Today, the presence of a car in any family is seen as a necessity rather than a luxury. Such trends in the perception of transport have also affected its demand, and, as a result, the entire industry of world production as a whole. Another significant motivator for the development of this market segment is its continuous improvement. This has turned the competition between the largest automotive companies in the world into a real race.
Automotive Priorities
By what criteria does a future car owner choose a purchase? All of them boil down to three main ones: the provision of transport with advanced achievements of supernovae information technologies, high level comfort in operation and the possibility of developing maximum speeds. These needs are taken into account in the development of new automotive concepts by the largest automotive companies in the world.
Statistics confirm that almost 50% of the world's countries have automotive complexes on their territory. 60% equity in this belongs to the US, Japan and Western Europe. Currently, 40 companies carry out such activities. Which of them was lucky enough to take a leading position in the prestigious Forbes ranking?
Ranking is in accordance with the list www.forbes.com:
| Place in the top 10 | Place in the general list of Forbes | Company name | Produced brands | Company value in 2016, billion dollars | Number of produced cars, 2016 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Joint with GM:
| Up to 480,000 Shanghai GM; Up to 1 million SVAC |
|||||
| South Korea | |||||
| ||||||
| ||||||
| Germany | |||||
| ||||||
| Germany | |||||
| Germany | |||||
|
10th place: The Chinese advance with SAIC Motor
SAIC Motor is still quite a young organization, operating since 1995. It is completely subordinate to the state.
It all started with the production of tractors, buses, and in the same line were Phoenix executive sedans (the latter were intended for senior officials). In the 80s, there is a course towards working with joint ventures, with a refusal to produce their own cars. Today, the enterprises of the organization produce a number of models cars and heavy equipment. Accessories are an added bonus.
In 1984, together with Volkswagen, the SVAC company was created with equal shares of both parties.
The company is very interested in the production of hybrid cars. There have been numerous developments of similar projects, and the direct production of the SAIC-GM-Wuling two-seater hybrid began in July 2017.
Together with General Motors, Shanghai GM is founded in 1997, also with equal share management.
SAIC Motor has 50 enterprises in Shanghai and a total of 171,395 employees. At the same time, revenue for 2016 amounted to $112.72 billion.
And here is another material on the auto theme: how to open your own car dealership?
9th place: Hyundai Motor
It is considered the largest domestic automaker. The name 현대 (現代) translates as "modernity". The correct pronunciation is "Hyundai". Initially, the organization in 1967 was part of a group of companies.
In 1998, there was a takeover of a competitor in the Korean market, Kia Motors.
Now about joint projects with Russia: in St. Petersburg, in the Kamenka industrial zone, there is an enterprise for the assembly and production of products of this brand (with a capacity of 200,000 cars per year).
Known for release hybrid models: the first of them was born back in 2004 (now it is most often an order from the government).
A little about the owners: the shareholders are Hyundai Mobis (a manufacturer of auto components) and the country's pension fund.
Today, among the financial indicators of activity, an annual income of 80.72 billion dollars stands out. In total, the organization has 68,383 employees.
8th place for Nissan Motor
In addition to the Forbes list, the company, which has been operating since 1933, also ranks third among domestic Japanese automakers. She owes her birth to the merger of Tobata Imono and Nihon Sangyo.
First, in the 50s, the organization took a specialization in the production of rocket engines, then there was a small transition to the shipbuilding industry. In 1958, named the first major importer of automobiles in the United States. Until the 80s of the twentieth century, the company was engaged in modifications of Datsun cars (the brand no longer exists today).
Today the firm has representations in 20 foreign countries and 154 700 employees in the state. The annual income is 105.94 billion dollars. The owner of 43.3% of the shares is Renault.
7th place: Japanese company Honda Motor
The organization, known as a motorcycle manufacturer, also occupies a leading position in the top 10 automotive concerns.
Founded in 1948, it started out as a garage-based production of piston rings. In 1963, already at the peak of the popularity of motorcycles of this company, the production of the first cars began. Today the organization operates in 14 countries and employs 208,399 people. Annual profit for 2016 reached $127.86 billion.
Sales markets are Japan, Southeast Asia and the United States of America. The main shareholders are Japanese Trustee Services Bank, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group and BlackRock.
6th place - American Ford Motor
The company is a classic american dream": It was created in 1903 when founder Henry Ford received $28,000 from five investors. For the first time in the world, it was in this company that a classic conveyor assembly was used. The result of the work was the Ford Model T, the mass production of which took place from 1908 to 1927.
Today the company is implementing innovative projects: one of them was the presentation of the engine internal combustion 6.8 liters, fully powered by hydrogen. Work on its creation has been underway since 2004, and such an important part of the car is already used in twenty E-450 buses operated in the United States.
Cooperation with Russia has also been established: a subsidiary of Ford owns an automobile plant (Vsevolozhsk, Leningrad Region). This is where the Focus and Mondeo models are assembled. Ford also has a stake in the Japanese automaker Mazda.
To date, the company's annual income is 151.8 billion dollars. It employs 201,000 people. In terms of ownership, 40% of the shares belong to the Ford family, the rest can be purchased in the public domain.
5th place: golden mean for BMW Group
Initially, a company with this name was created for the production of aircraft engines (1913). Related to this is the company logo, which is interpreted as an aircraft propeller against a sky background (but now the company's marketing department insists that the colors are taken from the national flag of Bavaria).
Today it is hard to imagine, but before the war the organization was in a crisis (the production of aircraft engines was prohibited). The situation in subsequent years was saved by the release of motorcycles. By 1951 it had grown to 18,000 pieces a year. This brought good profits and helped to start the development of the R51, which already has a two-cylinder engine model.
The enterprise is also represented in the Russian expanses - the assembly of vehicles of this brand takes place at the Avtotor plant, which is located in the Kaliningrad region.
The company's annual income is $104.16 billion. In total, 124,729 people are employed in production. 53.3% of the shares are on sale, the rest is in the private hands of the Quandt family.
4th place: General Motors
One of the largest car manufacturers was founded in 1908. For a long time, GM held a leading position, today the company has dropped out of the top three. The company's enterprises are located in more than 120 countries around the world.
The corporation began to develop the Russian market since 1992, and in 2008 an assembly plant was opened in St. Petersburg (Shushary district), with a production capacity of 60,000 vehicles annually. Another trump card in joint cooperation with Russia is the partnership with the automaker OAO AVTOVAZ.
The company's annual income is estimated at $166.38 billion. The organization provides jobs for 225,000 people. The US Treasury is considered the largest shareholder.
Volkswagen in third place
The company was founded in 1934. And in literal translation, its name means "People's Car" ("Volks-Wagen"). The place and year of birth were obliged to cooperate with the Nazi government, however, the mass production of developments did not reach due to the large military orders of the state.
Popularity and recognition of the cars of the Volkswagen concern was received later, which allowed the organization to climb into the ranking of the largest manufacturers of this type of transport.
In addition, Volkswagen AG is constantly making the necessary investments: in December 2009, it acquired a 49.9% stake in Porsche for 3.9 billion euros. A little earlier, in 2007, the Russian subsidiary of Volkswagen Group Rus begins production of the Skoda brand at an enterprise in Kaluga (production capacity - 150,000 vehicles per year).
Now, 626,715 people work at the enterprises of the concern with an annual income of 240.34 billion dollars. 56.6% of the shares are in the hands of Porsche Automobil Holding SE.
How to deliver the purchased car to the destination? You can use the services of a transport company.
Silver medalist: Daimler from Germany
The history of the creation of the organization begins in 1886 and is associated with a patent for a three-wheeled cart with gasoline engine. And already in 1926, Benz & Cie and Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft merged, resulting in the union of Daimler-Benz AG.
The company merged directly into the concern only in 1998, changing its name to DaimlerChrysler AG. But since 2007, the company began to bear its modern name.
Today the concern is engaged in the production of cars different type tonnage. Buses are another characteristic product of the corporation.
The company's revenue for 2016 amounted to $169.54 billion. The concern employs 284,488 people working at assembly plants in 17 countries around the world. The organization owns an 11% share of the shares Russian JSC"KAMAZ".
At the same time, a major corruption scandal arose in relation to this company: in 2010, the United States Department of Justice filed a charge of bribing persons responsible for procurement in 22 countries of the world (including Russia). The leadership of the organization agreed with the allegations.
Group shareholders:
- Aabar Investments (Arab investment fund with 9.1%);
- Germany - 39.9%;
- other European countries - 32.3%;
- USA - 21.2%;
- other countries - 7.5%.
First place for the Japanese: Toyota Motor
Having started its activity in 1937, today Japan has become the largest automobile manufacturer in the world. Written in katakana, "Toyota" (トヨタ) came to be considered a more successful version of the name than the original version of the name, because it contained 8 strokes, which, according to popular belief, was supposed to bring good luck. In relation to the company, this high expectation fully justified itself. The organization began to develop at a particularly rapid pace in the 60s of the last century.
Today, the organization employs 348,877 employees who work at the company's enterprises around the world. Total annual revenue for 2016 was $249.9 billion. The company produces cars of the brands Toyota (Toyota), Lexus (Lexus), Daihatsu (Daihatsu).
