Every motorist knows how important the right work is battery for the operation of the whole mechanism. Exactly lead acid batteries are used as starter devices for passenger cars.
In this article we will talk about the device and the principle of operation of the battery, we will also talk about battery diagnostics, the most common problems and how to restore it.
The device and principle of operation of the battery
The body of the product is expelled from propylene, this material was chosen for two main reasons:
- Does not conduct current
- Not destroyed by acid
One device includes six interconnected batteries. A separate battery combines negative and positive electrodes (lead alloy is taken for their manufacture, for negative electrodes- lead-calcium composition), filled with active mass.
The isolation of layers of opposite charge is provided by a separator made of plastic. In order to improve corrosion resistance, lead-calcium alloy for electrodes can be diluted with silver or tin.
The active mass of the negative electrodes consists of spongy lead, positive - of lead dioxide.
There are two types of batteries:
- with liquid electrolyte.
- So special material pre-impregnated with a non-liquid electrolyte.
Today, the most common batteries with liquid electrolyte.
The principle of operation is based on the conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy during charging, while discharging the reverse action takes place - chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.
The battery discharge occurs as a result of connecting consumers: the active mass of the electrodes (negative and positive) interacts with the electrolyte.
As a result, lead sulfate is generated with water and the electrolyte density level drops. When the alternator is working properly, it charges the battery while the engine is running.
Also, the battery can be charged with a special device, as a result of the charge, lead sulfate and water turn into lead, lead dioxide and sulfuric acid, thus increasing the density level.
Note! Charging must be carried out according to the recommended electrical voltage, in case of violation this rule operation, the service life of the device may become significantly less than specified.
As a result high voltage electrolyte level drops low voltage may cause the battery to not fully charge. In general, the battery life is about five years, it all depends on the conditions in which the device is operated.
Device parameters:
- Rated capacity. This indicator is measured in ampere-hours (Ah), depends on the output energy of a charged device during discharge (20 hours). For example, a device with a volume of 50 Ah delivers a current of 2.5 A for twenty hours.
- The rated voltage consists of the voltage of the individual batteries, at passenger car is 12 V.
- The cold crank current indicator indicates the ability of the car to start in the cold period. The higher the indicator, the easier it is for the engine to start in cold weather.
Battery faults
The battery, like any mechanism, can fail, as a result of which it will not work properly or stop working altogether. Below we will look at the most common problems in the system and teach you how to fix them.
Very often, car owners are faced with the problem of terminal oxidation, as a result of which the current supply stops and the resistance in the circuit increases, thus the entire electrical system fails.
To solve the problem you need:
- Remove clamps.
- Clean the battery terminals and leads.
- Now we put everything in place, check the correctness and reliability of the fasteners - the terminal should not move or move away from the output.
- It is recommended to lubricate the top of the terminal with technical vaseline.
Many drivers complain about the rapid discharge of the battery.
There may be two reasons for this:
- Contamination of the electrolyte inside the device.
- Contamination of the device itself.
IN this case it is necessary to remove the battery and wipe all contacts well, pay attention to the device should not be left wet. Next, you need to check the purity and level of the electrolyte, if necessary, replace the liquid with a new one.
How to Diagnose a Car Battery
Before proceeding with the diagnostics of the device, it is necessary to remove it.
Note! Remove the negative terminal first. However, during installation, it is connected last.
Electrolyte level
It is recommended to check the level and density of the battery solution at least once every three months. The level is checked using a glass tube (internal diameter should be 4-5 mm) through the filling holes.
The tube should be lowered to the end, the outer opening should be well plugged with a finger and removed. Permissible level electrolyte in the battery should be equal to 12-15 mm.
If there is a tube in the battery, the level may exceed 3-5 mm.
Electrolyte density
The second indicator - electrolyte density - plays at least important role, so it also needs to be controlled.
During operation, the density of the liquid may fluctuate, a full discharge is a full charge, the indicators may vary by 0.15-0.16 units.
