Lubricant consumption rates are set for 100 liters of total fuel consumption, calculated according to the standards for this vehicle. Oil consumption rates are set in liters per 100 liters of fuel consumption, lubricant consumption rates - respectively, in kilograms per 100 liters of fuel consumption.
Consumption rates for oils and lubricants are reduced by 50% for all vehicles that are in operation for up to three years.
Oil consumption rates are increased by up to 20% for vehicles that have been in operation for more than eight years.
The consumption of lubricants during the overhaul of vehicle units is set in an amount equal to one filling capacity of the lubrication system of this unit.
The consumption of brake and coolant fluids is determined in the number of refuelings per one motor vehicle.
Individual oil consumption rates in liters (lubricants in kg) per 100 liters of total vehicle fuel consumption
Table VII-9
For vehicles and their modifications that do not have individual oil and lubricant consumption rates, temporary oil and lubricant consumption rates have been established. So for off-road dump trucks running on diesel fuel, the following temporary standards are established:
Temporary oil consumption rates in liters (lubricants in kg) per 100 liters of total fuel consumption for off-road vehicles
Table VII-10
Section.2. Methods for calculating the operating consumption of diesel fuel
Currently, consumers are buying new models of mining trucks for which diesel fuel consumption rates have not been determined, therefore, there are a number of methods that allow calculating these costs in relation to specific operating conditions. This section provides two methods: a calculation method for determining the operating consumption of diesel fuel by a mining dump truck (method of Professor A.A. Kuleshov) and a calculation method for determining the operating consumption of diesel fuel by mining dump trucks (BelAZ method).
Calculation method for determining the operating consumption of diesel fuel by a mining dump truck
The studies carried out at the St. Petersburg Mining Institute made it possible to establish multifactorial dependences of fuel consumption by mining dump trucks on mining and technical and other conditions, which make it possible to determine fuel consumption for specific operating conditions with sufficient accuracy, according to the following method (method of Professor Kuleshov A.A.).
· Determine the specific fuel consumption of a dump truck per unit of transport work, i.e. per 1 t.km (l/t.km) .
Based on the ratio of hourly fuel consumption and hourly productivity of a dump truck, a formula was derived to determine the specific fuel consumption per unit of transport work (l/t. km) when moving a loaded dump truck horizontally and lifting vertically.
where is the specific fuel consumption of the dump truck engine at rated power (determined by the engine characteristics), g/kW. h.
The density of diesel fuel at a temperature of 20 ° C (g / cm 3), is taken as 0.83 g / cm 3.
The transmission efficiency of a dump truck is taken for two-axle dump trucks - 0.85.
· Determine the fuel consumption (l/100 km) when moving a loaded dump truck horizontally.
where 100 - means 100 km of run; - coefficient of rolling resistance; - tare coefficient of the dump truck; - loading capacity of the dump truck, t.
· Determine the fuel consumption (l/100 km) when moving a loaded dump truck vertically.
where is the height of the loaded dump truck moving vertically, m.
· Determine the total fuel consumption (l/100 km) when moving a loaded dump truck on the rise (horizontally and vertically).
, l/100 km;
Determine the total (operational) fuel consumption of a dump truck
We determine by adding to the obtained value another 20 - 25% for the movement of an empty dump truck, as well as the loading and unloading of a dump truck.
, l/100 km.
It must be borne in mind that in the case of determining the total (operational) fuel consumption for a dump truck with an engine that was in operation and has wear, the value - the specific fuel consumption of the engine should be taken adjusted for the mentioned wear (it cannot be taken according to the factory characteristic for a new engine).
Based on the obtained total (operational) consumption of diesel fuel (l / 100 km), the hourly fuel consumption of a dump truck is determined, if necessary, according to the following method:
a) Determine the specific engine power for a dump truck with a load (kW / t).
where is the rated power of the dump truck engine, kW; - gross weight of the dump truck with cargo, t.
b) Determine the average longitudinal slope of the road on the route of the dump truck (%).
c) Using the attached truck speed vs. power density and road grade chart (Figure VII‑1), determine the maximum speed of a loaded truck on the track (km/h).
For a range of operating conditions that are not covered by the attached schedule, the maximum truck speed on a hill is determined by the formula:
, km/h
where - specific engine power for a loaded dump truck, kW / t; - coefficient of rolling resistance; - longitudinal angle of the road, %.
Figure VII-1. The speed of mining dump trucks on various road slopes depending on the specific engine power
d) Determine the maximum speed of an empty truck on a descent into the pit, based on specific conditions (speed limits due to traffic safety conditions due to insufficient road width, tight turns, limited visibility, etc.).
e) Determine the average maximum speed of the dump truck for one working cycle.
