In the 21st century, a lot of women driving cars appeared on the roads. But many of them have difficulties in driving. After all, in a driving school are given only basic driving skills. And some ladies are generally afraid drive a car or drive a car under stress. But in order to become a real driver, you need to be able to drive a vehicle confidently. So, follow the steps below and you are in the category inexperienced driver go to the "professional" category.

1. Training, training and more training. After driving courses feel free to get behind the wheel and drive yourself, without anyone's support (even moral). First, drive in an area where there is no busy traffic (for example, inside residential areas). It is better to choose the time for practice when the serious flow of cars becomes less, it is early in the morning or in the evening. Be careful while driving. Learn to coordinate the movements of your arms and legs. And it is very important to feel your car, at least get used to its dimensions.

2. car parking. Finding a parking spot is very important in the city. It's even harder to park properly. Almost many ladies have difficulty driving in reverse. Therefore, train and practice, otherwise you will never be able to correctly park. Use your side mirrors as often as possible. Or, as an option, you can purchase parking sensors, a very useful electronic device.

3. Eliminate distractions. For the first few months, it is better not to take babies and dogs with you. If this cannot be avoided, then for safety reasons, try to fasten the fidget with seat belts or put him in a special child seat.

4. Comfort in the cabin auto. It is desirable that nothing interferes when you press the brake and gas pedals (shoes should not be on wedges, high and sharp heels are also not needed here, they will cling to the mat). Always keep sunglasses in the glove compartment of your car or in your purse. When the sun hits your eyes, use them.

5. traffic on the road. Never drive very slowly (pedestrian speed) or too fast (more than 100 km per hour). Driving at the speed of the general flow of vehicles is considered the safest. And, importantly, do not be afraid on the roads of large vehicles: buses, trucks. Although some of them have so-called "dead zones". When oversized cars make a lane change, you should not slip in front of them.

6. Learn how to make adjustments the right way in the desired row. If in a car lane high speed, you don't need to readjust. It is better to drive an additional distance in the desired lane than to block the movement of the entire lane. In traffic jams, in order not to get into a dead end, look not only for the car in front of you, but also for the car in front of it. At intersections, be careful: before leaving the intersection, slow down a little and take a look around. And then pick up speed. If someone is moving at high speed on a red traffic light or cuts you off, then give way to him. Let him rush towards his accident. And you just move on.

Without personal transport, it becomes more and more difficult for a modern person to solve problems. The car makes it possible to be mobile, move quickly around the city, and also provides big choice along the way. And although you can often hear about the high costs of operating a car, the resulting comfort is worth it.

That's why a large number of people want learn to drive fast and get the required skills in using a car.

Should I learn to drive on my own?

You can learn to drive a car by any convenient method, but exams for obtaining a license are accepted only after graduating from a driving school. For this you will need enroll in driving school lectures on traffic rules (theory) and practical training (practice). Only after training for the hours required by the standard in theory and practice, a person is allowed to take the state exam for a driver's license.

But still there is a category of future drivers who prefer to learn how to drive a car from scratch on their own. According to them, this will help to get a greater effect than regular classes in a driving school. But do not forget some of the requirements of the law:

• driving on public roads is allowed only to persons with a state-issued certificate (rights);
• statements that rights are not required if the owner of the car with documents is nearby, and the letter “U” is pasted on the glass, are untrue;
• if the car is not a training car, then the driver must fit into the insurance;
• in any twofold situations on the road, you will be guilty, because you do not have the necessary documents with you.

Before you set off on a journey without a license, think about how much money such liberty will cost you. If you want to learn how to drive a car from scratch on your own, then ask friends or relatives who own a car to visit a training ground with you where you can maneuver with a car. Any other methods are dangerous both for you and for the people around you, not to mention the car.

The main stages in the course of learning to drive

Often on their own car driving training from scratch plays the role of an instructor experienced driver. Naturally, he can give wise advice, but remember that everyone has their own driving style. Therefore, one hundred percent copy is not worth it.

There are several stages in learning to drive, which you need to try to go through as best as possible. Otherwise, you may experience problems in real driving situations. The steps are:

• training and bringing to the machine the process of getting behind the wheel, adjusting the seat and tilting the steering wheel, fastening with seat belts;
• correct engine start with the required key delay at the “Ignition” mark and loading the on-board computer;
• do not forget about the handbrake;
• depending on the selected type of car - work with pedals (manual or automatic transmission);
• depending on the type of car gearbox - gear shifting;
• the process of starting a ride (it is important to move off without jerking);
• the trip itself (steering wheel control, shifting the required gears in time).

All these skills can be fixed at the training ground without interfering with other machines and general movement. After completing the basic tasks, you will need to learn how to maneuver in a car. Help here plastic caps installed on asphalt. Thanks to them, improvisations such as "arrival in the garage" or "reversal on the spot" are organized. The longer you practice maneuvers, the more practical driving skills you will get.

