Ecological fuels. Use of sustainable fuels

20.04.2019

Salon

The impact on the air basin during the combustion of various types of fuels can be judged by the volume of emissions of harmful substances per 1 hour of operation of a power plant with an installed capacity of 1 million kW (Table 2.2.).

Russia has unique reserves of organic fuel, but the strategy for its use still does not take into account environmental aspects. The cost of fuel is not related to consumer efficiency and, as a rule, is determined by the costs of extraction and transportation, without reflecting the environmental qualities of the fuel.

Most thermal coals and fuel oils are of poor quality. Virtually all liquid fuels are fuel oils with a high sulfur content. Solid fuels are diverse in composition. On the European territory of the country, high-sulfur coals of the Podmoskovnoe and Pechersk deposits predominate; in Siberia and the Far East - high-moisture and low-sulfur brown coals of the Kansk-Achinsk basin and coal of the Kuznetsk.

Table 2.2. Characteristic TPP emissions

	Coal G=22.5 A=23.0 S=1.7	Fuel oil G=38.8 A=0.07 S=2.0	Natural gas G=33.5
Fuel consumption at maximum load, t/h (m/h)
Ash from furnaces t/h
Ash from electrostatic precipitators, t/h
Ash from unburnt fuel emitted into the atmosphere, t/h
Sulfur dioxide, t/h
Nitrogen oxides in terms of NO2, t/h
Benz(a)pyrene.10 kg/h
Vanadium compounds, in terms of V2O5, kg/h

G - calorific value of fuel, MJ/kg; A - ash content; S - sulfur content, %.

Some characteristics of the most common energy fuels are given in Table. 2.3. Many TPPs receive coal from more than high ash content and lower calorific value than provided by the regulatory data given in table. 2.3.

Table 2.3. Characteristics of the most common fuels.

	Calorific value MJ/kg		Specific emissions, g/(kWh)
		Ash % g/(kWh)	Sulfur oxides	nitrogen oxides


Brown suburban
Stone Kuznetsky
Brown Kansk-Achinsk
Stone Donetsk (Ukraine)
Stone Ekibastuz (Kazakhstan)

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The Moscow government has decided to entrust the distribution of ecological fuels and energy sources to road transport cities, to certain auto enterprises. , which is not much different from gasoline, is less practical than alternative fuels.

The enterprises carried out work on already experimental models of cars that are adapted to the use of compressed natural gas, that is, methane.

Half of all vehicles in the company's fleet run on alternative fuels.

Until now, such equipment has never been used in Russian cities, the experience that is being actively acquired now allows one to obtain the necessary knowledge that will create conditions for the expansion and implementation of innovations in all regions of the country.

In the near 1960s, almost all highly developed countries had an energy sector that depended on oil. Western countries won for a set of cheap oil exports, a barrel cost them about $5. Which resulted in quite high . 13 years later, the organization of the Arab oil exporting countries imposed an embargo on the import of oil into the United States of America, this was due to the fact that in the war between Israel and Syria and Egypt, North America supported Israel. After this incident, those countries that called themselves highly developed came to the conclusion that the current economic plans are no longer effective, it is urgent to develop new ones, taking into account completely different types of fuel. by the most weak point, turned out to be the transport industry, which used hydrocarbon fuels.

Another reason for the search for an alternative to oil was that its production became more expensive every year, and its reserves in the bowels of the earth were consumed at a very high rate, and could disappear altogether in about 50 years.

The most interesting thing is that gas engine not at all a novelty of our time, since it was invented back in the very distant 19th century by an engineer from France, Lenoir, he worked, of course, on gas. Nowadays, using alternative fuels in cars, gas is most often used.

Do not confuse it with household gas, because when refueling a car, gas stations use special components of propane-butane, this is liquefied petroleum gas. Its use is cheaper and environmentally friendly for environment compared to gasoline. Cars are refueled at special complexes for refueling with alternative types of fuel.

The best fuel for vehicles.

Natural gas, methane, is what bypasses both gasoline and petroleum gas in terms of performance. They are usually filled with cars by those who want to travel twice as much for the same money, more distance.

Does not provoke carbon deposits, engine oil is not subject to changes. Much less damage is done to pistons and cylinders, good engine performance. No soot, engine oil does not liquefy. Less wear of pistons and cylinders, improves engine life. Oil soot, plus soot, oxidizes the oil, significantly reducing lubricating properties.

