Regardless of the types of road trains, traction coupling devices must provide:
Reliable connection of a tractor with a trailer or semi-trailer;
The possibility of their relative movement;
Smooth transmission of forces from the tractor to the trailer when starting off;
Possibility of fast coupling and uncoupling.
An automobile towing device (TSU) can be represented as a combination of three elements:
Detachable coupling mechanism;
Shock-absorbing device;
Mounting details.
Traction-coupling devices of vehicles-tractors. The main classification feature of the node is the design of the main mating pair.
According to this parameter, towing devices are divided into
Hook (pair: hook - loop);
Pivot (pivot - loop);
Ball (ball - loop).
An additional classification feature is the type of elastic element. To reduce dynamic loads, cylindrical or ring springs, as well as rubber dampers, can be used. In trucks, hook and pivot devices have become widespread. On cars manufactured in Ukraine and Russia, as well as in the USA, England and France, hook-and-loop connections are used. The pin-loop connection is used in Czechoslovakia, the GDR and the FRG.
Figure 4.2 - Drawbar type hook-loop:
1 - hook nut cap; 2 - body; 3 - bolt; 4 - cotter pin; 5 - elastic element; 6 - nut; 7 - spring washer; 8 - a bolt of fastening of a dog; 9 - latch pawl; 10 - pawl spring; 11 - latch cotter pin chain; 12 - pawl axis; 13 - latch fastening nut; 14 - hook latch; 15 - hook; 16 - oiler; 17 - latch finger; 18 - hook dirt deflector; 19 - housing cover; 20 - rear flange; 21 - front flange; 22 - nut - hook; 23 - oiler.
The brackets of the power unit supports, cab supports and front suspension are connected to the frame parts with rivets and bolts with nuts.
Hitch-hitch of KAMAZ 5320, 55102 hook-and-loop type vehicles is installed in the rear cross member of the frame. The stalk of the towing hook 15 is inserted into a massive cylindrical body 2, on the one hand closed with a protective cap 1, and on the other - with a cover 19 of the body. The rubber elastic element 5 is located between the two support flanges 20 and 21. The presence of the rubber elastic element softens shock loads when starting a car with a trailer from a stop and when driving on uneven roads. On the finger 17, a latch 14 of the hook is installed, locked by a pawl 9 and a cotter pin with a chain 11; this prevents the trailer tongue from disengaging from the hook.
The towing device of the KAMAZ 53212 car of the king pin-loop type (Fig. 3) is a V-shaped catcher 15, which is fixed on the rear cross member with an elastic flange 11 and a castellated nut 12. Depreciation is carried out by two rubber buffers 14 located on both sides of the rear cross member 10 of the frame.
An actuator with a self-release fuse 4 is fixed on the catcher. In the guide cavity of the body 6 there is a pin 5, which is fixed in the uppermost position by a lever 7 fixed on the axis 8.
When the hitching eye of the trailer drawbar strikes the kingpin, the latter rises and releases the lever, which, under the action of the springs, returns to the lower position and lowers the kingpin into the opening of the coupling eye. At the same time, the self-release safety device leaves the fixed position and locks the king pin.
Figure 4.3 Drawbar type pin-loop :
1 - handle; 2 - spring; 3 - locknut; 4 - self-uncoupling fuse; 5 - king pin; 6 - body of the actuator; 7 - lever; 8 - axis of the lever; 9 - front flange; 10 - rear cross member of the frame; 11 - thrust flange; 12 - nut; 13 - rear flange; 14 - rubber buffer; 15 - catcher.
In order to improve safety and speed up the process of coupling a car with a trailer, semi-automatic towing devices are increasingly being used abroad.
Two-axle and multi-axle trailers have devices for turning the front axle. The articulation between the car and the trailer and the presence of the pivoting front axle of the trailer ensure the rotation of the car and the trailer without slipping the wheels, as well as the relative movement of the car and the trailer in the vertical and horizontal planes.
Depending on the method of transmission of horizontal forces, rotary devices are divided into pivot And pivotless.
The most common at present is the pivot swivel device, which has a number of disadvantages, including bulky design and high starting resistance when turning.
The pivotless swivel found on most of the new two-axle trailers does not have these drawbacks. An inner clip is fixed on the trailer frame, and an outer clip is fixed on the trailer pivot axle frame. Steel balls are placed between them. The disassembly of the rotary device and its lubrication are carried out through plugs.
