Almost everyone drives a car these days. But not everyone knows the structure of the car. This article will tell you in general terms what components and assemblies are included in the design vehicle. Consider, so to speak, the structure of a car for dummies.
The modern market provides a huge number of models and brands of cars, but almost all cars are built according to the same design.
Scheme of the device of a car
Any passenger car consists of the following set of parts:
- The supporting structure is called the body.
- Chassis.
- Diesel or petrol engine internal combustion.
- Transmission.
- System, engine manager.
- Electrical equipment.
A cursory review may lead to the conclusion that everything is quite simple. But the above parts are only general structure car. Each of the nodes deserves not just an article, but even a book to be written about it. But there is no point in going deep yet, since the structure of a car for beginners does not imply many details. The following will describe only those main points that every motorist must know. It must be said that complete ignorance of the device of the machine can lead to serious costs for the repair and maintenance of cars in service centers.
Body
This is the bearing part. Almost all units and components of the car are attached to it. Few people know that the very first models did not have. Everything was attached to the frame, like motorcycles or trucks. But in an effort to reduce mass and make the structure passenger car more convenient, manufacturers replaced the frame structure with a body structure. What is the body made of? Its main components:
- The bottom to which various reinforcing elements are welded.
- Front and rear spars.
- Car roof.
- Motor compartment.
- Other hanging parts.
Since the body is a spatial structure, this division can be called very conditional, because all the details are interconnected. So, the bottom with spars is a single whole, which serves as a support for the suspension. Attached parts include doors, hood, trunk lid and fenders.
Chassis of the car
This mechanism consists of a large number of nodes and assemblies. It is with their help that the car is able to move. Since the structure of the car for dummies is described here, you need to get to know the “hodovka” better. What does it consist of?
- Wheels.
- Leading bridges.
- Rear and front suspension.
Most modern passenger cars have an independent front This type makes it possible to seriously improve the handling and comfort of the vehicle. Each wheel is attached to the body using its own system. Dependent type of suspension has long been obsolete, but some manufacturers still use it.
car engine
Probably, everyone knows the purpose of this node, so there will be no too detailed description here. The main purpose is to convert the thermal energy obtained from the burnt fuel into mechanical energy, transmitted through the transmission to the wheels of the car.
car transmission
The main function of this part is as follows: it transmits torque from the engine shaft to the wheels of the car. The transmission consists of such nodes as:
- Leading bridges.
- Gear box.
- Clutch.
- cardan gear.
- Hinges.
The clutch is necessary in order to connect the shafts of the engine and gearbox. With its help, a smooth transmission of torque is ensured. The gearbox is needed in order to change the gear ratio and reduce the load on the engine. The bridge is either installed in the gearbox housing or serves as a rear beam. Depending on this, the car is front-wheel drive or rear-wheel drive. connects the box to the axle or wheels.
Electrical equipment
Consists of the following main units:
- Battery.
- Alternator.
- Electrical wiring.
- Engine control system.
- Consumers of electrical energy.
The battery is needed to start the engine and is a renewable energy source. When the engine is not running, the battery powers all the vehicle's energy consumers.
The generator is necessary in order to maintain a constant voltage in the on-board network and recharge the battery.
Wiring is a set of wires that form onboard network, which connects all consumers and sources of electricity.
The engine control system consists of various sensors and electronic block management.
Consumers are lights, headlights, starting and ignition systems, power windows and windshield wipers.
Thus, the structure of the car is not so complicated, if you do not delve into the details. Well, for those who want to learn more about all the details and nodes, it is recommended to look for specialized literature.
Vishnevetsky Yu.T. Materials science for car mechanics: textbook / Yu.T. Vishnevetsky. – M.: Dashkov i K O, – 412 p. The textbook provides basic information about the structure, physical, mechanical and technological properties of materials. Questions of production of metals and alloys, heat treatment of steels are stated. Contains information about polymeric, composite non-metallic materials. The properties and performance characteristics fuels and lubricants and working fluids.
Karagodin V.I., Mitrokhin N.N. Repair of cars and engines: textbook. allowance for students. medium institutions. prof. education / V.I. Karagodin, N.N. Mitrokhin. - 6th ed., Sr. - M: Academy, - 496 p. The basics of auto repair production and general provisions organizing car repairs. The technological process of overhaul of parts and components of automobiles is considered in detail. The basics of designing car repair enterprises are given. For students of secondary vocational schools.
Kuznetsov A.S. Repairman fuel equipment: studies. allowance for the beginning prof. education / A.S. Kuznetsov. - 2nd ed., erased. - M .: Academy, - 240 p. – (Accelerated form of training) The device and operation of the fuel equipment of automobile engines are described. The issues of operation and repair of fuel equipment are considered in detail. Attention is paid to hygiene and labor protection when working with units of the car power system. For accelerated training of mechanics for the repair of fuel equipment. Can be used in other forms of education.
Kuznetsov A.S. Automotive mechanic (minder): studies. allowance for the beginning prof. education / A.S. Kuznetsov. - 4th ed., Sr. - M .: Academy, - 304 p. The device and operation of automobile engines are described, the issues of operation and repair of internal combustion engines are considered in detail. Attention is paid to hygiene and labor protection when working with engines. For students of educational institutions of primary vocational education studying as a car mechanic (mechanic). It can be useful for everyone who wants to independently study the structure and operation of modern automobile engines.
Petrosov V.V. Repair of cars and engines: a textbook for student institutions environments. prof. education / V.V. Petrosov. - 5th ed., Sr. - M .: Academy, - 224 p. The basics of car repair production are outlined: restoration of parts and devices of cars, development processes (including washing, sorting and defect detection of parts) and assembly of individual components, assemblies and devices, as well as general assembly, testing and release of the car from the overhaul. The issues of designing car repair organizations and technical regulation of labor are considered. Particular attention is paid to the safety requirements for the repair of vehicles and engines.
Puzankov A.G. Cars: Device vehicles: textbook for students. Institutions Prof. education / A.G. Puzankov. - 3rd ed., erased. - M.; Academy, - 560 p. The designs, type and technical and operational indicators of modern and newly created vehicles (cars and trucks, road trains and buses) are considered. The device and operation are described in detail gasoline engines, diesels and gas-cylinder installations, electrical equipment, including electronic systems ignition and fuel injection. A significant place is given to chassis units - transmission, bodies, cab and their equipment. Much attention is paid to the controls and two- and multi-circuit brake drives.
Vakhlamov V.K. Cars: Theory and design of the car and engine: A textbook for students. medium institutions. prof. education / V.K. Vakhlamov, M.G. Shatrov, A. A. Yurchevsky; Ed. A.A. Yurchevsky. M.: Publishing Center "Academy", p. The textbook outlines the basic provisions of the theory of the engine and the car. Concepts of the main operational properties and estimated parameters of vehicles, methods of calculation and experimental determination of their performance. The designs of modern domestic and foreign engines, mechanisms, units, vehicle systems and their electrical equipment are described. Promising directions for the development of car designs, road trains and specialized rolling stock are shown.
Borilova L.N., Derunov V.B., Litvinov V.D. Technology and organization of car repair and maintenance: practical foundations of professional activity: textbook. allowance / L.N. Borilova, V.B. Derunov, V.D. Litvinov. - M .: Akademkniga, - 176 p. : ill. 2 Practice-oriented study guide developed in accordance with the state educational standard. The manual describes the practical basics of car repair and maintenance, provides a large number of illustrations, as well as legal documents and first aid techniques in case of accidents. It is intended for use in occupational training classes in vocational schools, training and production plants, as well as for retraining of personnel by the employment service.
