What does a five-point seat belt mean. Seat belt - the main element of passive safety

Three-point seat belts have been a mandatory attribute of every car released in the world for decades.

This is a simple device invented by smart heads at the dawn of automotive era, saved many lives, although many drivers to this day defiantly ignore it, considering it useless. And in vain, because they probably do not even realize that these devices are developing as actively as other car equipment.

Don't believe? Let's look at how modern seat belts are arranged, as well as what other devices these devices are.

It turns out that seat belts come from France, and they were first presented to the public back in 1903.

The direction of the thoughts of their first protégé, Louis Renault, was correct - he already then thought that the roads were fraught with many dangers. But, unfortunately, the society of that small handful of car owners did not appreciate his concern and did not properly accept this idea.

Although, in truth, at the beginning of the twentieth century, cars were far from perfect, and drivers had to be agile enough to drive them, and belts only once again hindered movement.

For many years, these devices were the lot of racers and aviators, but this could not continue for long.

The number of private cars grew, and the level of accidents on the roads grew. We needed simple and reliable solutions in order to somehow protect drivers and passengers.

Therefore, a few decades after Renault, in the 50s, automakers again turned their attention to three-point. This time they have already firmly entered the world of machines and have remained in it to this day.

The Swedes from Volvo became innovators and active promoters of the introduction of three-pointers. It was they who in 1959 offered the most popular three-point seat belts in the civilian auto industry today.

And there are different types of belts.

It would seem, what other varieties can be here. But actually they can. To date, the following types can be found in cars:

• point-to-point - the simplest, which are currently almost never seen in cars, except perhaps in the back seats of older models. By the way, these are the ones that are used in the seats of passenger aircraft;
• three-point or V-shaped - the most popular in ordinary cars. Three-point fasteners are attached to the elements of the interior and body of the car at three points. They are quite effective in case of an accident due to the fact that they evenly fix the chest, pelvis and shoulders of a person;
• four-point - such belts can be found in sports cars. They are attached at two points at the top of the seat and two at the bottom of the sides;

• five-point - the prerogative racing cars. In addition to the previous four, there is one more attachment point - between the legs;

• six-point - even more securely fix the person in the chair. As a rule, they are found only in super-fast racing cars. The same as the previous ones, only with one more fastening between the legs.

Three-point seat belts. Design features

Of course, all five-point ones look cool and fix well, but for the average user they are impractical and inconvenient.

Three-point seat belts are the most popular in terms of ergonomics and efficiency. Their design in modern car we will consider. The vast majority of these devices consist of:

• straps;
• lock;

• retractable coil.

We hope that each of you has seen straps and a lock at least once in your life, so there is no need to describe three-point belts.

As for the retractable coil, it is usually hidden from view. The knot is a specially designed spring-loaded bobbin, on which a strap and an inertial mechanism with a lock are wound.

This design was first proposed in 1972 and is actively used to this day. It allows you not to mess with the straps, setting their length - everything is done automatically.

In addition to this modern machines often equipped with a so-called three-point belt tensioner. This knot allows, in the event of an accident, to tighten the belt with lightning speed in order to securely fix a person in the car seat. Ten centimeters of the belt is tightened in about 10 ms - excellent response.

Friends, I hope this article allowed you to learn a little more about cars. While you are reading this sentence, the next interesting material is being prepared for publication. Do not miss!

Hey caracums! Have questions about sports multi-point harnesses or sports seats? Here is an interesting article for you, in which representatives of the well-known company TAKATA Racing answer the most popular questions related to their products. Okay, let's not get hung up, let's get started!

How to install multi-point belt security on NOT Korche?
It may sound very obvious, but you just need to follow the installation instructions. All TAKATA belts come with an instruction manual that describes how to install the belts. There are several ways to attach multi-point harnesses, ranging from the roll cage beam to the stock harness mounts. The main thing is to follow correct geometry belt location. It is also worth considering the type of chairs, because. The straps must either pass through the eyelets in the chair or lie flat on the shoulders of the chair at a suitable height. Unfortunately, not all cars can be equipped with multi-point belts, so TAKATA recommends Karakum users to contact dealers and check with them. Below is a diagram of suitable and unsuitable seats for multi-point seat belts.

