Average car mileage per year: types of cars, average statistics and calculation rules. How to find out the optimal mileage of a car? What mileage is it for

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It would be great if a vintage car from the 70s with a range of 50 thousand km was sold cheaply in perfect condition, because the driver "urgently needs money." This is a utopia. As a rule, the average driver drives between 10,000 and 30,000 km a year. Therefore, a three-year-old car with a mileage of 30,000 km is an ideal that one can dream of.

Most likely, the owner of such a used car will be a middle manager, moving mainly around the city between home, shop, work, and occasional trips to the nearest suburbs. But besides the “white collars”, girls in big cities also get behind the wheel, moving along smooth roads; and foresters who travel 5,000 km a year, but over rough terrain; and workers who live in the center of a small town with poor roads and travel 200 km daily to a work site.

In order not to get into trouble and buy a decent used car from your hands, you need to understand at least a little what mileage is considered normal in a big city and a tiny county. It will not be superfluous to know where the driver moved: through forests, mountains, flat roads or pits.

What Factors Affect Vehicle Wear?

A used car has overcome a lot or a little on its way will depend on:

• brand and country of origin;
• roads on which the car moved;
• operating conditions;
• driving style and level of care of the owner.

There is no clearly defined border, with what mileage it is better to buy a car, what kind of mileage can be called “normal”. When choosing a used car, you can compare the year of manufacture with the mileage, but it often happens when a young and inexperienced driver gets into such a number of accidents over 20 thousand km that it becomes impossible to drive a car, so it is brought outwardly in order and sold with hands, because the mileage is small! You can also meet the perfectionist who blew all the dust off the Lastochka, looked after her better than his wife, and his 15-year-old car looks and feels like it just came off the assembly line!

Where is the car made

Although Chinese car manufacturers have flooded the Russian market, they are still not reliable enough to buy them with high mileage. Most often, the "Chinese" seamlessly serve exactly as long as the manufacturer's warranty lasts. First, as a rule, their electronics die, then the body and chassis. Things are quite different with German manufacturers who are ready to run more than one hundred kilometers with proper care. That is, with the owner, who monitored maintenance, changed all fluids on time, filled in products from trusted manufacturers, monitored corrosion, etc.

What roads did the used car travel on?

If the car has wound more than a dozen kilometers through the outback of our country, where there are no roads, then even 80 thousand km can alert you. Highways in Russian cities with a population of over one million are little better than the thawed areas of the forest steppe. Cars that started their journey from the doors of Russian dealers require more attention and expenses than foreign cars brought from abroad in some way. If you manage to find a used car brought from, for example, Japan or Europe, then even 40 thousand km a year may not scare you: where the roads are smooth, the car runs longer there.

If you are looking for an SUV, check with the owner which forest passes he traveled. Do not believe it, if he bought a powerful huge "American" just to park on the curbs, there are enough crossover capabilities for this. It is unlikely that the owner of an off-road "jeep" will willingly share information that he is an avid hunter or fisherman and conquered the taiga every weekend in a car for sale, so be careful.

Remember: 10,000 km flying on a highway are many times different from 10,000 km in city traffic jams or along a Siberian windbreak!

How to roughly calculate the "normality" of the run

Follow some helpful tips from Autocode when buying a used car:

• If the car looks like a “worn out”, and the figure of 40 thousand km proudly flaunts on the odometer, it would not be out of place to check with the owner how he managed to “stagger” the car in such a way.
• Find out who the owner is. If he "taxied" on the car being sold, then even a few hundred thousand kilometers for a five-year-old car would be a normal mileage. And if the seller only went to the country with his family on the model you liked, then for 10 years a run of 100 thousand km will not be surprising.
• Off-road, service work not carried out on time, the owner’s inattention to the car, “dashing” driving style will affect even a small car mileage.
• Find out everything about the make and model of a car before buying it from your hands: how many years the manufacturer gave warranty, what positive and negative reviews he has, read forums and blogs, find out which nodes are the first to become unusable. This will allow you to choose a reliable car and know what to look for when buying a used car from your hands.
• Choose a car whose appearance, mileage and condition are really worth as much as the seller asks for it. A greatly underestimated or greatly inflated price is a reason to think that the mileage can be twisted.
• Pay attention to the odometer, but don't blindly believe it. Each individual case may have justifications. Low mileage may not be "normal" if the driver has not been conscientious. However, like a hundred kilometers may not be a sentence.

How to avoid cheating

Service "Autocode" checks thousands of cars daily. Every third car turns out to have twisted mileage. You can often notice that the run was twisted not one, but two, three or even more times. Sometimes the car seller may not be aware that the former owners have already rolled up the mileage. Therefore, do not take our word for it, check the history of the car before buying. To do this, you only need to know the license plate of the car and

Question from a reader.

Hello blogger. I will not flatter, but I will ask the question directly. I want to buy a car, but it’s enough either for a new car like Logan (it doesn’t look like ice), or for a BUS, but normal. TypeFordFocus 2. But I have a question, what is the normal average car mileage per year? Please tell me?"

The question is very interesting. Read the new article...

To begin with, let's decide why you need to know the average mileage? What does it actually affect? It's simple, the more mileage, the more wear on the car. Therefore, when buying, you need to look at it. Many manufacturers give a guarantee of 100,000 or 150,000 kilometers, so if you buy a car up to this mark. It is possible that the warranty workshop will fix the breakdowns.

Why manufacturers give 100 - 150 thousand guarantees. It's not just that either. It is through such a mileage interval that the main components of the car wear out. If the engine and transmission (gearbox) can, under good operating conditions (timely), pass 500 - 600 thousand kilometers, then the suspension and its elements on such roads, no matter how strong it is, will require replacement. Although suspension repairs are not as expensive as, say, engine and transmission repairs. Therefore, if you buy a car about 100,000 kilometers, check the suspension first. Secondly, you need to check the body, and then the electrics of the car.