There are very few specialized points where you can refuel without problems. There is a network of gas stations. Lots of places to fill up.

Does not require any processing, suitable for use in its original form. A mixture that requires certain proportions, taking into account the seasons. Oil refineries are required.

Delivery is carried out by gas transport routes. They are transported by special tractors. Just like propane-butane, it is delivered to gas stations in tanks.

Explored deposits should be enough for humanity for about 200 years. Since gas is extracted from oil, it will last for about 50 years. Produced from oil, stock no more than 50 years.

Pretty cheap and requires little investment. It has average price. Unstable cost, in the sense that it only grows every year.

Expensive equipment, very few specialists. Russian Federation, installation and production, as well as the repair of installations. Not cheap equipment. No need for additional equipment.

There is no possibility of methane theft at gas stations or from car tanks. You can't steal from gas stations. Easy to resell.

Almost does not change its properties with decreasing temperature. Properties drop as temperature drops Small changes in properties if temperature drops.

Has the highest 4 class of safety. Not very safe, as it has only the 2nd security class. Stable security, 3rd class.

The conclusion suggests itself, methane has only three drawbacks, if compared with other types of fuel. Problems with specialists are easy to solve, and the high cost of equipment still pays off over time, for a set of the same savings. Methane is a fuel that has best performance among other fuels.

Today, almost all cars can be filled with methane, but in the 90s, it was believed that it was intended for trucks and buses. It was placed in special steel cylinders that could withstand a pressure of 200 atmospheres. But the weight of a cylinder of 100 kilograms scared away motorists, so few people transferred their "beast" to this fuel. Now it's as simple as any other fuel.

Today, steel cylinders have been replaced by less durable composite alloys, reliability has become a victim of lightness, that is, less cylinder weight. Cylinders, like steel, withstand pressure and high temperatures. The explosiveness is overestimated, methane is able to ignite only when the temperature reaches 600 degrees, while gasoline is at 250, not to mention its vapors, which are enough for 170 degrees.

Application in European countries

Widespread use is increasing by leaps and bounds. Now there are 10 million LPG machines. Russia is the leader in the supply of gas fuel on the Western market.

Modern factories are necessarily engaged in the development and production of one or two models of gas cylinders. Audi cars, Honda, Toyota and others. All of them are beginning to establish the production of cars.

Energy benefits have been assessed different countries, with different economic conditions. Cars capable of using gas fuel can be found from the USA to Asia. In Russia, there are very few factory gas-filled cars, most often you can find gasoline counterparts converted to gas.

Cars with such an alternative fuel as gas are well produced in countries such as Germany and the Czech Republic. This is due to the fact that the first one has an excellent refueling infrastructure, the second one is planned to be replaced with more economical analogues of 10% of the fuel. Italy is a country that already has widespread use of LPG vehicles. More than 779 thousand GBA, traveling through the expanses of this country.

A fundamentally new direction in terms of reducing the impact of transport on the environment is the transition to environmentally friendly fuels. Currently, there are several common types of alternative, cleaner fuels - liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, biodiesel, hydrogen, etc.

The use of liquefied petroleum gas does not require a fundamental change in the design of the car, but only its adaptation to the installation of gas equipment, leaving the possibility of using both gasoline and gas as fuel. LPG is an environmentally friendly fuel. When using it, the amount of the main harmful substances in emissions is reduced by 2 or more times, the wear of the main parts of the cylinder piston group decreases by 1.5-2 times, the service life of engine oil becomes longer, fuel costs are reduced by 2 times. The environmental friendliness and efficiency of the engine on liquefied gas depends on the equipment installed on the car. Have the highest efficiency injection systems gas injection.

Natural gas as a fuel for Vehicle subdivided into compressed, i.e. compressed (CNG), and liquefied (LNG). Compressed natural gas contains methane as the main component and minor impurities of other gases. The characteristic of methane is that normal temperature and even high pressure it does not go into a liquefied state. In order to have a sufficient energy reserve, the compressed gas is stored in high-strength metal cylinders at a pressure of 200 MPa. The balloons are large. The calorific value of natural gas is 10-15% lower than the calorific value of gasoline, therefore, when operating on CNG, the power gasoline engine decreases by 18-20%. The market for gas vehicles in operation is expanding slowly, and the environmental performance of gas systems in operation does not meet the requirements of modern toxicity standards.