Vlasov V.M., Zhankaziev S.V., Kruglov S.M. Maintenance and repair of cars: a textbook for students. medium institutions. prof. education / [V.M. Vlasov, S.V. Zhankaziev, S.M. Kruglov and others]; ed. V.M. Vlasov. - 6th ed., Sr. - M .: Academy, - 480 p. Changes in the technical condition of vehicles during operation, the causes and patterns of these changes are considered. The formation of a system for maintaining the working capacity of cars, technologies and technological processes of production, maintenance and current repairs, methods for diagnosing the technical condition of cars, including models in which elements are applied computer systems management. For students of educational institutions of secondary vocational education. May be useful for professionals.
Turevsky, I.S. Theory of the engine: Proc. allowance / I.S. Turevsky. - M .: Higher. school, - 238 p.: ill. The fundamentals of the theory of automobile engines are stated. The application of the basic laws of thermodynamics and hydrodynamics is shown, calculation formulas are given. Actual cycles, processes of mixture formation and combustion are analyzed. The characteristics of engines and the influence of design parameters on the performance of the engine are considered. For students of secondary vocational schools studying in the specialty Maintenance and car repair.
Fokin V.V., Markov S.B. Materials science in road transport / Fokin V.V., Markov S.B. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, - 288 p. : ill. - (Higher education). This manual provides information about the properties and application of traditional and promising materials used in the operation, repair and care of the car, on structural materials. The issues of organization of transportation and storage were also considered. automotive fuels, regulation of fuel and lubricants consumption. Designed for specialists related to the operation of motor transport, students and graduate students receiving education in the field of operation and economics of road transport.
Chumachenko Yu.T. Car mechanic: device, maintenance and repair of cars: study guide / Yu.T. Chumachenko, A.I. Gerasimenko, B.B. Rassanov; Ed. A.S. Trofimenko. – Ed. 14th - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, - 539 p. - (NGO). The training manual discusses the device, maintenance and repair of domestic trucks and cars on the example of basic models with both classic and front-wheel drive layouts. The basics of the organization of maintenance and repair of vehicles are given. Information is given on the types, causes, methods for detecting and eliminating the main malfunctions of the units, mechanisms and systems of the car. The requirements for the organization of the workplace, labor safety and fire prevention measures are given.
The issues of maintenance and repair of trucks of the brands "GAZ", "ZIL", "KamAZ", basic models of cars VAZ-2109, "Moskvich", with a classic and front-wheel layout, as well as currently produced various modifications basic models of cars equipped with fuel injection systems. The basics of the organization of maintenance and repair of cars are given, possible malfunctions of units, mechanisms and systems of cars, the causes of their occurrence and ways to eliminate them are considered. Turevsky I.S. Maintenance and repair of automobiles: textbook. allowance for students. medium institutions. prof. education. Book 1: Maintenance and current repair of cars / I. S. Turevsky. - M.: "FORUM": INFRA-M, p.
Bednarsky V.V. Maintenance and repair of cars: a textbook for students. avg. prof. education / V.V. Bednarsky. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - Rostov n/a: Phoenix, p. The issues of technology and car repair are considered, the main used technological and diagnostic equipment is indicated. The questions of material and technical support of vehicles at the ATP are covered. The organization and management of the production of maintenance and repair of vehicles at the ATP, the use of automated control systems in the organization of maintenance and repair of rolling stock are described. Protection issues considered environment from the harmful effects of vehicles.
Vakhlamov V.K. Passenger car: Fundamentals of design and maintenance. Textbook for 10–11 cells. / VC. Vakhlamov. – M.: Academy Publishing Center, – 325 p. The design and maintenance of front-wheel drive, rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive cars are described. Definitions, purpose, types, characteristics, arrangement and operation of systems and mechanisms of vehicles are given. The impact of cars on the environment is described, measures are indicated and recommendations are given to improve the environmental friendliness of cars. For high school students of general secondary education institutions. May be useful to a wide range of readers.
Nersesyan V.I. The device of cars: a workshop. Proc. allowance for the beginning prof. education / V.I. Nersesyan. - 2nd ed., erased. - M.: Academy Publishing Center, - 192 p. The manual contains the development of laboratory- practical exercises on the subject "Automobile device". The technologies for disassembling, determining the technical condition, assembling and adjusting the assembly units of the car VAZ - 2105, VAZ - 2121, AZLK - 2141, GAZ - Intended for students of primary vocational education. It can be used for practical training in the system of secondary vocational education, as well as advanced training, training of the unemployed in employment centers.
Rodichev V.A. A car. Textbook for students. medium institutions. prof. education / V.A. Rodichev. - 2nd ed., erased. – M.: Academy, – 64 p. Distinguishing features of the principal arrangement and operation of mechanisms and systems of domestic passenger cars in comparison with trucks are outlined. The basics of maintenance and recommendations for the elimination of minor typical malfunctions that occur during the operation of a car are given. For students of institutions of secondary vocational education. It may be useful for the training of drivers of vehicles of category "B, C".
Rodichev V.A. Device and maintenance of passenger cars: Textbook for a driver of vehicles of category "B" / V.A. Rodichev. - 6th ed., Sr. – M.: Academy, – 80 p. 4 The textbook is designed to train drivers of cars. Written in accordance with the new curriculum approved by the Ministry of Education of Russia in agreement with the traffic police and the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. Available set out principle device, operation of mechanisms and systems of cars. For students of primary vocational education and students in driving schools and training centers for drivers of vehicles of category "B".
Shestopalov S.K. The device, maintenance and repair of cars. Textbook for the beginning. prof. education / S.K. Shestopalov. - 8th ed., Sr. - M .: Academy, - 544 p. The textbook discusses the device, maintenance and repair of passenger cars of the AZLK, VAZ, ZAZ and IZH brands using the example of the basic models VAZ - 2109, AZLK - 2141 - 01 and - - 01, ZAZ - 1102 with a front-wheel drive layout, models VAZ - 2105 and IZH - with a classic layout, as well as currently produced modifications of the basic models equipped with gasoline injection systems. Information is given on the basics of organizing maintenance and repair, the main malfunctions of the units, mechanisms and systems of the car, their signs, causes, methods of detection and elimination are considered.
Chumachenko Yu.T., Fedorchenko A.A. Body work. A car. Tutorial. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, - 256 p. The manual contains a description of technological methods, tools, fixtures and mechanisms used in the performance of maintenance and repair of car bodies. The main defects of the car body are considered. The technique of restoration and replacement of the destroyed elements of metal structures is stated. Methods are given for eliminating mechanical and corrosion damage to the body, restoring paintwork and anticorrosion coatings, destroyed welded joints. Recommendations for caring for paintwork, touch-ups, tightening connections and emergency repairs of the body and its additional equipment.
Trifonov V.V. Car repair: a practical course / V.V. Trifonov. - Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, p. This book is a practical training manual for the repair of the main systems and mechanisms of the car. On the example of widespread models of domestic cars (VAZ-2110, VAZ and GAZ Gazelle truck), as well as some typical imported units, the technology is considered in detail. modern renovation. Methods for repairing internal combustion engines are disclosed in the most detail, including diesel designs, and main electrical equipment. In addition, materials are presented on the choice of a quality tool, on the basics of working with threaded connections and control and measuring tools, for the selection and installation of rolling bearings.
