General requirements. Conditions under which the operation of tractors is prohibited.
Malfunctions in the event of which the tractor driver must take measures to eliminate them, and if this is not possible, proceed to the place of parking or repair, observing the necessary precautions.
Malfunctions in which further movement is prohibited.
Dangerous consequences of operating tractors with malfunctions that threaten road safety.
Topic 9
devices, inscriptions and symbolsRegistration (re-registration) of the tractor.
Requirements for tractor equipment with license plates and identification plates, warning devices.
Dangerous consequences of non-compliance with the rules for installing identification marks and warning devices.
THEME PLAN
AND SUBJECT PROGRAM
"FUNDAMENTALS OF MANAGEMENT AND TRAFFIC SAFETY"
THEMATIC PLAN
| № | Name of sections and topics of classes | Qty hours |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
Section 1. BASIC OPERATION OF TRACTORS | ||
| 1.1 | Tractor control technology | 6 |
| 1.2 | road traffic | 2 |
| 1.3 | Psychophysiological and mental qualities of a tractor driver | 2 |
| 1.4 | Performance indicators of tractors | 2 |
| 1.5 | Actions of the tractor driver in regular and abnormal (critical) driving modes | 6 |
| 1.6 | Road conditions and traffic safety | 6 |
| 1.7 | traffic accidents | 6 |
| 1.8 | Safe operation of tractors | 6 |
| 1.9 | Rules for the production of works during the transportation of goods | 2 |
Total: | 38 |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
Section 2. LEGAL RESPONSIBILITYTRACTOR OPERATOR | ||
| 2.1 | Administrative responsibility | 2 |
| 2.2 | Criminal liability | 2 |
| 2.3 | Civil responsibility | 2 |
| 2.4 | Legal basis for nature protection | 2 |
| 2.5 | Tractor Ownership | 1 |
| 2.6 | Tractor driver and tractor insurance | 1 |
Total: | 10 |
|
Total: | 48 |
Program
Section I. BASIC OPERATION OF TRACTORS
Topic 1.1. Tractor control technology
Tractor landing.
Optimal working posture. Use seat adjustments and controls to achieve optimal working posture. Typical mistakes when choosing a working posture. Appointment of controls, instruments and indicators. Giving signals, turning on systems for cleaning, washing and blowing the windshield, heating the windshield, side and rear windows, cleaning headlights, alarms, regulating the heating and ventilation system, activating and releasing the parking brake system. Actions in case of operation of emergency signaling devices, emergency indications of devices.
Methods of action by the governing bodies.
Movement speed and distance. Change of speed on turns, U-turns and in limited passages.
Oncoming traffic on streets with light and heavy traffic.
Passage of railway crossings.
Topic 1.2. road traffic
Efficiency, safety and environmental friendliness of the road transport process. Statistics on the efficiency, safety and environmental friendliness of road traffic in Russia and in other countries. Factors affecting safety. The determining role of the qualification of a tractor driver in ensuring road safety. The experience of a tractor driver, as an indicator of his qualifications.Ensuring the safety and environmental friendliness of road traffic.
Tractor traffic safety requirements.
Topic 1.3. Psychophysiological and mental qualities of a tractor driver
visual perception. Line of sight. Perception of distance and speed of a self-propelled vehicle. Selective perception of information. Gaze directions. Blindness. Adaptation and restoration of light sensitivity. Perception of sound signals. Masking audio signals with noise.
Perception of linear accelerations, angular velocities and accelerations. Joint sensations. Perception of resistances and movements of controls.
Information processing time. Dependence of the amplitude of movements of the arms (legs) of the tractor driver on the magnitude of the input signal. Psychomotor reactions of the tractor driver. Reaction time. Changing the reaction time depending on the complexity of the traffic situation.
Thinking. Forecasting the development of the traffic situation.
Preparedness of the tractor driver: knowledge, skills, skills.