Liquefied natural gas is much more profitable than CNG in terms of technical and economic efficiency. In a liquefied state, natural gas is at a temperature of -160°C; cryogenic tanks are required to keep it in this state. The liquefaction of natural gas provides a reduction in its volume by about 600 times. This makes it possible to obtain advantages in comparison with the use of compressed natural gas: to reduce the mass of gas equipment on a vehicle by 3-4 times, and the volume - by 1.5-3. The transition to the use of LNG in our country is hampered by the lack of infrastructure to ensure its production. According to domestic experts, the use of LNG is the most promising way to use natural gas as a motor fuel.

The use of gas on transport rolling stock can significantly reduce toxicity: but CO 3-4, NO v - 1.2-2.0, C v H /y 1.2-1.4 times. When the diesel engine is running on a gas-diesel cycle, smoke in the free acceleration mode decreases by 2-4 times, noise is reduced by 8-10 dB A, the engine runs softer and without a specific smell.

Along with the obvious advantages, gas fuel has disadvantages: in gas-balloon trucks, compared to gasoline trucks, the curb weight increases by 400-600 kg, respectively, the carrying capacity decreases, and the cruising range is almost halved. In addition, the network of gas filling and filling stations is poorly developed.

Works on the use of gas fuel are carried out on many types of transport, but greatest application it found on road transport.

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel derived from vegetable oils. The raw material for the production of biodiesel fuel can be various vegetable oils (rapeseed, soybean, peanut, palm, used sunflower and olive oils, as well as animal fats).

Biodiesel fuel can be used in conventional internal combustion engines, either alone or mixed with diesel fuel, without making changes to the engine design. Possessing approximately the same energy potential as mineral diesel fuel, biodiesel fuel has a number of significant advantages - it is non-toxic, practically does not contain sulfur and carcinogenic benzene, decomposes in natural conditions, provides a significant reduction in harmful emissions into the atmosphere when burned.

However, with all the positive aspects of biofuels, it should be noted that the cultivation of plants that serve as components of biodiesel can have an extremely negative impact on the environment. In particular, the territory of Europe does not allow for long-term crop rotation with an increase in the rate of consumption of biodiesel fuel. As a result, it may happen that the solution to the problem of reducing air pollution from exhaust gases of vehicles will exacerbate other problems - soil degradation, food production, the extinction of various animal species.

Hydrogen is considered an absolutely environmentally friendly type of alternative fuel for cars, the combustion of which does not produce any harmful substances, only water. Taking into account that emissions of harmful substances with exhaust gases of vehicles in a metropolis can be more than 90%, the use of hydrogen as a fuel will eliminate this environmental problem.

Many automotive companies around the world are trying to switch to hydrogen fuel in their designs. However, despite the environmental and energy benefits of using hydrogen, its use as an automotive fuel is currently experimental due to storage and economic feasibility issues.

Utilization, or neutralization, of harmful emissions. Reducing the amount of harmful emissions from vehicles is currently achieved by equipping engines with exhaust gas neutralization and purification systems. Known liquid, thermal, catalytic, combined converters and soot traps.

The principle of operation of liquid neutralizers is based on the dissolution or chemical interaction of toxic components of exhaust gases when they are passed through a liquid of a certain composition - water, water solution sodium sulfite, aqueous solution of bicarbonate of soda. The passage of diesel exhaust gases through water leads to a decrease in odor, aldehydes are absorbed with an efficiency of 0.5, and the efficiency of soot removal reaches 0.6-0.8, while the content of benzapyrene is somewhat reduced.

The disadvantages of liquid neutralizers include a large mass and dimensions, the need for frequent changes in the working solution, the inefficiency of CO purification, low efficiency in relation to NO r

A thermal converter (afterburner) is a combustion chamber, which is located in the exhaust tract of the engine for afterburning the products of incomplete combustion of fuel. At the same time, there is a decrease in hydrocarbon emissions in the exhaust gases by about two, and carbon monoxide - by 2-3 times. The disadvantages of thermal converters in environmental terms include an increased content of NO in the exhaust gases.