KamAZ vehicles: Maintenance and repair / Barun V.N., Azamatov R.A., Mashkov E.A. and others - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M: Transport, - 352 p., ill., tab. The book contains detailed information on the maintenance and repair of KamAZ vehicles based on ready-made spare parts. The device of these cars is described to the extent necessary for the study of maintenance and repair. For engineering and technical workers of motor transport enterprises. It can be useful for car mechanics and drivers.
KamAZ vehicles: questions and answers / Yaresko P.S., Koltin I.P., Filippov S.V. etc. - M: Transport, - 288 p. 5 In the form of questions and answers, information about the device and maintenance of KamAZ vehicles is presented. Particular attention is paid to the characteristic faults that occur in systems, assemblies and assemblies, their causes and methods of elimination. The book is intended for drivers of KamAZ vehicles, and is also recommended by the USSR State Committee for Public Education for vocational training.
Workshop on the device and maintenance of KamAZ vehicles. Proc. allowance / Perelsky A.K., Trynov V.A., Baranenko V.A., Dementiy A.N. - M .: Higher. school, - 206 p.: ill. The procedure for performing laboratory and practical work is outlined, as well as the equipment, fixtures and tools necessary for their implementation. A brief description of the design features of the mechanism, system and unit studied in this work is given. The requirements of labor safety and methodological recommendations for preparing for the behavior of classes are given.
Rodichev V.A. Arrangement and maintenance of trucks: Textbook for the driver of vehicles of category "C" / Rodichev V.A .. - M .: Academy, - 256 p. The design and operation of mechanisms, systems and assemblies of the main models of ZIL and GAZ - 3307 trucks, as well as the original mechanisms and systems of KamAZ and Bychok vehicles are considered. Provides information on their maintenance and recommendations for adjustment and troubleshooting. The textbook is intended for teaching the profession "Driver of a vehicle of category" C ", can be used in training courses, driving schools, and other educational institutions.
Rodichev V.A. Trucks. Textbook for the beginning. prof. education / Rodichev V.A. - 4th ed., revised. and additional – M.: Academy, – 240 p. The design and operation of the mechanisms, systems and assemblies of the main models of trucks ZIL - 4333 and GAZ - Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the original mechanisms and systems of KamAZ - and ZIL - 5301 ( base model cars of the "Bychok" family). Provides information on their maintenance, as well as recommendations for adjustment and troubleshooting. For students of institutions of primary vocational education in the profession "Tractor driver of agricultural production." Can be used in the training of drivers of vehicles category> in driving schools and other educational institutions. in driving schools and other educational institutions. 
Tutinin B.A. and others. Repair of KamAZ vehicles / Tutinin B.A., Starostin N.G., Mushnichenko V.M. - L .: Agropromizdat, - 288 p., ill. - (Pupils and textbooks for the training of mass professions). The manual is written in accordance with the training program for car mechanics in vocational schools. Outlined design features vehicles of the KamAZ family of the agricultural variant that arise characteristic faults units and parts that affect the organization and technology of machine repair. Methods for restoring parts in stationary plants are outlined, motor transport enterprises and in the field.
2004. : - 224 p. : ill. The book is a text new edition Rules traffic as amended on January 1, 2004, provided with detailed comments, explanations and color drawings "title =" (! LANG: Zhulnev N.Ya. Rules of the road. - M .: ZAO >, 2004. : - 224 p. : ill The book is a text of the new edition of the Rules of the Road with changes as of January 1, 2004, provided with detailed comments, explanations and color drawings." class="link_thumb"> 29 !} Zhulnev N.Ya. Traffic Laws. - M. : ZAO >, : p. : ill. The book is a text of the new edition of the Rules of the Road with changes as of January 1, 2004, provided with detailed comments, explanations and color drawings reflecting real traffic situations. The criminal liability of road users is considered, taking into account the changes that have come into force. The textbook is intended for novice drivers preparing for exams in the traffic police. The publication is also useful to all motorists who want to test their knowledge of the Rules of the Road. , 2004. : - 224 p. : ill. The book is the text of the new edition of the Rules of the Road with changes as of January 1, 2004, provided with detailed comments, explanations and color drawings ">, 2004. : - 224 p. : ill. The book is the text of the new edition of the Rules of the Road with changes on January 1, 2004, with detailed comments, explanations and color drawings reflecting real traffic situations.The criminal liability of road users is considered, taking into account the changes that came into effect on February 15, 2004. The textbook is intended for novice drivers preparing for exams in the traffic police. The publication is also useful to all motorists who want to test their knowledge of the Rules of the Road. ">, 2004.: - 224 p. : ill. The book is the text of the new edition of the Rules of the Road with changes as of January 1, 2004, provided with detailed comments, explanations and color drawings "title =" Zhulnev N.Ya. Rules of the road. - M .: CJSC>, 2004. : - 224 pp. : ill. The book is the text of the new edition of the Rules of the Road with changes on January 1, 2004, provided with detailed comments, explanations and color drawings"> title="Zhulnev N.Ya. Traffic Laws. - M. : ZAO >, 2004. : - 224 p. : ill. The book is the text of the new edition of the Rules of the Road with changes as of January 1, 2004, provided with detailed comments, explanations and color drawings."> !}
, >, > / Oleg Vladimirovich Mayboroda. - M.: Publishing Center >, 2004. - 256 p. The fundamentals of the theory of driving a car are outlined." title=" Mayboroda O.V. Fundamentals of driving and traffic safety: A textbook for a driver of motor vehicles of categories >, >, > / Oleg Vladimirovich Maiboroda. - M .: Publishing Center >, 2004 - 256 pp. The fundamentals of the theory of driving a car." class="link_thumb"> 30 !} Mayboroda O.V. Fundamentals of driving and traffic safety: A textbook for a driver of vehicles of categories >, >, > / Oleg Vladimirovich Mayboroda. - M.: Publishing Center >, - 256 p. The fundamentals of the theory of driving a car are outlined. The influence of the elements of the driver-car-road system on the efficiency and safety of driving in normal and emergency driving modes is analyzed. The main principles of situational analysis of road traffic situations are formulated. The measured indicators of driving skill are given. It is shown that road safety is determined by the level professional excellence driver. The textbook is intended for training, retraining and improving the skills of drivers of vehicles of categories>,>,>. , >, > / Oleg Vladimirovich Mayboroda. - M.: Publishing Center >, 2004. - 256 p. The fundamentals of the theory of driving a car are outlined. ">, >, > / Oleg Vladimirovich Mayboroda. - M .: Publishing Center >, 2004. - 256 p. The fundamentals of the theory of driving a car are stated. The influence of the elements of the system driver - car - road on efficiency and safety is analyzed driving in normal and abnormal modes of motion.The basic principles of situational analysis of traffic situations are formulated.Measurable indicators of driving skill are given.It is shown that road safety is determined by the level of professional skill of the driver.The textbook is intended for training, retraining and improving the skills of motor vehicle drivers categories >, >, >."> , >, > / Oleg Vladimirovich Maiboroda. - M.: Publishing Center >, 2004. - 256 p. The fundamentals of the theory of driving a car are outlined." title=" Mayboroda O.V. Fundamentals of driving and traffic safety: A textbook for a driver of motor vehicles of categories >, >, > / Oleg Vladimirovich Maiboroda. - M .: Publishing Center >, 2004 - 256 pp. The fundamentals of the theory of driving a car."> title="Mayboroda O.V. Fundamentals of driving and traffic safety: A textbook for a driver of vehicles of categories >, >, > / Oleg Vladimirovich Mayboroda. - M.: Publishing Center >, 2004. - 256 p. The fundamentals of the theory of driving a car are outlined."> !}
Rules of the road of the Russian Federation (official text); penalty table; regulations; useful information - Novosibirsk: Sib. Univ. Publishing house, - 96 p., ill.