What average mileage per year is considered normal? Let's break it down point by point.

1) The larger the city, the greater the mileage of the car. It is clear that the mileage - say in Moscow, will be much greater than, say, in a small city of 50,000 - 100,000 people. There are other distances. Therefore, in Moscow it will be much different from the run in a small town. For the capitals, the normal mileage is from 30,000 kilometers per year. But in a small town, you may not get 5 - 10,000.

2) Vehicle operation. Of course, it is clear that the mileage of a car allowed by a sales representative or a taxi driver will be much more than that of an ordinary person who works in an office. That is, if the car is relatively fresh for a year or two. Then the ideal mileage is 15 - 35,000, it all depends on the first point.

3) How many owners. It also happens that depends on the number of owners of this car. Imagine if a family of four, and everyone has rights. Then the car will not stand still, there will be a whole queue for it. Accordingly, the mileage of such a car will be many times greater. If the average for a small town is 15 - 20,000 kilometers, multiply this value by two or three.

4) Intercity. Intercity trips also have a big impact, in one day, from my own experience, I can say that you can go to Moscow and back. And from us it is 2,500 kilometers, so a car that is used on an intercity can have 70 - 100,000 kilometers per year.

Summing up, I would like to say that if the car is used normally, even in a big city the average mileage will be 20 - 40,000 kilometers. Of course, in small towns there will be much less. If the mileage per year is 100 or more thousand kilometers, then you need to think about buying such a car, which means that the car was simply exploited mercilessly. It also raises suspicion that the mileage of the car is too small, let's say the car is 3-5 years old, and only 5,000 kilometers have been run over. Of course, there are such cars, but they are few, I would say about 3-5 percent of the total volume of cars sold. In the rest, the mileage is simply twisted.

Choose the right car, I think my article was useful to you.

Reading time: 6 minutes

When purchasing a used car, the question arises of what mileage is considered normal for a used car. Sellers take into account the distance traveled when determining the cost of the vehicle (V) - if it is small, the price is higher. However, in practice, not everything is so perfect. Two cars with the same mileage can have completely different technical conditions.

Is there a specific mileage limit?

First, let's figure out what a car's mileage is. This term refers to the total distance traveled by the machine from the time it left the factory to the present. The measurement is carried out using a device called an odometer, which is connected to the transmission of the vehicle. The calculation of kilometers is carried out without taking into account road conditions and even during wheel slip and reversing.

What is the optimal mileage for a used car is considered the norm, it is difficult to say with certainty. With regular use, a car can travel 20-30 thousand kilometers a year, and when working in a taxi, the total distance easily reaches 100 thousand.

Throughout the country, you can find quite a few drivers who use their car only to travel to work, shopping and summer cottages. Their annual mileage is on average in the range of 5-10 thousand kilometers. However, such a driver may be a white-collar worker who moves exclusively around the city, a forester who uses a car on rough terrain, or a worker who drives through potholes and potholes in the industrial zone of the city every day with a tool in the trunk. With the same mileage, the wear of their cars will be different.

Factors affecting machine wear

You should not judge the condition of the components and assemblies of the machine only by mileage. Vehicle wear also depends on other factors, including the driver's age and driving style.

Vehicle manufacturer

The manufacturer and country of origin are directly related to the life of the machine. Chinese-made vehicles have literally flooded the Russian market in recent years. But at this stage, these cars are not so reliable that you can buy them with high mileage. Often, models from the Middle Kingdom do not cause trouble to their owners only until the end of the factory warranty. As practice shows, at first the problems begin with electronics, then the turn comes to the body and chassis.

The exact opposite situation develops in the operation of cars of German manufacturers. With proper care, they can easily overcome several hundred thousand kilometers. However, their flawless operation requires regular maintenance, the use of only original spare parts and consumables from reliable manufacturers.

Fuel and oil quality

Not everyone can afford to buy the desired model with a small mileage. Cars from different manufacturers differ in quality, so it’s hard to say unequivocally how much mileage is considered high for a car. The record for the number of kilometers traveled was set by the Volvo P1800, released in 1966 and owned by American Irving Gordon. On the native engine and chassis, he drove about 3,000,000 miles.

The car body suffers the most from a large number of kilometers traveled, which, unlike other parts, cannot be replaced. Therefore, Chinese cars with a thin paintwork with a mileage of more than 100,000 km require a wary attitude. If the vehicle was used with a trailer or often carried heavy loads, as evidenced by the presence of a towbar and scuffs in the trunk, after 150,000 km it is better not to consider it as a good purchase.

For budget models, when approaching the mark of 150,000 km, cracks appear on the body, and for expensive models, they appear after 300,000 km. Cracks and corrosion significantly reduce the strength of the vehicle. In the event of an accident, such a body will not be able to protect the driver and his passengers as the manufacturer's engineers expected.

The ideal car owner drives no more than 15,000 km a year and regularly changes consumables. You should beware of taxi drivers and personal drivers in a personal car.

In the budget segment, tangible problems with the engine and transmission should be expected after 150,000 km, while for more expensive models this moment may come after 200-300 thousand, sometimes later.

CVTs and robotic automatic transmissions begin to bother after 80 thousand kilometers, and a hydraulic transmission, with proper care, can last three times as long.

When the car starts to "crumble"

If the car is regularly serviced by an authorized dealer from the very beginning, even with high mileage it can be well preserved.

The presence of good service is evidenced by a service book with all marks on the dates and nature of the work performed.

In the absence of this document, the risk of using non-original spare parts and consumables is significantly increased, due to which the car may begin to “crumble” even with low mileage.

Usually a car changes its first owner after three years of operation and with a mileage of 50-80 thousand. If this figure is less, it is likely that the machine has serious problems. This is where the utmost care must be taken. Vigilance is also required when a vehicle has changed hands several times over a short period of time - for example, within 5-6 years. It is better not to consider such options for purchase even with low mileage.

