According to statistics, more than 80% of all traffic accidents involve cars. More than one million people die every year and about 500,000 are injured. In an effort to address this issue, every 3rd Sunday in November has been designated by the United Nations as "World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims". Modern systems car safety are aimed at reducing the existing sad statistics on this issue. Designers of new cars always closely follow production standards and. To do this, they model various dangerous situations on crash tests. Therefore, before the release of the car, it undergoes a thorough check and suitability for safe use on road.
But it is impossible to completely eliminate this type of incidents at such a level of development of technology and society. Therefore, the main emphasis is on the prevention of an emergency and the elimination of consequences after it.
Auto safety tests
The main organization for assessing the safety of cars is the European New Car Testing Association. It has existed since 1995. Each new brand a car that has passed through is rated on a five-star scale - the more stars, the better.
For example, through tests, they have proven that the use of high airbags reduces the risk of head injury by 5-6 times.
Active Safety Options
Active car safety systems are a complex of constructive and operational properties aimed at reducing the likelihood of accidents on the road.
Let's analyze the main parameters that are responsible for the level active safety.
- Responsible for the efficiency of driving during braking braking properties
, the serviceability of which and allows you to avoid accidents. The anti-lock braking system is responsible for adjusting the level and the wheel system as a whole.
- Traction properties cars affect the possibility of increasing the speed in motion, take part in overtaking, restructuring in lanes and other maneuvers.
- The production and tuning of the suspension, steering, brake system, is carried out using new quality standards and modern materials, which improves reliability systems.
- Has an impact on safety and auto layout. Cars with a front-engine layout are considered more preferable.
- Behind best walkthrough trajectory, avoiding skids, overshoots and other problems with deviation from the given path, meets vehicle stability.
- Vehicle handling- the ability of the car to move along the trajectory selected. One of the definitions characterizing controllability is the ability of a car to change the motion vector, provided that the steering wheel is stationary - understeer. Distinguish tire and roll understeer.
- informative- a property of a car, the task of which is to provide the driver with timely information about traffic on the road, weather conditions and other things. There are internal informativeness, which depends on the viewing radius, effective work blowing and heating windows; external, depending on overall dimensions, serviceable headlights, brake lights; and additional information content, which helps with fog, snowfall and at night.
- Comfort- a parameter responsible for creating favorable microclimate conditions while driving.
Active safety systems
The most popular active safety systems that significantly increase the efficiency of the braking system are:
1) Anti-Lock Braking System. It eliminates the blocking of the wheels during braking. The task of the system is to prevent the car from slipping if the driver loses control during emergency braking. ABS reduces braking distances, which will avoid a collision with a pedestrian or fall into a ditch. anti-lock braking system brakes is traction control and electronic control sustainability;
2) Anti-slip system. designed to improve vehicle control in difficult weather and conditions bad clutch using the mechanism of action on the drive wheels;
3) . Prevents unpleasant drifts of the car thanks to the use of an electronic computer, which controls the moment of force of the wheel or wheels at the same time. A computer-guided system takes control when the probability of loss of human control is close - and therefore it is very efficient system car safety;
4) Brake force distribution system. Complements the anti-lock braking system. The main difference is that the CPT helps control the braking system throughout the vehicle's journey, not just during an emergency. It is responsible for the uniform distribution of braking forces on all wheels in order to maintain set by the driver trajectory of movement;
5) Electronic differential lock mechanism. The essence of its work is as follows: during skidding or sliding, a situation often arises that one of the wheels hangs in the air, continuing to spin, and the support wheel stops. The driver loses control of the car, which creates the risk of an accident on the road. In turn, the differential lock allows you to transfer torque to the axle shafts or cardan shafts, normalizing the movement of the car.
6) Automatic emergency braking mechanism. It helps in cases where the driver does not have time to fully press the brake pedal, i.e. the system itself automatically applies brake pressure.
7) Pedestrian warning system. If a pedestrian is dangerously close to the car, the system will give an audible signal, which will help to avoid an accident on the road and save his life.
There are also security systems (assistants) that come into operation before the onset of an accident, as soon as they feel a potential threat to the life of the driver, while they intercept responsibility for steering and brake system. The breakthrough for the development of these mechanisms has given a breakthrough in the study of electronic systems: new ones are being produced, the usefulness of control units is increasing.