Sabodaho S.V. Driving a car. - M .: Patriot, - 224 p., ill. The book is devoted to the important problem of improving driving skills and is intended mainly for novice drivers - owners of individual cars. It considers a wide range of issues: driving technique, the influence of psychophysiological qualities, temperament and character of the driver on his driving behavior, legal issues and much more.
Smagin A.V. Legal bases of activity of the driver: the Textbook for the driver. – M.: Academy, – 112 p. This textbook is devoted to the issues of ownership of a car, its insurance, administrative, criminal liability of the driver for violation of traffic rules. It was written on the basis of regulatory legal acts in force in the field of road safety, and taking into account practical relationships with traffic police officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Particular attention is paid to the procedure for considering cases of administrative offenses, criminal offenses, compensation for harm caused as a result of a traffic accident. The textbook is intended for drivers with any driving experience and can be of help in the event of the most unforeseen circumstances on the roads.
Shukhman Yu.I. Fundamentals of driving and traffic safety. – M.: Behind the wheel, – 160 p. ill. The information that is necessary to improve the skills of drivers and reduce the accident rate is presented. The fundamentals of the theory of the car are presented in an accessible form, the main provisions of the Rules of the Road are given, as well as practical advice on necessary action driver in various driving situations.
Examination tickets for taking theoretical exams for the right to drive vehicles of category "A", "B" with comments / Gromokovsky G.B., Bachmanov S.G., Repin Y.S. and others. M .: Recipe - Holding, 2009 - 224 p.: ill. This guide is official publication examination tickets that are used when taking theoretical exams for the right to drive vehicles of categories "A" and "B" in the divisions of the State Inspectorate for Road Safety. Category "A" - motorcycles, scooters and other motor vehicles. Category "B" - cars with a maximum authorized mass not exceeding 3.5 tons, in which the number of seats, not counting the driver's seat, is not more than eight. Examination ticket consists of four parts, each of which contains five tasks. When conducting exams in the traffic police are allowed various options ticket packages. This means that the examiner may be asked to solve five problems from one ticket, the second five problems from another ticket, and so on.
Examination tickets for taking theoretical exams for the right to drive vehicles of category "C", "D", with comments /Gromokovsky G.B., Bachmanov S.G., Repin Ya.S. etc. M.: Recipe - Holding, 2009 - 224 p.: ill. This manual is the official publication of examination tickets that are used when taking theoretical exams for the right to drive vehicles of category "C" and "D" in the divisions of the State Inspectorate for Road Safety. Category "C" - cars, with the exception of those belonging to the category, permitted maximum weight which exceeds 3.5 tons. Category "D" - cars designed for the carriage of passengers and having more than eight seats, in addition to the driver's seat. The examination ticket consists of four parts, each of which contains five problems. When conducting exams in the traffic police, various ticket layout options are allowed. This means that the examiner may be asked to solve five problems from one ticket, the second five problems from another ticket, and so on.
And >, > and > with comments / G.B. Gromokovsky, S.G. Bachmanov, Ya.S. ) tasks for preparing for theoretical exams for the right to drive vehicles of categories > and >, > and > with comments / G. B. Gromokovsky, S. G. Bachmanov, Ya. Rome, 20" class="link_thumb"> 37 !} Examination (thematic) tasks for preparing for theoretical exams for the right to drive vehicles of categories > and >, > and > with comments / G. B. Gromokovsky, S. G. Bachmanov, Ya. Publishing House Third Rome, - 240 p. The publication grouped by topic exam tasks on the Rules of the road, which are used by the State Inspectorate for Road Safety of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Russian Federation when taking theoretical exams for the right to drive vehicles of categories > and >, > and >. The purpose of the publication is to help consolidate the knowledge gained in the study of the Rules of the Road and other disciplines. For self-examination at the end of the book, the correct answers and author's comments are given under the general editorship of the Chief State Inspector of Road Safety of the Russian Federation, Lieutenant General of Militia V.N. Kiryanov. The publication has been prepared taking into account changes in the examination (thematic) tasks of March 1, 2009. and >, > and > with comments / G.B. Gromokovsky, S.G. Bachmanov, Y.S. Repin and others - M.: Publishing House Tretiy Rim, 20 "> and >, > and > with comments G.B.Gromokovsky, S.G.Bachmanov, Ya.S.Repin and others - M .: Publishing House Tretiy Rim, 2009. - 240 pp. The publication grouped by topic examination tasks on the Rules of the road, which are used by the State by the Road Safety Inspectorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation when taking theoretical exams for the right to drive vehicles of categories > and >, > and >. The purpose of the publication is to help consolidate the knowledge gained in the study of the Rules of the Road and other disciplines. correct answers and author's comments under the general editorship of the Chief State Inspector of Road Safety of the Russian Federation, Militia Lieutenant General VN Kiryanov. > with comments / G.B. Gromokovsky, S.G. Bachmanov, Ya.S. theoretical examinations for the right to drive vehicles of categories > and >, > and > with comments / G. B. Gromokovsky, S. G. Bachmanov, Ya."> title="Examination (thematic) tasks for preparing for theoretical exams for the right to drive vehicles of categories > and >, > and > with comments / G. B. Gromokovsky, S. G. Bachmanov, Ya. Publishing House Third Rome, 20"> !}
Shiga H., Mizutani S. Introduction to automotive electronics: Per. from Japanese - M .: Mir, - 232 p., ill. The book by Japanese experts covers a wide range of issues related to the use of electronic equipment for control various nodes cars. Functional and electrical circuits control equipment for specific vehicle systems. A promising navigation system car. Considerable attention is paid to the production technology of semiconductor devices and electronic components intended for installation in vehicle components. The book is written without a complex mathematical apparatus and contains a description of a significant number of practical electronic circuits. For engineers and technicians in electronic equipment and vehicle control systems, students of universities and technical schools of relevant specialties.
Romanov S.A. golden advice to a motorist. - M .: Publishing House of EKSMO, - 384 p. (Series "For the home and for the family"). This book describes how and where to buy a car so you don't get ripped off. How to keep your car safe from theft. What does car insurance provide? What to do if you were run over by bandits on a Merc.
Ramsey, D. Car repair and care / Dan Ramsey. - M.: AST: April, - 209, p.: ill. - ("Step by step"). Dear reader! The book that you are holding in your hands tells about the structure of a modern car in a simple and accessible language. More illustrations and instructions will allow you to carry out many car repair and maintenance operations on your own, without contacting a service station. The book is useful not only for novice motorists, but also for anyone who wants to know as much as possible about their car.
Milushkin A.A., Chernyaykin V.A. Handbook of the driver of the car. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M .: Transport, - 239 p., Ill., Tab. The reference book provides information on the operation of road transport, the organization of transportation, the mechanization of loading and unloading operations, accounting for the operation of vehicles, labor law and remuneration of drivers. Particular attention is paid to traffic safety, safety regulations when working on the line, vehicle maintenance and loading and unloading. Given short specifications domestic cars, the main types of work performed during their maintenance are described. Changed the most important properties liquid and gaseous fuels, oils, lubricants, other operating materials and their consumption rates. The description of the design, operation rules and savings of automobile tires is given.