Conclusion

Is it worth buying a car with a mileage of 100 - 150 thousand: Video

experts for specific models.

L g \u003d D slave g l cc α t, (1.12)

where D rab.g - the number of days of operation of the enterprise in a year;

 t - coefficient of technical readiness.

When calculating the annual mileage of a car, the coefficient of technical readiness is used:

α t = D e c / (D e c + D r c), (1.13)

where D ets - the number of days the car is in a technically good condition per cycle;

D rc - the number of days the car is idle in maintenance and repair per cycle:

D e c \u003d L to / l cc; (1.14)

D r c \u003d D to + D TO, TP L to K 4 / 1000, (1.15)

where D TO,TR is the specific downtime of the car in TO and TR in days per 1000 km of run.

When determining the numerical value of Dk, it must be taken into account that the demurrage of a car in the Kyrgyz Republic provides for the total number of calendar days of decommissioning a car, i.e.:

D c \u003d D 'c + D t \u003d D 'c + (0.1 ... 0.2) D 'c, (1.16)

where D'k is the standard downtime of a car in the Kyrgyz Republic at a car repair plant.

K” 4 = (K” 4 tab. A n + K” 4 tab. A k)/(A n + A k) (1.17)

So for:

D' To= 20 days. D TO-TR= 0.3 days / 1000 km.

D T= 0 days. D To= 20 + 0 = 20 days.

K 4 \u003d (9 0.7 + 36 1.4) / 45 \u003d 0.84

D rc= 20 + 0.3 311040 0.84/ 1000 = 153.1 days.

L G\u003d 365 330 0.9 \u003d 103887 km.

N EOg= 960 0.34 = 317 impacts.

N 1g= 0.34 72 = 24 impacts.

N 2g= 0.34 23 = 8 impacts.

impacts

impact

impacts

LAZ-4202 :

D' To= 20 days. D TO-TR= 0.3 days / 1000 km.

D T= 0 days. D To= 20 + 0 = 20 days.

K 4 \u003d (43 0.7 + 102 1.4) / 145 \u003d 0.908

D rc= 20 + 0.3 338648 0.908/ 1000 = 172.9 days.

days

L G\u003d 365 270 0.9 \u003d 86557 km.

N EOg= 1248 0.26 = 324 impacts.

N 1g= 0.26 78 = 20 impacts.

N 2g= 0.26 25 = 7 impacts.

impacts

impact

impacts

1.2.4 Determining the number of diagnostic impacts on the entire fleet per year.

According to the Regulations, diagnostics as a separate type of service is not planned, and work on diagnosing rolling stock is included in the scope of maintenance and TR. At the same time, depending on the method of organization, vehicle diagnostics can be carried out at separate posts or be combined with the maintenance process. Therefore, in this case, the number of diagnostic actions is determined for the subsequent calculation of diagnostic posts and its organization.

At the ATP, in accordance with the regulation, the diagnostics of the D-1 and D-2 rolling stock is provided.

Thus, the number of D-1, D-2 for the entire fleet per year:

Yes ,1N 1.g +N 2.g (1.18)

Yes -2.g = 1.2N 2.g (1.19)

So for:

= 1.1 1069 + 342 = 1518 cars.

= 1.2 342 = 410 cars.

= 1.1 2941 + 943 = 4177 cars.

= 1.2 943 = 1131 cars.

1.2.5 Determination of the daily program for maintenance and diagnostics of vehicles.

The daily production program is a criterion for choosing a method for organizing maintenance (at universal posts or production lines) and serves as an initial indicator for calculating the number of posts and maintenance lines:

N i , c =N i .g / D work. i r, (1.20)

where N i .g is the annual program for each type of maintenance or diagnostics separately.

D work. i d - the number of days in the year of the i-th zone.

So for:

auto - daily production program for EO.

auto - daily production program for TO-1.

auto - daily production program for TO-2.

auto-daily production program according to D-1.

auto - daily production program for D-2.

auto

auto

auto

auto

auto

1.3 Calculation of the annual volume of work and the number of production workers.

The annual scope of work for ATP is determined in man-hours and includes the scope of work for SW, TO-1, TO-2, TR and self-service of the enterprise. Based on these volumes, the number of working production zones and sections is determined.

The calculation of the annual volumes of SW, TO-1 and TO-2 is made on the basis of the annual production program of this type and the labor intensity of maintenance. The annual volume of TR is determined based on the annual mileage of the car fleet and the specific labor intensity of TR per 1000 km of run.

1.3.1 Selection and adjustment of standard labor costs.

To calculate the annual scope of work, for the rolling stock designed by ATP, the normative labor intensity of maintenance and repair is preliminarily established in accordance with the Regulations, and then they are adjusted taking into account specific operating conditions (Table 1.3).

Labor intensity standards for maintenance and repair are established by regulation for the following set of conditions: I category of operating conditions; basic car models; the climatic region is temperate; the mileage of the rolling stock from the beginning of operation is 50-75% of the mileage before the overhaul; ATP performs maintenance and repairs of 200-300 units. rolling stock comprising three technologically compatible groups. ATP is equipped with means of mechanization according to the table of technological equipment (table 2.3 “Technological design of ATP and STO” G. M. Napolsky, p. 30).

Depending on the type of rolling stock, the “Regulations on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock of road transport” established five technologically compatible groups (table 2.6 “Technological design of ATP and STO” G. M. Napolsky, p. 39).

For other conditions, the labor intensity standards for TO and TR are adjusted by the appropriate coefficients (table 2.4 “Technological design of ATP and STO” G. M. Napolsky, p. 31).