Ethics of a tractor driver in his relationship with other road users. Interpersonal relationships and emotional states. Compliance with the rules of the road. Behavior in case of violation of the Rules by other road users. Relations with other road users, representatives of the police and state technical supervision.
Topic 1.4. Performance indicators of tractors
Indicators of efficient and safe performance of work: overall dimensions, weight parameters, carrying capacity (capacity), speed and braking properties, resistance to overturning, skidding and side sliding, fuel efficiency, adaptability to various operating conditions, reliability. Their impact on the efficiency and safety of road traffic.
The forces that cause the movement of the tractor: traction, braking, transverse. The force of adhesion of wheels to the road. Cohesion force reserve - traffic safety conditions. Addition of longitudinal and transverse forces. Rollover resistance. Tractor stability reserves.
Tractor movement control systems: control systems for traction, brake (brake system) and transverse (steering) forces.
Safety rules for working on a tractor
Persons who have undergone special training and have a certificate for the right to drive a tractor are allowed to work on a tractor.
Before starting the engine, the gear lever must be in the "H - only after a stop", the lever for switching the cargo shaft and reverse clutches and the hydraulic distributor levers of the mounted device must be in the "Neutral" position, and the parking brake must be applied.
It is necessary to overcome water obstacles at a ford depth of not more than 1 m after careful preparation and verification of the route. You should move in a reduced mode without stopping.
Trailers and trailed implements must have rigid couplings that do not allow them to run into the tractor.
It is not allowed to transport people on trailed implements, mounted machines and outside the tractor cab. It is forbidden to stay in the tractor cab for more than two people, including the tractor driver.
It is forbidden to work on the tractor with faulty steering, brake system, electric lighting and signaling, running gear, trailer hitch and in the absence of fenders over the wheels. It is not allowed to work on a tractor with defective devices.
All tractor control levers must be locked in their respective positions. There should be a rubber mat on the cab floor.
Steering wheel freeplay for a new tractor should be no more than 0.435 rad (25°). With an increase in the free play of more than 0.610 rad (35 °), the gaps in the hinges of the follower rods should be eliminated.
Tractor brakes must be in good working order. When braking a tractor moving on dry and hard ground at a speed of 8.33 m / s (30 km / h), the braking distance should not exceed 13 m. At a speed of 5.56 m / s (20 km / h) - not more than 6.5 m. The fully depressed brake pedal must not rest against the cabin floor.
Before starting off, make sure that the air pressure in the pneumatic brake system is at least 0.45 MPa (4.5 kgf/cm2).
Batteries must be securely fastened, closed with covers and there must be no leakage of electrolyte.
Before turning on the “ground” switch after a long tractor parking (more than a day), especially in summer, open the top covers of the battery containers for at least 5 minutes to remove the explosive hydrogen-air mixture formed during self-discharge.
Add water to the battery electrolyte, not sulfuric acid, as acid splashes can cause severe burns.
Care should be taken when working with antifreeze: it is poisonous, and if even a small amount enters the human body, it can cause severe poisoning. When using a thermos for more than one day, it should change the water.
When working on slopes, special care must be taken when driving the tractor. The slope must not exceed 0.087 rad (5°).
It is allowed to work across the slope only in gears of I and II modes.
Crossing dams, gati and bridges is allowed only at reduced speeds.
It is recommended to move with mounted machines through ditches, hillocks and other obstacles at a right angle, at low speed, avoiding sharp shocks and large rolls of the tractor.
When driving downhill, it is forbidden to use the coaster. When coasting in a straight line without a slope, the gear lever must be set to the “H - only when driving” position.
To attach to the tractor and hang agricultural machines and implements on the tractor must be the persons servicing these machines. The trailer hitching the machine must stand aside until the tractor comes to a complete stop and start hitching (hitching) only after the driver's signal.
It is necessary to approach agricultural machines, implements or trailers on a tractor at low speed with the drain pedal not fully depressed.