Lando S.Ya. I am an auto repairman. - M .: Transport, 1989 u / c .: ill. - (Who to be?) The book tells about car mechanics, auto electricians, welders, painters, electroplaters and other professions of a car repairman, about their work, about their work to improve working conditions, mechanization handmade. It is told about the birth of the car and in general terms about its structure and improvement. A lot of space is devoted to describing the reasons for the appearance in the car various faults where and by what abilities they are eliminated during maintenance and overhaul. The book is intended for young people facing the choice of a labor path.
Egorov Yu.I., Narbut A.N. Explanatory dictionary of road transport. Basic terms: about 4500 terms. – M.: Rus. lang - 288 p., ill. The dictionary is a reference tool for terminology related to road transport. It is included in a series of explanatory dictionaries for various branches of science and technology. Contains about 4500 terms. There are about 60 illustrations. Intended for a wide range of readers, students of universities and technical schools, motorists. It will also be useful for foreigners studying Russian.
Dynko A.V. 600 practical advice. Vehicle troubleshooting. - M.: TID CONTINENT-Press, p., ill. - (My car). The book consists of 600 practical tips for car owners of both domestic and foreign cars and is a reference guide for quick and error-free troubleshooting of modern cars. Special sections dedicated to malfunctions diesel vehicles, LPG, vehicles with fuel injection. For owners of personal vehicles and a wide range of readers.
Dolmatovsky Yu.A. Car for 100 years. - M .: Knowledge, - 240 p., ill. The author talks about the development of the car for 100 years from the date of invention. The reader will learn about the predecessor machines, about changes and improvements in designs, about the role of road transport in the national economy and about its use in the first and second world wars. Based on the study of trends in the development of the car, the book tells about its future prospects.
Gavrilov I.V., Likhachev S.S. On the profession of a motorist. Reference manual for vocational guidance. M.: Higher. school, s., ill. The book tells about the role of road transport in the national economy of the country, about mass professions that are of decisive importance in fulfilling the tasks facing it. A historical outline of the creation and development of the car is given, various stages of the motorization of our country are covered in detail. One of the sections is devoted to the system of vocational education - the blacksmith of mass professions for the national economy; it pays special attention to vocational schools that produce skilled workers for road transport, and details the work of a car repair and maintenance mechanic.
Companion of a car enthusiast / Compiled by S.I. Filipchenko. - Kemerovo Prince. publishing house, - 111 p., ill. This book is for you, car enthusiasts, especially beginners. In it you will find answers to many questions about the operation of the car, get acquainted with the main provisions of the legislation related to car accidents, with measures to provide first aid to victims of accidents. Adviсe experienced drivers help you operate your vehicle more safely.
Chemists - motorists: Ref. ed. / Bobovich B.B., Brovak G.V., Bunakov B.M. and others - 2nd ed., corrected. - L .: Chemistry, - 320 p., ill. Systematized data on the materials used in the manufacture and operation of vehicles. Information about brands and properties of fuels, oils, lubricants, tires, rubber products, plastics, adhesives, sealants, etc. is presented. Materials used for corrosion protection and car care products are described. Recommendations are given to motorists on the rational use of various products of the chemical and petrochemical industries. The prospects for their use in cars of the future are considered. Attention is paid to safety and environmental issues during the operation of the car.
Journal, Driving school pro. The only professional publication in Russia for managers, teachers, driving school specialists and anyone who wants to learn how to drive safely and coolly. News of Russian driving schools Useful tips from the experience of experienced drivers Methods of learning to drive a car, Driving school pro will help you on the road!
Preparation for a theoretical exam in the traffic police category AB and SD [Electronic resource]: A textbook for preparing for a theoretical exam. - Version M.: UKC MAASH, electron. disc (CD-ROM). Contains a training simulator for preparing for exams in the traffic police. Training simulator for preparing for exams in the traffic police. If you've read this tutorial, you've already taken your first step towards road safety. The proposed manual will allow you not only to get acquainted with the rules of the road, but also to consolidate your knowledge by solving examination and thematic problems. If you made mistakes in solving the questions posed to you, you can refer to the author's comments that will help you competently deal with the causes of the mistakes made. With this guide, you will be able to test your knowledge both on individual topics and in the exam mode that everyone must pass in order to confirm their right to obtain a driver's license.
Multimedia training program by profession: Specialist in the repair and maintenance of electrical equipment of imported cars. Specialist in diagnostic equipment for diagnosing imported cars [Electronic resource]: Training system. - Electron. Dan. - M.: Labor, electron. disc (CD-ROM).
INDUSTRIAL AND SHIPBUILDING PROFESSIONAL LYCEUM №116
St. Petersburg
To be implemented at the meeting
Methodological Commission I approve
From "___" ________________ 20 g Deputy for CPR _________ Z. G. Smirnova
Chairman of the Moscow Committee ________ N. V. Bogdanova. « »_____________________ 20
car transmission
Tutorial
For 1st year students by profession
"Auto Mechanic"
St. Petersburg 2012
car transmission
car transmission – serves to transfer Mcr from the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels, changing it in direction and size, consists of:
Clutch –
from overloads;
checkpoint - to change the speed of movement, long-term separation of the internal combustion engine from the transmission ;
cardan gear – serves to transmit Mkr at an angle of up to 28˚ (cars);
main gear – to increase Mkr and transfer it, at an angle of 90˚, through the axle shafts to the leading
wheels;
final drive – to increase Mkr.
Tractor transmission - serves to transfer Mcr from the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels, changing it in direction and size, consists of:
CLUTCH
FRONT AXLE DRIVE
7. MAIN GEAR
8. FINAL DRIVE
Clutch – for smooth starting, gear shifting and protection of the internal combustion engine
from overloads;
checkpoint – for change tractive effort, long-term separation of the internal combustion engine from the transmission ;
cardan connection – serves to transfer Mkr with misalignment of the shafts of the internal combustion engine and gearbox up to 5˚;
main gear – to increase the Mcr and transfer it, at an angle of 90˚, through the final drive
on driving wheels ;
final drive – to increase Mkr.
Transmissions are:
Mechanical (with power flow interruption)Hydromechanical (without breaking the power flow)
Hydraulic (without power flow interruption)
Electrical (no power interruption)
MECHANICAL transmissions received most widespread, as they are simple in design and not expensive, durable in operation.
Clutch
Clutch - the most conservative unit of the vehicle. It has changed very little since its invention. Its improvement is only to improve the design features.
Clutch in most cases mounted on the flywheel of the internal combustion engine and attached to it , and is also given from her, she serves - for transferring the Mkr from the internal combustion engine to the gearbox, as well as for smooth starting and short-term separation of the internal combustion engine from the transmission and prevents overloading the internal combustion engine.
Clutches are:
1. BY THE NUMBER OF DRIVE DISKS
Single disk
Two or more
2. FOR POWER FLOW TRANSMISSION
Single-stream (The whole micro is transferred to the checkpoint)
Double-flow (Part of Mkr is transferred to the gearbox and part to the drive of other units)
BY DRIVING INTO OPERATION
Hydromechanical
Hydraulic
Hydropneumatic
Pneumatic
BY LUBRICATION METHOD
Wet (Grease present)
Clutch device (Consider the example of the ZIL-130 car.)
It consists from three main parts:
- Buildings 2
- Drive
- Leading part
- Driven part.
The drive consists of:
Pedal - 11The system of rods and levers - 5,12,13
Shutdown fork-7
Release bearing with body and glass-4
Release levers with adjusting forks-3
The leading part is:
Support disc (basket)Pressure plate 10
Peripheral springs
leaf springs
driven part:
Slave disk 1Drive shaft Msts (gearbox input shaft)
Shaft bearings
The detailed device of the MSC is shown in the following figure
MSC can operate in two main modes Msc - on (Mcr is transmitted from the internal combustion engine to the transmission through the driven disk) and Msc - off (Mcr is not transmitted from the internal combustion engine to the transmission).
Msc enabled – the driver does not act on the pedal. As a result, between the release levers and the release bearing, a clearance A, which provides full compression (under high force) by the peripheral springs of the driven disc between the flywheel and the pressure plate.
The value of this compression is determined by the total stiffness of the peripheral springs and the area of the driven disk.
In this case MKR transmitted:
Flywheel Support disk bolts Support disk Spring plates Pressure disk Driven disk Damper device Support disk hub Shaft Msc.
Msc enabled - the driver presses the Msc pedal, due to this, the clearance A, squeezing levers divert the pressure plate from the driven disc, forming an air gap between the planes of the pressure, driven discs and flywheel.
In this case MKR transmitted:
Flywheel platter bolts platter spring plates pressure plate.
It follows from this that all MKR The internal combustion engine is transmitted to the rotation of the flywheel and the leading part of the Msc.
For normal Msc work is very important provide value clearance A, because at big gap shifting will be difficult clutch leads ), and in the absence of a gap, slipping of the driven disk occurs and, as a result, a drop in power in the transmission, significant wear of parts Msc ( clutch slips ).
With an increase in the carrying capacity of the car, its dimensions, weight, etc. it is necessary to transfer a very large Mkr to the transmission. When transferring it, the loads on the details of Msc increase very much. Earlier we mentioned that the magnitude of the transmission Mcr is determined by the total stiffness of the peripheral springs and the area of the driven disk. If we go to increase the size of the slave disk, then we get big sizes Msc, which will entail an increase in the size and especially the weight of the internal combustion engine. Therefore, the designers went the other way. Instead of one driven disk, they used two and increased the number of peripheral springs and their stiffness, which made it possible to significantly increase the transmission of Mkr with the same size of the driven disk.
Double disc clutch device (we will consider the example of a KAMAZ car. See FIG.)
P
neumohydraulic drive
- which is shown in the figure consists of:
Hydraulic part (which is located in the cab of the car):
Pedal 7Release spring 6
Hydraulic cylinder 8
Stem with adjusting screw 15.16
Clutch Release Piston 33
Follower piston with collar 18
Pneumatic part (located on the right side at the checkpoint)
Building 34Lid 28
Pneumatic piston with spring and rod 26
tracking device - for pedal feel when braking by the driver
Inlet 24 and outlet 25 valves on the same axis
Valve 22 follower with spring
Aperture 21
Pneumohydraulic drive operation:
The force from the driver to the rod 16 is transmitted by hydraulic oilHydraulic cylinder pipeline channel A rod piston follower piston.
When the pressure rises, the follower piston 18 is activated, which in turn, moving, acts on the follower valve 22. Moving the follower valve closes Exhaust valve 25, and opens the intake 24. Compressed air from the brake system is supplied under the piston 26. The piston, moving, acts on the heel, which transmits force through the piston rod 33 to the drive rod of the clutch fork lever.
receiver pipeline inlet valve 24 channel piston rod.
Aperture 21 – serves to ensure that the driver "feels" the pedal, the greater the force on the pedals, the greater the resistance of compressed air to aperture 21.
Main distinguishing feature The MSC of the KAMAZ car is that it has two slave disks 22, and an intermediate disk 2. To prevent sticking of the middle disk to the driven disks, mechanism automatic installation middle disc 27 with Msc off. To increase the durability of the release bearing and release levers, a thrust ring 14 made of low friction material. To reduce the effort on the pedal, on the driver's side, applied pneumohydraulic drive.
M 
clutch sleeve consists of:
Driven disk - 1
Middle drive disc - 2
Pressure plate - 4
Release lever - 6
Thrust ring spring - 7
Release bearing lubrication hose - 8
Release bearing - 10
Clutch release fork - 13
Thrust ring - 14
Clutch cover - 17
Heat insulating washer -18
Clutch housing - 20
Flywheel - 21
damper disc torsional vibrations – 24
The mechanism for adjusting the position of the middle disc - 27
Gearboxcar checkpoint – serves to change gears, disconnect the internal combustion engine from the chassis for a long time, as well as to transfer the Mkr from the Msts to the drive axles, changing it in size and direction.
The gearbox on most cars is removable. It is installed between the Msts and the universal joint, attached to the Msts body and to the frame cross member.
Checkpoints are distinguished by:
- Stepped (mechanical)- Stepless (hydraulic, hydromechanical, electric)
The most widespread stepped mechanical Checkpoint. Their advantage is that they are simple in design, durable, have a high efficiency (0.92-0.98).
Checkpoints are classified:
gear type
- WITH fixed axle shafts- WITH rotating shaft shafts
number of shafts
- Twin-shaft- Three-shaft
- Quadruple
Gear engagement method
- WITH moving gears- permanent engagement
Type of gearshift mechanism h
- Mechanical- Hydraulic
- Hydromechanical
- Automatic
Shaft arrangement
- Longitudinal- transverse
Mounting qualities
- Removable- Collected in a common body
car transmission
The operation of the gearbox is based on the fact that the rotation from the crankshaft of the internal combustion engine is transmitted to the chassis through gears with a certain gear ratio in each gear.Gear ratio - shows how many times the rotational speed of the driven shaft changes compared to the driving one "or how many times the driven gear is larger (less)leading (according to the number of teeth).
IWhere - the frequency of rotation of the driven shaft (turns of the driven shaft)
Drive Shaft Speed (Drive Shaft RPM)
Where - the number of teeth of the driven gear
The number of teeth on the drive gear.
E 
if several gears are involved in the MCR transmission
, then the total gear ratio will be equal to the product of the gear ratios of these gears.
The main indicator of the work of the checkpoint is its gear ratio in this gear /
Transfers vehicles are divided into
Inferior – for starting off, overcoming obstacles and driving in heavy roadrough terrain conditions.
Higher - movement with good road conditions
Transfers reversing - necessary for maneuvering in reverse
General arrangement of a four-speed manual transmission
Switch mechanism
LidLever 7
Crawler 9
Retainer 8
Fork 5
Gearbox Part
Building 4Primary (drive) shaft3
Secondary (driven) shaft
intermediate shaft
Gears
Carriages (moving gears)
Reverse gears1
Gearbox car Gas - 3307
car checkpoint four-speed, shift-on-the-go, removable, three-shaft, with carriage for engaging first and second gears, with one limited slip synchronizer.
TO
building 1
Primaryshaft 6-consists of:
Shaft toe (under the flywheel bearing)Splined shaft (for driven disks Msts)
Shaft
Seat (under the housing bearing)
Permanent mesh gear 4
Ring gear (for synchronizer)
Taper (under taper blocking ring)
Boring for the secondary shaft
Output shaft 5 - installed coaxially with the input shaft and its bearings are boring input shaft and housing bearing.
It consists:
Support (under the bearing)Splines (under the synchronizer hub)
Surface (under the driven gears of the third and second gears)
Splines (under the driven first and reverse gear)
Splines (under the driveline flange)
Intermediate shaft 3 - installed in the lower part of the body (below the primary and secondary shaft), its supports are the housing bearings.