The estimated labor intensity of daily maintenance t EO, implemented by manual processing using mechanization tools, can be determined using the expression:

t EO \u003d t EO n K 2 K 5 K m; (1.21)

K m \u003d 1 - M / 100, (1.22)

where t EO n is the normative labor intensity of EO, man-hour;

K 2 , K 5 , K m - the corresponding correction factors depending on the type and modification of the rolling stock, the size of the ATP, the mechanization of washing operations;

M is the share of SW work performed in a mechanized way, %.

Estimated normative corrected labor intensity TO-1, TO-2 for the rolling stock of the designed ATP:

t i \u003d t i n K 2 K 5 , (1.23)

where t i n is the standard labor intensity of TO-1 or TO-2, man-hour.

Specific normative corrected labor intensity of current repairs:

t TR \u003dt TR n K 1 K 2 K 3 K 4 K 5, (1.24)

where t TR n is the normative specific labor intensity of TR, man-hour / 1000 km.

K 1 , K 2 , K 3 , K 4 ', K 5 - respectively, the coefficients for adjusting labor intensity depending on the category of operation, type and modification of the rolling stock, natural and climatic conditions, mileage from the beginning of operation, size of the ATP.

K' 4 \u003d (K n 4 A n + K s 4 A s) / (A n + A s). (1.25)

t EO n\u003d 0.8 man-hour; t 1 n\u003d 5.8 man-hour; t 2 n=24 man-hour; t tr n\u003d 0.8 man-hours / 1000 km.

t EO\u003d 0.8 * 1 * 1.05 * 0.58 \u003d 0.49 man-hour;

t 1 \u003d 5.8 1 1.05 \u003d 6.09 man-hours;

t 2 \u003d 24 1 1.05 \u003d 25.2 man-hours;

K 4 \u003d (0.8 * 36 + 1.5 * 9) / 45 \u003d 0.94

t tr\u003d 6.5 * 1.1 * 1 * 1 * 0.94 * 1.05 \u003d 7.06 man-hours / 1000 km.

t EO n\u003d 0.8 man-hour; t 1 n\u003d 5.8 man-hour; t 2 n=24 man-hour; t tr n\u003d 0.8 man-hours / 1000 km.

t EO\u003d 0.8 * 1 * 1.05 * 0.58 \u003d 0.49 man-hour;

t 1 \u003d 5.8 1 1.05 \u003d 6.09 man-hours;

t 2 \u003d 24 1 1.05 \u003d 25.2 man-hours;

K 4 \u003d (0.8 * 102 + 1.5 * 43) / 145 \u003d 1.008

t tr\u003d 6.5 * 1.1 * 1 * 1 * 1.008 * 1.05 \u003d 7.57 man-hours / 1000 km.

Table 1.3 - Correction of the labor intensity of TO and TR

Type of service	rolling stock	Norm of labor intensity, man-hour				Coefficients of correction of labor intensity depending on		Coefficient of mechanization EO, Km	Adjusted labor input, man-hour

1.3.2 Calculation of the annual scope of work on maintenance and repair.

The amount of work in (man-hours) for EO, ​​TO-1 and TO-2 (T EO g, T 1g, T 2g) for the year is determined by the product of the number of TOs by the normative value of the labor intensity of this type of TO:

T i g =N i.g t i , person-h (1.26)

where N i.g - respectively, the annual number of SW or TO-1 or TO-2 for the entire fleet of cars of the same model;

t i is the normative adjusted labor intensity of the i-th type of service, respectively, EO, TO-1, TO-2, man-hour.

T TR g =L g A and t TR /1000. (1.27)

T EOg \u003d 14256 * 0.49 \u003d 6945.52 man-hour;

T 1g \u003d 1069 * 6.09 \u003d 6511.43 man-hours;

T 2g \u003d 342 * 25.2 \u003d 8607.06 man-hour;

T TRg \u003d 103887 * 45 * 7.06 / 1000 \u003d 32991.1 man-hour;

T EOg \u003d 47050 * 0.49 \u003d 22923 man-hour;

T 1g \u003d 2941 * 6.09 \u003d 17908 man-hour;

T 2g \u003d 943 * 25.2 \u003d 23751 person-hour;

T TRg \u003d 88557 * 145 * 7.57 / 1000 \u003d 94979 man-hours;

1.3.3 Calculation of the annual volume of self-service work.

The annual volume of self-service work of the enterprise T is itself set as a percentage of the annual volume of auxiliary work:

T himself \u003d T vsp K himself / 100 \u003d (T EO g + T 1 g + T 2 g + T TR g) K vsp K himself 10 -4, man-h. (1.28)

where K sv - the volume of auxiliary work of the enterprise,%;

To self - the amount of work on self-service,%.

According to the table 2.8 we establish that TO myself = 25%, TO vsp = 45%.

So for:

T itself \u003d (6946 + 6511 + 8607 + 32991) 45 25 10 -4 \u003d 5505.51 man-hours

T himself \u003d (22923 + 17908 + 23751 + 94979) 45 25 10 -4 \u003d 15956 man-hour

1.3.4 Distribution of the scope of maintenance and repair work by production areas.

The scope of maintenance and repair work is distributed at the place of its implementation according to technological and organizational features. MOT and TR are carried out at posts and production sites. Guards include maintenance and repair work performed directly on the car (washing, cleaning, lubricating, fixing, diagnostic, etc.). Work on checking and repairing components, mechanisms and assemblies removed from the vehicle is carried out at the sites (aggregate, metalwork-mechanical, electrical, etc.).

The implementation of 90-95% of the scope of TO-2 work is planned at the posts, and 5-10% - at the production sites. In design practice, this amount of work is distributed evenly over the relevant sections (Table 1.4):

T 2 g * = 0.1 T 2 g;

T 2 g ** \u003d T 2 g - T 2 g *, (1.29)

Table 1.4 - Distribution of work by posts and sections

To form the volume of work performed at the posts of the TO, TR zones and production sites, as well as to determine the number of workers by specialty, the annual volume of work TO-1, TO-2, TR is distributed by their types in percent, and then in man-hours (table 1.5, 1.6, 1.7).