In catalytic oxidation converters with noble metal catalysts - platinum, platinum and palladium, platinum and rhodium - sufficient high speed oxidation of CO and S x N y. The main disadvantage of this type of catalyst is the intense abrasion of the expensive surface by soot with abrasive particles of undissolved metal salts adsorbed on it, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency and service life of the device.

For comprehensive protection the environment from soot and ash emissions, reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases and vehicle noise, filters-neutralizers-mufflers are used, the working elements of which are products made of cast porous aluminum alloy.

See: V. L. Gaponov, L. Kh. Badalyan, V. N. Kurdyukov, T. N. Kurenkova. Modern methods of reducing harmful emissions from vehicle exhaust gases.

Lesson topic: Ecological characteristics of fuel types.

Target: Form the concept of the environmental characteristics of fuels.

Tasks: Educational - to form concepts about the types of fuel,create conditions for analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of various alternative types of automotive fuels;

Developing-develop the ability to independently solve tasks, cognitive interest, the ability to generalize, analyze, compare, form key competencies;

Educational-formation of motives, needs and habits of environmentally sound behavior and activities; education of activity, enthusiasm, purposefulness, perseverance, observation, strong-willed qualities, intuition, intelligence, independence.

Equipment, visual aids: presentation

Lesson type: lesson learning new material

Lesson methods: verbal, visual, practical.

Expected Result: knowledge of the environmental characteristics of fuels.

Lesson progress:

1. Organizational and psychological attitude

2.Updating knowledge and skills:

Warm up:

Mutually beneficial cohabitation of organismsSymbiosis .

The science that studies the relationship of living organisms with each other and the environmentEcology.

An organism that is often the first link in the food chainPlant.

Air shell of the EarthAtmosphere.

A group of individuals of the same species that lives in a certain area for a long time, relatively apart from representatives of the same speciespopulation.

Community of living organismsBiocenosis.

An organism that attacks, kills and eats its preyPredator.

Pine leaves.Needles

Artificial plantation along the roads.forest belt

Pine forest.(Bor)

Oak fruit.(Acorn)

"Weeping" birch in spring. (Sapflow)

Protective shield of the Earth.(Ozone layer)

Toxic mist.(Smog)

The set of conditions in which an organism lives.(Habitat)

Oak forest.(Oakwood)

A poisonous metal found in vehicle exhaust fumes.(Lead)

Additional questions:

The difference between agrocenosis and biocenosis

What is an ecosystem?

What does autecology study?

Is the atmosphere capable of self-purification? How?

Legislative framework for environmental protection in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Make food chains:

Heron, frog, mosquito(Mosquito - frog - heron)

Fish, seaweed, bear(Algae - fish - bear)

Wheat - mouse vole - owl(wheat - mouse vole - owl)

Hare-grass-fox (Grass - hare - fox) slide 1

7.Distribute: owl,marten, frog, spider, nimblelizard, frog, butterfly, green fruits, flowering, bark, bacteria, leaves and seeds, mushrooms.slide 2

Producers-

Consumers-

Reducers-

3. Formation of new knowledge and skills:

Questions:

What components are found in car exhaust gases?

(A mixture of about 200 substances. They contain hydrocarbons - unburned or incompletely burned components fuel)

What type of fuel does the vast majority of modern cars run on? ( vehicles with internal combustion engines running on gasoline or diesel fuel derived from petroleum) .

3. What is the reason for the search to replace traditional fuels with alternative ones? ( The recent sharp rise in oil prices, combined with concern about the growth of harmful emissions that cars produce, polluting the atmosphere, has led many governments and car companies to look for a replacement for traditional fuel)

4. What is the cetane number of diesel?

cetane number - flammability characteristic of diesel fuel, which determines the ignition delay period of the mixture (the time interval from fuel injection into the cylinder to the start of its combustion).

5.Than below the content of "harmful" aromatic hydrocarbons in the fuel, the cetane number will be more or less ( more /higher ).

(goal, theme)

Man managed in a short time to make the conditions of life on Earth unbearable. And it depends only on him whether the Earth will become better or worse. serious problem represents the release of pollutants into the air by motor vehicles.