, km/h
where and - the maximum speed of a loaded and empty dump truck, respectively, on the slopes of a quarry road, km / h;
f) Determine the average time for which the dump truck will cover 100 km.
Taking into account the fact that in addition to the time of movement at maximum speed, the working time of the engine includes the time for loading and unloading the dump truck, for accelerating and braking, and for passing dangerous sections at low speed. Statistics show that this time consumption is approximately 50% of the time of movement at maximum speed; the total time is taken as increased by 1.5 times the time of movement at maximum speed.
, h
g) Determine the average hourly fuel consumption of a dump truck
In the section on the question Where to find the norms and what is the frequency for replacing antifreeze? given by the author Yaisiya Lukanina the best answer is To minimize the risk of engine overheating, you need to carefully monitor the health of all elements of the cooling system, carry out preventive maintenance and technical inspection, maintain the required level of coolant and eliminate leaks in a timely manner. Antifreeze should be replaced every two years or every 50 thousand kilometers. When replacing antifreeze, it is advisable to clean the cooling system of rust, scale and other contaminants using special flushing agents.
Answer from Jurela[guru]
The main thing... that not the left was!! !
Before the winter period .. check ... Well, everything, then, in principle, it depends on the mechanic or the drivers! !
Why are they ... straight ... like columns !!!
Answer from Yuriy[newbie]
Try to read the instruction manual or service book, everything seems to be written there.
Answer from ETERNAL STUDENT 2007[master]
for passenger cars there are recommendations from manufacturers - replacement every 3 years. I think for trucks, too, no more, because on average, over 3 years, antifreeze loses most of its useful properties. .
on the page
find
Application
to the order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia
dated 14.03.2008 N AM-23-r
GUIDELINES
FUEL AND LUBRICANT CONSUMPTION RATES
BY ROAD TRANSPORT
Answer from AVL[guru]
The norm of life is once every 3 years.
Answer from Alexey Baranov[guru]
Some antifreezes can withstand 5 years of operation and 100-250 thousand kilometers. The shelf life and frequency of fluid replacement are usually indicated on the packaging. And yet, during operation, coolants gradually lose their properties: due to the operation of additives and a decrease in the alkalinity reserve, aggressiveness to rubber and metals increases, and foaming increases.
The problem of engine oil consumption worries many motorists. As you know, lubricant consumption is one of the important indicators of the general condition of the engine. From some car owners you can hear that the engine does not take oil, that is, the level remains the same or remains within acceptable limits from replacement to replacement.
Others note increased or high oil consumption in the engine, which makes it necessary. We note right away that the manufacturers themselves separately indicate the norms for oil consumption in the engine. This means that the power unit can consume lubricant within certain limits, and such consumption is not a malfunction.
This phenomenon is commonly referred to as oil consumption for waste. However, exceeding the norm for adding oil to the engine may well indicate problems with the internal combustion engine, motor, etc.
In this article, we will consider what kind of "oil appetite" of various power units can be considered acceptable, as well as what factors and features affect the consumption of lubricant in the internal combustion engine.
Read in this article
So, let's start with the fact that all engines consume engine oil to a greater or lesser extent. This happens taking into account the design features of the internal combustion engine, namely because of the urgent need to lubricate components and parts. In other words, the main loss of lubricant occurs as a result of the need to supply lubricant to the cylinder walls.
This area in the engine is a heat-loaded area. For this reason, partial evaporation and combustion of the lubricant occurs. Also, part of the oil is not removed from the cylinder walls, as a result of which the remaining lubricant burns along with the fuel in the combustion chamber.
As a rule, in modern engines, the declared oil consumption is, on average, from 0.1 to 0.3% of the total fuel consumption that was spent to overcome any segment of the path. It turns out that if the car has traveled 100 km, and the consumption is 10 liters of fuel, then the consumption of an average of 20 grams of oil will also be the norm.
It turns out that the lubricant consumption can be considered acceptable if it does not exceed the mark of about 3 liters. per 10 thousand kilometers traveled. It is also important to understand that the consumption rate will greatly depend on the type of engine, its degree, etc.
For example, for many gasoline ICEs, the norm is about 0.1%. On gasoline turbo engines, the consumption rate is noticeably higher. As for the declared lubricant consumption, the norm will be more than any gasoline analogue and averages from 0.8 to 3%. The indicated 3% are consumed by forced turbodiesels with two turbines, etc.
You can also separately mention rotary motors, which are particularly prone to lubricating fluid consumption. Such units (taking into account their fully operational condition) consume about 1-1.2 liters of oil per 1000 km. run. For reference, the manuals for different engines indicate that the rate of oil consumption for waste is 1 liter per 3 thousand kilometers traveled, that is, about 3 liters per 10 thousand km.