The Master Trust Bank of Japan and Toyota Industries Corporation are considered the main owners.
So, the creation of cars is one of the leading sectors of the economy of each developed state. This may lead to another problem - the market is getting fed up with cars. And here there is a way out: at the same time to reduce production costs and expand the range of products.
Of course, in order for our species to survive, we need to adopt environmental care as our core philosophy. We cannot continue to release tons of toxic gases into the atmosphere and wait for the Earth to just digest it. This leads to disastrous results, which we realized around the middle of the last century. As a result, most industrialized countries have begun to contribute to the fight against global warming by introducing reuse and compost programs, tax credits for those who reduce their carbon footprint, and gradually cultivating the value of a "green" attitude towards nature and rejection of excessive pollution and general disregard for the environment.
Given all this, even the greenest environmentalists avert their eyes when it comes to not driving. For people living deep in urban centers, owning a car is not a necessity and is regarded as a luxury. For the rest of the population living in the suburbs or rural environments, their car is the key to their whole life. Without it, they simply would not be able to perform most of their daily tasks. We've built our cities and infrastructure around the car, and whether you like it or not, we're inextricably linked to cars for at least the next few decades.
However, it's not all that bad. Electric cars are on the horizon, and if we can change our infrastructure to support their widespread adoption, the environment will take off. The buzz around electric cars isn't just about the technology itself - the companies that are at the forefront of electric vehicles could be the first to jump into a completely rejuvenated auto industry. The rise of the electric car is driven, like most things, by income. Tesla sees itself as a leading automotive brand in a future where consumers are completely moving away from traditional combustion engine vehicles. This is an ambitious strategy, and if they want to change the auto industry, they will have to compete with bigger companies. IN automotive industry there's a lot of money going around, and these 10 companies are the richest organizations holding the most valuable brands, according to consumers and experts.
10. Renault - $9.01 billion
The French automobile manufacturer Renault was founded in 1899 and is one of the most famous French international corporations in the world. They mainly produce vehicles for the European market but are expanding into other parts of the world such as the Middle East and Asia. They formed an alliance with Nissan and own 43.4 percent of the Japanese company, which in turn own 15 percent of Renault. In 2013, the corporation sold about 2.6 million vehicles to customers worldwide. The company's brand is valued at $9.01 billion.
9. Porsche (Porsche) - 11.37 billion dollars 
German automaker Porsche needs no introduction to high-end sports car fans. Founded in 1931, Porsche became world famous in the 1960s after they started racing and building their brand. The company is based in Stuttgart, Germany, the same city where it was founded 80 years ago. They are well known for their 911, Boxster, Spyder, Panamera and Cayenne brands and are the most successful car brand in motor racing history with 28,000 wins to their credit. The brand is valued at $11.37 billion as of 2014.
8. Hyundai - $18.83 billion
Hyundai is one of the few companies that develop the entire economy of South Korea. Hyundai, together with Samsung, virtually single-handedly creates the international image of South Korea. Hyundai was originally founded as an engineering company in 1947, but 20 years later, in 1967, it changed direction to car manufacturing. The headquarters is located in Seoul, as it was at the time of the company's founding, and at the moment Hyundai is the 4th automotive company in the world. They own 32.8 percent of Kia Motors and produced 4,721,156 cars for the global market last year. The brand itself is valued at $18.83 billion.
7. Ford - $20.24 billion 
Ford Motors is America's most famous automaker, as they were the driving force behind the industry in the United States in the early 20th century. Henry Ford actually pioneered the automobile manufacturing process with his assembly line process, which focused on the division of labor for maximum efficiency. Today, the company ranks fifth among automotive companies worldwide and has an expensive brand valued at $20.24 billion. The company is headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan and operates worldwide (although the North American market remains its primary focus).
6. Nissan (Nissan) - 21.19 billion dollars 
Japanese automaker Nissan came in at number six on our list with a brand valuation of $21.19 billion. As we mentioned earlier, Nissan and Renault entered into strategic alliance, owning parts of each other's shares, but at the same time Renault owns a large percentage of the shares. Interestingly, the Nissan brand is valued much more than Renault, most likely due to a wider presence in the international market. Nissan is the 6th automotive company in the world and is headquartered in Yokohama, Japan.
5. Honda - $22.15 billion 
Honda is another example of Japan's dominance in the international automotive market. Honda, headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, is the world's 7th largest automaker in terms of production volume, but is fifth in terms of brand value, which is $22.15 billion. Honda also operates in categories other than automobiles, including engines, robots, aircraft, solar panels, motorcycles and ATVs. They also own the Acura luxury car line, which rivals Toyota's Lexus and European top brands such as BMW and Mercedes-Benz.
4. Mercedes-Benz - $24.17 billion
Speaking of Mercedes, it sits at number four on our list with a brand valuation of $24.17 billion, which won't come as a surprise to most people. Luxury brands operate at higher margins than cars that are built for mass use. The German automobile manufacturer Daimler is the owner of the Mercedes-Benz brand, which is the 13th largest automobile manufacturer in the world. Daimler is headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany and Mercedes-Benz is the pride of this empire.
3. Volkswagen (Volkswagen) - 27.06 billion dollars 
Volkswagen is one of the most recognizable automotive brands worldwide, with a strong presence in both Europe and North America, as well as part of the Asian market. With 8,576,964 vehicles built last year, Volkswagen is the world's third-largest automaker. The familiar Volkswagen brand is valued at $27.06 billion. The company is mainly known for its legendary consumer models Jetta, Golf and Passat, but also owns a controlling stake in Audi. Volkswagen is headquartered in Wolfsburg, Germany and was founded in 1937.
2. BMW - $28.96 billion
BMW is the most valuable German car brand in the world, valued at $28.96 billion. The company's headquarters, founded in 1916, is located in Munich, Germany. The company is the owner of the Rolls-Royce brand, produces motorcycles, and also participates in motorsports, including Formula 1. BMW is the 14th largest automaker in the world by volume, with 2,065,216 cars built last year. The BMW brand is synonymous worldwide with premium cars, which has helped the German concern to become one of the most recognizable and desirable brands on Earth.
1. Toyota - $34.9 billion 
Toyota is the clear leader in the automotive industry. Through its own brand, the Lexus and Cyan brands, the Japanese company conducts business in all classes of the automotive market. The company also produces trucks under the Hino brand and will soon produce electric cars under the new Ranz brand. With a brand valuation of $34.9 billion, Toyota is the most valuable automotive brand in the world. The company also ranks first in terms of production volume, producing 8,381,968 vehicles in 2013, nearly 2 million more than second place G.M. Over the past few decades, Toyota has solidified its dominance in the international automotive market. The headquarters of this giant, which is not going to stop anytime soon, is located in Toyota City, from where they got their name.
student: Boitsova Anastasia
Gennadievna
Groups №14, 2nd year, profession
"Hairdresser".
Head: Golenya Elena Vasilievna.
2017№
Name.
1.
Introduction.
2.
Relevance.
3.
Goals.
4.
Work plan.
5.
History of development.
6.
Automotive
7.
10 largest companies.
8.
Placement of companies around the world.
9.
Conclusions.
10.
Bibliography.
1. The largest automotive companies in the world.
In my work, I consider productioncars. All presented in the work
the data relates only to this topic.
The automotive industry is one of the most
knowledge-intensive and capital-intensive industries
engineering. Almost all products
engineering is used in
automotive industry. All the "novelties" of science and
techniques are widely used in this
industries.
Automotive is that industry
engineering, which is constantly evolving.
2. Relevance.
2. Relevance.The automotive industry is currently entering one of the
top position in the global economy. There are reasons for this:
people need more and more every day more cars For
solving various problems;
this industry is knowledge-intensive and high-tech. She
“pulls” many other industries, whose enterprises
carry out her numerous orders. Innovations implemented in
automotive industry, inevitably make these industries
improve their production. Due to the fact that such industries
quite a lot, then in the end there is a rise in the entire
industry, and hence the economy as a whole;
automotive industry in all developed countries belongs to
among the most profitable branches of the national economy, since it
contributes to the increase in trade and brings to the treasury of the state
considerable income;
the automotive industry is strategically important
industry. The development of this industry makes the country economically strong and
therefore more independent.
All this together brings the automotive industry to
one of the leading positions in the global economy.
3. Goals
- I want to introduce you to the mostthe largest automotive
companies of the world. Tell a story
car development, introduce
new technology. Maybe my project
help you when buying a car or
just for general development.
4. Work plan
1.2.
3.
4.
Chose the theme of the project;
Found useful sources;
Arranged everything in its place;
Reviewed and removed bugs.
5. History of development.
With the advent of the first civilizations, people immediately had a need for a faster andcomfortable movement on the ground. The first invention in the automotive industry,
undoubtedly is the wheel. Wooden carts were used by people until the 17th century.
The first self-propelled carriage was designed by the brilliant Dutch stranger S. Stevin in
1600. The driving force of the mechanical device according to Stephen's design was the wind. At
In good winds, this forerunner of the car reached speeds of up to 35 km/h.
Very important role the invention of the steam engine played a role in the development of the automotive industry.
end of the 18th century by the efforts of the French inventor Papineau. At first he was an "ugly duckling":
slow, clumsy, and worked intermittently. Rather, it was not an engine, but a steam
boiler. But it already had the main part - a piston moving in a cylinder under steam pressure.