In recent years, due to the increase in the density of traffic in cities, air pollution by combustion products of engines has sharply increased. When burning hydrocarbon fuel there is the formation of toxic substances associated with the conditions of combustion, the composition and state of the mixture.

The vast majority of cars are still cars with internal combustion engines running on gasoline or diesel fuel derived from oil.

Now, in one day, oil is burned as much as nature with the help of solar energy capable of working out in a thousand years. According to forecasts of scientists, there are few oil reserves in the world. The current situation is not a secret. Research organizations in many countries of the world are looking for an adequate replacement for the fuel obtained from oil refining. The task is quite complicated, and there is still no single solution, although cars running on alternative fuels were produced and successfully operated not only in the current century, but also in the 20th and even in the 19th century. However, the recent sharp rise in oil prices, combined with concern about the growth of harmful emissions that cars produce, pollute the atmosphere (this problem is especially acute in major cities) led many governments and car companies to seek replacements for conventional fuels

Exercise: Decipher A-95.

The task is quite complicated, and there is still no single solution, although cars running on alternative fuels were produced and successfully operated not only in the current century, but also in the 20th and even in the 19th century. The world's first gas self-running cart "Hippomobile" was created by Jean-Etienne Lenoir back in 1862. In our country in the 1930s, gas-generating cars were produced that were "drowned" ... with birch chocks, peat or coal. Firewood thermally decomposed at a relatively low temperature, turning into a gas that burned in the engine cylinders. The well-known German airline Deutsche Airbus is developing the world's first airbus flying on liquid hydrogen.

Exercise: Fill in the table « Comparative indicators of various types of fuels »

view

Advantages

Flaws

gaseous

More complete combustion due to better mixture formation in the cylinders,

Low toxicity combustion products,

Low cost and transportation of gas

Low level of noise pollution of the atmosphere,

Impossibility of theft of fuel by service personnel,

Low cost of vehicle conversion.

high toxicity of the fuel itself

high explosiveness of gas cylinders in case of an accident,

Electricity

Environmental safety (lack of exhaust gases)

Simplicity of design

– low cost of refueling

– low level noise pollution

– ease of use, reliability

– Electric vehicles are cheaper to operate than conventional vehicles

– small power reserve

– prolonged charging time,

– battery recycling problem

– lack of charging stations

– most power plants are thermal, burning fuel to generate electricity, harmful components.

biofuel

– It has unlimited supplies raw materials (renewability of the resource)

– less harmful substances in exhaust gases

– high lubrication characteristics, which prolongs the life of the engine

– high cetane number

High flash point

Low cost

– high viscosity of biodiesel, which makes it necessary to heat the fuel when low temperatures to ensure acceptable fluidity,

Short shelf life - about 3 months.

Alcohol

– neutral as a source of greenhouse gases

– low cost

– increases the risk of increasing the emission of volatile organic substances, this leads to a decrease in the concentration of ozone and an increase in solar radiation,

– low compared to basic models power

Hydrogen

– burns fuller

– high specific heat of combustion,

– no toxic emissions

– can be obtained from literally everything: from natural gas, ocean water, biomass, air

– has a much wider, compared to gasoline, range of proportions of mixing it with air, at which it is still possible to ignite the mixture

– imperfect hydrogen storage technologies

– high cost of hydrogen,

– difficult process production of hydrogen on an industrial scale, during which the same CO is released,

– high cost of hydrogen power plant and the complexity of its maintenance,

– explosiveness of the hydrogen-air mixture - the lack of a developed structure of hydrogen filling stations.

Video viewing

The main cause of air pollution is the incomplete and uneven combustion of fuel. Only 15% of it is spent on the movement of the car, and 85% "flies into the wind." In addition, the combustion chamber of an automobile engine is a kind of chemical reactor that synthesizes toxic substances and releases them into the atmosphere. Even non-wine nitrogen from the atmosphere, getting into the combustion chamber, turns into toxic nitrogen oxides.
The main toxic pollutants in the exhaust gases of spark-ignition engines are: carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. A special place is occupied by carcinogens, the main representative of which in exhaust gases is benzo(a)pyrene.

Due to global environmental pollution with lead, it has become a ubiquitous component of any plant and animal food and feed. Plant foods generally contain more lead than animal products.