1.3.5 Distribution of diagnostic work. According to ONTP-ATP-STO-91, the total annual volume of diagnostic work between D-1 and D-2 is distributed as follows. Works on D-1 (T D-1 d) account for 50-60%, and on D-2 (T D-2 d) 40-50% of the total volume of diagnostic work (T D d) performed per year with TO-1, TO-2 and TR, i.e.:

T D-1 g \u003d T D-2 g \u003d (0.5 ... 0.6) ΣT D g; (1.30)

Table 1.5 - Distribution of labor intensity TO-1 by type of work

Diagnostic
Mounting
Adjusting
Electrotechnical

When organizing the diagnosis of D-1 and D-2 at separate posts, for the subsequent calculation of the TO and TR posts, it is necessary to adjust the scope of work on TO and TR. To do this, from the previously calculated annual volumes of TO-1 and TO-2, as well as the annual volume of post work of TR, determined as a result of distribution by type of work, it is necessary to exclude the volume of diagnostic work performed during TO-1, TO-2 and TR, t .e.:

Table 1.6 - Distribution of labor intensity TO-2 by type of work

Diagnostic
Mounting
Adjusting
Lubricants, filling and cleaning
Electrotechnical
Maintenance of the power system
Body

T 1 g to \u003d T 1 g - T 1D; T 2 g to \u003d T 2 g - T 2D; (1.31)

T TR g pk \u003d T TR g - T TR D. (1.32)

Accordingly, the labor intensity of the work of TO-1 and TO-2 for the calculation of TO posts:

t 1 ’ = T 1 g to / ΣN 1 g; t 2 ’ = T 2 g to / ΣN 2 g; (1.33)

where N 1 g, N 2 g - the number of TO-1 and TO-2 in the fleet per year.

So for cars:

LAZ-695N :

T D-1g \u003d 0.4 * 1633 \u003d 653 people / hour

T D-2g \u003d 0.6 * 1633 \u003d 979.9 people / hour

person\hour

person\hour

T D-1g \u003d 0.4 * 4580 \u003d 1832 people / hour

T D-2g \u003d 0.6 * 4580 \u003d 2748.073 people / hour

person\hour

person\hour

1.3.6 Calculation of the number of production workers.

Production workers include working areas and sections that directly perform the work of maintenance and repair of rolling stock (table 1.8). There are technologically necessary (attendance) and full-time (list) number of workers.

Technologically necessary number of workers:

P t \u003d T g / F t, (1.34)

where T g is the annual scope of work in the TO, TR zone or section, man-hour;

Ф t - the annual fund of time of a technologically necessary worker during one-shift work, h.

Fund F t is determined by the duration of the shift (depending on the length of the working week) and the number of working days in a year.

In design practice, to calculate the technologically necessary number of workers, the annual fund of time Ft is taken equal to 2070 hours for industries with normal working conditions and 1830 hours for industries with harmful conditions.

Regular (list) number of workers:

R w \u003d T g / F w, (1.35)

where Ф w is the annual fund of the time of the “full-time” worker, h.

At the ATP with the established production and work structure, the staffing coefficient  sh is used to calculate the workers, which is determined as follows:

η w \u003d P t / R w \u003d F w / F t. (1.36)

Data on the number of production workers in various zones and areas will be entered in table 1.8.

Table 1.7 - Distribution of labor intensity of TR by types of work

Types of jobs

Annual scope of work

current repair

plots

Self-service

Total

Post work

Diagnostic

Adjusting

Dismantling and assembly

Welding and sheet metal

Painting

District work

Aggregate

Locksmith and mechanical

Electrotechnical

Rechargeable

According to the power system

Tire

Vulcanizing

Forging and spring

Mednicki

Welding

Zhestyanitsky

Reinforcing

Woodworking

Electromechanical

Pipeline

Repair and construction

Table 1.8 - Number of production workers and annual fund

working time

Name of plot zones	Annual labor input-bone, man-hour	R t, calculated, people	Accepted amount P t			Annual fund Ф w, hour
				in shifts
TR (post)
Aggregate
Locksmith-mechanical
Electrotechnical
Rechargeable
Supply system
Tire
Vulcanizing
Forging and spring
Mednitsky
Welding
Zhestyanitsky
Reinforcing
Woodworking

1.4 Technological calculation of production zones, sections and warehouses. More than 50% of the scope of work on maintenance and repair is carried out at the posts. Therefore, in technological design, this stage of calculation is important, since the number of posts subsequently largely determines the choice of a space-planning solution for an enterprise. The number of posts depends on the type, program and labor intensity of the impacts, the method of organizing maintenance, TR and car diagnostics, the mode of operation of production zones. The program and the complexity of the impacts by types of TO and TR are determined by the calculation.

1.4.1 Operating mode of TO and TR zones.

It is characterized by the number of working days per year, the duration of work (the number of work shifts, the duration and time of the beginning and end of the shift), the distribution of the production program by the time of its execution.

The operating mode of the zone should be coordinated with the schedule for the release and return of cars from the line.

Inter-shift time is the period between the return of the first car and the production of the last one. With a uniform release of cars, the duration of the inter-shift time:

T cm \u003d 24 - (T n + T o - T vy). (1.37)

T cm \u003d 24 - (15 + 1 - 1) \u003d 9 hours.

The operating mode of the diagnostic sections depends on the operating mode of the TO and TR zones. D-1 works simultaneously with TO-1. D-2 works in 1 or 2 shifts.

The daily mode of TR is 2. In our case, 2 shifts.

1.4.2 Calculation of the number of maintenance posts. The initial data values ​​for calculating the number of service posts are the rhythm of production and the tact of the post.

The rhythm of production Ri is the average time for the release of one car from a given type of maintenance, or the time interval between the release of two successively serviced cars from a given zone:

R i \u003d 60T cm C / N i. c , (1.38)

where T cm is the duration of the shift, h;

C is the number of shifts;

N i . c - daily production program separately for each type of maintenance and diagnostics.

The post cycle t i is the average post occupancy time. It consists of the downtime of the car under the maintenance of the car at this post and the time associated with installing the car at the post, hanging it on a lift, etc.

τ i = 60t i /P p +t p, (1.39)

where t i is the complexity of the work of this type of service performed at the post, man-hour;

t p - the time spent on the movement of the car when it is installed on the post and exit from the post, min;

P p - the number of workers simultaneously working at the post.

The number of service posts X TO is determined from the ratio of the total downtime of all vehicles under service to the time fund of one post:

Х TO = i / R i , (1.40)

The number of TO-2 posts, due to its relatively large labor intensity, as well as a possible increase in the downtime of the car at the post due to additional troubleshooting, is determined taking into account the utilization factor of the working time of the post  2, equal to 0.85-0.90, those.:

Х 2 = 2 /(R 2   , (1.41)

So for:

1.4.3 Calculation of diagnostic posts. The number of specialized diagnostic posts D-1 or D-2 (Х Di) is calculated in the same way as the number of TO-2 posts.

With a known annual volume of diagnostic work, the number of diagnostic posts:

X D i \u003d T D i / (D slave g T cm C D R p), (1.42)

So for:

1.4.4 Calculation of the continuous flow line SW.

Such lines are used to perform EO cleaning and washing operations using mechanized installations for washing and drying cars.

If only washing works are mechanized on the service line, and the rest are performed manually, then the line cycle (in minutes) is calculated taking into account the speed of vehicles (2-3 m / min), which makes it possible to perform work manually while the vehicle is moving.

In this case, the cycle of the EO line:

a )/u k, min. (1.43)

where a is the distance between cars at the line posts, m (table 4.2 “Technological design of ATP and STO” G. M. Napolsky, p. 86);

L a - overall length of the car, m;

u to - the speed of movement of cars, m / min.

Bandwidth (bus/h) of the EO line:

N EO l \u003d 60 /  EO l, (1.44)

The number of PEO workers employed at the manual processing posts of the SW area is determined as follows:

P EO \u003d 60m EO t EO / EO l, pers. (1.45)

where m EO is the number of EO lines;

t EO - the labor intensity of the EO work performed manually, man-hour.

For a flow of continuous action, the number of lines:

m EO \u003d EO l / R EO l, (1.46)

So for:

τ EO l \u003d (9.19 + 1.5) / 3 \u003d 5.095

N EO l \u003d 60 / 5.095 \u003d 11.776 auto / hour;

m EO =5.095/13.5=0.37=1 line;

Р EO \u003d (60 * 1 * 0.37) / 5.095 \u003d 4.44 \u003d 4 people.

τ EO l \u003d (9.5 + 1.5) / 3 \u003d 3.66

N EO l \u003d 60 / 3.66 \u003d 16.39 auto / hour;

m EO =3.66/4.19=0.87=1 line;

Р EO \u003d (60 * 1 * 0.87) / 3.66 \u003d 14.26 \u003d 14 people

1.4.5 Calculation of the number of TR posts.

In this calculation, the number of impacts on TR is unknown. Therefore, to calculate the number of TR posts, the annual volume of TR posts is used.

However, the calculation of the required number of TR posts only based on the scope of work does not reflect the actual need for posts, since the occurrence of ongoing repairs, as you know, is due to failures and malfunctions that are random in nature. Fluctuations in the need for TR, both in terms of the time of occurrence and the laboriousness of its implementation, are very significant and often cause long-term downtime of the rolling stock while waiting for the queue to be put on posts. Therefore, to take into account these fluctuations in the calculation of TR posts, the so-called coefficient of uneven arrival of cars at TR posts () is introduced, the value of which is assumed to be 1.2 - 1.5. The application of this coefficient increases the estimated number of TR posts and reduces the time to wait for repairs. In this case, for ATP with the number of cars up to 150-200= 1.15.

When calculating TR posts, significant losses of working time compared to TO are taken into account, associated with the departure of performers from posts to other sites, warehouses, as well as due to forced downtime of vehicles, waiting for parts, components and assemblies removed from the vehicle to be repaired at the sites. These losses of working time are taken into account by the utilization factor of the working time of the post.

When posts are operated in several shifts with an uneven distribution of work among shifts, the number of posts is calculated for the busiest shift. In this case, the number of posts TP  p, which is taken equal to 0.85. In view of the foregoing, the number of TR posts is determined by:

X TR \u003d (T TR g ) / (D slave g T cm  p R p), (1.47)

where T TP g is the annual volume of work performed at the posts of TP, man-hour;

D slave d - the number of working days in the year of TR posts;

T cm - the duration of the work shift, h;

P p - the number of workers at the post.

Thus, taking into account the above for:

1.4.6. Calculation of the number of waiting posts. Waiting posts (backwater) are posts where cars that need one or another type of maintenance and repair are waiting in line to move to the corresponding post or production line. These posts ensure the uninterrupted operation of the TO and TR zones, eliminating to some extent the uneven receipt of vehicles for maintenance and TR. In addition, during the cold season, indoor waiting posts provide heating for vehicles before they are serviced.

The number of waiting posts is determined before the TO-1 posts of 10-15% of the shift programs; before posts TO-2 30-40% of shift programs; before posts 20-30% of the number of TR posts:

1.5 Calculation of the area of ​​industrial premises

The areas of ATP according to their functional purpose are divided into three main groups: production and storage, storage of rolling stock and auxiliary.

The structure of production and storage facilities includes maintenance and TR zones, production sites of TR, warehouses, as well as technical premises for energy and sanitary services and devices (compressor, transformer, pump, ventilation chambers, etc.).

The composition of the areas of storage areas (parking) of the rolling stock includes areas of parking, taking into account the area occupied by equipment for heating vehicles, ramps and additional floor passages.

The composition of the auxiliary areas of the enterprise in accordance with SNiP II-92-96 includes: sanitary facilities, public catering, healthcare, cultural services, etc.

1.5.1 Calculation of areas of TO and TR zones.

The area of ​​the zone is determined from the expression:

F c \u003d f a X c K p, m 2. (1.49)

where f c - the area occupied by the car in terms of, m 2;

X s - the number of posts in the zone;

K p - the density coefficient of the arrangement of posts /1/.

The area of ​​the car in the plan is taken according to the largest (in terms of overall dimensions in the plan) model of the rolling stock.

TO P =6,5

f a = 22.975 m 2

TO P =6,5

f a\u003d 23.75 m 2.

F EO

F D1\u003d 23.75 6.5 3 \u003d 463.125 m 2.

F D 2\u003d 23.75 6.5 4 \u003d 617.5 m 2.

F TR\u003d 23.75 6.5 11 \u003d 1698.125 m 2.

F TR

F TR\u003d 23.75 6.5 8 \u003d 1235 m 2.

The areas of maintenance and repair zones for rolling stock are summarized in Table 1.9.

Table 1.9 - Areas of zones for maintenance and repair of rolling stock

Zone name	Area, m2

1.5.2 Calculation of the areas of production sites.

The areas of the plots are calculated by the area of ​​the room occupied by the equipment and the coefficient of density of its arrangement. Land area:

F y \u003d f about · K p. m 2. (1.50)

where f about is the total area of ​​the horizontal projection according to the overall dimensions of the equipment, m 2;

K p - density coefficient of equipment arrangement.

For TO zone - 1:

F y \u003d (55.71 3.5) + 166 \u003d 314 m 2

For the locksmith-mechanical section:

F y \u003d 14.54 3.5 \u003d 50 m 2

Table 1.10 - Areas of production sites depending on

number of workers

Site name	Area, m2
Aggregate
Locksmith-mechanical
Electrotechnical
Rechargeable
According to the power system
Tire changer
Vulcanizing
Forging and spring
Mednitsky
Welding
Zhestyanitsky
Reinforcing

1.5.3 Calculation of the areas of warehouses. To determine the areas of warehouses, two methods of calculation are used: by the specific area of ​​warehouses per 1 million km of rolling stock run and by the area occupied by equipment for storing a stock of operating materials, spare parts, assemblies, materials, and by the density coefficient of equipment placement.

Calculation of warehouse areas by specific area per 1 million km of run (table 1.11). With this method of calculation, the type, payroll number and different brands of rolling stock are taken into account.

Warehouse area:

F sc \u003d L g A and f y K p.s K times 10 -6 K p, (1.51)

where K p.s, K times, K p - coefficients taking into account, respectively, the type of rolling stock, its number and different brands;

f y is the specific area of ​​this type of warehouse per 1 million km of car run (table 3.11 “Technological design of ATP and STO” G. M. Napolsky, p. 80).

Table 1.11 - Warehouse areas in m 2 per 1 million km of run

Name of warehouses
spare parts
Aggregates
materials
Lubricants
Lakokrasok
chemicals
Tools
Intermediate
Total area

It can be very difficult to answer the question "What is the normal mileage for the car?", since the condition of the vehicle does not always depend on the number of kilometers left behind. However, in the secondary market, this indicator is very much manipulated, and if the car has low mileage, then its price can be like a new one. Below we will try to figure out what mileage a used car should have, how this can be reflected in its condition, and what the “twisting” of mileage indicators leads to.

Is it possible to clearly answer the question, what determines the "norm"?

The concept of “normal mileage” for a car is very vague, since it is very difficult to determine what mileage is considered high for a foreign car. The difficulty arises due to the following factors:

Important! The mileage of a car is determined not by the speedometer (the phrase “twisted speedometer” is popularly used), but by the odometer. After all, the speedometer determines the speed of the car, but on the odometer, which can be located directly near the arrow of the speedometer, kilometers are credited.

Where was the car running? If abroad, where the roads are of relatively high quality, and car owners take good care of the car and replace all consumables on time, then even if the car wound 20 thousand km every year, this will not affect its general condition. But if we are talking about a foreign car that has left the salon for domestic roads, then even if the average car mileage per year is 2 thousand km, this cannot promise an excellent condition for such a car.

How old is the car? The older the car, and the greater its mileage, the lower it will cost, as these indicators indicate the wear and tear of the car and its parts. However, even a very old car can have very low mileage.

What type of vehicle are we talking about? If this is a small passenger car for the city, then it can run about 20-30 thousand kilometers per year, if an SUV used exclusively for driving out of the city, it is unlikely that it will be able to wind up ten thousand in a year, and if a heavy-duty car, which was in constant operation, then it can wind 10 thousand km even within 1 month.

Thus, the normal mileage for a car should be calculated as a mathematical formula, in which, in addition to the mileage, it is worth correlating the origin of the car, its age, the number of owners, the presence of accidents, the type of car and its general condition.

Did you know? When determining the mileage of a car, you need to take the indicator on its odometer, and divide by the age of the car (or the time it was owned by the seller).

In fact, the concept of high / low mileage appeared in car markets, where it is beneficial for owners of cars with low mileage to focus on this, trying to prove to buyers that their car is as new as possible and has hardly been used. But if you are going to buy a used car, you should not pay special attention to all these stories about the “norm” of mileage. What average mileage per year is considered normal?

The average car mileage per year and its norm, again, are rather vague concepts. The optimal mileage for a used car should be approximately 20-30 thousand km per year, and then if the car has been regularly used. If it was used occasionally, many drivers wind up no more than 5 thousand km a year.