What type of seat is required to install multi-point seat belts (4-6 points)?
Multi-point seat belts must never be fitted to vehicles equipped with non-adjustable or integrated head restraints. In the case of integrated head restraints, such seats should have eyelets for belts, as on many Recaros and the like. Otherwise, the belts will not work properly and will constantly slide off the shoulders of the seat and the driver. We warn the maniacs of rust building - do not make holes for the belts in your stock chairs! All seats are crash tested and restructured seats may behave incorrectly in a crash!

As for the Drift II series belts. Why does TAKATA recommend stock belts? seats, although many believe that it is unsafe?
It should be noted that TAKATA belts are manufactured in accordance with European Standard ECE-R 16.04 and Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 209. The original belt slots are the only fasteners that have been 100% tested and are capable of withstanding the loads required for multi-point seat belts. In the case of Drift II series belts, the owner needs to decide whether the rules allow driving with non-factory seat belts and whether this is suitable for him personally.

TAKATA belts are available with various options installation. In most cases, fitting multi-point harnesses to factory mounts is the best choice. But other ways are also acceptable. The main thing - always follow the instructions or entrust the installation of belts to a professional.

I've heard that attaching the top straps (which rest across the shoulders) to the floor behind the chair is much safer than attaching them to the crossbar behind the chair?
Attaching straps to the floor or any other surface where the angle of attachment becomes more than 45 degrees can be considered unsafe. Let's consider this case in more detail in the answer to the next question.

I often see people attaching straps to a cross beam that is below shoulder height. I have heard that in the event of an accident, belts installed in this way can pull down sharply and cause a lot of stress on the cartilage of the vertebrae. Is this true or just another urban legend?

When installing a roll cage or crossbar for multi-point harnesses, the optimum harness angle is between 0 and 20 degrees from shoulder or eyelet level. In the event that the car does not have a frame or cross beam, it is considered acceptable to fasten the belts to the mounting holes rear belt security (points D and E), but with an angle of not more than 45 degrees.

Can you give examples correct installation multi-point seat belts, especially in the case of 5 and 6-point?
Any multi-point seat belts must be used in a suitable vehicle. When you buy serious multi-point seat belts, your car usually has a roll cage installed, the right racing seats, seat belt anchorages prepared, window screens installed, and a fire suppression system in place. We do not recommend the use of five-point harnesses (one of the harnesses runs through the crotch) as these harnesses increase the risk of soft tissue injury, and they also have a higher level of pressure on the chest in a crash.

The correct angles for installing six-point harnesses are shown in the diagram above. We do not get tired of repeating - follow the instructions!

When is it time to switch to multi-point seat belts? I often see lightly modified cars that have four-point seat belts, and sometimes six-point (too much), but I also often see 400-horsepower cars with stock seats and seat belts. So when is the time to install multi-point harnesses?
The main purpose of TAKATA Racing belts is safety. There are a lot of secondary reasons (to show off) to install multi-point seat belts. There is no minimum limit by the number of hp your car or the type of racing you enjoy. Accidents and injuries can happen even at low speeds. The decision to use multi-point seat belts is entirely up to you (and the material of your balls and the amount of gray matter in your head) and whether you can properly install the belts in your car.

Is it worth it to buy TAKATA multi-point harnesses for outdoor use and not on the track? What tricks can be applied to make their use as safe as possible? Multi-point seat belts - are they a good replacement for stock 3-point harnesses?
Properly installed and tightened, TAKATA Racing DRIFT or RACE Series belts provide the same level of safety as stock belts, if not better. All TAKATA four-point harnesses are designed with TAKATA asm™ technology, which prevents the driver from slipping under the lumbar belt when head-on collision. asm™ technology and high quality components provide a level of comfort and safety that rivals stock 3-point harnesses.

When tightening the multi-point seat belt, remember to following rules: the belt should not overlap, it should lie flat on the torso and shoulders; always close the lock until it clicks; tighten the lumbar part of the belt first!; do not overtighten the shoulder straps; shoulder straps must be tightened with the same force; make sure that tightened straps do not sag behind the seat.

I am very tall (about 196 cm). Are there chairs in your products that I can sit comfortably in and the eyelets are not too low?