The reason for the summer leaf fall is the high content of lead in the air. But by concentrating lead, trees thereby purify the air. During the vegetative period, one tree neutralizes lead compounds contained in 130 liters of gasoline. Maple is the least susceptible to lead, while hazel and spruce are the most susceptible.

The side of the trees facing the highways is 30 - 60% "metal". Spruce and pine needles have properties good filter in relation to lead. She accumulates it and does not exchange it with the environment. Land vegetation involves 70-80 thousand tons of lead in the biological cycle daily

For a car to be truly environmentally friendly, the fuel must be environmentally friendly. And the gas meets this requirement. The use of gas significantly reduces the total toxicity of exhaust gases compared to gasoline. The amount of toxic carbon monoxide CO (carbon monoxide) decreases more than three times, and the content of carcinogenic hydrocarbons CH, consisting of particles of unburned fuel, decreases by 1.6 times. The concentration of nitric oxide NO and dioxide NO2 formed during the combustion of a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen (harmless nitrogen, entering the combustion chamber from the atmosphere, turns into a toxic compound - nitrogen oxides), when the engine is running on gas, decreases by 1.2 times. Lead compounds and various aromatic polymers, which are contained in gasoline and are also dangerous carcinogens, are completely absent in gas fuel. Exhaust smoke when working on gas fuel is three times lower than when working on gasoline.

Studies have refuted the established opinion that the use of gas instead of gasoline is a necessary measure. gas fuel burns more completely, so the concentration of carbon monoxide in the exhaust of a gas engine is several times less. A car running on gasoline emits sulfur dioxide, which is formed from the combustion of sulfur components of the fuel, and tetraethyl lead into the atmosphere. As a rule, there is no sulfur in natural gas, and therefore there is no sulfur dioxide or lead compounds in the exhaust of a gas engine. Due to incomplete combustion of fuel, the exhaust gases of a gasoline engine also contain carbon monoxide (CO), a substance toxic to humans. Both gas and petrol cars emit the same amount of hydrocarbons into the atmosphere. It is not the hydrocarbons themselves that are dangerous for human health, but the products of their oxidation.
An engine running on gasoline emits relatively easily oxidized substances - ethyl and ethylene, and a gas engine - methane, which is the most resistant to oxidation of all saturated hydrocarbons. Therefore, the hydrocarbon emission gas car less dangerous. Gas as a motor fuel is not only not inferior to gasoline, but also surpasses it in its properties, which destroy the details of the combustion chamber at the chemical level, catalytic converter and a lambda probe.

Question: What properties should ideal fuel?

4. Consolidation of the studied material

Questions

The type of fuel used in cars.Cheap, environmentally friendly, superior to gasoline in many properties, its use does not require changes in the design of the car.

A substance from which thermal energy can be obtained by means of a certain reaction.

Italian physicist, chemist and physiologist; discovered methane while studying swamp gas. The unit of measurement of electrical voltage is named after him.

Compressed natural gas (colorless and odorless) is the main component of natural gas. Explosive, often called "swamp". It has a high detonation resistance - its octane number is more than 100 units. When burned, it practically does not leave harmful products.

natural oily flammable liquid, consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and some other organic compounds. It is used to obtain technically valuable products from it, mainly motor fuels, solvents, raw materials for the chemical industry, it is recycled.

Environmentally friendly fuel, the product of its combustion is water. Generates more heat than any conventional fossil fuel.

Alcohol can be obtained by fermentation of biomass containing starch, sugar or cellulose. It is used as a fuel, ICE in its pure form, as a solvent and as a filler in alcohol thermometers.

Oilseeds are used as livestock feed, good green manure, excellent honey plant; the oil of this crop is used in cooking, in metallurgy for steel hardening, as a raw material for the production of elastic materials and in the production of biofuels.

Alternative energy source for cars. Cars powered by this source appeared much earlier than those powered by gasoline and were widespread in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They are not noisy and do not smoke, unlike gasoline or steam engines were popular with the aristocracy.

An organic compound that is derived from hydrocarbons and contains one or more OH (hydroxyl) groups in the molecule. It is formed during the fermentation of sugary substances, during the oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons. Recently, its role has been growing as a fuel in internal combustion engines.

The type of fuel fits the criterion of availability and low toxicity. It is currently not used on vehicles.