Traction-coupling devices of road trains-dissolutions. Depending on the type of hitch with a tractor vehicle, trailer units for long loads are divided into drop trailers, drop semi-trailers and long-wheelbase drop trailers with a front rolling cart. Trailers-dissolutions are towed by vehicles that have horses instead of platforms, semi-trailers-dissolutions are towed by truck tractors, and long-wheelbase trailers are towed by ballast tractors. At the same time, trailers and semi-trailers-dissolutions, depending on the carrying capacity, can have from one to three axles.
Trailers - and semi-trailers-dissolutions consist of a frame, a drawbar with a loop or king pin (semi-trailer), an axle (axles) with wheels, a bunk and a suspension. Some dissolution designs are equipped with a wheel steering system. The drawbars of the trailers-dissolutions end in a loop and are connected to the tractor with a hook. In front of the semi-trailer-dissolution there is a kingpin and its connection with the saddle of the tractor vehicle. The magnitude of the load on the trailer or semi-trailer-dissolution (for a given mass of cargo) varies depending on the length of the drawbar and the size of the overhangs of the cargo from the bunk. The designs of the bunk trailer-dissolution and the traction vehicle-tractor are the same. They consist of a transverse swivel beam and vertical tilting uprights.
Traction-coupling and supporting devices of truck tractors. The most common coupling device for truck vehicles - tractors and semi-trailers consists of a saddle located on the vehicle frame and a kingpin on the semi-trailer.
To ensure the mutual movement of the vehicle-tractor and semi-trailer, modern fifth wheel coupling devices on the vehicle-tractor have two rolling axes (transverse and longitudinal) and a king pin rigidly fixed to the semi-trailer. Such a semi-automatic fifth wheel with two swing axes (Fig. 4.3) has the following device. On the frame of the tractor vehicle with an offset relative to the rear axle (inside the base by 50-150 mm), a plate 8 is installed with a support circle 4 hinged on it, having a mouth 19. The support circle fixed on the balancer 2 can swing on the axis 3 in the longitudinal, and on the axis 7 in the transverse planes. To dampen the swing of the circle in the transverse plane, there are two cylindrical springs 6 and limiters 5. In the center of the support circle, the kingpin grips 18 are fixed, hinged on the fingers 17 and having bevels in the front. The bevels in the back of the grips coincide with the bevels: the mouth of the reference circle. In the front part, the grips have shaped cutouts into which the lock 15 is inserted. The lock has a rod 13 on which the spring 14 and the lock lever 16 are put on. The lock has a longitudinal cutout, which includes a guide pin 12. fixed at the bottom of the support circle. When the semi-trailer is connected to the tractor vehicle, the grips 18 are brought together and cover the semi-trailer kingpin. In this case, disengagement is impossible due to the fact that the lock 15 prevents the rotation of the grips on the fingers 17.
The uncoupling of the semi-trailer is carried out by retracting the fuse to the side of the bar 1 and moving the lock 15 forward using the lever 16. In this case, the spring 14 is compressed. The latch 11 in the lock, pulled by the spring 10, abuts against the lug of the lock and holds it in the forward position.
Figure 4.4 - Semi-automatic fifth wheel tractor
Control questions
1. Classification of road trains and their advantages
2. Tractor vehicles and traction properties of road trains
3. Traction coupling devices of tractor vehicles
4. Traction-coupling devices of road trains-dissolutions
5. Traction-coupling and supporting devices of truck tractors
Lecture 5
Many modern cars are not equipped with a tow hitch, which sometimes creates a lot of inconvenience. The tow hitch is designed to expand the functionality of the vehicle. This mainly refers to the movement of goods and additional vehicles.
In this article, we will try to understand what trailing devices are, what they are, and also outline their features, characteristics and capabilities.
1. What is a hitch
The towing device has several names, including the towing device, as well as the well-known name - the towbar. A towbar is a device that is designed to tow cargo and light trailers using a tractor.
In other words, tow hitches are designed to securely attach a trailer to a vehicle while distributing the load correctly.
Moreover, the towbar must ensure safety and reliability during transportation, as well as not spoil the appearance of the vehicle.