TAKATA chairs are designed for a variety of customers and we try to make a product that suits everyone. We have chairs with adjustable eyelet heights.

In addition to this, TAKATA offers bottom cushions of different heights, which will allow people with non-standard height to choose proper fit at which the seat belts will work correctly.

Where do you draw inspiration from when designing your sports chairs?
TAKATA chairs are designed with safety and efficiency in mind. However, many other factors influence design, such as ergonomics and functionality, comfort and style. The FIA ​​homologated versions of the seats are designed with durability and functionality in mind, allowing drivers to drive their car to its full potential. Almost every detail in the TAKATA Race LE is designed for a specific purpose.

The sporty range of Street and Drift Pro chairs combine great grip and comfort. All chairs are checked and tested according to international standards. We also test TAKATA chairs with various seat belts from our company.

What tests do your seats need to pass in order to be FIA ​​certified?
The TAKATA Race Le seats are FIA ​​homologated and comply with 8855-1999 safety standards. This is a dynamic test, which is carried out in special centers accredited by the FIA. The test is a sharp drop in speed, which causes severe stress. The chair on a branded sled made of 4mm steel is attached back to front to the platform. The Hybrid II dummy is seated in the chair and fastened four-point harnesses with FIA homologation. Since the chair accelerates backwards, the straps are used here only to keep the dummy in the chair. Then, the platform chair accelerates and stops abruptly, causing a load of 20G for 50ms. The second and third tests simulate side and rear collisions, pass with a load of 15g and 10g. Such tests pass only those chairs on which there is no visible damage and the structure remains intact.

How to use various materials such as fiberglass, kevlar and carbon affect the safety and weight of the chair?
FIA homologated TAKATA seats are checked and tested in the GRP Fibreglass version. Price and weight go up exponentially with more advanced materials. Carbon fiber is one of the lightest materials and can withstand the same loads as fiberglass.

Kevlar is stronger than carbon fiber, it is more tensile and has less elasticity than fiberglass. An excellent compromise is fiberglass combined with polyester. TAKATA Race LE is manufactured using a variety of materials for rigidity and optimal weight.

Can back pain develop if you ride in buckets every day?
Sport buckets with non-adjustable backrest have main disadvantage in front of reclining seats. But since this is a known fact, it is taken into account when designing fixed back buckets. Most back problems are caused by poor posture due to insufficient support. sports chairs have better support than standard chairs. Fixed back sports buckets are designed with safety and functionality in mind, they provide excellent support and reduce muscle fatigue. So sport buckets perform just as well as most conventional car seats and are suitable for everyday driving.

December 13th, 2013

... but why paw? :-)

This is how seat belts work. Let's find out the history of this device in the car.

Believe it or not, they came up with it in 1885. It was in the United States, where the inventor Edward J. Claghorn from New York received the first patent for a seat belt. Which was intended ... to fix the coachman. At the beginning of the 19th century, the English inventor George Cayley (Sir George Cayley) suggested using seat belts for airplanes. And in 1913, the belt was first used by Adolphe Pégoud (Célestin Adolphe Pégoud), a French aviation pioneer and one of the first performers of the “dead loop” (he did it two weeks after Nesterov).

True, on May 11, 1903, Gustave-Désiré Leveau also patented the invention of “protective car brackets” for passengers in a vehicle. And in the same year, the five-point seat belt was invented by Louis Renault.

Why didn't you buckle up?

The inventors invented, changed, improved - and the manufacturers did not want to hear about any belts. Firstly, they were imperfect, and secondly, they had to be additionally attached to the seat. The first car, originally equipped with seat belts, was in 1948. In 1959, the patented three-point belts became a mandatory accessory for the Volvo PV 544 and P120 Amazon, and a couple of years later for many Saab cars.

The inventor of the three-point belt was Nils Bohlin, a Volvo aeronautical engineer who originally worked for Saab. In 1985, the German Patent Office even noted this invention among the eight that brought mankind the most great benefit over the last 100 years.

How it was:

On August 13, 1959, a brand new Volvo car PV 544, equipped with the latest innovation - three-point seat belts. The name of the inventor of these miracle belts, which saved the lives of millions of people, has never thundered to the whole world and is known only to those who are specifically interested in this topic. Indeed, the Swede Nils Bohlin has always been and remains a modest engineer who, like many geniuses, was primarily interested in the actual process of invention, and not in the benefits that this could bring him.