A high level of density can cause rapid deterioration of the device; at a low level of density, starting the engine will be long and problematic.
Battery level
To check the charge indicator car battery should be used load fork. This device has a voltmeter, a load resistance switch, a handle and two contacts.
Also, the charge can be determined based on the output voltage, for this you need a multimeter and a voltmeter (it is important to disconnect the negative terminal).
Modern devices are equipped with an indicator showing the battery charge. If the device is charged, the indicator is on. in green, discharged - white or red.
To charge a car battery, you must use a charger that is a current source: connect the positive contact to the positive terminal, the negative contact to the negative terminal.
Battery Recovery Methods
Every motorist is interested in the question of how to extend the life of the battery or how to restore its operation.
And yet, if you missed or ignored some tips regarding the operation of the device, do not despair, below we will tell you what are the ways to restore the functioning of this device.
Use of CTC
CTC (control-training cycle), this procedure helps to restore capacity and avoid the process of sulfation. The CTC procedure consists of several stages of discharging and charging the battery.
For this we need:
- Charger.
- Voltage control device - voltmeter.
- A device for monitoring the electrolyte density level is a hydrometer.
- Bulb.
So, for starters, fully charge the battery. It is important that the lids of the jars are removed during charging. The battery should be charged for 6 to 8 hours.
Upon completion of the procedure, using a hydrometer, it is necessary to check the level of electrolyte density in each bank separately - the indicator should be equal to 1.27 g / cm. cube If necessary, distilled water or sulfuric acid is added to the jars, after which the battery is put on charge for another half an hour.
Multiple charge mode
Not less than simple method recovery correct operation battery, offered by automaker specialists, is to carry out several stages of charging the device with interruptions. Initially, it is necessary to set the current level to 0.04 of the nominal volume of the battery. After 8 hours of charging, you must take a 12-hour break (no more than 16 hours).
A break is necessary to equalize internal potential and external lead plates, diffusion of a dense electrolyte into the gaps between the electrodes is performed.
After a break, the battery charging procedure is resumed. It is recommended to carry out at least 5 such procedures. In the course of increasing the volume, the density level of the electrolyte will increase, as a result of which it must be diluted with distilled water and the level indicator should be monitored, it is important to keep it within the normal range.
Chemicals
So, first you need to do full charge battery device, after which it is important to drain all the electrolyte. Now you need to rinse the container with distilled water, at least three times.
For the next stage of washing, we take a solution of 5% (wt.) ammonia and 2% (wt.) Trilon B. Pour it into a container previously cleaned with distilled water, from which the electrolyte was poured, and leave for an hour.
Splashes and active gas evolution will be observed inside, this is the process of desulfation. Upon completion of gas evolution, the procedure can be considered completed. Now drain the liquid from the battery and rinse the container again with distilled water (2-3 times). Now we fill the battery with new electrolyte and carry out a full charge.
If strong sulfation is observed, then the battery can be restored with such a solution a couple of times. However, we note that such a solution cannot be prepared independently, it is recommended to consult a specialist.
Pulse current
This method will help solve the problem of a short circuit in the battery bank, many do not know about this method or do not risk using it, however, according to the reviews of many motorists, it is safe to say that the burning method using impulsive current is quite effective.
Connect the battery to a power source high current(in this case, it is at least 100 amperes). Very often, a welding machine is used for this purpose. The circuit in the bank is burned out as a result of a two-second passage of such a current.
Modern batteries remain one of the most big problems for both producers and consumers. And the point here is not so much the potential risk of fire, but the gradual depletion of the power source itself. Therefore, one should not be surprised that with everyday charging, batteries can withstand a year or two of active use, after which their capacity drops catastrophically and it becomes problematic to use your favorite gadget. It is impossible to completely reanimate a dead battery, but you can extend the period of active use while you are busy looking for a replacement. This is what we will talk about today.