An interesting fact is that the true origin of the word hitch has not been established. Many believe that it is of German origin. However, it can be found in German terminology in the meaning of the working part of a railway rail. If you combine two German words, such as ride and head, you can get the sound of farkopf, where the abbreviation towbar comes from. One way or another, this is one of the explanations for the existing word.
Another meaning of the word hitch is a device on a horse-drawn cart, which was intended for hanging luggage. There is another version of the origin of the word hitch, which presumably comes from the German word "vorkopf", which means before or before.
In any case, the word has become so commonplace that some drivers don't even know it means tow hitch.
2. Types of trailers, their advantages and disadvantages
More recently, on vehicles that have off-road properties, a towing hook was installed as a tow bar, to which the trailer drawbar was hooked. The main disadvantage of this device was that shock overloads occurred during transportation, which led to a quick exit from the operation of the hook. Moreover, the hitch itself assumed a number of difficulties.
Modern tow hitches have the form of a ball, with a radius of 25 millimeters to 58.702 millimeters. In this case, the trailer drawbar is also equipped with a corresponding coupling head. The advantage of modern towing devices is the ability to take traction, braking and upper forces, if the trailer is equipped with one axle.
Towbars for passenger cars can be divided into types, depending on the type of construction, method of attachment, as well as the maximum allowable load. Also, towbars are divided into groups, depending on the type of ball. Among them, the most common are towbars with a rigid welded joint of the ball mechanism. These devices are installed on the car on a permanent basis. This can be inconvenient if the car is an executive class, and the towbar spoils its appearance.
There are also towbars with removable balls, manual removable devices (the hook in the form of a ball is clamped with bolts), as well as semi-automatic (the hook is fixed with a special lever). There is also a separate type of towbars - this is a towing device for walk-behind tractors.
In general, the hitch consists of two elements - the hitch ball (on the car body) and the hitch head (for mounting on the trailer drawbar). Among other things, you should pay attention to the technical characteristics of the towbar. Also, when choosing a towbar, you need to know the model, release date and body type of your car. You also need to know the maximum weight of the trailer itself.
3. The appearance of the first car trailers
The history of the appearance of the first automobile trailers goes back to the time of the appearance of the first trucks and dates back to the 1880s, although the facts indicate the use of the first steam tractors as early as 1853.
In general, the Austrian company is considered the main developer of the first trailers. Wilhelm Schwarzmuller, which since 1870 has been developing and manufacturing wagons and agricultural machinery. In 1921, the first trailer for a truck was produced, and in 2012, the production of semi-trailers began.
One way or another, the production of trailers was based on the needs of the army during the First World War. With the onset of peacetime, they began to gain popularity in everyday life.
4. The cost of towing devices for trailers and their manufacturers
To date, it is not difficult to purchase a towbar. In order to purchase a high-quality and reliable towbar, you must be guided by some rules, namely:
Make sure you have certificates of conformity;
Specify several times the technical characteristics of the towbar, equipment and delivery time.
It is no secret that the more questions you ask, the more information you will have. And the more information, the more chances to choose a quality product.
A large number of manufacturers, mainly European ones, are represented on the modern market of towbars. The largest and most popular are:
Thule- is considered the oldest and has been operating on the market for over 50 years, and in 2006 this company absorbed a brand such as Brink. The company also has the largest model range of towbars and produces removable, welded and conditionally removable devices;
Auto Hack is a Polish company and has been operating on the market since 1976. Model range of about 700 models;
Bosal differs in a variety of types of towbars, from vertically removable to flange. They also make premium towbars.
The estimated cost of a quality tow hitch ranges from $50 to $110. There are, of course, budget devices, the cost of which does not exceed $ 10, but their quality and reliability are very doubtful. Prices depend on the manufacturer, the brand name, the functionality of the device, as well as its technical characteristics.
The purchase of a tow hitch will allow you to expand the capabilities of the car and supplement it with useful equipment. Before purchasing the selected towbar, compare prices from different sources. The easiest way to do this is on the Internet, so you do not spend extra time visiting car dealerships and services.
Also, it is worth indicating the purpose of the towbar. If you do not plan to use it often, you should not spend big money and choose popular brands, but if the towbar is necessary for frequent use and transportation of heavy loads, preference should be given to well-known companies that have established themselves in the market not only as stable, but also reliable and high-quality manufacturers and suppliers.