It became clear that the steam can be "harnessed", forced to do a lot of work.
Other inventors took over. The Englishman Newcomen separated the steam boiler from the cylinder with
piston. The car was bulky, absorbed an incredible amount of fuel, worked "with
respite." But it was a step forward! However, the countdown of the history of the automotive industry is still necessary
start from 1769, when a "self-running carriage" on mechanical traction appeared on the streets of Paris
designs by French inventor Nicolas Joseph Cugno.
A low-powered and dangerous steam engine did not take root in the car and gave way
gasoline internal combustion engine. In 1885, Karl Benz, owner of a small
workshop, which just produced such engines, designed his first
self-propelled carriage. He had three wheels and developed a speed of up to 16 km / h.
Almost simultaneously with the Benz concern, a four-wheeled car appeared in Germany
G. Daimler. The maximum speed was fantastic for that time -18 km/h. So
both Benz and Daimler can be called the founders of the automotive industry.
Long before them, mechanisms had already been created that were set in motion by the engine of the internal
combustion, but Benz was the first to offer the buyer a usable prototype
modern car, and Daimler was the first to launch a functional
car engine. The first Soviet car of mass production, assembled
conveyor way at the newly built Gorky Automobile Plant, saw
light in 1932. Model GAZ - A had a capacity of 40 liters. s., weight slightly exceeded 1 t., developed
speed up to 90 km/h. Only one copy has survived to this day.
6. Automotive.
Automotive industry (automotive industry) - industryindustry (according to the Soviet classification - medium industry),
engaged in the production of trackless Vehicle(cars)
predominantly with internal combustion engines (ICE).
Includes sub-sectors:
engine building; production of components (the most important - tire
industry); production technological equipment(machine tool industry
and robotics).
In the automotive industry, the share of capital expenditures is high, as well as expenditures on
labor force, although its qualifications are not as important as, for example, in
aircraft or energy industries.
Since its inception at the end of the 19th century, the automotive industry has been a large
consumer of ferrous metallurgy products - cold-rolled sheets, castings from
iron and steel, etc.; non-ferrous metallurgy - production of radiators,
carburetors, fittings, etc.; chemical industry - rubber
(primarily tires) and plastic products, dyes, etc.;
electrical - ignition systems, batteries, generators,
starters, wiring, lighting systems; glass industry.
It was in the automotive industry since the mid-1910s that it received the widest
distribution conveyor assembly system revolutionizing - sunken
industry of the 20th century.
7. 10 largest companies in the world.
1.ToyotaMotors (Toyota
motors)
Toyota Motor Corporation
is Japanese
car company,
which is headquartered in
Aichi city, Japan. She
is the largest in the world
car manufacturer.
Market value: $193,500
000 000
Sales: $255,600,000,000
Profit: $18,900,000,000
10. 2. Volkswagen Group (VW)
Volkswagen Group is Germancompany headquartered in
Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony,
Germany. She is a manufacturer
cars and trucks,
motorcycles, engines and turbomachines.
Volkswagen means "people's
car" in German. In
its current slogan is "Das Auto"
("Automobile"). The company has its
representative offices in about 150
countries of the world and manages 100
production facilities in 27
countries.
The company's assets are valued at $446
920,000,000, 572,800 employees
companies operate in different countries
peace.
Market value: $119,100,000,000
Sales: $261,600,000,000
Profit: $12,000,000,000
11. 3. Daimler (diamler)
Daimler AG is Germanmultinational automotive
company headquartered in Stuttgart,
Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Daimler
Group is one of the largest
premium car manufacturers and the world's largest
manufacturer of commercial
Daimler vehicles systematically
invests in the development of alternative
drive systems for many
years in order to drastically reduce
harmful emissions into the atmosphere.
Daimler sells its vehicles and services
in almost all countries of the world. She has
production facilities at five
continents. The group sold 2.3 million
vehicles in 2013, number
the company's staff is 275,384 people.
Assets are valued at $232,210,000,000
Sales: $156,600,000,000
Profit: $9,100,000,000
12. 4. BMW Group
Bayerische Motoren Werke AG isGerman manufacturing company
cars, motorcycles and engines.
It was founded in 1916 and is headquartered in Munich, Bavaria,
Germany. BMW activities
implemented in more than 150 countries, and
coordinated from the building "with four
cylinders" in Munich.
BMW Group manufactures motorcycles under
Motorrad brand. She also produces
mini cars and luxury cars
Rolls Royce. The company has 10 research centers, 4 of which
located in Germany, 3 in the USA and 1 each in
Austria, Japan and China.
Currently BMW Group
manages 28 production
facilities in 13 countries. This global
production network is the basis of growth
for BMW. The BMW Group is currently
time has sales branches
vehicles in 34 countries. In her
110,351 people employed, assets
estimated at $190,660,000,000
Market value: $83,400,000,000
Sales: $101,000,000,000
Profit: $7,400,000,000
13. 5. Ford Motors
Ford motor company isAmerican automaker. His
headquarters is located in Detroit,
state of Michigan. The company manufactures and
sells cars, commercial
branded vehicles
Ford and luxury cars under
Lincoln brand.
The company employs 181,000 workers,
assets valued at $202,030,000
000.
Market value: $64,500,000,000
Sales: $146,900,000,000
Profit: $7,200,000,000
14. 6. Honda Motors (Honda Motors)
Honda Motor Co Pvt. Ltd.is a Japanese transnational
corporation headquartered in
Minato, Tokyo. It's a big one
car manufacturer and
motorcycles Models and versions of models
vehicles varies from country to
country and may have a ruler
exclusively for a specific region.
Honda makes the Civic Hybrid, a hybrid electric vehicle. Cars
Hondas are traditionally front wheel drive.
The company currently employs
190,338 people, value of assets
estimated at $147,920,000,000.
Market value of the company: $63,000
000 000
Sales: $117,700,000,000
Profit: $4,900,000,000
15. 7. General Motors (general motors)
This is an American transnationalautomotive manufacturing company
headquarters in Detroit, Michigan.
GM makes cars in 37 countries
The company has 21,000 dealers worldwide
world and has 219,000 employees,
who work at 396 objects
companies affecting six
continents.
Dynamic brands of General Motors,
We offer a wide range of vehicles in
more than 120 countries around the world,
which consists of electric and mini cars to heavy trucks,
monocabs and convertibles. GM also
has significant stakes in
major joint ventures in
ChinaHis assets are valued at $166,340
000 000.
Market value: $54,600,000,000
Sales: $155,400,000,000
Profit: $5,400,000
16. 8. Hyundai Motors
Hyundai Motor Company has a staff of 59831 employees and asset value $
126,420,000,000. This is a South Korean
company headquartered in Seoul.
The company was founded in 1967. Kia
Motors is its subsidiary,
which is 32.8% and forms
Hyundai Motor Group. Hyundai Motor
The Company is committed to strengthening its
global sales network in addition to
production of models of regional
specifics. Hyundai opened exhibition
halls in key trading cities,
including New York, London, Beijing,
Moscow to expand sales
cars
Market value: $49,700,000,000
Sales: $79,800,000,000
Profit: $7,800,000,000
17. 9. Nissan Motors (Nissan Motors)
Nissan Motor Co, Ltd isJapanese automotive manufacturing
a company headquartered in Nishi-ku,
Yokohama, Japan.
The company works in alliance with Renault and
creates joint ventures with others
automakers in the world. The RenaultNissan Alliance has built a unique business model,
which benefits both
companies. For over 15 years, employees like
Nissan and Renault worked with mutual
respect and pride while maintaining
company identity.
The company is currently producing
vehicles in 20 countries including Japan.
Infiniti was launched as a luxury brand with
headquarters in Hong Kong. Datsun for
customers in high growth markets. IN
the company employs about 166,881 people
worldwide, assets valued at $137
240 000 000.
Market value: $40,200,000,000
Sales: $104,000,000,000
Profit: $3,900,000,000
18. 10. SAIC Motors (seik motors)
SAIC (Shanghai Automotive Industry)Corporation) Motors - Chinese
automotive manufacturing company
headquartered in Shanghai, China. SAIC
Motors manufactures and sells passenger cars and
commercial vehicles. Company
sold 5.1 million vehicles
funds in 2013. She saves
first place in Chinese domestic
market for over 8 years. SAIC Products
sold under various trade names
stamps. The company employs 6,146
employees, assets valued at $56
430 000 000.
Market value: $24,700,000,000
Sales: $88,300,000,000
Profit: $4,000,000,000
19. 8. Placement of companies around the world
20.9. Conclusion.
-I met and introduced you to the mostlargest companies in the world, learned where
they are located and who is in what place.
Familiarize yourself with the history of development
car, I personally made notes for myself
and conclusions.
21. 10. List of used literature.
List of used literature1 Preparing for the exam (Economic geography grades 9-11).
– M.: OLMA-PRESS, 2000.
2 Mogilevkin I. Transport in the past and present century //
World economy and international relations. - 2001. - No.
9. - S. 34-43.