At the same time, manufacturers also note that the consumption directly depends both on the technical condition of the internal combustion engine and on the characteristics of the operation of a particular vehicle (load on the unit, speed, etc.)
What determines the oil consumption in the engine and how to reduce it
As mentioned above, oil is consumed in any engine, since the oil film on the parts to protect against dry friction burns in the chamber along with the fuel charge. If we add to this the natural wear of the internal combustion engine during operation, then the consumption of lubricant increases further.
However, it becomes quite obvious that 3 liters of oil per 10 thousand km. for a small car with an in-line aspirated engine, it can be considered a large expense, while for a powerful unit with a large displacement, this is a completely acceptable indicator. Practice shows that even if the engine began to “eat” oil above the norm, it is more economically profitable to simply add lubricant than to immediately overhaul the engine only because of increased consumption.
The fact is that at many service stations, masters prefer not to diagnose a separate cause of increased oil consumption, but immediately offer the owner to make a major overhaul. It is important to bear in mind that such expensive repairs are not always necessary.
- First of all, lubricant consumption can be increased due to the fact that oil flows out of the motor. In this case, it is enough to replace the gaskets and seals. As a rule, you need to pay attention to, camshaft oil seals, etc.
In various situations, grease can flow on the outer surface (leak out) and also penetrate into other systems. For example, if the crankshaft oil seal is to blame, and a puddle may form under the car.
- If the oil is actively consumed in the engine for waste,. In this case, especially compared to a leak, it is much more difficult to establish the cause without disassembling the engine.
However, even in such a situation, you can try to fight the waste before agreeing to a repair. First of all, the lubricant consumption depends on the mode of operation of the motor. In other words, driving at high speeds leads to an increase in temperature and loads, the oil liquefies, it is worse for rings to be removed from the cylinder walls, it burns out, etc.
- It is also important to understand that the lubricant may not be suitable for the engine in certain parameters. This means that you need to know which oil to choose for the engine and what features to consider.
If the motor is worn out, then in parallel it is necessary to take into account the features of the selection of oil for engines with high mileage. In a nutshell, the reduced viscosity material forms a thin film that the oil rings cannot remove from the walls. If the lubricant is thick, then the film is very thick, while the rings cannot remove such a layer in full.
With this in mind, it becomes clear that you need to use the most suitable oil both in terms of tolerances and in terms of high temperature viscosity index. For example, from the list of recommended lubricants in the manual, you need to select a product with a higher viscosity compared to what is currently filled.
Each of the solutions has both its pros and cons, however, for a worn engine, in many cases it is possible to reduce lubricant consumption and.
- Increasing the pressure in the crankcase also causes excessive consumption of lubricant. In simple terms, high crankcase pressure causes oil to end up where it shouldn't be.
As a result, the lubricant enters the cylinders through the intake, after which it burns out in the engine along with the fuel. In such a situation, it is necessary to diagnose and clean the crankcase ventilation system.
- Problems with also lead to lubrication leaks in the supercharger area, oil also enters the cylinders through the intake, etc.
The solution requires diagnostics and repair of the turbine. In extreme cases, you can replace the turbocharger, while the lubricant consumption will also decrease.
What is the result
In view of the foregoing, we can conclude that the main reason for an engine overhaul is the presence of significant defects and damage, as well as high wear of parts and wear on the cylinder walls (seizures, changes in geometry, etc.).
In this case, eliminating the “zhor” of the oil only by decoking, replacing rings, valve stem seals, or switching to a more viscous lubricant will no longer work. Typically, engines with such damage have low compression, start poorly both cold and hot, and lose power significantly.
During operation of the unit, knocks and extraneous noises may be present. As a rule, after disassembly and troubleshooting, the block must be bored/sleeved, the crankshaft must be ground, etc. In other words, a major overhaul is needed.
If the engine is worn out, but it works normally, while the oil consumption is above the norm, then you should not expect an instant increase in lubricant consumption. Lubricant will be consumed more and more, but this problem will progress slowly.
It turns out by adding several liters of lubricant for every 10 thousand km. will allow such a motor to be operated for more than one tens of thousands of kilometers without major repairs (if no other breakdowns occur). At the same time, it is more profitable to top up the lubricant than to repair the motor.
In addition, the use of a more viscous oil, replacement of valve seals and cleaning of the crankcase ventilation system will help reduce overall lubricant consumption and the cost of maintaining and servicing the internal combustion engine.
Read also
How to choose the right engine oil for an old internal combustion engine or engine with a mileage of more than 150-200 thousand km. What you need to pay attention to, useful tips.