Sometimes every car owner has a need to transport But if a person is the owner of a small car, then certain difficulties arise. The load does not fit in the interior of the car or in the trunk. It can be building materials, and new furniture purchased, and a large amount of agricultural products, or just personal items needed for transportation. The solution is to use a trailer. To attach it to the vehicle, you must have a trailer hitch. Such a device is widely known among motorists as a tow bar.
What is a hitch
A hitch is defined as a special design for attaching a trailer to a vehicle and then towing it. Many vehicles produced today are equipped with a tow hitch at the factory. If there is none, then a place for installation is equipped for it.
The device is located on the frame of the car and is attached to the body by means of a bolt tie or welded by welding. The advantage of an already installed towbar is that there is no need to purchase or assemble it yourself, and you need to look for a hitch for a light trailer that matches the brand of car and is suitable for the installation site.
Trailer can be located behind and in front of the car. The front is used to tow the vehicle itself in case of an emergency. The rear trailer looks like a ball or hook protruding from under the bumper, to which the transported trailer is directly attached.
Drawbar attachment
This towing unit differs in the type of installation into three groups:
- removable towbars;
- conditionally removable towbars;
- not dismantled towbars.
The detachable coupling device of a passenger car trailer is characterized by the possibility of partial dismantling: the coupling hook is folded by means of a specially installed lock. This method is a great advantage over other types, as it allows you to quickly and effortlessly deploy or fold the towing device as needed. This group of towbars has the highest cost among others, which can be attributed to the disadvantage of the device.
A conditionally removable towing unit involves dismantling the towing hook by unscrewing several fixing bolts. The disadvantage of this type is the application of some effort and takes some time. The functionality of the trailer hitch is not lost.
Non-removable towbars differ in that they cannot be removed. They have a cast construction with the whole device. There are both advantages and disadvantages here. The advantage is the integrity of the assembly, which affects the durability of the service and safety. No moving parts - nothing to break. The disadvantage is dismantling: if necessary, free up the sub-bumper space, the structure will have to be completely removed from the vehicle body. This process is long and laborious.
Structural types
The tow hitch for a light trailer is distinguished as two configuration types: European and American.
The European type of hitch is more common and has a small ball at the end, with a standard diameter of 50 mm. Many towing units on the trailer side are made for such a towing device.
The advantage of the European type hitch lies in its shape. The ball takes on not only the load along the horizontal line, but also along the vertical one. If the trailer has only one pair of wheels, then its load is partially placed vertically (from above) on the hitch. Therefore, trailed with a ball design is considered more versatile. It is possible to transport goods with a trailer with a total weight of up to 3.5 tons.
The American type of towing unit is fundamentally different from the previous one. The coupling device looks like a hollow rectangular profile. An appropriate rod is placed in it and fixed with a special trailer hitch lock in the form of a handle bent under the hook.
General classification
The qualification grid for all towbars is as follows:
Weight load
Trailers and towing devices are designed for operation with a specific weight limit. The discrepancy between the weight standards of the cargo and the towing unit violates traffic safety and can lead to negative consequences. In this regard, towing units were divided into three types:
Device maintenance
The trailer hitch requires some maintenance. The ball must be periodically lubricated, and from damage it should be covered with a special protective cap. Close electrical connectors in an inactive state from moisture and dust.
The fastening and moving parts of the coupling device must be periodically inspected every 1000 km of the car and trailer run.
Trailers for cars(Courtesy of the collection "Useful pages" )
When operating a trailer, the owner will not only need specific driving skills, but some knowledge about its device will also come in handy.
Basic conceptsTrailer- a vehicle not equipped with an engine and intended to be driven in combination with a power-driven vehicle.
Tractor vehicle(hereinafter - the car) - a mechanical vehicle towing a trailer.
Trailer curb weight- its own weight with a spare wheel (if the trailer is equipped with it), without load.
Permissible maximum or full mass- the mass of the equipped vehicle with cargo, driver and passengers, set by the manufacturer as the maximum allowable.
Trailers for passenger cars are divided into light and heavy.
Lungs- trailers with a maximum authorized mass of not more than 750 kg.
heavy- trailers with a maximum authorized mass of more than 750 kg. It is mandatory to be equipped with a brake system.