Nils Ivar Bohlin was born in 1920 in Swedish city Hernosand (Härnösand, Sweden). Nils received a degree in mechanical engineering from the Swedish school Härnösand Läroverk in 1939, and in 1942 he already began working as an aircraft designer for the Saab aircraft company. It was then that he focused his attention on the development and improvement of ejection seats.

In the late 1950s, Bolin was already working with automotive giant‘Volvo’, where he was listed as a safety engineer. It was here that he invented his famous three-point seat belts, which forever staked out the name of the Swedish inventor in the history of the automotive industry. Yes, he worked on seat belt during the year, and here the skills gained while working on the Saab ejection seats came in very handy.
A patent for a new type of automobile belt No. 3043625 was obtained in the same 1959, and 10 years later, in 1969, Bolin was already head of the Central Research Department of Volvo.

Today, a three-point seat belt has become the standard for all cars, but it took some time until drivers around the world got used to the innovation and began to use it correctly. How did the new, three-point belts differ from the old ones? As it turned out, the fact that in the event of a collision they did not allow the driver to “peck” facing forward, and, in addition, the new seat belts snapped into place with one click.

He left Volvo in 1985. It is known that Nils was married, and he and his wife (Majbrict Bohlin) had two adopted children, and later had many grandchildren.

Nils Bohlin died on September 26, 2002, at the age of 82, from a heart attack; he was buried at Torpa Church in Ramfall, Sweden.

By the way, in Germany, belts with the sign "Gurt zum Anschnallen, Flugzeugbauart" first appeared in 1957 on serial machines Porsche and Mercedes-Benz W111. On others German cars officially approved type of three-point seat belts appeared on April 1, 1961.

Appeared - and caused a storm of discontent. And not only manufacturers (most cars were not ready to install three-point belts), but also drivers who were tightly “chained”. Moreover, since 1967, seat belts have been installed on rear seats cars. But from January 1, 1974, the installation of belts on new German cars became mandatory. Although their use was still a matter of voluntary.

The volunteer was persuaded for a long time. In 1972, an inertial belt tensioner appeared, providing passengers with more freedom and safety. The belts have a red unfastening "button" American model. A broad campaign was held in the country under the slogan: Erst gurten, dann starten (First buckle up, then start). Nevertheless, as most often happens, only money could stop the “feat of a volunteer”. On August 1, 1984, driving without a seat belt became punishable - the fine was 40 DM. And the number of fastened drivers and passengers immediately soared to 90 percent.

And I had to buckle up!

By this time, Germany was trailing behind the countries that had passed the law on mandatory use seat belts. The pioneers here were Czechoslovakia (1969), Côte d'Ivoire (1970), Japan (1971), Australia, Brazil and New Zealand (1972). Sweden, by the way, made the use of belts "mandatory" only in January 1975.

Well, in the USSR, the mandatory use of seat belts in the front seats of all cars introduced in 1979. Although the belts themselves were introduced back in 1969 on the 412th Moskvich (in 1973 appeared domestic development, the author is Leonid Oskarovich Teder, the chief specialist of the Estonian plant Norma, which began producing belts), and since 1977 - on the GAZ-24.

In a collision or emergency braking, the force of inertia is so great that it throws a person forward, and this threatens with serious injuries. Scientists have calculated that a small "compact car" that weighs no more than one ton at a speed of 50 km / h has a kinetic energy of 100 J. During a collision, this energy is used to deform the front of the body. The deformation ranges from 30 to 50 cm depending on the design of the machine. In a collision, the magnitude of the force that acts on the driver and passengers is determined according to Newton's second law by the formula F=ma, Where m is the mass of the driver in kilograms, A– acceleration or deceleration in m/s2.

Let's do some simple calculations. If a car that is moving at a speed of 50 km/h collides with a fixed obstacle, and the deformation of the front of its body is 50 cm, then the deceleration value will be 385 m/s2. If we take the average driver, whose mass is 80 kg, then at this moment a force equal to 30,800 newtons will act on him.

What does it mean? This means that in a collision, the mass of the driver increases by 40 times! It is hardly necessary to explain what kind of injuries can be received in such a collision. At least not compatible with life.