The recommendations below are designed for a technically trained user, therefore, if you do not know which side to approach the soldering iron, it is better to either contact the services service center, or immediately go to the store for a new battery.
Phone with a modern rechargeable Li-Ion battery
Method number 1
He can help in cases where long work gases begin to accumulate inside, as a result of which the battery swells and does not hold a charge well.
Necessary tools and materials: soldering iron, some epoxy, thin needle, flat heavy object for leveling.
As carefully as possible, we disconnect the battery case from the upper block with the sensor.
Separate the electronic sensor.
Under it there should be a cap, inside of which the control electronics are hidden. We carefully pierce it, for which a thin needle is well suited. Remember that with a damaged filling it will be impossible to reanimate the battery.
The most important moment. We put the battery on the table and press it with a press. Keep in mind: too much force can make the battery unusable, and its lack, on the contrary, will not lead to the desired result. It is also strictly not recommended to use a vise or similar devices for the purpose of repair.
When you're done, put some epoxy on the hole and solder the sensor.
Tools and materials for diagnosing a phone battery
Method number 2
He is not able to reanimate a battery with a significantly reduced resource, but it can slightly extend its life. You should not count on much, but a reanimated battery can provide power to a modern smartphone while you are looking for a replacement.
Necessary tools and materials: any power supply (5–12 V, current not less than 0.1 A), voltmeter or tester for voltage control, resistor (power not less than 500 mW, resistance from 330 to 1000 Ohm).
If you do not have a spare power supply, almost any complete one from active network equipment (switches, routers, modems) will do. First you need to make sure that the parameters of the current issued by them correspond to the required ones.
We release the contacts of the power supply and connect them to the dead battery: the “minus” of the PSU with the “minus” of the battery, and add a resistor to the “positive” line. Be sure to check the correct polarity of the connection with a multimeter.
When everything is done, connect the power supply to the network. The procedure time is no more than 2-3 minutes. If possible, control the process with a tester: the maximum allowable voltage is no more than 3.3 V.
A few important notes
Do not leave a problem battery unattended during repairs. Incidents of spontaneous combustion are not a theory, but a harsh reality.
Periodically check the temperature of the “client” with an external thermocouple, an electronic thermometer, or simply with your hand. If the surface feels hot to you, and not just warm, stop the repair immediately.
Do not use excessive charging currents. The maximum that you can afford is 50 mAh. This parameter is calculated as follows: divide the PSU supply voltage by the resistor capacitance. For example, if the first parameter is 12 V, and the second is 500 ohms, then the charging current will be 24 mAh.
Instead of a resistor, you can use a standard 80mm computer fan.
In order to avoid spontaneous combustion, it is also recommended to control the initial charge of the recovered battery.
Method number 3
The technique is controversial and doubtful, but, according to reviews on specialized forums, it helps some users, because the responsibility for possible Negative consequences lies on you.
Necessary tools and materials: a working refrigerator.
Remove the battery that does not show signs of life from the smartphone and put a plastic bag, which should be put in the freezer for 20-30 minutes.
Remove it from the device, let it warm up to room temperature, and then charge in the usual way.
Method number 4
Harmless, but ineffective method of resuscitation. But if it seems to you that the battery in your smartphone is completely out of order, then why not try it?
Required tools and materials: smartphone with a standard charger.
Bring the battery to a full discharge (when the phone no longer turns on). Any resource-intensive game or AnTuTu utility can help with this.
Fully charge the battery to the 100% mark.
Repeat steps 1 and 2 several times.
Method number 5
Almost all professional electricians will consider the following procedure sacrilegious, but it has helped many users of old batteries.
Necessary tools and materials: razor blade, thin screwdriver, glue "moment".
We remove the battery from the phone.
Peel off the sticker with technical specifications.
We cut off the top plastic cover as much as possible, behind which the control electronics is hidden.
We find the main contacts.