Rules for registration of trailers for passenger cars in the Russian Federation
Trailers for cars must be registered with the traffic police. When selling through a retail network or during customs clearance, a vehicle passport (PTS), a reference account and a "Transit" license plate are issued for the trailer. The PTS contains information about the brand and model, and 1 identification number (VIN), year of manufacture, gross weight, body and/or frame number. A reference-invoice is a document confirming the right to own a trailer. Transit numbers give the right to transport it to the place of permanent registration. The trailer must be registered at the place of residence of the owner no later than 5 days after its purchase, deregistration or customs clearance, or during the period of validity of the "Transit" registration plate. When registering at the place of residence, the owner is issued a certificate of registration and a registration plate.
Trailers are subject to technical inspection once every two years if no more than 5 years have passed since the year of their manufacture (including the year of manufacture), and once a year if more than 5 years have passed. The month of presentation of the trailer for inspection is indicated in the technical inspection coupon. As a rule, it is set the same as that of the car with which the trailer is operated, or is selected in accordance with the last digit of the state registration plate.
Operating rules
Drivers with a category "B", "C" or "D" driving license may operate a light trailer. With category "B" you can use a trailer only if its maximum authorized mass does not exceed the mass of the equipped vehicle, and the sum of the maximum authorized masses of the vehicle and trailer does not exceed 3500 kg. Otherwise, and also for towing a heavy trailer, a category "E" driver's license is required.
Tractor vehicle equipment
To tow a trailer, the tractor vehicle must be equipped with a special towing device(hereinafter - TSU) and a socket for powering the trailer's electrical equipment. There are two main types of TSU:
- loop-clip with lock. It consists of a bracket into which a ring is inserted, fixed on the trailer hitch assembly and a pin fixing the ring in the bracket. Widespread on trucks and off-road vehicles;
- backlash-free ball coupling. It consists of a coupling ball with a diameter of 50 mm (standard in the Russian Federation OST 37.001.096-77, international standard ISO-1103-76) and a metal structure, with which the tow hitch is rigidly attached to the rear of the car body.
Various models of the tow hitch can be attached to the car body through the bumper brackets and (or) directly to the load-bearing elements of the body and the trunk floor. Among domestic cars, only the VAZ-2108-15 family has standard attachment points for the TSU. When installing the device on other vehicles, self-marking and drilling of mounting holes is assumed. On most vehicles, it is usually necessary to remove the rear bumper before installing the hitch.
There are collapsible designs of the hitch that allow you to remove the hook with the coupling ball.
The socket is fixed on a special bracket of the TSU. It connects to the appropriate wires in the vehicle's rear wiring harness (in the trunk near the reversing lights). The colors of the harness wires going to the corresponding lights are indicated in the car's electrical diagram. The most common contact diagram of the TSU socket for passenger cars is shown in fig. 1.
If the trailer is wider than the tractor and closes the view through the standard rear-view mirrors, then rear-view mirrors on extended brackets must be installed on both sides of the car. The trailer must be equipped with two wheel chocks for installation under the wheels when stopping on slopes.
Classification of trailers by purpose
Trailers for passenger cars are divided into universal trucks designed for the transport of various goods, and special purpose trailers.
Special purpose trailers include:
- dump trucks for the transportation of bulk cargo;
- cisterns for the transport of liquids;
- trailers for transporting machinery- boats, hydro or motorcycles, snowmobiles, etc.;
- car transporter trailers for transportation of cars;
- travel trailers for luggage and comfortable rest of tourists;
- caravan trailers- with a three-dimensional body, intended for rest and overnight stay of tourists in the parking lots. Usually equipped with a gas stove, water tanks, dry closet, etc.;
- commercial trailers- mobile pavilions for trade, equipped with the necessary equipment (refrigerator, showcase, etc.);
- animal trailers(e.g. racehorses).
The main components of the trailer - frame, drawbar, body and suspension.
Frame universal cargo trailers are usually made in the form of a metal welded structure, consisting of two longitudinal spars and two to four crossbars. Trailers for transporting equipment have a space frame.
Drawbar- A-shaped or I-shaped horizontal arm mounted on the front side of the trailer frame. On the drawbar are hitch, safety cables, folding stand(for some trailers).
The drawbar can accommodate a trailer spare wheel. The drawbar can be folding (when folded it is removed under the bottom of the trailer) or removable and equipped with an extension for transporting long loads. Some types of folding drawbar allow you to tilt the body back without disconnecting the trailer from the tractor, which is convenient when unloading bulk cargo, such as sand.
bodywork universal cargo trailers are metal welded or prefabricated galvanized or painted. There are also models with a metal frame and wooden floor and sides. The tailgate, and sometimes the rest, can be folded down, making it easier to load and unload the trailer. Some models have extension boards that increase the usable volume of the body. Most universal trailers are equipped with a removable rubberized awning, which is mounted on a collapsible metal frame.