The most important property of diesel fuel is estimated cetane number. According to its indicator, one can judge the quantitative composition of harmful components CO and CH in the exhaust gases of a diesel engine.

High quality complete fuel for automotive engines. Cooled down to -160 °Сnatural gas. Its main components are propane and butane.

A combustible mixture of light hydrocarbons, designed for use as a fuel for carburetor and injection engines, as well as in the production of paraffin, cleaning fabrics. Obtained by distillation and selection of oil fractions.

Answers

And

5. Homework additional material, give examples of various vehicles running on environmental fuels.

6.Summary of the lesson (reflection, grading)

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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Assessment of the environmental friendliness of the combustion of organic fuels by enterprises of the fuel and energy complex

V.L. Gaponov 1 , N.S. Samara 2

1 Don State Technical University,

Rostov-on-Don

2 Rostov State Construction University

annotation

In the article, the authors consider organic fuels as the most common sources of heat and electricity at the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex. The predominant types of fossil fuels - natural gas, coal, fuel oil - were identified, and the composition of the exhaust gases was analyzed depending on the type of fossil fuel burned. The negative impact of the enterprises of the fuel and energy complex on the components of the environment has been studied. In conclusion, the authors concluded that, compared with other types of fossil fuels, the combustion of natural gas causes minimal harm to the environment.

Keywords: organic fuels, fuel combustion, environmental pollution, exhaust gases, pollutants.

Analysis state of the art The fuel and energy complex (FEC) of Russia allows us to conclude that fossil fuels are the most common sources for generating heat and electricity. In the structure of consumption of various types of fossil fuels by fuel and energy enterprises, natural gas (73.0%) and coal (11.3%) prevail (Fig. 1) .

The activity of fuel and energy complex enterprises is accompanied by significant material and energy pollution of the environment (Table No. 1). fossil fuel waste gas

The degree of pollution of surface and groundwater bodies by fuel and energy companies depends on the fossil fuels burned in them, the discharge technology used, the type of cooling system, and, consequently, the amount of water and reagents used. Fuel and energy companies are also sources of thermal pollution of water bodies and watercourses, since they use water as a cooling medium.

Fig.1. - The structure of consumption of various types of fossil fuels by fuel and energy enterprises

Table No. 1. Possible pathways for pollutants to enter the environment from fuel and energy enterprises, depending on the type of source and substance

Source of environmental component pollution

(A - atmosphere,

P - soil)

Pollutant

Solid particles

Sulfur oxides

nitrogen oxides

Oxides of carbon

organic compounds

Acids/alkalis/salts, etc.

Metals and their salts

Chlorine (as hypochlorite)

Mercury and/or cadmium

Dioxins

Fuel storage and transportation

Water treatment

flue gases

Flue gas cleaning

Site runoff, including storm drains

Cleaning of drains

Purge cooling system

Emissions from cooling towers

Acoustic (noise and vibration) pollution from fuel and energy companies is mainly associated with the use of boilers, steam and gas turbines, as well as the processes of transportation and loading of fuel, waste and by-products, the use of large pumps and fans; safety valves; cooling systems, etc. However, as a rule, the zone of influence of noise and vibration produced by the enterprise is relatively small.

The composition of exhaust gases and the amount of emitted pollutants significantly depend on the type of fuel burned (Fig. 2) .

When burning natural gas, nitrogen oxides are a significant pollutant, and carbon oxides are also present. The concentration of benzapyrene is negligible. Moreover, the features of natural gas combustion determine the reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions in exhaust gases by 20-25% compared to hard species fuel.

The presence of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ash, vanadium compounds, sodium salts, etc. in the exhaust gases is typical for the combustion of liquid fossil fuels, primarily fuel oil. During the combustion of solid fuels, in addition to the above pollutants, a significant amount of particulate matter is released, consisting of ash particles (fly ash), unburned solid fuel and soot, with the main share being ash particles.

Rice. 2. - Specific indicators (kg / t, kg / thousand m 3) of emissions of the main pollutants with exhaust gases from fuel and energy enterprises

Ash and slag wastes are also generated, for the disposal of which a significant amount of land needs to be alienated. Lands allocated for ash and slag waste are almost irretrievably withdrawn from useful use, since ash and slag may contain impurities of various trace elements (nickel Ni, cobalt Co, cadmium Cd, lead Pb, antimony Sb, chromium Cr, manganese Mn, arsenic As, mercury Hg and and etc.).