Before starting off, make sure that the path is clear and there are no people between the tractor and agricultural implements, as well as in the area of the frame articulated device. Warn about the beginning of the movement with a signal.
During a long stop, it is not allowed to leave the mounted agricultural implement in the raised position. It is forbidden to stay under the raised implement.
Turn and turn the tractor with mounted implement smoothly.
Before exiting the tractor, it is necessary to set the gearshift lever to the “H” position only after stopping, the load shaft and reverse clutch shift lever and the distributor levers to the “Neutral” position and apply the parking brake.
The permissible tractor speed on access roads and driveways should be no more than 2.77 m/s (10 km/h), in industrial premises - no more than 0.56 m/s (2 km/h).
To lift the front and rear axles and the tractor, it is necessary to use jacks with a lifting capacity of at least 120,000 N (12,000 kgf). Chocks should be placed under the tractor wheels.
When using jacks, loading and unloading the tractor, in order to avoid folding the semi-frames, it is necessary to install split bushings on the rods of the hydraulic cylinders of rotation, preventing the movement of the rods. For loading and unloading the tractor, it is necessary to use a crane with a lifting capacity of at least 150,000 N (15,000 kgf) with a special grip.
When lifting the tractor, it is forbidden to work with defective tools and cables, to be under the tractor.
Works related to the use of electric welding directly on the tractor should be carried out with the "ground" switch turned off.
When inflating tires, a pressure gauge, mounting tool and other items should not be on the wheel.
It is not allowed to stand in front of the sidewalls of the tires; it is forbidden to control the pressure in the tire when the air supply is on; Tire pressure should be checked periodically to ensure that it is not exceeded.
When storing the tractor, it is necessary to install it on strong stands or trestle.
When using the tractor for transport work, the following precautions must be observed: check the reliability of the pneumatic brake system; special attention should be paid to the choice of speed, taking into account road conditions, turning radius, visibility, features and condition of vehicles and transported cargo. Driving at a maximum speed of 8.3 m/s (30 km/h) is allowed only on dry paved roads. It is forbidden to aggregate trailers and trailers with a faulty brake system with a tractor.
TO Category: - Tractors Kirovets
To avoid accidents, the tractor driver must be attentive to his duties and strictly follow the safety rules.
When preparing for work, it is forbidden to start the tractor with faulty or poorly adjusted mechanisms.
Do not trust unauthorized persons to start the engine and drive the tractor. Before starting the engine, make sure the gear lever is in neutral.
Drive up to the machine for hitching or hitching it at low speed and without jerks, while there should be no people between the tractor and the machine.
All maintenance operations can only be carried out when the engine is not running. It is forbidden to stand under (or on) a mounted machine that has been raised to the transport position.
To perform all agricultural work (except for inter-row cultivation), wheeled tractors set the wheels on a wide track.
When lifting the tractor with a jack, it is necessary to place safety goats or other reliable stands under the tractor.
Before starting the tractor, you must make sure that nothing prevents you from starting to move. When the tractor is moving, it is not allowed to enter or leave its cab, or to switch from the tractor to the implement machine or vice versa.
When turning, make sure that there are no people or any obstacles within reach of the mounted or trailed machine. Turning hard is dangerous.
It is forbidden to cross railway tracks in unauthorized places, as well as when a train is approaching, with an open semaphore and at high speed. When moving several tractors at the same time, there must be an interval of at least 8 m between them.
Before crossing bridges, dams, fords, etc., you need to make sure that it is possible to move. It is forbidden to drive the tractor across steep slopes. When towing machines and implements, use only a rigid hitch. It is not allowed to use ropes, chains and cables for towing machines.
When wheeled tractors perform transport work and work in rough terrain, the following rules must be observed:
1. Operate the tractor in transport with the largest track width. Maintain tire pressure in accordance with factory guidelines.
2. Transportation of people on tractor trailers specially equipped for this purpose is allowed only if the trailer has serviceable brakes controlled from the tractor driver's workplace.
3. On slippery roads, use the brakes carefully to avoid skidding and overturning of the tractor. If you need to brake hard, brake without disengaging the clutch. In this case, the engine speed must be reduced, but so that it does not stall.
Engine braking is effective when driving on mountainous, icy, snowy or muddy roads where braking with the brakes alone can cause an accident.
4. When working on transport, the speed of the tractor on turns should be no higher than 9, and in bad weather - no higher than 2-3 km / h. When descending a steep slope, the speed should not exceed 2-3 km/h in order to avoid skidding or overturning of the tractor.
5. On mountainous and hilly terrain, it is strictly forbidden to work with trailers that are not equipped with brakes driven by a tractor.
6. Abrupt engagement of the clutch pedal may cause the tractor to tip over and cause accidents. When the front wheels of the tractor are off the ground, the driver must immediately disengage the clutch to prevent an accident.
7. If the trailer is stuck, do not allow the tractor to jerk sharply, as this can lead to the tractor tipping over.
8. Before reaching the descent or ascent, the driver must turn on the first or second gear and overcome the descent in it. Changing gears on steep ascents and descents is prohibited.
9. When working with heavy agricultural machines mounted from the rear, it is necessary to install ballast (additional weights) on the front beam of the frame.
After stopping the tractor, you must not leave it without turning off the engine. Adding water to the radiator of an uncooled engine is only allowed in gloves. When removing the lid, do not stand against the wind or bend low to the neck, so as not to get burned by the steam. Care must be taken when draining hot water from the radiator.
Fire safety rules on a tractor
1. It is allowed to drive up to the place of refueling only from the leeward side.
2. In order to avoid a fuel explosion, it is not allowed to unscrew the corks of iron barrels by hitting them with metal objects, and to bring an open flame to the barrel.
3. It is prohibited to operate the tractor without a spark arrestor.
4. You must not be near the tractor during a thunderstorm.
5. Oiled clothing and cleaning materials should be kept away from fire.
6. Ignited fuel should be covered with sand, earth, covered with felt or tarpaulin.
In addition to the listed general rules, tractor operators are required to strictly observe the safety rules drawn up for working on each agricultural machine.
Carry out work or transport movement only on fully functional machines. Machines that have malfunctions indicated in the list are not allowed to operate.
1. Brake systems.
1.1. During road tests, the standards for braking efficiency of the service brake system are not observed (tests are carried out on a horizontal section of the road, a site with a smooth, dry, clean cement or asphalt concrete surface).
1.2. When braking, straightness of movement is not ensured (no more than 0.5 m).
1.3. The tightness of the hydraulic drive is broken.
1.4. Violation of the tightness of the pneumatic and pneumohydraulic brake actuators causes a drop in air pressure with the engine off by more than 0.5 kgf / sq. cm in 15 minutes after they are fully activated.
1.5. The pressure gauge of the pneumatic or pneumohydraulic brake drives does not work.
1.6. The parking brake system does not ensure the stationary state of the machines on the slope corresponding to the technical requirement.
The parking brake system does not ensure a stationary state: - vehicles with a full load - on a slope up to 16 degrees (31%) inclusive, - cars in running order - on a slope up to 23% inclusive.
2 Steering.
2.1 The total play in the steering of wheeled vehicles exceeds the allowable values specified by the manufacturer, no more than 25 degrees.
2.2 There are movements of parts and assemblies not provided for by the design, threaded connections are not tightened or not fixed in the established way.
2.3 The power steering provided by the design is faulty or missing.
2.4 For a tracked vehicle:
Free travel of the handles of the levers for controlling the rotation clutches more than allowed by the manufacturer;
Incomplete braking of the rotation clutch drum when the control levers are fully moved towards you;
A different amount of free play of the brake pedals or exceeds the allowable by the manufacturer.
3. External lighting fixtures.
3.1 Quantity, type, color, location and mode of operation of external lighting devices do not meet the requirements of the design of machines (on machines that have been discontinued, installation of external lighting devices from machines of other brands and models is allowed).