These systems include:
Elements of passive safety
When the driver is no longer able to prevent an emergency on his own, the elements of the system come into operation. passive safety car.
Depending on the type, model and build of the car, seat belts save life in 50-55% of cases.
Also, passive safety is influenced by dimensions, the larger - the safer, and coloring.
Conclusion
Thanks to the development of science, active and passive safety systems are constantly improving. Modern cars are equipped with more advanced safety systems, which can significantly reduce the risk of an accident and reduce injury to passengers and damage to equipment. EU statistics confirm that the use of these systems has reduced the number of fatalities on the road by almost half. Therefore, when choosing your car, make sure it has a good security system, as this will help to avoid emergencies on the road and save lives. What do you think are the most reliable systems car safety?
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Good day to all good people. Today in the article we will cover in detail modern car security systems. The question is relevant for all, without exception, drivers and passengers.
High speeds, maneuvering, overtaking multiplied by inattention and recklessness pose a serious threat to other road users. According to the data Pulitzer Center in 2015, car accidents claimed the lives of 1 million 240 thousand people.
Behind the dry figures are the human destinies and tragedies of many families who did not wait for their fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, wives and husbands to come home.
For example, in Russian Federation account for 100 thousand of the population 18.9 deaths. Cars account for 57.3% of fatal accidents.
On the roads of Ukraine, 13.5 deaths per 100,000 people were registered. Cars account for 40.3% of the total number of fatal accidents.
In Belarus, 13.7 deaths per 100,000 people were registered, and 49.2% were in cars.
Specialists in the field road safety make disappointing predictions that the number of deaths on the world's roads will rise to 3.6 million by 2030. In fact, in 14 years it will die 3 times more people than currently.
Modern car security systems are created and aimed at saving the life and health of the driver and passengers of the vehicle, even in the event of a serious traffic accident.
In the article, we will cover in detail modern active and passive safety systems cars. We will try to give answers to questions of interest to readers.
The main task of passive vehicle safety systems is to reduce the severity of the consequences of an accident (collision or rollover) for human health if an accident occurs.
The work of passive systems begins at the time of the onset of an accident and continues until the vehicle is completely immobile. The driver can no longer influence the speed, the nature of the movement or perform a maneuver to avoid an accident.
1.Seat belt
One of the main elements of a modern car security system. Considered simple and effective. At the time of an accident, the body of the driver and passengers is firmly held and fixed in a stationary state.
Modern cars require seat belts. Made from tear-resistant material. Many machines are equipped with an irritating sound signal to remind you to wear seat belts.
2.Airbag
One of the main elements of the passive safety system. It is a durable fabric bag, similar in shape to a pillow, which is filled with gas at the time of a car collision.
Prevent damage to the head and face of a person on the hard parts of the cabin. IN modern cars can be from 4 to 8 airbags.
3.Headrest
Installed at the top car seat. It can be adjusted in height and angle. Used to fix the cervical spine. Protects it from damage certain types car accident.
4.Bumper
rear and front bumpers made of durable plastic with a springy effect. Proven effective in minor traffic accidents.
Take on the impact and prevent damage to the metal elements of the body. In case of an accident on high speed to some extent absorb the impact energy.
5. Glass triplex
Automotive glass of a special design that protects exposed areas of the skin and eyes of a person from damage as a result of their mechanical destruction.
Violation of the integrity of the glass does not lead to the appearance of sharp and cutting fragments that can cause serious damage.
Many appear on the surface of the glass small cracks, represented by a huge number of small fragments that are not capable of causing harm.
6.Sled for the motor
The motor of a modern car is mounted on a special link suspension. At the moment of a collision, and especially a frontal one, the engine does not go to the driver's feet, but moves down along the guide slides under the bottom.
7. Child car seats
Protect the child in the event of a collision or rollover of the vehicle from serious injury or damage. Securely fix it in the chair, which in turn is held by seat belts.
Modern active car safety systems
Active vehicle safety systems are aimed at preventing emergencies and preventing accidents. The electronic unit vehicle management is responsible for monitoring active safety systems in real time.