3 New in the world (Figures and facts). – M.: Bustard, 1999.
4 Prospects for the development of global passenger car production
cars and passenger trucks// BIKI. - 2004. - No. 63
(8709), p. 10.
With growth in North America and China, global light vehicle sales are estimated to have reached 87.4 million in 2015. This is stated in a study by IHS Automotive.
This is an increase of just 1.5% over 2014, the lowest increase since 2010. However, according to IHS experts, the industry will continue to recover from the global economic crisis, while growth is slowing around the world, including amid uncertainty in Russia and South America.
IHS estimates that North American passenger car sales increased 5.5% to 20.6 million units in 2015, driven by the continued recovery in the US market, where sales reached 17.5 million units (up 6.0%). The IHS study's results are similar to estimates by other firms, including Morgan Stanley and TrueCar, which previously forecast sales of more than 17 million in the United States as gasoline prices remain low, consumer confidence rises and funding is readily available.
Passenger car sales in China, meanwhile, are estimated to have risen 5.6% to 24.4 million in 2015. At the beginning of 2015, IHS forecast sales growth in China to 25 million units in 2015. However, despite greater access to credit, expansion of dealer networks and scrappage programs designed to boost sales, growth in passenger car sales declined, following a slowdown in the Chinese economy as a whole.
In 2015, IHS revised its growth forecasts down, partly due to the uncertainty in Russia, which affected other markets in Eastern Europe. Passenger car sales in Russia, which is in a deep recession, dealing with a non-volatile currency and the prospect of a wider war in Ukraine, are estimated to have fallen 36% year-on-year in 2015 to just 1.6 million units, which half as compared to 2012 sales. At the beginning of 2015, IHS predicted a fall in sales to 1.8 million units.
On the contrary, car sales in Western Europe are estimated to have increased by 8.9% in 2015 compared to 2014 and reached 13.2 million units. India also posted strong growth in 2015, up 7.7% year-on-year, IHS reported, with domestic light vehicle sales rising to 2.8 million units.
IHS also recorded a weakening of the automotive sector in South America in 2015, where the largest market, Brazil, recorded a decline in passenger car sales by 26% compared to the previous year to 2.5 million, amid rising unemployment, falling household incomes and worsening credit conditions, as well as due to higher taxes.
Sales of passenger cars in the world (by region), million units*
| country, region | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
| China | 19,1 | 21,4 | 23,1 | 24,4 | 25,7 |
| USA | 14,5 | 15,6 | 16,5 | 17,5 | 18,0 |
| Western Europe | 11,8 | 11,5 | 12,1 | 13,2 | 13,5 |
| India | 2,8 | 2,7 | 2,6 | 2,8 | 3,0 |
| Russia | 3,2 | 2,8 | 2,5 | 1,6 | 1,6 |
| World at large | 79,5 | 82,8 | 86,3 | 87,6 | 89,8 |
* - data from IHS Automotive (2016 - forecast).
For 2016, IHS predicts growth in global passenger car sales to 89.8 million units.
The US auto market, supported by low interest rates on loans and low gasoline prices, will remain strong. Although interest rates will rise slightly, buying conditions will remain good, allowing the market to continue to rise in 2016 and 2017. IHS sees still strong potential to strengthen the US economy and increase employment, which will lead to the growth of the US market to 18 million units over the next two years.
In Western Europe, growth momentum is also strong, even after a recovery in 2015 well above expectations. The current forecast of 2.5-3.0% sales growth may even be revised upwards. However, some European markets peaked.
Optimism about sales activity in the Chinese market soared as the government announced measures to cut the car purchase tax for small cars. However, the continued volatility in the stock market may deter some buyers. Despite the slowdown in China's economy, IHS Automotive currently expects light vehicle sales to grow by 5-6% in 2016 - enough to increase sales by more than 1.3 million units.
For the Asia-Pacific region, 2016 will be a year of transition from a disappointing decline in sales in recent years to a rebound in growth. On key markets Thailand and Indonesia, a return to growth should begin in the second half of 2016, with growth expected to pick up in 2017. India's auto market is forecast to accelerate as lower energy prices and falling interest rates on auto loans will allow a return to double-digit growth for the first time since 2010.
For Brazil and Russia, 2016 is likely to be a difficult year. Both markets have been in decline for three years in a row, and 2016 is likely to be the fourth year in which the economy continues to decline. Brazil's auto market is likely to contract by 14 percent in 2015, according to IHS Automotive's forecast. In Russia, the passenger car market will continue to decline as well due to the ongoing effects of low oil prices, sanctions imposed on the Russian economy and the ruble exchange rate.
In 2015, German car manufacturer Volkswagen stunned the world when it dethroned Toyota as the world's largest car manufacturer by sales. In the first half of 2015, Volkswagen sold 5.04 million vehicles from January to June, compared to 5.02 million sold by Toyota in the same period.
Analysts attributed Volkswagen sales growth to increased demand in Europe, where the market has grown at the fastest pace in more than five years. On the other hand, Toyota has suffered from declining demand in China, as well as the inability to reap the same benefits in Europe, despite the benefits the company received from the weakening Japanese yen.
True, already in autumn Toyota regained leadership in sales on the world market, and at the end of the year, the company's total sales amounted to about 10 million cars, against 9.93 million cars from Volkswagen. However, 2016 promises to be another year of competition between the two auto giants.
Below is a list of the top 10 automotive companies in the world (based on 2014 sales).
Top 10 largest car companies in the world
| place | company | Country of origin | Sales volume, million units | Number of employees, thousand people |
| 1 | Toyota Motor | Japan | 10,20 | 330,0 |
| 2 | Volkswagen Group | Germany | 10,10 | 592,6 |
| 3 | General Motors | USA | 9,92 | 216,0 |
| 4 | Renault-Nissan Alliance | France, Japan | 8,47 | 450,0 |
| 5 | Hyundai Motor Group | South Korea | 7,71 | 249,4 |
| 6 | Ford motor | USA | 6,32 | 224,0 |
| 7 | Fiat-Chrysler | Italy, USA | 4,75 | 228,7 |
| 8 | Honda motor | Japan | 4,36 | 199,4 |
| 9 | PSA Peugeot-Citroen | France | 2,94 | 184,8 |
| 10 | Suzuki | Japan | 2,88 | 14,6 |
Russian passenger car market in 2015-2016
The Russian passenger car market ended 2015 with a decline of 35.7% year on year. Sales are down 890,187 units from 2014 to a total of 1,601,126 units, according to the Association. European business(AEB). December sales were down 45.7% year on year to 146,963 units, a drop of 123,682 units.
Top 10 passenger car brands by sales in Russia
| pieces | Dec. 2015 | Dec. 2014 | Change, % | 2015 | 2014 | Change, % |
| Lada | 23462 | 35315 | -34 | 269096 | 387307 | -31 |
| Kia | 15215 | 20200 | -25 | 163500 | 195691 | -16 |
| Hyundai | 12570 | 15235 | -17 | 161201 | 179631 | -10 |
| Renault | 11934 | 19263 | -38 | 120411 | 194531 | -38 |
| Toyota | 11177 | 17536 | -36 | 98149 | 161954 | -39 |
| Nissan | 8410 | 20131 | -58 | 91100 | 162010 | -44 |
| vw | 7927 | 13871 | -43 | 78390 | 128071 | -39 |
| UAZ | 6324 | 7221 | -12 | 48739 | 49844 | -2 |
| GAZ LCV | 5099 | 7916 | -36 | 51192 | 69388 | -26 |
| Skoda | 4596 | 6214 | -26 | 55012 | 84437 | -35 |
Ministry of Sports of the Republic of Khakassia
State budget educational institutionRepublic of Khakassia
middle vocational education
"School (technical school) of the Olympic reserve"
| branch | Fire safety |
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| Speciality | 20.02.02 Protection in emergency situations |
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| Qualification | rescue technician |
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| Form of study | full-time | Group 171 |
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I N D I V I D U A L PROJECT
| Academic discipline | Geography |
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| Subject | The largest automotive companies in Russia and the world |
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| Student | Uglin Dmitry Alexandrovich | ||||||||
| FULL NAME. | |||||||||
| Supervisor | Trusova Olga Gennadievna | ||||||||
| FULL NAME. | |||||||||
| Supervisor | ||||
Abakan, 2017
| INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………… | |
| The largest automotive companies in the world………… | |
| General Motors…………………………...................................... .. | |
| Ford Motor Company……………………………………........... | |
| Volkswagen………………………………………………………. | |
| BMW……………………………………………………………………………………………. ......... | |
| 1.5. Toyota Motor…………………………………………………….. | |
| Peugeot-Citroën PSA……………………………………………... | |
| 1.7. Renault S.A………………………………………………………. | |
| 2. The largest automotive companies in Russia……… | |
| 2.1. AvtoVAZ…………………………………………………………… | |
| 2.2. KAMAZ…………………………………………………………….. | |
| 2.3. GAS……………………………………………………………… | |
| 2.4. ZIL…………………………………………………………….. | |
| CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………. | |
| LIST OF USED LITERATURE…………………….. |
INTRODUCTION
The automotive industry is one of the leading industries in the economy of developed countries. Its share in world exports of manufactured goods is 12.5%. The industry provides jobs for millions of people around the world. The automotive industry accounts for almost half of the world's oil consumption.
The automotive industry uses almost 50% of the annual production of rubber, 25% of glass and 15% of steel. Not surprisingly, in rich countries, the share of the automotive industry in GDP is about 10%.
Car production is currently carried out in almost 50 countries around the world. At the same time, more than 60% of world production automotive technology belongs to Western Europe, USA and Japan. Currently, there are more than 40 automotive companies in the world, the largest of which are: American companies - " big three» – General Motors, Ford and Chrysler; European companies – Volkswagen Group, PSA Peugeot Citroen, Renault, Fiat, BMW; Japanese companies - Toyota, Nissan, Honda, Mitsubishi, Mazda; as well as Korean - Hyundai-KIA, Daewoo.
In the last decade, the motorization of the world has been quite intensive: from 1996 to 2005. The rate of growth in car production was almost twice that of population growth. This increased the average life of the car. In the USA, he was in 1980-1995. increased from 6.6 to 8.5 years. Indicators of the world car fleet per 1000 people. for the 1990s increased by almost half. In the world markets, as a result of saturation with cars, a sales problem arose, which caused the need to reduce costs and at the same time significantly improve the design of the car itself and expand the model range.
Between 1997 and 2005 car production in the world increased by 20%. At the same time, the total output of Western Europe, the USA and Japan remained at the same level (38–39 million units). At the same time, their share in the global automotive industry has been steadily declining. In 1997, Western Europe, the US and Japan accounted for 72% of the world's car production. By 2000, their participation had dropped to 69%, by 2005 to 62%. Significantly increased production in the largest developing countries - China, South Korea, Mexico, Brazil, India. China managed to increase its share in the global automotive industry from 3 to 8%. The share of other countries in Asia and Oceania such as: Australia, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam increased by 4%. The countries of Central and Eastern Europe have strengthened their participation in world car production from 5 to 6%; India - from 1 to 3%.
In number 15 largest countries– automakers include 7 developing countries: China, South Korea, Brazil, Mexico, India, Russia, Thailand. In total, the 15 leading countries - automakers account for approximately 87% of global car production, including 26% of cars produced in developing countries, which is 7% higher than in 1997. The main importers of automotive products are the countries of the European Union, their share is 44 ,1%; 22.2% is in the USA; Canada imports 6% of the world's automotive products. Japan accounts for only 1.4% of automotive imports.
1. The largest automotive companies in the world
automotive market economy
General Motors
One of the world's largest automobile companies, founded in 1908 by William Durant. The company's international headquarters is located in Detroit; GM enterprises located in almost 120 countries of the world employ 209 thousand people.
At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, GM's financial condition deteriorated greatly. On June 1, 2009, the company entered bankruptcy proceedings (Article 11 of the US federal bankruptcy law) - a suit was filed in the Southern Federal District of New York. Under the terms of the bankruptcy, the US government provided the company with about $30 billion, and in return received a 60% stake in the concern, the government of Canada - 12% of the shares for $ 9.5 billion, the United Automotive Workers Union of the USA (UAW) - 17.5% of the shares. The remaining 10.5% of the shares were divided between the largest creditors of the concern. US President Barack Obama said that the state does not plan to control GM forever and will get rid of the controlling stake as soon as the concern's financial position improves. As a result, on July 10, 2009, a new independent company, General Motors Company, was created. The old GM (General Motors Corporation) was renamed Motors Liquidation Company.
It was assumed that after bankruptcy, the concern would be divided into two companies, the first of which would include the most unprofitable divisions, and the second - the most profitable Chevrolet and Cadillac. In particular, in 2009 GM planned to sell unprofitable Opel, and one of the contenders for the purchase was a consortium of Magna International and Russian Sberbank. However, in early November, GM decided to keep Opel, citing the industry's emerging recovery from the crisis and unwillingness to leave the market. small cars.
In late 2010, GM held one of the largest public offerings in history. During the placement, the governments of the United States and Canada, which became the main shareholders in bankruptcy in 2009, sold their shares for a total of $23.1 billion.
GM and its strategic partners produce cars and trucks in 35 countries around the world. Divisions of General Motors also serve and sell a group of the following brands: Baojun (Baojun), Buick (Buick), Cadillac (Cadillac), Chevrolet (Chevrolet), GMC (GMC) , Daewoo, Holden, Isuzu, Opel, Vauxhall and Wuling.
GM's largest markets in the world are China, the US, Brazil, the UK, Germany, Canada, Italy, Russia, Mexico and Uzbekistan.
GM has been present on the Russian market since 1992. General Motors owns a car assembly plant in St. Petersburg, in Shushary, opened in November 2008. GM's total investment in the manufacturing complex is estimated at $300 million. Plant construction began on June 13, 2006; at the first stage (assembly of 70,000 machines per year), the volume of investment in the project amounted to $115 million. The installation of equipment began in January 2008, a trial start-up of production took place in September, and the official opening of the enterprise on November 7, 2008. President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev attended the grand opening ceremony of GM Shushary.
The production capacity is 60,000 vehicles. The plant produces 4 models - Chevrolet Captiva, Chevrolet Cruze, Opel Antara and Opel Astra.
In addition, General Motors is a partner of the Russian automaker OAO AVTOVAZ in a joint venture, GM-AVTOVAZ, which produces Chevrolet NIVA SUVs. CJSC GM-AVTOVAZ, founded in 2001, is the first joint automobile manufacturing company in modern Russia.
In 2011, the American automaker General Motors sold 9.026 million vehicles, up 7.6% from last year.
In 2011, sales of General Motors in Russia amounted to 243,265 vehicles, which is 53% higher than in 2010.
The main shareholders of the company for May, 2011 are the US Department of the Treasury (35.5%), the United Automotive Workers Union of the USA (OPRAP) (10.3%), Canada Gen Investments (9%).
Ford Motor Company
The company was founded in 1903 by Henry Ford, who created it, having received $28,000 from five investors to develop the business. Ford is known for being the first in the world to use the classic car assembly line.
The first model produced by the company to gain mass recognition was the Ford Model T, produced in 1908-1927.
In the late 1920s, the leadership of the USSR concluded an agreement with the company on assistance in the construction of an automobile plant in Nizhny Novgorod. The first cars of the new Soviet automobile plant - GAZ-A and GAZ-AA, were licensed copies of Ford cars.
In the late 1930s, the company did not enjoy the confidence of the US military due to the founder's undisguised pro-Nazi sympathies. In the 1930s, Ford built a production facility on the territory of Nazi Germany, which produced 12,000 tracked and 48,000 wheeled vehicles for the needs of the Wehrmacht. The head of the company was awarded the highest award of the Third Reich. However, with the entry of the United States into the Second world war the company began producing army trucks and jeeps for the American troops (no longer of its own design - the Ford GPW was an adapted version of the Willys MB), acted as a subcontractor in the US tank building program.
Ford modified 6.8 liter engine internal combustion Triton V-10 bus E-450 for hydrogen operation in 2004. Engine power 235 hp
Internal combustion engines modified to run on hydrogen are called English language hydrogen in an internal combustion engine (H2ICE).
Hydrogen storage tanks are supplied by the Canadian company Dynetek. The tanks store hydrogen gas at a pressure of 350 bar, equivalent to 30 gallons of gasoline. Range on one gas station 240 km.
The bus carries 12 passengers.
As of August 2008, twenty hydrogen-powered E-450s are in operation in North America.
Ford takes an active part in sports competitions around the world. The company has its own rally team and has been actively supplying engines to other teams.
The company produces a wide range of passenger cars and commercial vehicles under the brands Ford "(Ford), Lincoln" (Lincoln), "Mercury" (Mercury). Ford has a stake in the Japanese car manufacturer Mazda.
The Russian subsidiary of Ford (ZAO Ford Motor Company) owns an automobile plant in the city of Vsevolozhsk (Leningrad Region), which assembles cars Ford Focus and Ford Mondeo.
In February 2011, the creation of a joint venture between Ford and the Russian automaker Sollers, Ford Sollers, was announced.
Previously, the automaker owned brands such as Aston Martin ( Aston Martin), Jaguar (Jaguar), Land Rover (Land Rover), Volvo (Volvo).
In the second quarter of 2007, Ford Motor Company sold the Aston Martin division to a consortium of investors for $848 million.
In March 2008, it became known about the sale by the concern Ford stamps Jaguar and Land Rover Indian company Tata for $2.3 billion.
In March 2010, Ford Motor Company sold the Swedish concern Volvo Chinese automotive Geely for 1.8 billion dollars.
At the end of 2011, Ford's net profit amounted to $20.2 billion, reaching the highest level since 1998.
Sales of Ford cars in Russia in 2011 increased by 30% year-on-year to 118,031 units.
Volkswagen
Founded in 1934 in Germany. The history of the Volkswagen concern began in the autumn of 1933 in one of the halls of the Kaiserhof Hotel (German: Kaiserhof) in Berlin. There were three interlocutors: Adolf Hitler (German: Adolf Hitler), Jacob Werlin (German: Jacob Werlin), a representative of Daimler-Benz, and Ferdinand Porsche (German: Ferdinand Porsche). Hitler put forward a demand: to create a strong and reliable car for the German people, worth no more than 1000 Reichsmarks. Also, the car must be assembled at a new plant, embodying the new Germany. On a piece of paper, he sketched, outlined the main points of the program and asked for the name of the designer who would be responsible for the execution of the government order. Jacob Werlin proposed the candidacy of Ferdinand Porsche. future car so they called it - "Volks-Wagen" ("people's car").
On January 17, 1934, Ferdinand Porsche sent the drawings of the prototype of the "people's car", created on the basis of the previously developed Porsche Typ 60, to the German Reich Chancellery.
In June 1934, a contract was signed between the RDA (German: Reichsverband der Automobilindustrie) or "German Automobile Association", and "Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche GmbH" (Konstruktionen und Beratungen für Motoren und Fahrzeugbau) - the company of Ferdinand Porsche, to develop three prototypes of the "people's car". The monthly budget of the project amounted to 20 thousand Reichsmarks with a time limit of 10 months for all developments. The following data should be taken into account as the main characteristics: 5 seats, track width - 1200 mm, axle distance - 2500 mm, maximum power - 26 hp, maximum speed - 3500 rpm, unloaded weight - 650 kg, selling price - 1550 Reichsmarks, maximum speed - 100 km / h, maximum slope of the ascent - 30%, average fuel consumption - 8 liters per 100 km.
Despite the already existing design and experience, the need to meet the established framework delayed the work for two years. The prototypes were only ready in September 1936: the two-door V1, the V2 convertible (commissioned by Hitler) and the four-door V3. 50 thousand kilometers of test run did not reveal any serious flaws in the cars, and Porsche was given an order for the next 30 prototypes, which were produced at the Daimler-Benz plant. Testing of new prototypes was entrusted to the DAF (German: Deutsche Arbeitsfront) (German Labor Front), a Nazi trade union organization. Test control and acceptance final decision according to its results, the employees of the SS (German SS or Schutzstaffel) carried out directly.
On May 28, 1937, the Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens GmbH (Limited Liability Company for the Preparation of the German People's Car) was founded and, later, on September 16, 1938, renamed Volkswagenwerk GmbH.
In 1939, two models were produced to demonstrate the factory's production capabilities, the V38s ("trial model") and the V39s ("demonstration model"). They already showed the changes made in the design, such as improved door hinges and enlarged door handles, the presence of two rear windows in the cabin, etc. But, KdF-Wagen could not become a mass production car due to the presence of large military orders and the outbreak of World War II.
In addition to the Volkswagen brand cars themselves, the group of the same name owns such car brands as Bentley (Bentley), Bugatti (Bugatti), Lamborghini (Lamborghini), Audi (Audi), Skoda (Skoda), " Seat" (Seat) and "Scania" (Scania).
In December 2009, Volkswagen acquired a 49.9% stake in Porsche for €3.9 billion.
In January 2009, Volkswagen AG established Volkswagen Group Rus LLC, which merged two Russian affiliated companies– Volkswagen Group Rus and Volkswagen Rus.
Since November 2007 Volkswagen Group Rus has been building cars in Kaluga, 170 km southwest of Moscow. Its design production capacity is 150,000 vehicles per year. The plant produces cars Volkswagen brands, Skoda.
The net profit of the German automotive concern Volkswagen AG in 2011 more than doubled compared to 2010 - up to 15.4 billion euros.
The group's revenue in 2011 increased by 25.6%, reaching 159.3 billion euros.
The firm was founded by Carl Friedrich Rapp in October 1913, initially as an aircraft engine manufacturer, Bayerische Flugzeug-Werke. The district of Munich - Milbertshofen was chosen because it was close to Gustav Otto's Flugmaschinenfabrik - German manufacturer aircraft. Since 1929, the white and blue round emblem of BMW, which has been used and is still used for convenience, begins to be interpreted as an airplane propeller against a blue sky. The company currently claims that the white and blue colors in the logo are taken from the flag of Bavaria.
Powerful in the pre-war era, the BMW concern found itself in a critical situation after the Second World War, largely due to the ban on the production of aircraft engines that formed the basis of its business and the destruction or occupation of the concern's factories in Munich and Eisenach by Germany's enemies in the world war. So, the Munich plant Milbertshofen, according to the decision of the American occupying forces, was subject to demolition. Like other German car companies whose industrial base was destroyed by World War II, it took years for BMW to revive as a serious car manufacturer: it wasn't until 1962 that the company launched a car that enabled it to accomplish this task.
BMW's strategy in the post-war years was to try to improve things by producing low-powered motorcycles, since the Allies allowed BMW to produce motorcycles up to 250 cc after the war. see, as well as large and comfortable sedans. However, market conditions and the attempts made by BMW management to restore the production of aircraft engines brought BMW to the very edge of the abyss and almost ended in the establishment of control over it by its eternal competitor, Mercedes-Benz.
However, the company's staff managed to save BMW through the release of household goods and bicycles, which was reflected in the decision of the Americans to cancel the decision to demolish the plant and the subsequent permit for the production of light motorcycles. So in 1948, the R24 motorcycle from Munich became the first post-war BMW product. Like its 1930s predecessor, the R24 was equipped with a proprietary gimbal BMW transmission, was painted black and had a white upholstery of the stroller.
Unlike its predecessor, this product had a single-cylinder engine with a displacement of only 247 cc. see, a much lower price, and, as a result, was much more accessible and in great demand among Germans in need of vehicles.
By 1951 BMW produced more than 18 thousand of these motorcycles a year, which made a profit and allowed the development of a new model - the R51 already with a 2-cylinder boxer engine
At the moment, under the control of the BMW Group are three global brands: BMW (BMW), Mini (MINI) and Rolls-Royce (Rolls-Royce).
Cars in Russia brand bmw are assembled at the Avtotor enterprise in the Kaliningrad region.
From January to September 2011, BMW's net profit amounted to 4.1 billion euros, which is 2 times higher than in 2010 of 2.032 billion euros. The automaker's revenue for the nine months of 2011 increased by 15.4% to 50.47 billion euros. Car sales increased by 16% to 1.232 million units.
Toyota Motor
In 1933, the Toyoda Automatic Loom Works established a new branch specializing in the manufacture of automobiles; Kiichiro Toyoda became its leader. In 1929, Kiichiro Toyoda made trips to Europe and the United States to study the automobile industry, and in 1930 he began to develop gasoline-powered cars. The Japanese government strongly encouraged such an initiative by Toyoda Automatic Loom Works. In 1934, the company produced its first Type A engine, which was used in the first A1 passenger car in May 1935 and in the G1 truck in August 1935. Production of the AA model passenger car began in 1936. Early models resembled the pre-existing Dodge Power Wagon and Chevrolet models.
Toyota Motor Co., Ltd. was founded as an independent company in 1937. Despite the fact that the name of the founders of the company sounds like Toyoda, in order to simplify pronunciation and as a symbol of the separation of business from family life, it was decided to give the company the name "Toyota". In Japan, the name "Toyota" (トヨタ) is considered a better name than "Toyoda" (豊田), since 8 is considered a lucky number, and the word "Toyota", written in katakana, just consists of 8 strokes.
During the Second World War, the company was practically only engaged in the production of trucks for the Japanese Imperial Army. Due to severe shortages in Japan at that time, military trucks were made in the most simplified versions, for example, with one headlight. Some believe that the war ended quickly because of the Allied bombing in the city of Aichi, which destroyed Toyota factories.
After the war, in 1947, the production of commercial passenger cars of the SA model began. In 1950, a separate sales company, Toyota Motor Sales Co., was established. (it lasted until July 1982). In April 1956, the Toyopet dealer network was established. In 1957, Toyota Crown became the first Japanese car to be exported to America (not only to the USA, but also to Brazil).
Toyota began to expand at a rapid pace in the 1960s. The first Toyota car produced outside of Japan left the assembly line in April 1963 in Melbourne, Australia.
The company produces cars under the brands Toyota (Toyota), Lexus (Lexus), Daihatsu (Daihatsu).
In April 2005, Toyota signed an agreement with the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia and the administration of St. Petersburg on the construction of an automobile plant in the city (Shushary industrial zone). Production was opened on December 21, 2007. In the first quarter of 2007, Toyota Motor produced and sold more vehicles than General Motors for the first time. GM held the title of "the world's largest automaker" for 76 years. But in recent years, GM, like other American automakers, experienced a crisis and was forced to cut production - the vacant market place is occupied by competitors, and primarily Toyota. On April 24, the Japanese company announced that it produced 2.37 million vehicles in the first quarter and sold 2.35 million vehicles. Thus, for the first time, it outstripped GM, whose respective figures were 2.34 million and 2.26 million vehicles.
In May 2009, the company ended its financial year with a loss, not seen since 1950. Net profit of Toyota motor corporation for the 2010-2011 financial year (ended March 31, 2011) increased by 95% and amounted to 408.18 billion yen (5.06 billion dollars), revenue increased by 0.2% - up to 18.99 trillion yen (235 billion dollars ).
In May 2012, Toyota once again broke into first place, overtaking Volkswagen and General Motors.
Peugeot-Citroën PSA
The auto giant was formed by the purchase by Peugeot of a 90 percent stake in Citroën in 1976.
PSA Peugeot Citroën produces cars under the Peugeot and Citroen brands. The two brands owned by the company have independent promotion structures and retail sales networks; however, the development and production of models is carried out by common divisions.
The total number of personnel is 211.7 thousand people.
In 2007, the company's total sales amounted to 3.23 million cars (in 2006 - 3.36 million), revenues amounted to 60.6 billion euros (56.5 billion euros), net profit - 885 million euros (176 million euros)
In Russia, Peugeot-Citroen, together with Mitsubishi, on April 23, 2010 launched the production of cars in the Kaluga region with a capacity of 125 thousand units per year.
At the end of 2011, PSA's net profit fell by about half - to 588 million euros from 1.13 billion euros at the end of 2010.
For 2012, PSA Peugeot Citroën has a two-level management system, unchanged in its structure since 1972, and inherited by the concern from Peugeot S.A., as the initiator of the merger.
The managerial level is responsible for strategic and operational management.
Composition of the top management at the end of 2011 (15 people):
Top manager - Philippe Varen.
Deputies for the main strategic areas, 3 people: Gregoire Olivier (Asia direction), Frédéric Saint-Jour (brands), Guillaume Faury (research and development).
Management Committee, 6 people: Chief Secretary, responsible for supply, production and technological processes, programs, human resources and quality, finance.
Renault S.A.
The company was founded in France in 1898 by Louis Renault. Headquarters - in the suburbs of Paris.
In 1999, Renault acquired 36.8% of Nissan, Nissan in turn received 15% of Renault.
The company produces cars under the brands Renault, Samsung, Dacia.
Renault in Russia owns 94.1% of the Avtoframos automobile plant. The company has been producing Renault Logan cars since 2005.
In autumn 2010, the company launched the production of Megane and Fluence models. In production, the SKD method is used.
In 2008 Renault acquired a blocking stake in AvtoVAZ (25% plus one share).
In February 2012, the Renault-Nissan alliance announced its intention to increase its stake in AvtoVAZ to a controlling one.
At the end of 2011, the net profit of the French automobile concern Renault decreased by 39% - to 2.14 billion euros. The manufacturer's revenue in 2011 increased by 9.4% to 42.6 billion euros.
Nissan company in the first nine months of 2012 fiscal year reduced net profit by 7.75% compared to the same period in 2011 fiscal year - up to 266 billion yen (3.47 billion dollars).
2. The largest automotive companies in Russia
AvtoVAZ
July 20, 1966, after analyzing 54 different construction sites, the Central Committee of the CPSU and Soviet government It was decided to build a new large automobile plant in the city of Togliatti. The preparation of the technical project was entrusted to the Italian automobile concern Fiat. On August 15, 1966, in Moscow, the head of FIAT, Gianni Agnelli, signed a contract with Alexander Tarasov, Minister of the Automobile Industry of the USSR, to create an automobile plant in the city of Togliatti with a full production cycle. Under the contract, the same concern was entrusted with the technological equipment of the plant and the training of specialists.
On January 3, 1967, the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League declared the construction of the Volga Automobile Plant an All-Union shock Komsomol construction site. Thousands of people, mostly young people, went to Tolyatti to build the auto giant. Already on January 21, 1967, the first cubic meter of land was excavated for the construction of the first workshop of the plant - the building of auxiliary workshops (AEC).
Since 1969, labor collectives of the plant began to form, most of them were people who built the plant. The installation of production equipment produced at 844 domestic factories, 900 factories of the socialist community, by firms in Italy, Germany, France, England, the USA and other countries, continued.
On March 1, 1970, the first 10 bodies of future cars were issued by the welding workshop, and on April 19, 1970, the first six VAZ-2101 Zhiguli cars left the main assembly line of the plant, which basically repeated the Italian FIAT-124 model in design, but were almost completely assembled from localized components. Interestingly, on April 15, 1970, Henry Ford Jr. visited the Volga Automobile Plant. On October 28, 1970, the first echelon with Zhiguli cars was sent to Moscow. Thus, with an estimated construction period of 6 years, the plant was put into operation ahead of schedule by 3 years, which allowed the USSR to save more than 1 billion Soviet rubles.
On March 24, 1971, the State Commission accepted into operation the first stage of the Volga Automobile Plant, which will produce 220 thousand cars a year. On July 16, 1971, the 100,000th car with the VAZ brand was produced. On January 10, 1972, the State Commission signed an act on the acceptance into operation of the second stage of the Volga Automobile Plant with a capacity of 220 thousand cars per year. Officially, the plant was accepted by the State Commission with an "excellent" rating on December 22, 1973 - after the release of the millionth car; By decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces, the Volga Automobile Plant was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. In 1977, the USSR State Prize in Literature, Art and Architecture was awarded for the architecture of the Volga Automobile Plant complex.
The design capacity of the plant is 660,000 vehicles per year. As of February 1, 2012, the design capacity of the plant is 900 thousand vehicles per year.
The production units of OAO AvtoVAZ include:
metallurgical production (MTP);
press production (PrP);
assembly and body production (SKP);
mechanical assembly production (SME);
tool production (LADA INSTRUMENT LLC);
production of repair and maintenance of equipment (LLC AVTOVAZPROO);
production of plastic products (PPI);
pilot production (OPP);
production of molds and dies (PPS) .
The car assembly process is carried out on five conveyor lines. Each car produced at the car factory is tested on a car track, which consists of two ring tracks and separate sections with a test surface.
KAMAZ
KAMAZ (an acronym for Kama Automobile Plant) is the largest manufacturer of diesel trucks and diesel engines in the Soviet Union and Russia, operating since 1976.
The technical design of KamAZ was developed by the Giproavtoprom Institute and the KamAZ Project Department together with the leading enterprises and organizations of the USSR: the Promstroyproekt Institute of the USSR State Construction Committee and Giprodvigatel (Yaroslavl).
Also, foreign companies were involved in the design of individual production facilities: Swindell-Dressler (Pittsburgh, USA) - technological and special parts of the foundry, Renault (France) - engine plant project, Liebherr (Stuttgart, Germany) - production gearboxes.
The design of the first generation of vehicles and engines KAMAZ 5320 is based on the promising family of vehicles ZIL-170 (6x4) and ZIL-175 (4x2) developed by the Moscow Automobile Plant. I.A. Likhachev and the Yaroslavl Motor Plant in 1967-1969.
In 1974, the first engine was assembled in the experimental workshop. A year later, using temporary technology, they began assembling power units.
The first KamAZ vehicle rolled off the main assembly line on February 16, 1976 - the onboard KAMAZ-5320. This car was preserved, it was handed over to consumers, worked for a long time in Bashkortostan, was later bought by the plant's museum and restored, left as a museum exhibit.
At the end of the year, on December 29, the Minister of the Automobile Industry of the USSR V.N. Polyakov approved the act on the commissioning of the first stage of the Kama complex of plants for the production of heavy trucks, previously signed by the state commission. The plan approved for the year (15,000 cars) was completed ahead of schedule - in October 1977 (on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Great October Revolution), and overfulfilled in a year by almost a third (22,000).
Already in June 1979, the 100,000th truck rolled off the main assembly line. The growth of production at KamAZ is breaking world records and is unprecedented for the USSR.
Currently, it also produces buses, tractors, combines, electric units, mini-thermal power plants and components. The main production is located in Naberezhnye Chelny.
In 2010, the plant began producing agricultural and road construction equipment under the CNH trademark (Case New Holland, owned by FIAT Group, one of the world's leading manufacturers of agricultural and construction equipment). According to the agreement between OJSC KAMAZ and CNH, the established joint venture CNN-KAMAZ Industrial BV is to produce up to 4,000 vehicles per year, including a family of combines with 300 hp engines, two types of tractors with 300–535 hp engines. And construction equipment.
After a significant reduction in production volumes in 2009-2010, caused by the financial crisis of 2008, the plant began to increase the pace of production. In 2011, more than 45 thousand trucks were sold, which is 40% higher than in 2010.
On February 15, 2012, the 2 millionth truck rolled off the KAMAZ assembly line. The anniversary car was a model from a heavy family trucks increased load capacity - KAMAZ 6522.
In 2012, on the territory of the Repair and Tool Plant, the dismantling of buildings for the production of repair castings (PRL) began
In 2012, the KAMAZ group of companies ranks 16th in the world in the production of heavy trucks. As of 2010, KAMAZ ranked 8th in the world in terms of diesel engine output.
GAZ Group is a Russian automotive company. The headquarters is in Nizhny Novgorod. GAZ Group unites 18 manufacturing enterprises in ten regions of Russia, as well as sales and service organizations. GAZ Group produces light and medium-duty commercial vehicles, heavy trucks, buses, cars, road construction equipment, power units and automotive components.
In August 2006, the GAZ Group enterprises specializing in the production of military equipment (JSC Arzamas machine building plant”, “Plant of Cases” in the city of Vyksa and OJSC “Barnaultransmash”) were spun off into an independent enterprise - LLC “Military Industrial Company” - in order to ensure the division of the automotive business of Russian Machines into public (“GAZ Group”) and non-public (“Military -industrial company") assets.
In the summer of 2006, GAZ Group acquired the British light truck manufacturer LDV Holgings (Birmingham) for $40.67 million. . As a result, at the beginning of May 2009, GAZ Group agreed to sell this company to the Malaysian automaker Weststar.
In 2008, GAZ Group agreed to buy 50% of the Italian VM Motori and localize the production of its engines. The closing of the transaction was to take place after the approval of the antimonopoly authorities. GAZ Group also entered into an agreement with General Motors (which controls 50% of VM Motori) on the terms of joint ownership of the Italian company. In mid-2009, this deal was canceled due to the consequences of the economic crisis.
GAZ Group is divided into 6 divisions (areas of activity), each of which includes manufacturing enterprises and sales organizations.
Division "Light commercial and passenger vehicles"
Gorky Automobile Plant (GAZ) - the main enterprise of the group; it accounts for more than half of the turnover of the entire GAZ Group.
Saransk dump truck plant
Division "Buses"
Pavlovsky bus factory(GROOVE)
Kurgan Bus Plant (KAvZ)
Likinsky Bus Plant (LiAZ)
Golitsyn Bus Plant (GolAZ)
Division " Trucks»
Automobile plant "Ural"
Division "Special Equipment"
Tver Excavator (TVEKS)
"Bryansk Arsenal"
Chelyabinsk Road Construction Machines (ChSDM)
Zavolzhsky Crawler Tractor Plant (ZZGT)
Division "Power units"
"Autodiesel" (Yaroslavl Motor Plant, YaMZ)
Yaroslavl plant
diesel equipment (YAZDA) and Yaroslavl Fuel Equipment Plant (YAZTA)
Ulyanovsk Motor Plant (UMZ)
Autocomponents Division
Factory of stamps and molds
Kanash Auto-Aggregate Plant (KAAZ)
On July 18, 2007, United Engineering Center LLC was opened, made up of engineering departments of 16 plants. The main site is in Nizhny Novgorod. Target - teamwork on updating the model range of GAZ Group plants.
The Likhachev Plant is the oldest Russian automobile manufacturing company. Full name - Open Joint Stock Moscow Company "Plant named after I.A. Likhachev" (abbreviated as AMO ZiL). The plant was founded in 1916 as part of government program creation of the automotive industry in Russia. Within the framework of this program, it was supposed to build six new automobile plants in Russia.
AMO ZiL specializes in the production of trucks with a gross weight of 6.95 tons to 14.5 tons, small class buses 6.6–7.9 m long (manufactured to order) and luxury cars (manufactured to order). In 1975–1989 the plant annually assembled 195-210 thousand trucks. In the 1990s, production fell catastrophically to 7.2 thousand trucks (1996), after 2000 it increased to 22 thousand, then began to decline again. In 2009, 2.24 thousand cars were produced. From 1924 to 2009, the plant produced 7 million 870 thousand 089 trucks, 39 thousand 536 buses (in 1927-1961, 1963-1994 and since 1997) and 12 thousand 148 cars (in 1936-2000 years; of which 72% - ZIS-101). In addition, in 1951–2000 5.5 million household refrigerators were manufactured and in 1951-1959. – 3.24 million bicycles. Over 630 thousand cars were exported to 51 countries of the world.
After the collapse of the USSR, the enterprise began to rapidly degrade: production facilities were being destroyed, production volumes had decreased many times over.
In 2004, AMO ZiL took part in the creation of the AMO Plant in Jelgava (Latvia). The plant is still one of the shareholders of the enterprise.
In 2008, AMO ZiL planned to organize a joint venture with the Chinese company Sinotruk for the production of heavy diesel trucks of the HOWO A5 and HOWO A7 brands. Due to the crisis, the project was not implemented.
In 2009 AMO ZiL (together with branches) shipped 2253 trucks (49.6% against 2008) and 4 buses (44.4% against 2008) to consumers. In 2009, the company's revenue amounted to 2.702 billion rubles. (74.8% by 2008).
In 2010, the company produced 1,258 trucks and 5 buses (according to JSC ASM-Holding, AMO ZIL's own production was 1,106 trucks and 5 buses, as well as 125 units of dump trucks manufactured by CJSC SAAZ). Also in 2010, ZIL finished manufacturing several copies of the ZIL-410441 convertible, intended for participation in parade ceremonies.
In 2009, an agreement was reached with Belarus to assemble up to 500 units of MAZ trucks and Belarus tractors at the ZIL facilities. per year for the needs of the city economy of Moscow. In the course of optimizing production, the territory of the enterprise should be reduced to 62 hectares (in 1916 - 63 hectares).
In 2010, AMO ZIL resumed its attempts to establish partnerships with a company from China. During the ceremonial donation of two Foton Lovol hybrid buses to the city of Moscow, AMO ZiL and Foton Lovol signed a memorandum of understanding and expressed their desire to establish a joint venture for the production of trucks in the future.
As of 2011, the enterprise is in a deep crisis, a significant part of the production area has been destroyed. The new top managers of AMO ZiL are looking for a foreign partner to organize contract manufacturing of cars or to rent a production complex. Management held meetings and negotiations with representatives Chinese company Sinotruk, the Italian company FIAT, the Dutch DAF Trucks with a proposal to organize the production of their vehicles at AMO ZiL in Russia, but has not yet met with interest.
In September 2011, after a long downtime, the ZiL conveyor was launched again.
According to JSC "ASM-Holding" in 2011, AMO ZiL produced 1199 trucks and not a single bus. Also in 2011, ZIL produced 1 copy of the ZIL-410441 convertible. At the end of 2011, the production of the Bychok family was transferred to the Saratov region. at CJSC Petrovsky Auto Parts Plant AMO ZiL. On December 26, the ZIL-5301 Bychok assembly line for the assembly of ZIL-5301 “Bychok” cars was officially launched at the ZAO PZA AMO ZiL enterprise. The production of ZIL-5301 (and ZIL-4327) vehicles was transferred from Moscow from the main site of AMO ZIL. Until the end of 2011, CJSC PZA AMO ZiL manufactured the first 3 Bychok vehicles, and in the future it intends to make its all-wheel drive subfamily ZiL-4327.
On February 15, 2012, Andrei Sharonov, Deputy Mayor of Moscow for Economic Policy, said that the Moscow authorities were negotiating with Fiat to assemble cars of this brand at ZiL. According to him, South Korean automakers also showed interest in the plant.
CONCLUSION
The acceleration of scientific and technological progress, which began at the end of the 20th century, gave rise to profound qualitative changes in the automotive industry and a technical leap in the design of the car itself. The main directions of development automotive industry recently became: a significant reduction in fuel consumption through the use of new types of fuel and reducing the weight of the car; taking measures to reduce toxicity exhaust gases and noise background; transition to the automation of driving; improving the comfort of the car; as well as diversification of model lines both in terms of quality and price, and in terms of functionality. car production in the world is increasing every year. At the same time, a significant part of the world's car production is produced in Western Europe, the USA and Japan, but in the last decade their share in the global production of automotive products has decreased significantly, which is associated with the relocation of automotive plants to developing countries. By building cross-border chains with the rational use of local advantages, the largest TNCs reduce the cost of producing automotive products and bring production closer to consumption zones.
Asian brands have recently shown significant activity in the global automotive markets, which is explained by the stagnation of the economies of Western Europe and the United States and the increase in demand for small affordable cars.
The main exporters and importers of automotive products are the countries of the European Union (the main share of exports and imports is carried out within the Union itself); in second place is the United States. Japan accounts for 13.4% of exports and only 1.4% of imports of automotive products.
In the conditions of the most intense competition, automotive manufacturers unite into unions, consolidating their efforts to implement technical progress and meet market demands and technological requirements.
Started in the late 1990s. the acceleration of scientific and technological progress has led to qualitative changes in the automotive industry. The main directions of its development in recent years have been: reducing fuel consumption through the use of new types of fuel and reducing the weight of the car; reduction of toxicity of exhaust gases and background noise; increasing the level of safety and comfort of the car. All this contributed to a reduction in road traffic accidents and a decrease in the number of victims in car accidents. The automotive industry in Russia today consists of 16 large enterprises producing passenger cars of domestic and foreign brands. In 2010, plants located on the territory of the Russian Federation produced 1,208.4 thousand cars, which is approximately twice as much (+101.9%) compared to 2009. The leader of the domestic automobile industry is still JSC AVTOVAZ, which assembled 545.5 thousand cars in 2010. Kaliningrad Avtotor remains the largest manufacturer of foreign cars in Russia (it produced 170.2 thousand cars in 2010).
The automotive industry is not only the passenger car sector. Trucks and buses are part of the Russian automotive industry. More than 12 factories with different production capacities produce commercial vehicles of various carrying capacities and purposes. Truck production is highly consolidated: a little less than 80% of trucks are produced by three enterprises in the country: GAZ, KAMAZ and UAZ.
Bus production, the part of Russia's automotive industry that has been hardest hit by the crisis. In 2010, 45.1 thousand buses were produced at domestic enterprises, which amounted to slightly more than half (50.9%) of the historical maximum recorded in 2008.
LIST OF USED LITERATURE
1. Automotive companies in Western Europe. NIINavtoprom. M., 1982.
2. Automobile companies of America and Japan. NIINavtoprom. M., 1982.
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