3.2 Headlight adjustment does not meet the requirements of GOST 25476-91.
3.3 Do not work in the set mode or external lighting devices and retroreflectors are dirty.
3.4 There are no diffusers on the lighting devices, or diffusers and lamps are used that do not correspond to the type of this lighting device.
3.5 Lighting devices with red lights or red reflectors are installed at the front of the car, and white at the rear, except for reversing lights and registration plate lighting.
4. Windshield wipers and windshield washers.
4.1. Windshield wipers do not work in the set mode.
4.2. The windshield washers provided for by the design of the machine do not work.
5. Tire wheels and caterpillars.
5.1. The wheel tires have a residual lugs height (tread pattern):
Driving wheels - less than 5 mm;
Steered wheels - less than 2 mm;
Trailer wheels - less than 1 mm.
5.2. Tires have local damage (punctures, cuts, ruptures), exposing the cord, as well as delamination of the tread and sidewall.
5.3. The fastening bolt (nut) is missing or there are cracks in the disk and wheel rims.
5.4. Tires do not match the machine model in terms of size or load capacity. Tires of different sizes or tread patterns are installed on the same axle.
5.5. The pressure difference in the left and right tires should be no more than 0.1 kgf / sq. cm (0.01 MPa).
5.6. The sagging of caterpillar chains of caterpillar machines exceeds 35 - 65 mm.
5.7. The residual height of the track lugs of tracked vehicles is less than 7 mm.
5.8. The number of links in the left and right track chain is not the same.
5.9. There are cracks and kinks in the links of the caterpillar chain.
5.10. The difference between the sagging of the left and right caterpillar chains is more than 5 mm.
6. Engine.
6.2. In air-cooled engines, the air intake opening is not protected by a protective mesh.
6.3. There are fuel, oil and coolant leaks, exhaust gas leaks in the exhaust manifold connections to the engine and exhaust pipe.
6.4. The external noise level of tractor engines exceeds 85 dBa at a distance of 7 m.
7. Other structural elements.
7.1. There are no rear-view mirrors and cab windows provided for by the design of the machine.
7.2. The horn does not work (the sound level of the horn must be 8 dBa higher than the external noise level of the machine).
7.3. Additional items have been installed or coatings have been applied that restrict visibility from the driver's seat, worsen the transparency of the windows, and entail a risk of injury to road users.
7.4. The cab door locks provided for by the design, the locks of the sides of the trailer platform, the locks of the neck of the tanks, the plugs of the fuel tanks, the mechanism for adjusting the position of the driver's seat, the anti-theft device, the emergency exits and their activation devices, the door control drive, the speedometer, the tachograph, the heating devices and glass blowing.
7.5. There are no anti-splash aprons and mud flaps provided for by the design.
7.6. There is no device that excludes the possibility of starting the engine with the gear engaged.
7.7. The towing and fifth wheel devices of the tractor and the trailer link are faulty, there is no safety device.
7.8. The control levers of the working bodies of machines and implements do not have reliable fixation in a given position.
7.9. Moving, rotating parts of machines (cardan, chain, belt, gear drives, etc.) are not protected by protective covers that ensure the safety of operating personnel.
7.10. Leakage of oil and other working fluids in the hydraulic system of machines and their working bodies.
7.11. Increased displacements in mobile mates.
7.12. The cab, engine, steering column, compressor, starting motor, lining, etc. are loose.
7.13. Missing:
On self-propelled vehicles: a first aid kit, primary fire extinguishing equipment, an emergency stop sign; seat belts, if their installation is provided for by the design;
On tractors with a pulling force of more than 3 tons - wheel chocks (at least two).
7.14. The registration plate is missing or does not meet the requirements of the standard.
7.15. There is no sign "Road train" on wheeled tractors (class 1.4 tons and above) working with trailers.
In the event of a malfunction of the service brake system, steering control, as well as the wiper and (or) washer in rainy weather, it is also prohibited to go to the place of repair.