It must be remembered that one should not rely entirely on active systems safety, because they cannot replace the driver. Attentiveness and composure behind the wheel are a guarantee of safe driving.
1.Anti-lock braking system or ABS
The wheels of the vehicle may lock up during heavy braking and high speeds. Controllability tends to zero and the probability of an accident increases sharply.
The anti-lock braking system forcibly unlocks the wheels and returns control of the machine. characteristic feature ABS work is the beating of the brake pedal. To improve the efficiency of the anti-lock braking system, depress the brake pedal with maximum effort when braking.
2. Anti-slip system or ASC
The system avoids slippage and makes climbing hills easier on slippery road surfaces.
3. System of course stability or ESP
The system is aimed at ensuring the stability of the car when driving on the road. Efficient and reliable in operation.
4.Brake force distribution system or EBD
Allows you to prevent the car from skidding during braking due to the even distribution of the braking force between the front and rear wheels.
5.Differential lock
The differential transmits torque from the gearbox to the drive wheels. The lock allows for an even transmission of power even if one of the drive wheels lacks traction.
6.Ascent and descent assistance system
Provides maintenance optimum speed movement when descending or ascending a mountain. If necessary, it brakes with one or more wheels.
7.Parktronic
A system that makes parking easier and reduces the risk of collisions with other vehicles when maneuvering in a parking lot. On a special electronic scoreboard indicates the distance to the obstacle.
8.Preventive emergency braking system
Capable of operating at speeds over 30 km/h. Electronic system in automatic mode tracks the distance between cars. In the event of a sudden stop of the vehicle in front and no reaction from the driver, the system automatically slows down the car.
Modern car manufacturers pay a lot of attention to active and passive safety systems. We are constantly working on their improvement and reliability.
IN last years In Europe, an active educational campaign is underway to introduce the so-called rescue leaflets into the life of motorists. Their mission is to help employees emergency services extract from the car accident people blocked in them, doing it as quickly and safely as possible. Thus, increasing the chance of doctors to meet the rule of the "golden hour" - the time when it is vital to provide the first qualified assistance seriously injured.
The rescue sheet is an ordinary sheet of A4 paper with a color scheme printed on it for the location of potentially dangerous parts and assemblies in the car. It is intended for rescuers, so that when working at the scene of an accident, they inadvertently receive an electric shock, do not interrupt the airbag gas generator or encounter other unpleasant surprises. In addition, the memo pinpoints the places where it is easiest to cut a mangled machine in order to effortlessly overcome high-strength steel structures. It is recommended that you carry your pre-laminated document with you at all times, securely fastened under the sun visor on the driver's side. At the same time, it is necessary to stick on inside windshield a special sticker notifying emergency workers about the presence of a rescue sheet in the car. The sticker is attached either under the rearview mirror, or in the upper right or bottom corner glass to the left of the driver. The main thing is that it should not interfere with the review.
This public initiative was born and is carried out with the support of an independent international organization, the FIA Foundation "Automobile and Society", based in London. There is a website that explains in detail the purpose of the rescue sheets, and also offers to download them. If the list does not include the desired model of the car, you should contact the automaker's website for clarification.
Daimler AG approached this problem most seriously. Since 2013, the concern has begun to produce new Mercedes-Benz vehicles, prudently applying a QR code to them, in which all the necessary Technical information for rescuers. This small square sticker is attached to the inside of the sunroof. fuel tank and to the B-pillar on the opposite side. To get life-saving data, just point the camera of your smartphone or tablet at it. The Germans did not patent their invention, urging all automakers in the world to follow her example and make the presence of a QR code in cars mandatory.
Idea 2. "Smart" pedestrian crossing
Every year in Spain, about 11,000 people become victims of car accidents, with 10,000 of them in the city. To overcome this sad statistics, an unusual pedestrian crossing was equipped on one of the streets of the Catalan town of Cambrils in the province of Tarragona. LED backlight embedded directly into pavement. It is worth approaching a certain distance from it, as pressure sensors immediately turn on LED lights framing the zebra, signaling drivers to stop. At the same time, two signs indicating a pedestrian crossing light up. They go out only when the last person leaves the danger zone.