THE USE OF SEAT BELTS CAN REDUCE THE RISK OF DEATH:

● in a frontal collision by 2.3 times
● Side impact 1.8 times
● when the vehicle rolls over 5 times

The Moscow Automobile and Road Institute conducted studies that made it possible to establish that most often passengers and drivers of cars get chest and head injuries. At the same time, the source of injuries to people who are driving, in 68%, is steering column, in 28.5% - windshield, in 23.1% - dashboard, in 12.5% ​​- a side pillar and in 3% - a roof.

		Wounded, %
			lethal
Drivers	with straps
	without belts
Passengers in the front seat	with straps
	without belts

According to their design, all seat belts are divided into lap, diagonal and combined. If the waist and diagonal types of belts are not able to provide complete fixation of the body, then the combined one, including both the waist and diagonal straps, guarantees complete security. In turn, the combined three-point belts are of two types: inertial and non-inertial. Retractable seat belts are used on all modern cars mobiles. These belts retract special device in an unfastened state.

Today, automakers are trying to improve safety systems as much as possible, including seat belts. Today, seat belts with pretensioners are very popular, the signal for which is the emergency deceleration of the car. They pull passengers and the driver to the seatbacks and react even faster than airbags.

Here are some of the T-shirts they're making right now:

The English company TRL (Transport Research Laboratory) conducted a very serious study and found out why people do not wear seat belts. These data will allow much more effective promotion of the use of this simple, but very effective remedy life saving.

It turns out that many drivers do not use a belt because ... they are afraid of it. A significant part of motorists believe that seat belts do more harm than good. Drivers who do not use belts claim that in a side impact, the seat belts can suffocate the driver, and during frontal collision they break ribs. And drivers also believe that if a person is not fastened, then in a strong frontal collision, he will simply fly out through Windshield, fall on the soft grass and stay alive.

The fear of burning out in a car in the event of an accident is also strong - it is believed that a driver wearing a seat belt when a car ignites will not be able to quickly get out of the passenger compartment and eventually roast alive. But if you do not buckle up, then the fire will not be terrible. Yes, and when the car falls into the water, the fastened person will definitely have to choke and drown. And not fastened - will emerge.

Taxi drivers and truckers have their own fears. Many of them believe that by wearing a seat belt they are more likely to die at the hands of bandits. Taxi drivers are sure that if they are attacked by robbers, they will have time to quickly open the car door and run out into the street. And if they are fastened, they will be killed.
However, the most dangerous misconception concerns another. A huge part of the drivers sincerely believe that the use of a belt is not necessary if their car is equipped with airbags! But in the event of an accident, the pillow can cause very serious injuries to a person who is not wearing a seat belt.

Researchers have found that men, especially young men, are the most likely to not use seat belts. In addition, passengers in the back rows rarely fasten their seat belts. For some reason, they sincerely believe that the second row is much safer in an accident than the front seats. It is also interesting that drivers usually refuse seat belts in the evening and at night. In this case, motorists say that there are few cars on the roads and, they say, you can relax (at the same time, drivers forget that in this case the speed of cars becomes higher, and as a result, the severity of the accident increases).

What do you think? Do you still need to buckle up or is it an obligation, which is not a fact that will help if anything?
sources

Let's remember The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy is made -

The seat belts are passive system vehicle safety, as well as designed to reduce the likelihood of injury to the driver and passengers in an emergency.
It can be conditionally divided into two groups - according to the type of fastening, and the actuation system.

Fastening happens:

1. point-to-point;
2. three-point;
3. four-point or more (used mainly in sports cars).

Operation principles:

• static (in given time not used);
• dynamic (the most common);
• proactive.

History of belts

The mass distribution of seat belts occurred in the 50s of the last century. This was due to the fact that at ever-increasing speeds, accidents began to lead to quite serious injuries, and often deaths.

Gustave Lebe, a French scientist, proposed in 1903 to install five-point seat belts on cars. But in those days, his idea did not meet with much enthusiasm, and as a result, did not take root. During the exploration best design, more than a dozen devices were invented, but none of them, for a number of reasons, took root. Some due to the complexity of the design and fastenings, others due to insufficient reliability.

Take at least the same two-point seat belts. Fixing the passenger or driver at waist level, in the event of a collision, they did not save them from being hit by dashboard, steering wheel or windshield. After all, the upper body was not fixed at all. Some models of GAZelle cars still have a similar mount ( front seat next to the driver).

The pioneer, whose invention not only caught on, but also became widespread, and later became the progenitor of all modern three-point seat belts, was Niels Bohlin. An engineer from Sweden who worked on safety systems for catapults at an airline came to Volvo and proposed a three-point system.

Three-point static seat belt

The device of this design was simple. Diagonal and waist strap with lock, which was fixed at the hip. Fastening as in a modern car, with the only difference being that the fixing system was static.
A significant drawback of this system is the need for adjustment. Sitting down and buckling up, the passenger had to adjust the mount in such a way that no more than two fingers could fit under the strap. If the length was longer, safety was again in jeopardy. In a collision, the body had time to gain acceleration before it encountered an obstacle in the form of a seat belt.

Belt evolution

Inertial three-point seat belts, which replaced the static in the 70s, were a breakthrough in the field of safety. They not only corrected the statistics of deaths and injuries in road accidents, but also almost doubled the number of people wearing seat belts. After all, there is no need to adjust the belt when landing in a car. Sat down, buckled up, and inertial coil picks up the excess.


The design is such that in the event of an accident, the ball or pendulum mechanism of the reel fixes the tape and prevents it from unwinding, thereby holding the body securely. Coil device inertial belt blocks the tape when the car rolls over, in the event of a roll or skid, as well as when hard braking. It would seem that three-point seat belts are ideal in terms of safety, but like any other, it has a significant drawback.

This is a delay in operation, and in case of an accident, when the count goes to fractions of a second, this delay can be dangerous. IN winter period when a person is wearing a large number of clothes, the device creates that dangerous space between the belt and the body, as a result of which, the body has time to gain serious speed. Therefore, the next stages in the development were systems that work ahead of the curve.

Belt tensioners

The first in this area were squibs, which, receiving a signal from the control system, actuated, pulled the seat belt, the length decreased, reducing the very dangerous distance. To prevent the tension from being critically strong, the tensioner design contained a force limiter, a device that, fixing the excess load on the chest (approximately 150 kg), began to give slack, thereby weakening the dead grip of the belt. The only drawback of these devices was and remains their disposability. After operation, the igniter must be replaced.


The system of electric tensioners is completely devoid of this drawback. They are able to perform this action repeatedly. Working in conjunction with radars and sensors, they are able to determine a critical approach even before the moment of collision, which means protecting passengers and the driver in advance. If the device fixes the danger, the length of the belt is reduced, and the person is securely fixed in the chair.

Other types of belts

There are also four-point and five-point harnesses. These are sports seat belts, and they are used for secure fixation racing drivers. The first has a fastening at four points, and the second, respectively, at five. A five-point seat belt is also used in child car seats that have become mandatory in recent years. This mount most securely fixes the body and distributes the load on it.


There was also such a variety as inflatable seat belts, filled with gas during an accident. The fastening of such belts is mainly three-point.


What conclusion can be drawn from all of the above? Many minds are concerned about the safety of the driver and passengers, many people are working on improving security systems designed to save our lives and health. It is up to you to decide whether to neglect this, but when getting into the car, remember that everything possible has been done for your safety, you only need to buckle up.

No matter how the automotive industry develops, one of the devices always remains in its original place. We are talking about seat belts, which are equipped with all the seats of the car. Our today's article will be devoted to the types, design and purpose of automotive belts.

What is a seat belt?

The safety belt is a passive safety device designed to keep vehicle passengers in their seats during a road accident or exercise. emergency braking. It is the belts that should prevent the contact of the human body, mainly the head and chest, with the solid parts of the body - the steering wheel, side pillars or windshield.

A bit of history. When did the first belts appear?

The mass appearance of safety belts in the passenger compartment falls on the 50s of the last century. The reasons for this were significantly increased speeds, which often led to traffic accidents with severe consequences for people inside. During this period, the number of deaths from injuries sustained in accidents.