In any case, when buying a car, you should ask the seller as detailed as possible about the car and how he used it, and then correlate these data with the indicators on the odometer. If, in general, the picture looks logical and you have no doubts about the presence of deception, then you have a really normal run.

As for how much mileage a car is considered to have, it is impossible to give an exact answer to this question for the reasons described in the previous section. For each type of car, its own mileage is calculated, and, for example, in the case of heavy vehicles, even 200 thousand km per year will not be considered excessively high mileage.

But if you are going to sell your passenger car, then a car with a mileage of more than 30 thousand km per year will be offered at a lower price, since such a mileage is quite large for it. If, for example, we are talking about a five-year-old city car, then it should have an indicator on the odometer from 80 to 120 thousand km. The greater the mileage of such a car, the lower its price will be.

How to roughly calculate the normal mileage when buying a car?

When determining the mileage of a car, it is worth objectively assessing the condition of the car. If it looks fairly used and the mileage is minimal, you should have additional questions for the seller: "Does the odometer show the correct mileage?" "Is the seller the original owner of this car?" "Has the car been in an accident, and what Did she endure the renovation?

To roughly calculate what mileage will be normal for a particular car, you should ask the seller for the following information: "How old is the car?" and "How intensively was it exploited?".

For example, if a taxi driver sells a car, then even a 5-year-old foreign car can have a mileage of more than 200,000 km. And this indicator for this car will be normal. If the car is sold by a married couple who used it only for rare trips to their summer cottage, then even for a 20-year-old car, the mileage of only 100 thousand km will not be surprising.

It is also worth understanding that in order to increase the value of their car on the market, many motorists resort to illegal manipulations, such as twisting odometer readings. Unfortunately, it is possible to falsify indicators both on a mechanical device and on an electronic one. If you have any doubts about the veracity of the mileage claimed by the seller, it will not be superfluous to check it.

How to determine the actual mileage of a car?

In order to "get to the bottom of the truth" and find out how much the car offered to you for purchase actually ran, first of all, it is worth checking the odometer for interference.

If we are talking about a mechanical device, then you can see signs of interference with its integrity by the state of the speedometer drive cable, which is attached to the gearbox. If it is noticeable that it has recently been dismantled and re-screwed, you can bring reasonable charges of fraud to the seller.

Another clue is the position of the numbers on the odometer. E if they are set exactly in one lane, most likely they were twisted, because if the device really counted kilometers, the numbers would appear on the dial gradually.

Calculating cheating on an electronic odometer is much more difficult, since tampering with a car's ECU is very difficult to determine. At a minimum, you will have to contact a service center where specialists can do this with the help of special equipment.

Did you know?In America, for trying to deceive the buyer and twist the odometer, the car owner can be sentenced to criminal punishment.

The service workers who last changed the oil on the car can also tell you the real mileage of the car (unless, of course, the former owner contacted the service center). According to existing rules, the masters must leave a sticker on the car with the date of the last replacement and the mileage that the car had at that moment.

A hint that the car is really old, no matter what mileage it has on the odometer, will also be the condition of the interior. Why salon? Because, often, during repairs, it is the body that is restored - to give it novelty, you can simply repaint it and the buyer is unlikely to guess that the car was in a serious accident. But the interior is usually given less attention, so its condition can tell you a lot about how the former owner treated his “four-wheeled friend” and how long he will last. In particular:

See how the hinges on the car doors work - do they sag and do they create backlash when they are opened.

Assess the condition of the driver's seat. With a run of 100 thousand km., You will 100% see a worn seat. If the mileage has exceeded 200 thousand km, then the leather on the driver's seat will certainly be covered with cracks, if it is fabric, it may already be completely torn.

The timing belt is another very reliable indicator of mileage. If a very insignificant number is shown on the odometer, and when dismantling the belt you see that it is already very worn out, most likely the numbers were twisted. But if the belt is completely new, then the mileage of the car is so high that the owner has already had to change it. Inspect also the radiator from its frontal part. If the car has a mileage of more than 100 thousand km, then it will have multiple damage from impacts of stones and sand.

Important! You can find out the real mileage of a car that was brought into the country from abroad using special questionnaires on car sales services. If the car "arrived" from Japan, you can find it at one of the auctions, where auction lists will definitely be present. If it's an American car, try searching the Autochesk or Carfax database for the car.

The greater the mileage, the more the exhaust pipe will change its color, becoming more and more red. There is no such sign only if the car has a mileage of up to 50 thousand km. Pay attention to the color of the exhaust gas. If it is gray or black, then there are problems with the engine, which in turn indicates a high mileage.

Another way to find out about the real mileage is to contact the official service center. But again, this option is only possible if we are talking about a foreign car that the driver serviced under warranty.

Important! If you do not know the reliable mileage of the car, you will not be able to replace consumables in a timely manner, which in turn can lead to an accident.

And, finally, compare the indicator on the odometer with the state of car treads. If the cars were really driven a lot, they will be heavily erased, although often, before selling, many car owners put new protectors on the car (it is clear that this is done solely in order to sell the car at a higher price).

Does the condition of the car depend only on the mileage?

In fact, no, and the answer to the question, "What mileage is critical for a car?", In each individual case, can be different. A car, even with the lowest mileage, can be so worn out that after leaving the parking lot it will crumble into pieces. Often this is due to driving style, and driving conditions - off-road always leaves an imprint on the car.

But if the owner resorted to service maintenance in time, and changed all worn out parts only to originals, then even the largest mileage indicator will not be able to tell about the real state of the car.

Therefore, when buying a used car, always pay attention to its technical condition, and, if possible, agree with the seller to conduct an independent examination at a service center or any service station. So you can find out not only how much the car has already traveled, but also to guess how much it can actually travel and whether it is worth buying.

Thus, the indicator on the odometer should not be treated as the final verdict of the condition of the car. This indicator is only important in the implementation of service, which is recommended after a certain number of kilometers wound.