The cost of such a warning system ranges from 9 to 10 thousand euros, which, of course, is notable for the state treasury. Although during installation during the laying of the roadway, its arrangement will cost a little cheaper. According to the Llumtraffic specialists who developed the "smart zebra crossing", the illuminated crossing will significantly reduce the number of collisions with pedestrians in dark time days. In the future, it is also planned to equip similar led lights sharp turns, dangerous crossings and other complex road infrastructure facilities.
Idea 3. Get off your cell phone!
The number of people dependent on smartphones is growing day by day. Even on the city streets, they manage to move buried in the screens of their devices. They are afraid of only one thing - the loss of communication with the virtual information space. And no wonder that these enchanted madmen often fall under the wheels of cars. How to protect them from their own stupidity, and at the same time protect drivers from meeting with such inadequate pedestrians?
Swedish artists Jakob Sampler and Emil Tiisman proposed their own method. They came up with a new road sign, reminding pedestrians to take their eyes off their cell phones when crossing the road. This is a triangular sign with a red border, on the yellow field of which the silhouettes of a man and a woman are depicted, bending over the phones. New signs have already appeared on the streets of Stockholm, although, in truth, their effectiveness is rather doubtful. After all, they are attached quite high above the ground, and in order to notice them, you need to raise your head. Most likely, they call for vigilance of drivers more.
But in Spain they acted more practically. They decided that since the gaze of mobile zombies is constantly directed downwards, it is much more effective to place danger warnings directly on the pavement. So the municipal authorities of the city of San Sebastian de los Reyes, located near Madrid, as an experiment in front of some pedestrian crossings put on the roadway the inscription "Do not step on me when using a mobile phone." Still, there are more chances that such a ground call will have its effect.
Article about the latest technologies automotive safety. Descriptions of high-tech systems. At the end of the article - video 10 steps to car safety.
The content of the article:
Automakers, developing each new model pay attention not only original design and engine power, but also high level the safety of the car owner. Every year, more than a million people die in road crashes and another half a million are seriously injured. Therefore, to automotive designers and engineers are subject to more and more requirements regarding the safety of created Vehicle. Each one goes through countless tests before being released for sale.
What are the most important technologies that keep a car, its driver and passengers safe?
Automotive Safety Technology Ranking
1. Three-point seat belts
The car may be equipped with airbags around the perimeter, have ABS and a traction control system, but at the head of everything there are still seat belts, without which any cutting-edge safety system will be useless.
Revealed them to the world Volvo company nearly 60 years ago, thus revolutionizing automotive world. From the very first days of operation, such belts have halved the death rate on the roads, while at the same time increasing the number of drivers buckled up. Even more enthusiasm was caused by the appearance in the 70s inertial belts, which eliminated the need to adjust their length each time.
The modern design of the belt allows you to fix the tape, preventing it from unwinding. Thus, in the event of an accident, vehicle roll, rollover or hard braking, the locked tape will hold the body of the driver and his passenger in place.
Of course, it also has drawbacks, which include a delay in operation. For example, during an accident, when everything happens in a matter of seconds, slow response can become critical. And in cold seasons, due to the presence of voluminous clothing on a person, too much space is formed between the body and the belt, which in an accident can lead to a passenger flying out of the car.
2. Airbags
Hearing stories of accidental deployment of airbags that injure the driver and his passenger, most motorists are very skeptical about them. But statistics show that after seat belts, airbags are the second most important technology to save the life of a motorist.
The first airbag was equipped with Ford in 1971 as an alternative to seat belts. Motorists did not immediately accept the innovation, there were even several fatal cases when drivers got a heart attack from a loud bang and a rapid ejection of a pillow.
The design of the pillow is quite simple: a thin nylon bag with several chambers is packed into a small capsule. The control unit receives data from numerous sensors installed in the car and gives a signal to the airbag to open in case of danger.
Pillows are placed as standard in the steering wheel housing for the driver and in dashboard- for the passenger. Side airbags can hide in or above the door, in the seat backs or in the pillars. There are also some combined options, when a curtain protecting the head falls out of the slot above the door, and a pillow flying out of the chair protects the chest, stomach and pelvis.