For a moment we close them with any metal object.
Glue top cover and let it dry.
Once again, we remind you that none of the above methods of resuscitation guarantees a 100% result, and all responsibility falls entirely on your shoulders. But if the battery is completely dead, and the purchase of a new one is postponed for several days, it's worth a try. But if you rarely pick up a soldering iron and consider yourself a humanitarian, it is better to seek help from a friend who understands the topic.
Video instruction
Surely, many motorists have encountered a situation, especially with the onset of the cold season, when yesterday a fully functional battery suddenly stopped holding a charge.
You should not jump to conclusions and immediately throw it away, because in most cases it is quite easy to restore the device to working capacity, which will last for several more seasons.
Before you know how to revive the battery, you need to establish the cause that led to its failure. There may be several reasons that cause a malfunction, and, as practice shows, basically, most of them are caused by improper operation and storage of the device.
Reasons for failure
Many motorists are aware of the situation that a half-charged or fully discharged battery quickly freezes under conditions low temperatures, in this case, damage occurs not only to the plates, but also to the body of the unit.
The main reason for battery failure is overcharging or undercharging the device.
- One of the main and common reasons for the failure of old batteries is the sulfation of the plates, which reduces the maximum capacity of the device. At the same time, the capacity indicator may drop to zero, as a result of which it is simply impossible to start the starter
- Also one of the reasons is the destruction of the integrity of the carbon plates. In this case, it is quite possible to restore performance, while it will be cheaper to try to restore the battery than to purchase a new one.
- To the most serious breakdowns can be attributed to the closure of the plates in certain sections. This problem it is quite simple to detect, the failed section heats up very quickly, followed by boiling of the electrolyte. This battery is not recoverable.
And so, what to do - the device has sat down, how to start the car? Surely, this question is key for many motorists, so further will be given helpful tips and recommendations to help you find the right solution.
How to solve a problem?
First of all, it is necessary to check the electrolyte charge level. If the indicator is low, it is necessary to add distilled water to the jars and find best way to start the car from the "pusher".
Temperature effects
IN winter period if there is an urgent need to start the battery, it is transferred to heat. In this case, it is allowed to immerse the battery in warm water at room temperature for several minutes, but so that the water level does not reach the battery cover.
Under influence high temperatures a charge appears, which makes it possible to start the engine vehicle. It is best to leave the battery recharged for another day in such a situation.
Impact of current
Enough effective method repeated recharging of the battery with a low voltage current at certain intervals of a time period. After the first few short recharges, the charge voltage level begins to gradually increase.
The electrodes that are in the depth and on the surface of the plates begin to gradually level out. During cyclic charging, the density of the electrolyte gradually increases. This procedure repeat at least five times.
Electrolyte replacement
Restore acid species batteries can also be complete replacement electrolyte:
- To do this, the electrolyte is completely drained from the device, washed well several times. hot water
- Three teaspoons of soda are dissolved in 100 ml of water, boiled for 15-20 minutes, after which the resulting mixture is poured into the battery and, after rinsing well several times, drained after half an hour
- After that, rinse the device well with warm water.
- Now you can fill in a new electrolyte solution. Charging should be at least a day
The most common cause of car battery failure is sulfation and destruction of the plates as a result of deep discharge, prolonged overcharging or crystallization of the electrolyte during sub-zero temperatures. IN warranty card and the car manual, most likely, in such a case you will only find recommendations for replacing the battery with a new one. However, you can try to revive the power supply with proven methods.
Raise capacity and density
The main method, which various modifications used to restore the battery - this is a multiple charge with a small current (usually such a recommendation can be found in the technical literature). Due to the sulfation of lead plates (their surface is covered with a coating that prevents normal operation batteries), the capacity of the battery is greatly reduced. Charging is fast, but discharging is just as fast. In a short time, the battery stops receiving current from charger, and a pause is made, after which the cycle is repeated.
The strength of the charging current should be small - 4-6% of the rated capacity. For example, if you have a capacity of 60 Ah, then the permitted current will be no more than 3.6 A. As a rule, the time of one charging cycle is 6-8 hours, the break is from 8 to 16 hours. The total number of charge-break cycles is 5-6. Termination restoration work relevant if the electrolyte density has become normal for a given battery, and the voltage value of each of the sections varies between 2.5-2.7 Volts.
Video tutorial on how to bring an old battery back to life
How to repair a car battery at home
A method that is more suitable for motorists who are not able to wait a long time for the result is to dissolve sulfates by washing with a special composition:
- Charge the battery to its full capacity.
- Drain the electrolyte.
- Rinse the inside of the jars with distilled water 2-3 times.
- Pour in Trilon B ammonia solution (2% Trilon B + 5% ammonia).
- Leave the battery in this state for an hour (the end of the reaction will be indicated by the cessation of active gas evolution).
- Repeat desulfation in case of insufficient cleaning of the plates from plaque.
- Rinse the battery with distilled water 2-3 times.
- Fill in the electrolyte of the required density.
- Recharge the battery in the standard way.
A simpler flushing option is as follows:
- Drain the electrolyte.
- Rinse the inside of the battery several times with hot water.
- Rinse the plates two or three times with an exposure of 20 minutes with a cleaning solution of boiling water and 3 teaspoons of technical (you can use food) soda.
- Rinse the insides again a couple of times with hot water.
- Fill in fresh electrolyte and charge the battery for a day.
- After the battery is discharged while driving, charge it daily for 6 hours for the next 10 days. Approximate charge time - 6 hours at voltage
14-16 Volts and charging current not more than 10 Amps.
Is it possible to reanimate a maintenance-free acid battery
A reliable way to resuscitate a maintenance-free car battery is quite simple, but requires patience. First you need to pour out all the electrolyte, replacing it with ordinary distilled water. The terminals are connected in the usual manner to the charger on which the constant pressure 14 volts. After a couple of hours, you need to listen to the processes taking place inside. There must be gas release. If it is intense, then you need to slightly reduce the voltage of the charging current. Thus, it is necessary to achieve moderate, but stable gas formation.
In this state, in two weeks, the battery will turn water into a weak electrolyte as a result of its reaction with lead sulfate on the surface of the plates, which will gradually be converted into sulfuric acid molecules. After the specified time, the contents of the jars are again replaced with water, from which within 1-2 weeks you should get new electrolyte under the influence of an already tested current. At the end of desulfation, the electrolyte of low density must be replaced with a normal electrolyte. The final touch of recovery will be recharging in accordance with the standard parameters for this battery.
Troubleshooting a short circuit
It so happens that the problem of low battery was the result short circuit in one of the jars. In this case, the electrolyte charge in the problem section becomes impossible. The only way out is to eliminate the circuit zone by burning it with current great strength. It is enough to connect the terminals, for example, to a welding machine with a rectifier diode at the output, in order to give a current of 100 or more amperes to the plates. It will only take a couple of seconds to close the circuit. This is enough to eliminate the place of contact of the plates as a result of its critical overheating.
Reverse charge
The welding machine can also help with battery recovery by reverse charging. The polarity should be taken in this case exactly the opposite: the “plus” of the power source is connected to the “minus” of the battery, the “minus” to the positive terminal. The voltage should be 20 volts, the charging current should be 80 amperes or more. When the plugs of all cans are turned out, current is supplied. The battery should actively boil for half an hour, after which the electrolyte should be drained. After washing the battery with hot water, you can fill in a normal electrolyte and charge the battery for a day. But there is important nuance: The terminals have now reversed polarity, so the "plus" of the charger is set to the "minus" of the battery, and the "minus" goes to the former "plus".
If the above methods do not help solve the problem or there is no way to wait, you will have to buy a new battery.
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As unfortunate as it may be, everything has its own lifespan. It is believed that the battery has a life of about three years, after which the battery is sent to a landfill, and a new battery takes its place in the car.
However, do not rush to say goodbye to the old battery ahead of time, as there are several ways to resuscitate it. It is with them that I would like to introduce you today.
The most common and favorite methods for resuscitating batteries by most car owners include:
1. Continuous charge of the battery with low current.
2. Battery charge in distilled water.
3. Maximum battery discharges by low currents.
Agree, the names of recovery methods give only superficial ideas about their essence. For achievement excellent result you need to get acquainted with these methods of resuscitation of the battery closer.
Continuous battery charging with low current
Using this simple method, you can restore life only to a battery with a slight and not chronic sulfation of the plates.
In order to give a second life to a battery, you need to:
1. Fill the battery with distilled water slightly above the level.
2. Turn on the battery for charging with a current of normal value (0.1 battery capacity).
3. As soon as gas formation in the battery becomes noticeable, the charge should be turned off for 20-30 minutes.
4. After a break, the battery must again be connected to a current, only this time reduced by ten times in comparison with the original, i.e. 0.01 of the battery capacity.
5. Having noticed increased gas formation on the plates of both polarities, it is necessary to disconnect the battery from the current and take a break for 15-20 minutes.
The fourth and fifth battery recovery steps should be repeated several times. Sometimes, in order for the battery to come to full combat readiness, it is necessary to repeat these procedures for several days in a row before starting to operate the battery at full capacity.
To avoid the inconvenience associated with battery operation, we recommend periodically checking the electrolyte level in the battery (the height of its layer should not be less than 5 mm above the upper edges of the plates), and if necessary, you can add distilled water. Make sure that no foreign matter gets into the battery. traces of oxidation on battery terminals and wires must be carefully removed.
Battery charge in distilled water
If the sulfation of the battery is deep, but not old, then you can try to restore the battery in the following way.
1. We discharge the battery to a voltage of 9 V.
2. Drain all the electrolyte solution and fill the battery with distilled water. We are waiting for about an hour.
3. After a pause in operation, turn on the battery for a charge. In this case, the voltage at each battery terminal must in no case exceed 11.5 V.
4. Gradually increase the charge. After the specific gravity of the solution has been increased to approximately 1.1-1.12, it is necessary to bring charging current up to a value equal to 0.1 of the battery capacity.
5. The battery should be charged in this way until a uniform gas evolution is noticeable on the plates of both polarities.
6. After that, it is necessary to discharge the battery for one and a half to two hours with a current equal to 0.2 of the discharge current, corresponding to a ten-hour battery discharge mode.
Steps 5 and 6 of battery recovery should be repeated several times. After the specific gravity of the solution does not stop increasing, the electrolyte level should be brought to normal and the battery is ready for use.
It is worth noting that this method is quite time-consuming, it can often take weeks to give the battery a second life.
Resuscitation of the battery by the method of maximum discharges with low currents
The battery recovery method, which will be discussed now, is suitable for batteries with old sulfation. Obviously, the process will be long and laborious, but worth it.
1. First of all, you need to charge the battery with a current equal to 0.2 * Q (where Q is the battery capacity).
2. After the voltage has reached 12V, the charging current should be reduced to the value calculated by the formula 0.05*Q.
3. The charge should be stopped when both the voltage and the weight of the electrolyte have reached stable values.
4. Let the battery rest for half an hour to an hour. Then again charge it with a small current until it “boils”.
This step should be repeated several times. You will understand that it is time to stop the procedure when the electrolyte starts to boil a few minutes after the start of charging.
After that, you should repeat the first stage of work, and after a couple of hours, continue to charge the battery in the indicated way. To restore battery performance, you may need to repeat the entire cycle of work up to 8 times.
Of course, restoring the battery on your own is a rather long and laborious process, but with a little effort you can significantly extend the life of the battery and save a significant amount.