The intermediate shaft is made in one piece with constant mesh drive gears 2, third 21, second 19, first and reverse gears.Checkpoint operation
The operation of the switching mechanism.
Locking device (SEE Fig. B) - serves to prevent the inclusion of two or more gears at the same time
It consists:Three sliders 9
Two plungers lock 25
One pin - located inside the middle slider
With the position " neutral "- due to the holes that are in the sliders, the plunger and the pin are in a free state, which allows the forks with the sliders to move freely, ensuring that any gear is engaged.
When the gear is engaged, the plunger and the pin move and are blocked by the movable slider, which prevents any other gear from being engaged.
To ensure full gear engagement and self-switching off when the gear is on serves latch 10.
It consists:
Spring
Ball
At full inclusion transmission, the ball under the action of a spring is fixed in the upper hole of the slider, ensuring complete fixation of the gears relative to each other.
The device and operation of the synchronizer
WITH 
synchronizer serves for bumpless switchingedach (alignment angular velocities shaft rotation).
They are of increased friction and inertial type. The GAZ-53 car is equipped with a high friction synchronizer. It is mounted on the secondary shaft through the hub 3 and serves to engage the third and fourth gears.
It consists:
Hub 3
Clutch 4
Blocking rings 2
Spring rings 9
Rusks 8
The work of the synchronizer is as follows:
P
When the fourth (third) gear is engaged, the fork moves synchronizer clutch 4, which, in turn, acts on the crackers 8. While moving the blocking rings 2, the crackers ensure the interaction of the cone of the blocking ring with the cone of the input shaft. Due to friction, the secondary shaft either accelerates or reduces the speed of the input shaft. When aligning the revolutions of rotation (angular velocities) of the primary and secondary shafts. The clutch, sliding along the gear conical crown of the blocking ring, connects the secondary and primary shaft as one.
Gearbox operation
I
- transmission SHAFT I ShpzI SHAFT II
II - transmission
I II - transmission
IV - transmission
At
the structure and operation of the gearbox of the car ZIL-130 (represented in the bottom picture)
It consists:
Cover - 27 Input shaft - 6
Output shaft - 19 Intermediate - 15
Synchronizers - 18, 35
Gears:
Secondary shaft " IV -17, III -16, II , I and reverse -28 "intermediate shaft permanent mesh - 14 , IV -17, III -16, intermediate reverse,
II ( I ) -28"
Reverse gear block - 30
The operation of the car's gearbox is shown in the gearbox diagram.
KAMAZ checkpoint device
Housing (crankcase) - 1 Cover - 9
Primary shaft - 6 Secondary shaft - 25
Intermediate - 2 Bearing - 20
Distinctive features:
The primary and secondary shafts have axial and radial channels for forced lubrication of the gear teeth.To shift gears, a special rocker is used.
The inclusion of all gears (except reverse) is carried out using synchronizers.
The operation of the KAMAZ checkpoint is similar to the ZIL-130 checkpoint.
Car drivelines
Car driveline - serves to transfer the Mkr from the checkpoint to the rear drive axle at an angle of up to 28.Due to the fact that the rear axle is connected to the car body through a spring suspension, the distance between the fixed gearbox and the movable axle (when transporting goods, etc.) is constantly changing in size. To compensate for this movement, cardan gears are used.
cardan shafts connected to gearboxes and axles using flanges
cardan gear (Fig. 1) consists of:
intermediate axle drive shaft
intermediate bridge
Rear axle drive shaft
rear axle
cardan shaft (Fig. 92) consists of:
Cross needle bearing consists of:
WITH 
takan bearingak-1
Stuffing box radial seal-2
End seal-3
Needle bearings
Spike cross-4
Compensation for elongation or reduction distance is due to the telescopic connection of the splined shaft and the sliding fork.
Driving axles of cars
Drive axle of GAZ-3307 car
Main bridge the car serves to increase the torque and transmit it at an angle of 90⁰, through the differential, on the axle shaft.The drive axle of a car or tractor consists of:
Drive axle housing - cast iron. Stockings are welded on the ends of the body - precisely machined surfaces for mounting the bearings of the rear axle trunnions.
main gear - which serves to increase the torque and transmit it at an angle of 90⁰ on the axle shaft.
The main gear happens:
Single - one pair of gears. It is used on passenger cars and light trucks.
Double - two pairs of gears. It is applied on cars of big and especially big loading capacity.
Spaced - the main gear which has final drive(tractors and vehicles of large and extra large payload).
The main gear in turn consists of:
Frame
Differential
half shafts
Frame – cast iron, at the end of the body there arecovers for fastening the differential case with adjusting nuts with locking plates.
G 
front transfer
consists of:
Drive shaft with gear-5
Glass - 2
Cup bearings - 1
Gland seal - 4
Driven gear - 16
Differential - serves to redistribute Mkr between the drive wheels, which allows the wheels to rotate at different speeds.
It consists:
Frame (consists of two cups and rotates on 10 bearings)
Cross 14
Satellites - 12
Side gears - 11
Bearings - 10
Housing cover - 17
Main gear operation
Before considering the operation of the drive axle of a car, consideroperation of the main gear.Block diagram of the transmission of Mkr in the main gear:
Differential housing .
Differential - serves to distribute the Mcr between the driving wheels when turning the car (tractor).
P 
As the vehicle turns, the inner wheel travels a greater distancethan external. If their angular speeds are not equalized, the wheels will slip relative to the pavement, which inevitably leads to increased tire wear, overload of the entire rear axle, and when slippery surface to "yuzu" - complete uncontrollability of the car.
On the studied car brands, it is used central septenary differential.
It works as follows
Block diagram of the transmission of the Mcr in the differential:
Automobile moves in a straight line.Mkr is evenly distributed between the wheels. Satellites do not rotate around their own axis. The body and axle shafts rotate as one.
Differential housing Spider 14 Pinion gears 12 Side gearshalf shafts 9
Automobile moving around the corner.
Mcr is also evenly distributed between the wheels, only on the inner wheel Mcr is less than on the inner one. As a result, the satellites rotate around their axis - equalizing the angular speeds of rotation of the semiaxes, that is, the outer one rotates faster than the inner one.
The main disadvantage of this design of the differential is that when one of the wheels is blocked (lack of adhesion, when the wheel is on ice and the other is on a hard surface), the entire Mkr is transferred to the blocking wheel and the car is unable to move, that is, it “slips”. To eliminate this disadvantage, other differential designs are used.
Driving axle of ZIL-130 car
IN 
moving bridge
heavy vehicles has a double (two-stage) main gear and in most cases a final drive of a planetary type (final gear).
It consists of two steps:
First - a pair of bevel gears
Second - cylindrical pair.
The general arrangement of the rear axle is shown in the figure:
Building 7
Final drive housing 8
flange 1
Drive bevel gear with shaft 2
Cup (with 34 bearings and spacer)
Middle shaft 31 (for one made with drive spur gear 33. The middle shaft is mounted on bearings 32 V lids 6 corps. Adjusting shims are installed under the covers)
Driven bevel gear 5 (by means of rivets it is installed on the flange of the middle body).
Driven spur gear 9 (attached with bolts between cups 13 differential case)
The central symmetrical differential consists of:
Differential housing (consists of two 13 cups)
cross
Satellites 12
Thrust washer 10 (to reduce wear)
Side gears 17
Bearings 14 differential case
Adjusting nuts 16
Differential mounting covers 15
half shafts
Rear axle operation
Block diagram of the transmission of the Mkr from the driveline to the axle shaft:
Flange 1 Drive shaft with bevel gear 2 Driven bevel gear 5 Middle shaft Drive spur gear 33 Driven spur gear 9 Differential housing 13 Crosspiece Side gear 17 Side shaft.
The differential works exactly the same as on the GAZ-3307 car.
Drive axle of KAMAZ-5320
The middle axle and center differential of the car:
1 - middle axle differential;
2 - leading cylindrical gear;
3 - driven bevel gear;
4 - rear axle drive shaft;
5 - driving bevel gear;
6 - diaphragm chamber;
7 - stock;
8 - clamping clutch;
9 - cups;
10 - bevel gear of the middle axle drive;
11 - frame;
12 - bevel gear of the rear axle drive;
13 - satellite;
14 - cross;
15 - left semi-axis;
16 - driven spur gear
According to the principle of design and operation, the rear axle does not differ from the rear axle of the ZIL-130 car. But due to the fact that the KAMAZ vehicle has two leading rear axles and significantly reduced loading height cargo platform, a number of significant design changes were made to the design of the rear axle of the car.
The rear axle housing was rotated 90⁰, which made it possible to install the main gear housing with the first stage in the upper part. A center differential was installed on the body of the intermediate bridge.
The center differential consists of:
Building 11Differential
Rear axle drive shaft 4
Drive bevel gear of middle axle drive
Switching drive
TO 
the body is attached to the body external transmission, and the differential and the engagement drive are located inside the housing.
The differential is:
two cups 9 with shaft
crosses 14
satellites 13
Rear axle bevel gear 12
Rear axle drive shaft 4
Middle axle bevel gear 10
presentermiddle axle bevel gear 5
The switching drive consists of:
Pneumatic chamber 6
Stem 7
center differential serves to evenly distribute the torque between the two drive axles and reduce tire wear. It is installed in the middle (intermediate) bridge in a separate housing 11, attached to the main gear housing, through the bevel gear bearing cup. In the housing there are right and left cups 9, bevel gears 10 and 12 of the drive of the middle and rear axles, between which there is a crosspiece 14 with satellites 13 planted on it, on bronze bushings. Here is also located the differential lock mechanism, consisting of a lock clutch 8, fork and diaphragm chamber 6. Clutch 8 is placed on the internal toothed clutch rigidly connected to the bevel gear 10 of the main drive of the middle axle.
The locking mechanism is designed to force the differential to lock when driving on slippery and wet roads. When it is turned on with the handle of the control valve located in the cab under the steering column, air from pneumatic system enters the diaphragm chamber 6. The diaphragm flexes, overcoming the resistance of the spring, and moves the rod 7 with the fork and the locking clutch 8 forward. The latter finds the splines on the ring gear of the rear differential cup and blocks it, rigidly connecting the differential case to the bevel gear 10. The blocking should be used when low speed the vehicle is moving or before it starts to move.
When the locking mechanism is turned off, the air from under the diaphragm of the chamber 6 escapes into the atmosphere, and the diaphragm spring moves the stem, fork and clutch to their original initial position.
When driving on dry paved roads, the center differential should not be locked, as this results in increased tire wear and excessive fuel consumption.
Half shafts. Half-axle gears with splined holes are mounted on the axle shaft. The other ends of the axle shafts are connected by flanges to the hubs of the driving wheels.
On trucks, fully unloaded axle shafts are used. Only torque acts on such a semi-axis, and all other forces are perceived by the semi-axle housing, since the wheel hub is mounted on bearings mounted directly on the housing.
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Today, almost everyone drives a car, but not everyone is familiar with the device of a car. If you want to know how your car is built, then you have definitely come to the right site. From this article, you can get enough information to know in general terms what components and assemblies your car consists of. Currently, there are a huge number of makes and models of cars, but almost all cars are arranged in the same way.
Car device diagram
The passenger car consists of the following parts:
- body (bearing structure);
- chassis;
- transmission;
- internal combustion engine (gasoline or diesel);
- engine control system and electrical equipment.
At first glance, everything is simple, but this is only a general device of the car. For each of these points, you can write not only an article, but a whole book. But we will not go so deep and describe only the main points that every driver simply must know, regardless of driving experience. It should be noted that the banal ignorance of the elementary structure of the car is fraught with significant costs for the maintenance and repair of the car in a car service.
car body
The body of a car is a bearing part, to which almost all components and assemblies are attached. Not many people know that the first cars did not have a body, and all the nodes were attached to the frame, like trucks or motorcycles. But in the race to reduce the weight of the car, manufacturers abandoned frame structure, and a modern body appeared, which actually is a kind of frame.
Since we are studying the structure of a car for beginners, we will analyze in a little more detail what the body consists of:
stamped bottom, to which all kinds of reinforcement elements are welded;
- spars (front and rear);
- car roof;
- engine compartment;
- other hanging components.
Since the body is a kind of spatial structure, this division is very conditional, because all the details are interconnected. Spars are usually integral with the bottom or welded to it and serve as a support for the suspension. Attached components include fenders, trunk lid, hood and doors. The rear fenders are often welded to the body, while the front fenders can be removable.
Chassis
The chassis consists of many units and assemblies, with the help of which the car actually has the ability to move. Well, since this article describes, so to speak, the device of a car for dummies, let's get acquainted with such an extensive concept as "chassis", closer. The main components of almost any chassis:
suspension (front and rear);
- leading bridges;
- wheels.
Most modern passenger cars have a front dependent suspension type MacPherson (MacPherson). This type of suspension can significantly improve vehicle handling and comfort. IN independent suspension each wheel is attached to the body using its own mounting system. Dependent suspension has long been outdated, but still present on many cars. The rear dependent suspension can be a rigid beam or live axle, in the case of a rear wheel drive vehicle.
Transmission
The next item in our description of the car device for beginners will be the transmission, the main purpose of which is to transfer torque from the engine shaft to the wheels of the car. The transmission consists of the following units:
clutch;
- gearbox (gearbox);
- driving bridge (bridges);
- constant velocity joints or cardan transmission.
The vehicle clutch is designed to connect the engine shaft to the gearbox shaft and is designed to ensure smooth transmission of torque. Gearbox needed to change gear ratio and reduce the load on the car engine. The drive axle is mounted in the gearbox housing ( front-wheel drive) or serves as a rear beam (rear-wheel drive). Cardan gear or CV joints connect the gearbox to the drive axle or directly to the wheels of the machine.
Engine
The purpose of the engine is probably known to everyone, therefore, in our manual for the device of a car for dummies, we will not describe this unit in such detail. The main purpose of the engine is to convert the thermal energy of the burned fuel into mechanical energy, which is transmitted to the wheels of the car through the transmission.
electrical equipment
The electrical equipment of the car includes the following main components:
rechargeable battery (battery);
- alternator;
- wiring;
- engine management system;
- electricity consumers.
The battery is a permanent renewable source of energy and is designed to start the engine. If the engine is not started, the battery supplies electricity to all consumers of the car. The generator serves to maintain in the on-board network constant voltage and battery recharging. Wiring is a set of wires that form the vehicle's on-board network, connecting all sources and consumers of electricity. The engine management system consists of an electronic control unit (ECU) and various sensors. Consumers are headlights, rear lights, ignition and engine start system, windshield wipers, power windows and more.
As you can see, the car consists of a huge number of parts, components and assemblies, but upon closer examination, everything is much simpler than it seems at first glance. It is worth noting that this is only a generalized overview of the device of a passenger car, with which it is simply impossible to cover the description of the features of the device. specific brands and models.