Although statistics is a very conditional science, its figures pleasantly caress the eye - the risk of death from an accident is reduced by 11%, and side airbags saved the lives of 1800 people in 2 years.
3. Anti-lock braking system (ABS)
Originally designed for aviation, ABS has taken root in automotive industry. Even if the car has powerful, high-quality brakes, the driver may find himself on a slippery or wet road, where elementary can not cope with the management.
The principle of operation of ABS is that the control unit continuously monitors the speed sensors and in the event of an abnormal sharp decline speed prevents the wheels from locking. This allows you to shorten the braking distance and keep the car on the road.
In this way, the system improves braking performance, especially on slippery roads. Some drivers question the ability of ABS to avoid accidents, because someone when emergency braking can still panic and fly into a ditch. And someone, having felt the pulsation of the brake pedal from the ABS, immediately releases it and loses control in the same way.
However, since 2012, the system has been installed on 85% of all cars, which, as world practice shows, are much less likely to be involved in an accident.
4. Foldable steering column
The design of the steering column consists of a shaft enclosed in durable plastic with articulated joints. Now, energy-absorbing materials are actively used for its device, which allow the column to fold from a frontal impact of a certain power, thereby saving the driver's ribs.
The practice of using such a column came from the United States, where automotive manufacturers legally obliged to equip machines with this passive system security.
After the tragic case of Brazilian driver Ayrton Senna in Formula 1 racing, where he would have survived the collision if his car was equipped with a folding column, the race management forced every team to equip cars with this technology.
5. Anti-slip system
And again, the Americans became pioneers, creating to help ABS also traction control system. In automatic mode, it controls the position of the wheels, reducing engine speed in a timely manner to prevent slippage. By by and large, this is a continuation of ABS, acting on its own basis.
Working in tandem, these two systems improve vehicle safety when cornering, in wet or slippery road, provide better handling on surfaces with poor grip.
6. Warning system
Developed by the automaker Volvo system guarantees automatic braking vehicle in a situation where a collision with an object ahead becomes unavoidable.
Its meaning is that if the driver for some reason does not slow down in a timely manner, approaching the driver or parked car, the system automatically activates the brakes. Such a measure will not eliminate the accident itself, but will reduce the level of damage to cars and people in them.
The camera and radar installed in the system compare the received data and calculate the distance to dangerous object to start braking only in a really emergency.
7. Adaptive cruise control
This development helps the motorist maintain an appropriate distance from the car in front of him. The built-in radar continuously measures the distance to neighboring cars, transfers its calculations to the system so that it regulates the speed in any traffic flow.
Turning on the system, the driver himself sets desired speed and the time interval in which the radar should update the information. When it changes speed limit The vehicle in front of the ACC automatically slows down in the same way.
8. Distance alert
The system was developed as an alternative to the above, also aimed at preserving safe distance between cars. It does not automatically adjust the speed, only feeding warning signal to the motorist that the distance is dangerously shortening and it is time to take action.
The efficiency of the system directly depends on the quality road markings And weather conditions, That is significant disadvantage, as a poorly visible dividing line, snow or fog can completely disable it.
9. Vehicle design
The elements of passive safety include the very design of the cab, bumper and other parts. So, the front and rear parts of the car are made softer compared to the middle. This is necessary so that in the event of a collision, these parts soften the blow, reducing the inertial load, and a more rigid middle protects the driver and passengers.
Also, in order to increase safety, the car's engine is placed on a link suspension, which lowers it down, under the body. Then, if you get into an accident, the engine will not move into the passenger compartment and will not harm the people inside.
10. Parktronic
Without it electronic assistant hard to imagine any modern car. It will be especially useful for beginners behind the wheel, who still do not feel the dimensions of their car very well. The task of the system is to measure the distance from the car to the nearest objects and give a warning signal when this distance becomes dangerous.
No vehicle can be completely safe. electronic system. And for those drivers whose car is literally “stuffed” with all sorts of technologies, you still should not lose vigilance. But more and more advanced methods of passive and active safety save tens of thousands of lives every year, so you should not neglect them, relying only on your own. driving skills.
Video - 10 steps to machine safety:
