Security systems are central to the development of modern vehicles. A serious evolutionary stage in this direction began from the moment the first smart devices that prevented or reduced the risk of an accident. Today similar systems form a whole layer of tools that are called active car safety. It is predominantly electronic devices, which can monitor certain parameters of the state of the machine, giving timely signals about possible threats.
The concept of active safety systems
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To understand what such systems are, it is first necessary to consider the principle of operation of mechanisms that are their opposite. That is, we are talking about systems passive safety. As already noted, this mechanical devices, and traditionally unrelated to by electronic means management. They work at the moments when the external influence is physically fixed. As for the active safety of the car, this is a set of devices that focus on preventing accidents, as well as minimizing the risks leading to other negative consequences. This may not only be electronic devices with sensors, but also structural parts of the machine. Moreover, the performance of such systems is also affected by vehicle performance, which is not directly related to safety tasks.
Let's spend short review security systems provided today.
The passive safety systems work at the moment of impact. These include: programmed deformation zones of the body, seat belts and airbags. Seat belts prevent the driver or passengers from "flying" through Windshield and reduce the risk of serious injury to the face and body when sudden stop. Airbags deploy in the event of a collision to soften the blow to the head and other sensitive parts of the body.
In the 90s, it was considered the norm to equip a car with two airbags: the driver and the front passenger. Modern cars have from 4 to 10 or more airbags, each of which provides protection from a specific injury in a specific collision. So side airbags, "deployed" in window openings, prevent head injuries in side impacts and rollovers. And side airbags in the pillars or seatbacks protect the abdominal and pelvic regions from injury. A knee airbag prevents leg injury from impact with the dashboard.
A modern seat belt provides an even distribution of force acting on the human body during a sudden stop. Some Ford and Lincoln models are equipped with innovative seat belt with a supercharged element that reduces the load. General Motors offers a central airbag that deploys with right side away from the driver's seat, providing additional cushioning in the event of a side impact and preventing the driver's head from colliding with the front passenger's head.
Another important element of passive safety, which many do not even suspect - power structure car body. The body has specially calculated deformation zones, which, when crushed in a collision, dissipate the impact energy. This task is assigned to the front and rear of the car. The body of the cabin, on the contrary, is made of high-strength steel structures that do not deform at the moment of impact.
While passive safety systems work directly at the moment of a collision, active safety systems strive to avoid an accident in every possible way. Behind last years great progress has been made in this area. But there are those systems that have been in service for decades. So the anti-lock braking system (ABS) prevents the wheels from locking when hard braking, ensuring the stability and controllability of the car at the time of deceleration. ABS continuously monitors speed with sensors on all four wheels and relieves pressure in the brake circuit of a locked wheel.
Traction control, often a secondary function of ABS, prevents slip by reducing engine power ("throttle off") or braking a spinning wheel.
The stabilization system uses a different set of sensors that monitor the vehicle's lateral movement, rotational speed and steering wheel angle, position throttle valve and much more. If the vehicle moves along a trajectory that does not correspond to the control actions, then the system, using the brake of a particular wheel or changing the engine power, tries to restore the given trajectory.
Many modern cars are so smart that they know not only the parameters of your movement in this moment but also vehicles and objects around you. This is done by collision warning systems that collect information about surrounding objects using sensors: radar, cameras, laser, thermal or ultrasonic sensors. If the system detects that an object is approaching too quickly, the driver will be alerted by sound from the speakers, indicator lights, vibration on the seat or steering wheel. If there is not enough time for a warning, the system will automatically intervene to help you avoid an accident. So in some cars, pressure is pre-pressurized in brake system For emergency braking and the seat belts are pretensioned. Some systems even resort to braking themselves.
Another active safety system is blind spot monitoring. Automakers use various ways warnings. In most cases, this is a blind spot monitoring system with an indication on the exterior mirrors and an audible warning.
There is also a lane control system that warns of leaving your lane with the help of light, sound signal zation or vibration. Some systems, in addition to this, are able to slow down and return the car to its lane. The system, as a rule, works when changing lanes without turning on the turn signal.
In recent years, the list of active safety systems has grown significantly. It was complemented by adaptive headlights that turn the light beam in the direction of the car, illuminating dark sections of roads in a turn. Active high beam can detect the approach of oncoming cars and switch to the near one so as not to dazzle other participants traffic.
Mercedes installs the Attention Assist system on its cars, which monitors the driver's condition. The system will beep if it suspects that the driver has begun to fall asleep.
cameras rear view a common occurrence these days, and on many vehicles are listed standard equipment. One of the new systems provides monitoring of blind spots while the car is moving. in reverse. When crossing your path with a car in the blind spot, the system will warn the driver of a possible collision. Other manufacturers use multiple cameras on the sides of the car to create a top-down display to help navigate narrow spaces. No less common is the use of radar detectors that measure the distance to objects, warning of approaching by increasing the frequency of the sound signal.
A modern car cares not only about the safety of the driver and passengers, but also the safety of pedestrians. For this, a special shape of the front of the car is used. Active hood struts are also used, lifting it back when hitting a pedestrian.
More recently, airbags have been used on the outer surface of the vehicle. This is how Volvo produced the first car to be equipped with a pedestrian airbag that deploys at the hood-windshield transition to prevent pedestrian head injury. Some automakers, such as BMW, offer an infrared assistance system that recognizes a person or animal in the dark.
Adaptive cruise control helps maintain safe distance to the one in front vehicle using radar or laser sensors. Some systems are able to stop the car on their own and then start moving again, working in the "stop & go" mode.
Technology is currently being developed to allow vehicles to share information about accidents, detected pedestrians and other vehicles. The system will also be able to analyze information about the traffic light operating modes, making adjustments to speed mode, to ensure the free passage of intersections, without stopping at a red light ("green wave").
Systems automotive safety passed long haul since the introduction of the seat belt over 50 years ago. Modern security systems provide a high degree protection. However, there is always room for improvement to reduce the likelihood of traffic accidents and injuries. But first of all, it should be remembered that safety begins with the driver.
Good day to all good people. Today in the article we will cover in detail modern systems car safety. The question is relevant for all, without exception, drivers and passengers.
High speeds, maneuvering, overtaking multiplied by inattention and recklessness pose a serious threat to other road users. According to the data Pulitzer Center in 2015, car accidents claimed the lives of 1 million 240 thousand people.
Behind the dry figures are the human destinies and tragedies of many families who did not wait for their fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, wives and husbands to come home.
For example, in Russian Federation account for 100 thousand of the population 18.9 deaths. Cars account for 57.3% of fatal accidents.
On the roads of Ukraine, 13.5 deaths per 100,000 people were registered. Cars account for 40.3% of the total number of fatal accidents.
In Belarus, 13.7 deaths per 100,000 people were registered, and 49.2% were in cars.
Specialists in the field road safety make disappointing predictions that the number of deaths on the world's roads will rise to 3.6 million by 2030. In fact, in 14 years it will die 3 times more people than currently.
Modern car security systems are created and aimed at saving the life and health of the driver and passengers of the vehicle, even in the event of a serious traffic accident.
In the article, we will cover in detail modern active and passive safety systems cars. We will try to give answers to questions of interest to readers.
The main task of passive vehicle safety systems is to reduce the severity of the consequences of an accident (collision or rollover) for human health if an accident occurs.
The work of passive systems begins at the time of the onset of an accident and continues until the vehicle is completely immobile. The driver can no longer influence the speed, the nature of the movement or perform a maneuver to avoid an accident.
1.Seat belt
One of the main elements of a modern car security system. Considered simple and effective. At the time of an accident, the body of the driver and passengers is firmly held and fixed in a stationary state.
Modern cars require seat belts. Made from tear-resistant material. Many cars are equipped with an annoying chime to remind you to wear seat belts.
2.Airbag
One of the main elements passive system security. It is a durable fabric bag, similar in shape to a pillow, which is filled with gas at the time of a car collision.
Prevent damage to the head and face of a person on the hard parts of the cabin. IN modern cars can be from 4 to 8 airbags.
3.Headrest
Installed at the top car seat. It can be adjusted in height and angle. Used to fix the cervical spine. Protects it from damage certain types car accident.
4.Bumper
rear and front bumpers made of durable plastic with a springy effect. Proven effective in minor traffic accidents.
Take on the impact and prevent damage to the metal elements of the body. In case of an accident on high speed absorb impact energy to some extent.
5. Glass triplex
Automotive glass of a special design that protects exposed areas of the skin and eyes of a person from damage as a result of their mechanical destruction.
Violation of the integrity of the glass does not lead to the appearance of sharp and cutting fragments that can cause serious damage.
Many appear on the surface of the glass small cracks, represented by a huge number of small fragments that are not capable of causing harm.
6.Sled for the motor
Motor modern machine mounted on a special link suspension. At the moment of a collision, and especially a frontal one, the engine does not go to the driver's feet, but moves down along the guide slides under the bottom.
7. Child car seats
Protect the child in the event of a collision or rollover of the vehicle from serious injury or damage. Securely fix it in the chair, which in turn is held by seat belts.
Modern active car safety systems
Active vehicle safety systems are aimed at preventing emergencies and preventing accidents. The electronic unit vehicle management is responsible for monitoring active safety systems in real time.
It must be remembered that one should not rely entirely on active systems safety, because they cannot replace the driver. Attentiveness and composure behind the wheel are a guarantee of safe driving.
1.Anti-lock braking system or ABS
The wheels of the vehicle may lock up during heavy braking and high speeds. Controllability tends to zero and the probability of an accident increases sharply.
The anti-lock braking system forcibly unlocks the wheels and returns control of the machine. characteristic feature ABS work is the beating of the brake pedal. To improve work efficiency anti-lock braking system when braking, depress the brake pedal with maximum effort.
2. Anti-slip system or ASC
The system avoids slippage and makes climbing hills easier on slippery road surfaces.
3. System of course stability or ESP
The system is aimed at ensuring the stability of the car when driving on the road. Efficient and reliable in operation.
4.Brake force distribution system or EBD
Allows you to prevent the car from skidding during braking due to the even distribution of the braking force between the front and rear wheels.
5.Differential lock
The differential transmits torque from the gearbox to the drive wheels. The lock allows for an even transmission of power even if one of the drive wheels lacks traction.
6.Ascent and descent assistance system
Provides maintenance optimum speed movement when descending or ascending a mountain. If necessary, it brakes with one or more wheels.
7.Parktronic
A system that makes parking easier and reduces the risk of collisions with other vehicles when maneuvering in a parking lot. On a special electronic scoreboard indicates the distance to the obstacle.
8.Preventive emergency braking system
Capable of operating at speeds over 30 km/h. Electronic system in automatic mode tracks the distance between cars. In the event of a sudden stop of the vehicle in front and no reaction from the driver, the system automatically slows down the car.
Modern car manufacturers pay a lot of attention to active and passive safety systems. We are constantly working on their improvement and reliability.
The modern car is the source heightened danger. The steady increase in the power and speed of the car, the traffic density of traffic flows significantly increase the likelihood of an emergency.
To protect passengers in the event of an accident, they are actively developing and implementing technical devices security. In the late 50s of the last century, seat belts appeared, designed to hold passengers in their seats in a collision. Airbags were introduced in the early 1980s.
Aggregate structural elements used to protect passengers from injury in an accident, is the passive safety system of the car. The system must provide protection not only for passengers and specific vehicle but also other road users.
The most important components of the passive safety system And car are:
A modern development is the pedestrian protection system. A special place in the passive safety of the car is occupied by the emergency call system.
The modern passive safety system of the car has electronic control, which ensures effective interaction of most components. Structurally, the control system includes input sensors, a control unit and actuators.
The input sensors fix the parameters at which an emergency occurs and convert them into electrical signals. These include impact sensors, seat belt buckle switches, front passenger seat occupied sensor, and driver and front passenger seat position sensor.
As a rule, two shock sensors are installed on each side of the car. They provide the appropriate airbags. In the rear, shock sensors are used when the car is equipped with active head restraints with electric drive.
The seat belt buckle switch detects the use of the seat belt. The front passenger seat occupied sensor allows in the event of an emergency and the absence of front seat passenger to maintain an appropriate airbag.
Depending on the position of the seat of the driver and front passenger, which is fixed by the corresponding sensors, the order and intensity of the application of the system components changes.
Based on the comparison of sensor signals with control parameters the control unit recognizes the onset of an emergency and activates the necessary actuators of the system elements.
The actuating devices of the elements of the passive safety system are squibs for airbags, seat belt tensioners, emergency disconnect battery, the drive mechanism for the active head restraints (when using electrically powered head restraints), as well as control lamp, signaling unfastened seat belts security.
Actuators are activated in a certain combination in accordance with the installed software.
In frontal impact depending on its strength, the seat belt pretensioners or the frontal airbags and seat belt pretensioners may deploy.