Trailers for the transportation of equipment instead of a body are equipped with special, as a rule, adjustable lodgements (skids), on which the transported cargo is laid. The most expensive models have a fiberglass floor and roof, and are also equipped with winches and a lowering platform for easy loading and unloading of equipment.
In car transporter trailers, the body is a massive platform adapted for reliable fastening of the transported vehicle. Such trailers are equipped with a powerful winch, thrust racks that prevent the platform from lowering during loading, and perforated ladders that prevent the vehicle's wheels from slipping.
The bodies of caravans and commercial trailers are made from sandwich panels (so-called sandwich panels 2 ) mounted on a metal frame.
The body of a tourist trailer is a plastic or metal box, inside of which a folding tent house is placed.
Suspension
Trailers for cars can be uniaxial or biaxial. A trailer with two axles, the distance between which is less than 1 m, is called a trailer twin axle. On single-axle trailers, the following types of suspensions are most widely used.
Hubs and wheels
Manufacturers equip trailers with hubs of their own design or use a hub similar to a car hub (usually Zhiguli, Moskvich-2140 or GAZ-31029). Some trailers allow the use of two types of wheels, both "Zhiguli" and "Moskvich". As a rule, tube tires are mounted on the trailer wheels, for which the norms of the residual height of the tire tread pattern are set, similar to the norms for tractor tires (correspondingly 1.6 mm for cars). It is not allowed to install diagonal tires on one axle of the trailer together with radial tires, as well as tires with different tread patterns. The required tire pressure at different levels of trailer loading is sometimes indicated in the trailer's operating manual.
brakes
Trailers can be equipped with the following types of brake systems.
Service brake system - designed to brake the trailer when towing. It is not linked to the working brake system of the car, but comes into operation depending on the load acting on the hitch assembly (the so-called overrun brake of inertial type). The system consists of a control device (Fig. 2) located on the hitch assembly and wheel brakes (usually drum brakes). When the car slows down, the trailer begins to "catch up" with it, resting against the hitch assembly. This force through the piston and the system of levers and rods actuates the wheel brakes. When the braking of the vehicle stops, the "pushing" force on the hitch assembly disappears and the brakes stop working. Longitudinal vibrations of the trailer, which can cause the brake system to work, are damped by a horizontal shock absorber. This design allows you to transfer to the wheels of the trailer a braking force proportional to the deceleration of the car. When reversing, most trailers require a forcible disengagement of the service brake system, however, there are models whose mechanics of the service brake system “distinguishes” between braking and reversing.
Parking brake system - designed to brake the trailer in the parking lot, both together with the car, and separately from it. It consists of a parking brake lever, similar to a car's handbrake, which acts on the drive of the service brake system.
Emergency braking system - designed for emergency braking of the trailer in case of violation of the coupling with the tractor. It is carried out in the form of an additional safety cable, which includes the drive of the wheel brake mechanisms in the event of a break in the tow hitch during movement.
According to the traffic rules, the braking distance of a car with a trailer, both equipped with a working brake system and without it, when braking on even dry asphalt from a speed of 40 km / h to a complete stop, should be no more than 13.6 (14.5) m 3 .
Light signaling and electrical equipment of trailers
All trailers are equipped light signaling devices. Mandatory devices include:
- two rear direction indicator orange;
- two rear stop signal Red;
- two rear position lamps Red;
- license plate light white;
- one or two rear fog light red colors 4 ;
- two rear triangular reflector red (the vertices of the triangles should be directed upwards);
- two front white;
- two side non-triangular retroreflectors orange.
In addition, trailers wider than 1.6 m must have two front position lamp white, and trailers longer than 6 m - two side marker lights orange.
Electrical appliances are powered from the car through the socket on the TSU. To do this, a plug is attached to the drawbar of the trailer. As a rule, trailer wiring is carried out according to a single-wire circuit: minus ("ground") - on the trailer body, and plus - through wires).