The first proposal for the installation of a seat belt was carried out by the French scientist Gustav Lebe. In 1903, he developed safety harnesses with a complex five-point device. The idea was not developed at that time, and, as a result, it was safely forgotten for several decades.

The Swedish engineer Niels Bohlin is considered the main inventor of modern safety belts. Developing safety systems for aircraft catapults, he designed a three-point seat belt, which, on his initiative, was used in Volvo cars.

Further evolution led to the emergence of new systems, a change in the number of static anchoring points, the emergence of various mechanisms, etc. There were also attempts to completely abandon car belts. This was due to the invention of special pillows, but their effectiveness without additional measures passive safety was low.

What are seat belts?

All car belts are divided according to the types of fasteners and actuation systems.

Mounts are of several types:

• Point-to-point. They are found only as medium belts on the back sofa, or in outdated models. domestic cars. Basically, this type of waist, reminiscent of the safety belts of aircraft seats. Second option two-point belts- diagonal, passing from the upper fixing point, located on the central pillar of the side of the car, to the lock installed in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe inter-passenger tunnel. In the case of a diagonal version, an additional waist belt is not provided.
  
  
• Three-point. This type is the most common. Almost all modern cars are equipped with such belts. Three-point diagonal lap belts line up in a V-shape, which allows you to evenly distribute the energy of the inertial movement of the body between the chest, shoulders and pelvic area.
  
• Four-point. The main scope of this type of belts is sports models. Their seats are endowed with four attachment points. It is unrealistic to apply such solutions in mass-produced machines due to the lack of constructive adaptability.
  
  
• In addition to this, there are five-point And six-point seat belts, but they are not used in public cars. They are equipped exclusively with racing cars.

According to the principles of operation, belts are also divided into three types:

1. Static. This is an outdated type that is not used on modern cars. Such belts are an ordinary wide tape, strictly measured fixed length with the possibility manual adjustment. In the event of a trip, the straps are held in place by static anchor points.
2. Dynamic. The belts of such a device have a special mechanism that ensures their pretension. With a smooth movement of the driver, it allows the belt to lengthen or rewind evenly, however, if it occurs jerk, the belt goes into a static position, tightly holding the motorist in the seat.
3. Leading. The principle of operation of belts operating in advance has a fairly close interweaving with various systems car safety. A special electric motor is responsible for tensioning and holding such belts, the operation of which is regulated by a special control unit. Constantly reading readings from sensors of speed, acceleration, exchange rate stability etc., the control device detects the presence dangerous situations on road. If, according to the electronics, there are any, the system will pre-tighten the safety belts and statically fix them. After the car returns to the usual rhythm of movement, the "grip" will be weakened. Often, electric pretensioners of advanced belts are also supplemented with special squibs. They are fired in the event of strong vehicle impacts to hold the crew members as firmly as possible in their seats.

Why do you need to buckle up?

Stubborn statistics claim that seat belts can reduce the risk of severe and fatal injuries in a frontal impact by almost 2.5 times, during a side collision by almost 2 times, and during a vehicle rollover by as much as 5 times!

In the event of an impact, the bodies of all crew members must be preserved in their places. It does not matter at all on which row and on which side they are sitting. Agree, hit your head on the front panel or glass, break your limbs on the part interior decoration or stumble upon the transmission lever - the prospect is unpleasant.

In a frontal impact, the belts try to slow down inertial motion passengers, taking the main power load on the wide safety straps. In the event of rollovers and rotation of the car, an unfastened passenger will easily fly out of the passenger compartment and, in most cases, will be crushed by his own car.

The belt tightly presses the person to the chair, which also performs protective functions. For example, a headrest protects the head from injury, and the neck from fractures and dislocations. Enveloping side flexes prevent damage internal organs and ribs. The raised parts of the landing cushion will save you from pelvic injuries. You have probably seen how race drivers are “packed”. Their body is literally pressed into special bucket chairs, covering almost every part of the body of athletes with their body.

Conclusion

At the end of the article, we would recommend that drivers do not neglect seat belts. Do not comfort yourself with excuses about the inconvenience of using them. For the sake of saving your own life and maintaining health, it is worth suffering any costs. You should not rely on the Russian "maybe". Do not expect that in the event of an accident it is you who will be lucky. "Bloody" statistics, alas, suggests otherwise.