at the moment destroys JCB Dieselmax. This is not consuming gasoline, but diesel fuel. On it, under the guidance of the same Andy Green, they set a record of 563.418 km / h. It happened in 2006. It is worth recalling that a similar test was conducted in 1973. The result of that year was an order of magnitude smaller - 379.5 km / h.
The fastest stock car working on diesel fuel is a German representative. And this is the BMW 330 TDS. Its maximum is 320 km/h. The unit of this model has 6 cylinders and a volume of three liters. Plus, of course, turbocharging. Motor power is 300 "horses". And the consumption, by the way, cannot but rejoice - only 8 liters per 100 km.
Other results
Above were the speed records by car over the years. As you can see, there are many good results managed to achieve not even in the XXI century. And indeed, it is! For example, recognized released in 1992 year Audi S4. This model is capable of reaching 418 km/h. In any case, this result was recorded during the race on the dry lake Bonneville. Under the hood of this all-wheel drive car was a 5-cylinder turbocharged engine. Its power was modified to 1100 hp. With.
And there was also a speed record for a car with wheel drive. It amounted to 737.4 km / h. And finally, it is impossible not to say about the speed result, which was achieved on a motorized log - 76.625 km / h! It was this indicator that the structure made of cedar logs and automotive parts. The record, by the way, is fresh - it was recorded in 2016.
Russian indicators
Naturally, speaking on such a topic, one cannot help but note the speed record for a car in Russia. On the territory of our country, Lada and Volga are produced - they are still as far away as possible. But still there is some interesting record in history.
It was installed by such people as Oleg Bogdanov, Vladimir Solovyov and Viktor Panyarsky - the team of the magazine "Behind the Wheel". Men in a VAZ-2109 car crossed the whole of Europe in 45 hours and 30 minutes. The start was in Moscow, on Manezhnaya Square. And the “jet trip” ended in Lisbon, not far from the Belem tower. The idea to make such a run did not come spontaneously. It was a response to the Portuguese initiative. In 1986, two Portuguese journalists arrived in the Russian capital from Lisbon. They covered the entire route in 51 hours and 30 minutes. Soviet journalists accepted the challenge and, one might say, won the unvoiced argument.
And there was another case in 2009. A resident of Samara on his "Lada-21099" reached a speed of 277 km/h! The most interesting thing is in a traffic jam, during rush hour, at about nine in the morning! The guy exceeded the speed limit by 217 kilometers. Also a kind of record. Possible, probably, only in Russia.
We invite you to learn about some incredible speed records.
The most high speed in animals
1. The highest speed among animals is developed by the peregrine falcon when diving for prey - 322 km / h.
water molecules
2. Molecules in boiling water move at a speed of 650 meters per second.
Nerve impulses in the human body
3. A nerve impulse travels at a speed of about 90 meters per second.
The fastest toy train
4. The toy reaches 10km/h.
The slowest speed in sports
5. On August 12, 1889, during the tug of war, a speed of only 1.35 km / h was set.
Golf ball speed
6. After hitting a golf ball, its speed immediately develops to 270 km / h.
Aircraft
7. When an airplane travels at a speed of 1000 kilometers per hour, its length increases by one centimeter compared to its length at rest.
The windiest place on earth
8. In the Guinness Book of Records, Commonwealth Bay is considered the windiest place on Earth. The wind is constantly blowing here at a speed of 240 km/h.
The slowest mammal
9. This title belongs to the three-toed sloth - he moves at a speed of 2 meters per minute.
The fastest speed recorded on Earth
10. Is it possible to have a speed greater than the speed of light? The speed of light is 299,792,458 m/s.
In 2000, Lijun Wong research institute in Princeton (USA) passed a laser pulse through a 6-cm chamber filled with cesium vapor. A light pulse entering a chamber filled with cesium vapor increases its speed by more than 300 times. Based on this, the highest speed ever recorded on our planet is 310 times the speed of light.
The greatest human speed
11. Top speed, developed by man, is 39,897 km / h. It was reached by the astronauts of the Apollo 10 main module at an altitude of 122 km from the Earth's surface.
The fastest speed developed by a blind driver
12. Driver Hein Wagner Mercedes-Benz car The SL65 AMG reached 322.5 kilometers per hour and maintained that speed for a kilometer. His record is listed in the Guinness Book.
Reading speed records
13. The official reading speed record belongs to 16-year-old Irina Ivachenko from Kiev - 163,333 words per minute with full understanding read. The unofficial reading speed record is 416,250 words per minute. It was recorded on September 9, 1989 and belongs to Evgenia Alekseenko.
About children
14. The highest rate of reproduction in humans is 58 children per year. The record belongs to the Sultan of Morocco Moulay Ismail, who at the age of 31 already had 525 sons and 342 daughters. He kept 500 concubines.
Fastest print speed
15. Hewlett-Packard's Inkjet Web Press prints 2,600 A4 pages per minute.
Fastest drumming speed
16. The record was set on October 24, 1991 by the famous English musician Rory Blackwell. In one minute, he made 3,720 strokes with sticks, that is, 62 strokes per second.
Champagne cork flight speed
17. German physicist Friedrich Balk found that a champagne cork in flight reaches 40 km / h, flight height - up to 12 meters.