Caravan and commercial trailers are equipped with internal electrical equipment: interior lighting (12 V emergency lighting), on-board plug and cable socket for connecting to an external 220 V network, switchboard, showcase lighting, forced exhaust ventilation and other additional equipment. The electrical equipment of such trailers is usually carried out according to a two-wire circuit.
Recommendations
When choosing a trailer For cars, please note the following:
- its dimensions must correspond to the intended place of storage of the trailer;
- the same standard size of the wheel hubs of the trailer and the car will allow you to get by with one spare wheel. Otherwise, you will have to carry an additional spare tire.
Immediately after purchase, the trailer should be equipped with a jack. Many trailers do not have standard jack sockets on the body, and the use of most standard car jacks is difficult. Such trailers are best lifted with a hydraulic telescopic or rhombic jack with an extended handle, substituting it under the trailer suspension arm or beam.
When installing TSU per car preferably:
- process the holes for its fasteners with an anti-corrosion compound (for example, "Movil");
- connecting the TSU socket to the vehicle wiring, solder and carefully insulate all connections;
- generously lubricate the coupling ball with grease (for example, "Litol-24");
- close the coupling ball with a cap, which will reduce the adherence of dust and sand to it, leading to abrasive wear of the ball and the coupling assembly. In addition, it will help not to get dirty when loading or unloading the trunk of the car. A homemade cap can be made, for example, from a tennis ball.
The maximum permissible load on the tow ball is indicated in the trailer and car manual and, as a rule, ranges from 30 to 90 kg. The load is easy to measure with a floor scale. To do this, install a board 35-45 cm long with one end under the hitch assembly, and with the other - on the floor scales. To adjust the weight distribution of a loaded trailer, you can use a small load and a spare wheel.
Driving with a trailer has a number of significant differences from conventional driving.
At trailer service special attention should be paid to the hitch assembly. The cause of knocking in the area of the hitch may be the play between the hitch assembly and the hitch ball. If there is no wear indicator, then the play is determined on the trailer connected to the vehicle by a sharp vertical swing of the drawbar.
Before every departure necessary:
- check the presence of lubrication in the hitch assembly mechanism;
- check and, if necessary, eliminate by adjusting the play between the coupling unit and the coupling ball;
- adjust tire pressure;
- make sure that the safety ropes or chains are connected securely;
- Check the operation of the trailer lights.
The editors would like to thank the trailer manufacturers who provided technical data for pivot table.
1 Some manufacturers did not assign VINs to trailers; it is possible to record "the year of issue is not established"; in the absence of information from the manufacturer, the gross weight may not be indicated; body and / or frame number may be missing (in this case, the mark "w / n" is put).
2 For example, the outer side is painted aluminum or plastic, the filler is heat-insulating material, the inner side is plywood.
3 For vehicles whose production was started before 01/01/1981.
4 It is allowed to operate previously produced trailers in which the device is not provided by the manufacturer.
Towing device of a tractor car (device and purpose)
An important condition for the effective use of road trains is interlocking, which refers to the possibility of coupling a car or tractor with various trailer links.
The towing device of tractor vehicles is a towing device, and trailers - a coupling loop and a drawbar.
Rice.
Serves for the operation of the car as part of a road train - with a trailer, and for towing a faulty car.
Two front tow hooks are mounted on the ends of the side members and are each attached with three bolts. The shape of the hook provides a secure fixation of the towing device with a loop of the appropriate size. The rigid tug used by a number of enterprises has different sizes at the ends of the loop, the smaller of which is designed for installation on the front hook. The stop under the loop protects it from spontaneous disengagement from the hook during mutual movements of the tractor and the towed vehicle.
The towing device, attached with tie bolts, is mounted on the rear cross member of the frame, reinforced with braces. The towing device consists of a hook, a rubber shock absorber, a hook latch. The shock absorber on the hook is clamped with a nut between the support washers resting on the housing and housing cover. This design provides a two-way action of the hook, softens axial shocks when the road train is moving. The cap protects the hook coupling nut assembly from contamination. Friction surfaces are lubricated through grease fittings. The pawl locks the hook latch, and the cotter pin keeps the pawl from moving. Thus, spontaneous opening of the tow hook mouth is excluded. The hook nut must be screwed all the way into the rear support washer, while allowing axial movement of the hook up to 0.5 mm. Permissible wear of the hook link without repair should be no more than 5 mm.
Smaller hinges will result in increased wear, reduced towing tool life, and damage to the drawbeam due to hitch loading.