Benz(a)pyrene is also found in liquid and solid fuels. Therefore, its transition from fuel to combustion products is possible along with unburned soot and coke particles.

An analysis of the use of various types of fossil fuels by boilers showed that natural gas is characterized by relative environmental safety of combustion products, which practically do not contain solid particles and sulfur compounds. The use of natural gas improves the condition of the air basin of cities and large industrial centers, and coal, which is burned in our country less than natural gas, causes serious negative environmental consequences.

Literature

1. Novak A. V. Results of the work of the Ministry of Energy of Russia and the main results of the functioning of the fuel and energy complex in 2014: Tasks for the medium term URL: minenergo.gov.ru/upload/iblock/36e/prezentatsiya-itogovoy-kollegii.pdf.

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6. Mikulandric R., Loncar D., Cvetinovic D. Improvement of environmental aspects of thermal power plant operation by advanced control concepts // Thermal Science. 2013. Vol. 16. Issue 3. Rp. 759-772

7. Paliwal S., Chandra H., Tripathi A. Investigation and analysis of air pollution emitted from thermal power plants: a critical review // International journal of mechanical engineering and technology (IJMET). 2013. Vol. 4, Issue 4. Rp. 2-37

8. Manzhina S.A., Denisova I.A., Populidi K.K. Economic aspects of diversification of thermal power engineering taking into account environmental requirements // Engineering Bulletin of the Don, 2014, No. 1 URL: ivdon.ru/ru/magazine/archive/n1y2014/2260

9. Ganicheva L. Z. Analysis of the state of atmospheric air in industrial cities of the Rostov region // Engineering Bulletin of the Don, 2013, No. 2 URL: ivdon.ru/ru/magazine/archive/n2y2013/1701/

10. Akhmedov R. B., Tsirulnikov L. M. Technology of combustion of combustible gases and liquid fuels. L.: NEDRA, 1984. 238 p.

11. Kotler V. R., Belikov V. R. Industrial heating boiler rooms: burning of fuels and protection of the atmosphere. St. Petersburg: Energotekh, 2001. 272 p.

References

1. Itogi raboty Minenergo Rossii i osnovnye rezul "taty funktsionirovaniya TEK v 2014: Zadachi na srednesrochnuyu perspektivu URL: minenergo.gov.ru/upload/iblock/36e/prezentatsiya-itogovoy-kollegii.pdf.

2. Sinyak Yu. V., Nekrasov A. S., Voronina S. A. i dr. Problemy forecasting. 2013. No. 1. Prop. 4-21.

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4. Kompleksnoe predotvrashchenie i kontrol" zagryazneniya okruzhayushchey sredy. Spravochnyy dokument po nailuchshim dostupnym tekhnologiyam. Economic aspekty i voprosy vozdeystviya na razlichnye komponenty okruzhayushchey sredy

5. Sigal I. Ya. Zashchita vozdushnogo basseyna pri szhiganii topliva. L.: Nedra, 1988. 312 p.

6. Mikulandric R., Lonsar D., Cvetinovic D. Thermal Science. 2013. Vol. 16. Issue 3. Pp. 759-772

7. Paliwal S., Chandra H., Tripathi A. International journal of mechanical engineering and technology (IJMET). 2013. Vol. 4, Issue 4. Pp. 2-37

8. Manzhina S.A., Denisova I.A., Populidi K.K. Inћenernyj vestnik Dona (Rus), 2014, №1 URL: ivdon.ru/ru/magazine/archive/n1y2014/2260

9. Ganicheva L. Z. Inћenernyj vestnik Dona (Rus), 2013, No. 2 URL: ivdon.ru/ru/magazine/archive/n2y2013/1701/

10. Akhmedov R. B., Tsirul "nikov L. M. Tekhnologiya szhiganiya goryuchikh gazov i zhidkikh topliv . L .: NEDRA, 1984. 238 p.

11. Kotler V. R., Belikov V. R. Promyshlenno-otopitel "nye kotel" nye: szhiganie topliv i zashchita atmosfery. SPb.: Energotekh, 2001. 272 p.

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