With a frontal-diagonal impact depending on its strength and angle of impact, the following may work:
- seat belt tensioners;
- front airbags and seat belt tensioners;
- appropriate (right or left) side airbags and seat belt pretensioners:
- appropriate side airbags, head airbags and seat belt tensioners;
- frontal airbags, corresponding side airbags, head airbags and seat belt tensioners.
In a side impact Depending on the strength of the impact, the following may work:
- appropriate side airbags and seat belt tensioners;
- appropriate head airbags and seat belt tensioners;
- appropriate side airbags, head airbags and seat belt pretensioners.
When hit from behind Depending on the severity of the impact, the seat belt pretensioners, battery disconnect and active head restraints may be activated.
According to the available statistics, most of this happens with the participation of cars, therefore, the designers and manufacturers of cars pay special attention to safety considerations. A large amount of work in this direction is carried out at the design stage, where modeling of all types is carried out. dangerous moments that can happen on the road.
Modern active and passive vehicle safety systems include both separate auxiliary devices and rather complex technological solutions. The use of this whole range of tools is designed to help car drivers and all other road users make life safer.
Active safety systems
The main task installed systems active safety consists in creating conditions to exclude the occurrence of any kind. At the moment, active safety is mainly responsible for electronic systems car.
At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the driver is still the main link ensuring the absence of emergency situations on the road. All available electronic systems should only help him in this and facilitate the management of the vehicle, correcting minor errors.
Anti-lock braking system (ABS)
Anti-lock braking devices are currently installed on most of all vehicles. Such safety systems help to prevent blocking of the wheels at the time of braking. This makes it possible to maintain controllability of the vehicle in all difficult situations.
The greatest need for application ABS systems usually occurs when moving slippery road. If, during icy conditions, the vehicle control unit receives information that the speed of rotation of any of the wheels is less than that of the others, then the ABS regulates the pressure of the brake system on it. As a result, the speed of rotation of all wheels is aligned.
Traction Control (ASC)
This type of active safety can be considered one of the varieties of the anti-lock braking system, and it is designed to ensure vehicle controllability during acceleration or climbing on the road with slippery surface. slip in this case prevented by the redistribution of torque between the wheels.
Electronic Stability Program (ESP)
This kind of active vehicle safety system helps to keep the vehicle stable and prevent accidents. emergencies. At its core, ESP uses anti-slip and anti-lock systems, stabilizing the movement of the car. In addition, ESP is responsible for drying brake pads which greatly facilitates the situation when driving on a wet track.
Brake Force Distribution (EBD)
It is necessary to distribute braking forces in order to exclude the possibility of skidding the vehicle during braking. EBD is a type of anti-lock braking system and redistributes brake pressure between the front and rear wheels.
Differential lock system
The main task of the differential is to transmit torque from the gearbox to the drive wheels. Such a security complex ensures the transmission of force to all consumers in the case when one of the drive wheels has bad grip with the surface, is in the air or on a slippery road.
Descent or ascent assistance systems
The inclusion of such systems greatly facilitates the control of the vehicle when driving downhill or uphill. The purpose of the electronic assistance system is to maintain the required speed by braking one of the wheels if necessary.
parking system
Parktronic sensors are activated when the car is maneuvering in order to prevent it from colliding with other objects. In order to warn the driver, an audible signal is given, sometimes the display shows the remaining distance to the obstacle.
Hand brake
The main purpose parking brake– in keeping the vehicle in a static position during parking.
Vehicle passive safety systems
The goal that any passive vehicle safety system should fulfill is to reduce the severity possible consequences in the event that an emergency does occur. Applied methods of passive protection can be as follows:
- safety belt;
- airbag;
- headrest;
- made from soft material details of the front panel of the machine;
- front and rear bumpers absorbing energy upon impact;
- folding steering column;
- secure pedal assembly;
- suspension of the engine and all the main units, leading it under the bottom of the car in case of an accident;
- production of glass using technology that prevents the occurrence of sharp fragments.
Safety belt
Among all the passive safety systems used in a car, belts are considered one of the main elements.
In the event of an accident, seat belts help keep the driver and passengers in their place.
Airbag
Along with restraint belts, the airbag is also one of the main elements of passive protection. Rapidly inflating airbags protect vehicle occupants from injury from the steering wheel, glass or dash when they occur.
Headrest
Headrests allow you to protect the cervical region of a person in some types of accidents.
Conclusion
Active and passive vehicle safety systems in many cases help prevent accidents, but only responsible behavior on the road can largely guarantee the absence of serious consequences.