The surface of the coupling loop must be even, smooth, and of regular geometric shape. You can restore the size of the loop by welding metal, but at the same time, its working surface must be protected from the influx of metal and burrs. The loop on the trailer drawbar must be rigidly fixed. When maneuvering a tractor with a trailer, do not allow the road train to fold at a large angle in order to avoid damage to the end part of the frame by the trailer drawbar and breakage of the tow hook.
Characteristics of additional equipment
For the operation of ZIL vehicles in special conditions, a set of additional equipment is provided that is attached to the vehicle or installed on it in addition to the basic (mandatory) completeness.
Completeness of additional equipment for each truck model is different.
For ZIL vehicles, models 431410, additional equipment includes: engine preheater; insulating cover of the radiator; extensions of the front and side boards of the body; cloth-blanket on the body; awning with a frame; entrenching tool (saw, ax, shovel); fastening details of a fire extinguisher, entrenching tool; canisters (with fasteners) with a capacity of 10 and 20 liters each.
The fastening of the fire extinguisher and the trenching tool is determined by the manufacturer when assembling the car.
The insulating cover on the radiator lining is designed to protect the cooling system and, first of all, the radiator from intense cooling. To adjust the overlap area of the radiator surface, flap valves are used, held by latches in the required position.
The cover is recommended for use at ambient temperatures below -10 ° C. The cover is installed outside the radiator lining and fastened at the top with hooks for the hood lock bolts, and at the bottom - with a ring on a rubber cord for the brackets supporting the electrical wires going to the headlights.
To maintain the most favorable thermal conditions for the operation of the engine and the cabin heating system, it is recommended to open the valves diagonally depending on the ambient temperature. In this case, the right (in the direction of the vehicle) valve should open the inlet in the ventilation duct to the cab heater. This ensures a constant supply of fresh air into the cabin.
The insulating cover on the hood is designed to reduce the intensity of cooling of the engine compartment during the operation of vehicles in winter in areas with ambient temperatures below -40°C. The insulation is placed on the hood and fixed on it with metal plates covering the edges of the hood. In the rear part, the insulation is pressed with a cotton belt with hooks at the ends, hooked to the fastening of the brackets of the rear side-view mirrors.
Justify the choice of the main trailer or semi-trailer
Tank trailer.
The product is registered in the State Register under the number 09491-00
PURPOSE AND SCOPE
The tank trailer (PTs) model 86361 based on the undercarriage units of the car trailer model 8328-01 is designed for transportation and short-term storage of all types of light oil products with a density of not more than 0.83 t/m is a measure of capacity.
DESCRIPTION
The tank trailer and the mobile filling station are a single-section tank, made in the form of a horizontal tank, mounted on the basis of the undercarriage units of the car trailer model 8328-01.
The body of the tank is made of sheet carbon steel and reinforced inside with plano-curved stiffeners, which also act as transverse breakwaters. The tank is equipped with a neck with a filler hatch, a filling level indicator (measuring square), a breather valve, air vent pipes, a sump with a dirt drain and flanges for connecting communications.
The filling of the tank is carried out through the filler hatch of the neck to the measuring square. Emptying of the tank is carried out by gravity.
The PAZS fuel dispensing unit consists of fuel dispenser units mounted in a special box.
MAIN SPECIFICATIONS
Limits of permissible relative error in determining the capacity at a temperature of 20 ° C ± 10 ° C,% ± 0.5
Capacity (sensitivity) of the neck at 20 mm height relative to the funeral capacity of the tank, not more than 0.5%.
The value of the change in capacity to the level indicator due to the formation of air bags in the upper part of the tank is not more than 0.15%
The volume above the level indicator for thermal expansion of fuel, from the nominal capacity, not less than 2.0%.
Consumption when dispensing fuel PAZS with a mechanical drive from an electric motor, l / min 50.
Limits of permissible relative error in measuring fuel PAZS with a viscosity of not more than 8 mm / s (8 cSt) at a temperature of 20 ° C,%, not more than ± 0.25% of the actual value of the measured volume
The remaining fuel in the tank after draining on a horizontal platform does not exceed 0.11%, full weight, not more than 8200 kg.
Overall dimensions, mm
* length 7200
* width 2300
* height 2850
The probability of failure-free operation during the warranty run of 25 thousand km, 98%.