For driving at night, vehicles must be equipped with a sufficient number of external and internal lighting devices. It is forbidden to work at night with the lights off.
Cars with fuel tanks or heating devices, including those for heating the cabin, must be equipped with fire extinguishers.
Belt and chain drives, shafts and other rotating and moving parts, near which people may be, must be covered with guards or covers. It is prohibited to carry out work or transport movement with guards or covers removed.
On machines with a running engine, it is prohibited to: inspect units and assemblies, perform assembly, installation, commissioning, adjustment, repair and other work. When the engine is running, it is allowed to listen to the engine and measure the shaft speed.
On machines with movable working bodies, it is forbidden to carry out inspections, adjustment, repair and any other work, being under working bodies that are not fixed in the established way. If it is necessary to carry out such work, the working bodies are installed on the constipation provided for by the design, and in the absence of the latter, they are reliably strengthened with goats, logs, and vags resting on the ground. When carrying out such work, it is necessary to exclude the possibility of finding anyone near the controls.
The driver must constantly ensure that there are no people in the danger zone. The danger zone of the loader is considered to be the entire area necessary for its maneuvering, increased by 5 meters in all directions. If people appear in the danger zone, work is immediately stopped, the working equipment is placed on the supporting surface, and people are taken out of the danger zone. To prevent people from entering the danger zone, it must be fenced off or appropriately marked.
During work or transport movement, it is forbidden for anyone to be on the metal structures of the machine. It is forbidden to lift people on the working parts of the machine. In the cabins of self-propelled machines there can be as many people as provided for by the design, however, in addition to the driver, only people who are directly related to the work performed can be in the loader cab.
When inflating the tires of the loader wheels, it is forbidden for anyone to be near the wheel on the side of the removable bead ring. Tires larger than 14-20 must not be inflated directly on the machine. The tire with the rim is removed from the car and placed for inflation in a special box with a lid.
Vessels operating under air pressure must not be pumped in excess of the set pressure.
When inspecting and tightening the connections of hydraulic system pipelines, the system as a whole must be relieved of pressure. After turning off the engine and turning off the pump drive, the levers for controlling the working bodies of the machine should be taken out of the neutral position several times.
When cutting the ropes of control systems, or rigging ropes, the ropes on both sides of the cutting point should be wrapped with wire. Wear eye protection during the operation.
It is forbidden to work on the machine in worn clothes and torn gloves.
Refuel the car only when the engine is off.
When removing the filler plug from a hot radiator, be careful to use a dry mitt or rag.
Do not start the engine without an air cleaner connected.
Before starting the engine, set all levers to the neutral position.
The driver must not leave the machine with the engine running without supervision. If it is necessary to leave, even for a short time, the engine must be stopped and measures taken against spontaneous movement of the machine and unintended use of the machine.
At the beginning of the movement and operation of the machine, turn on the clutches, or mechanisms that replace them, and also increase the fuel supply should be gradual, especially under heavy loads.
When driving downhill, leave the transmission engaged.
Before turning, to avoid skidding or overturning of the machine, reduce the speed of movement.
The driver must drive at a speed that ensures the safety of himself and his car, as well as other people and cars.
When driving on public roads, the driver must turn on the lights.
When stopping the machine, the driver must apply the brakes of the road wheels, and when parking on a slope, the parking brakes. Getting off the car until it has come to a complete stop is prohibited.
To avoid sliding down the slope, the machines are positioned in such a way that there is at least 0.5 m from the wheels to the edge of the slope.
Pumps must be used to fill the machine with fuel and to purge the fuel lines. Do not suck fuel into the hose and blow through the fuel lines with your mouth.
Wash your hands with regular gasoline or kerosene after handling leaded gasoline.
It is necessary to constantly monitor the serviceability and tightness of the engine power system, immediately eliminate the detected leaks.
Keep the tool box and fire extinguisher in constant readiness.