Maneuvers in confined spaces

Naturally, you should not make U-turns on a narrow street and drive into a garage in real conditions. Use caps or checkers for this. A number of techniques are recommended, on which the maximum skill is honed. In addition, they can be the main test in a driving test, so pay due attention to them.

1. Drive into a garage or parking lot: the limiters are located in the drive-in zone 1.5 m wider than the car. First try entering from a 90° angle, then reverse.
2. Turn in three stages: the limiters are placed to simulate a narrow carriageway. Make the turn elements in several stages.
3. Slalom is a great activity to practice the sense of the car. Limiters are placed on the same line at a distance of about four meters. The car must be driven through the formed "gate", over time, the distance decreases.

These are the simplest opportunities for honing skills and obtaining information on how the machine will behave in different situations. By completing these tasks, you will gain skills in working with the clutch and gearbox, as well as learn how to work with the gas pedal in a car with an automatic transmission.

Similar maneuvers are performed in real life, but in driving schools they are not given the necessary attention. Thanks to this self-training, you will pass the exam much more confidently and will be prepared for real driving conditions.

conclusions

There are many exercises to help you work out basic driving skills. And this is a very effective method of self-learning to drive. But you don’t have the right to go onto a real road until you have the right, otherwise you risk getting a fine and getting disoriented in a large stream of cars.

Learn driving a car according to the rules and the requirements of the law, then there will be no unnecessary problems and nerves. Are there any among us who still learned to drive on their own?

M. A. Genningson.
Driving tutorial

To readers

Learning to drive a car is not as difficult as it might seem at first. The professional level of the driver's staff is very different. As in any other business, in driving you can be a master, or you can just be a driver. But required condition for everyone who decides to travel by car is to learn a reliable, safe driving. We must always remember that a car is a source of increased danger, therefore, training must be taken seriously.
The main purpose of this tutorial is to help future drivers acquire driving skills. These skills can be practiced independently on any site that is safe for yourself and those around you. As for driving a car on the roads, here you will need an assistant with a driving experience of at least three years. The tutorial provides recommendations for driving a car in various conditions. Its task is to minimize the role of your voluntary assistant driver, that is, only to secure your actions on the road.
It is recommended to allocate enough time for classes so that it is not a burden to you, but a pleasure, but no more than two hours at a time. Otherwise, you will be tired.
The last wish is addressed to not very decisive people. Don't listen to naysayers who can question your driving ability, discourage you from learning, and destroy your self-confidence. Let's take a typical example. Let's say a driver you know suggested that you try to learn how to drive in his car. After explaining how and what to do, you do "everything is wrong." As a result, you listen to a categorical conclusion: "You are not allowed to drive a car, you should not even start." No need to attach importance to this. After all, it is known that it is possible to be a good driver, but not every driver is able to teach driving to another person. The old adage is true: "There are no bad students - there are bad teachers."

Section I. INITIAL EDUCATION

1. A brief introduction to the vehicle you are about to drive

Rice. 1. The simplest kinematic diagram of a car with a classic layout

1 - engine
2 - clutch
3 - checkpoint
4 – cardan gear
5 – main gear
6 - differential
7 - half shaft

ENGINE(fig. 2) sets the car in motion

Rice. 2. Engine

1 - cylinder block
2 - piston
3 - connecting rod
4 – crankshaft
5 - flywheel
6 - inlet and outlet valves

CLUTCH(Fig. 3) provides transmission of torque by means of friction from the engine to the drive wheels, serves for short-term separation of the engine from the drive wheels and their smooth connection.

Rice. 3. Clutch

1 - engine flywheel
2 - slave friction disc
3 - leading pressure plate
4 - disc spring
5 – release bearing
6 - working cylinder
7 - hydraulic line
8 – master cylinder
9 - clutch pedal

checkpoint(gearbox) is used to convert the torque in magnitude (I, II, III, IV gears), change the direction of movement (reverse gear) and long-term separation of the engine from the drive wheels (neutral gear).
In the diagram shown in fig. 4 shows the principle of torque conversion in one of the gears.

Rice. 4. Checkpoint

1 - driving (primary) shaft
2 - intermediate shaft
3 - driven (secondary) shaft
4, 5, 6, 7 - constant mesh gears
8 - synchronizer hub
9 - gear (connecting) coupling
10 - gearshift lever

CARDAN GEAR(Fig. 5) serves to transmit torque at a varying angle.

Rice. 5. Cardan gear

1 - universal joint
2 - cardan shaft

MAIN GEAR(Fig. 6) serves to transmit torque at a right angle and increase it.

Rice. 6. Main gear

1 - drive gear
2 - driven gear

DIFFERENTIAL(Fig. 7) serves to enable the drive wheels to rotate at different angular speeds (during corners).

Rice. 7. Differential

1 - side gear
2 - satellite
3 - half shaft

2. Preparation of the driver's workplace

Any vehicle in without fail equipped with an adjustment device for the driver's seat (longitudinal movement of the seat and backrest inclination) and rear-view mirrors (salon and side).
So, we get into the car and adjust the driver's seat "for ourselves." When adjusting, one must proceed from the following: the legs should freely reach the pedals, and the bend of the legs at the knees should be small at any position of the pedals (Fig. 8). This is easy to feel with your left foot operating the clutch pedal. To do this, put your foot on the pedal without pressing it. If you have a miniature foot and the heel does not reach the floor, it's okay - the foot will work on weight.

Rice. 8
In this position, the leg should not feel uncomfortable. Then the clutch pedal is fully depressed (up to the stop), while the foot should not stretch. A slight bend in the knee is preserved. We achieve this by moving the seat longitudinally.

Fig.9
The seatback tilt is adjustable so that your hands rest comfortably on the steering wheel. Correct position hands on the wheel rim is shown in fig. 9.

Rice. 10
The arms should also be slightly bent at the elbows (Fig. 10).
The next thing to pay attention to is the rear view. The rear-view mirrors are adjustable so that saloon mirror viewed as much as possible rear glass car, and in the side - the side of the car at a tangent.

3. Familiarity with the controls of the car

Main governing bodies:
* steering wheel
* clutch pedal
* brake pedal
* accelerator pedal
* gearbox control lever (gear shift)
* parking brake lever ("handbrake").

The governing bodies also include:
* direction indicator
* switch parking lights
* headlight switch
* wiper switch
* ignition switch (lock).

Now let's get acquainted with each control body separately.
STEERING WHEEL. We already know how to hold steering wheel. In the one shown in Fig. In 9 positions, the hands have the greatest freedom of control, are ready for any quick maneuver and do not get tired, as they lie on the steering wheel with their weight. The steering wheel must be held with two hands, avoid steering with one hand. You should take your hand off the steering wheel only if necessary, for example, when intercepting the steering wheel on a turn, when shifting gears, when turning on the windshield wipers on the go, etc. Foppishness in driving with one hand can lead to trouble: when the car wheel hits an obstacle or when a puncture occurs wheels, the steering wheel with one hand can not be held.
CLUTCH PEDAL. Controlled by the left foot. When the pedal is released, the discs in the clutch are closed, with the engine running and the gear engaged, torque is transmitted from the engine to the drive wheels through the clutch. When the pedal is depressed, the discs are open and there is no connection between the engine and the drive wheels. At this point, we can easily turn on the desired gear.

Rice. eleven
The clutch pedal works as follows. The pedal is depressed completely (up to the stop) and quickly enough. The clutch pedal is released smoothly, as if in two stages (Fig. 11).
First stage - when the pedal is released from position I to position II, the gaps between the discs in the clutch are selected. This movement is quite fast. Distance A is approximately 1/3-1/2 of the full pedal travel and depends on proper clutch adjustment.
Second phase - when the pedal is released from position II to position III disks clutches are pressed against each other. Torque transmission takes place. This movement is done smoothly with a slight delay.
BRAKE PEDAL. Controlled by the right foot. Unlike the clutch pedal, the brake pedal cannot be depressed all the way to the floor. We will feel the emphasis of the pedal in an intermediate position, when brake pads run into brake drums or discs. The amount of pressure applied to the brake pedal determines the effectiveness of braking. How less speed movement of the vehicle, the less force must be applied to the brake pedal. Otherwise, there will be an unpleasant "nod" of the car.
ACCELERATOR PEDAL. It is controlled in the same way as the brake pedal - with the right foot. The right foot handles two pedals quite well. We need either movement (accelerator) or deceleration (brake). The accelerator pedal operates in a very small range. The mode of operation is smooth. When the engine is running, when you press the pedal, it will respond with an increase in speed.
GEARBOX LEVER. Controlled by the right hand. The lever is set by the driver to the position corresponding to the specific gear. In the neutral position (the gear is not engaged), the lever has a fairly noticeable freedom of movement in the transverse direction. When moving the lever laterally, we choose which of the gears to include. The gear is engaged by moving the lever forward or backward.

Rice. 12
For a 4-speed gearbox, the circuit shown in fig. 12. For your own car, the gearshift scheme is indicated in the car's operating instructions.
PARK BRAKE LEVER. Controlled by the right hand. When the car is moving, the lever must be completely lowered, which corresponds to the disengaged state of the rear wheels. The parking brake is equipped with a ratchet that holds the lever in the locked (pulled up) position. When the lever is tightened, characteristic clicks of the ratchet device are heard (there should be 3-4 of them). To release (disengage) the lever, a button is provided at its front end. To make the button easier to press, the lever should be pulled up, then press the button and lower the lever down.

4. Testing the controls with the engine off

Having familiarized ourselves with the controls of the car, we will proceed to the exercises for working out the controls. So,
* sit comfortably and freely
* the view from the car is good both in front and behind
* Hands lie comfortably and correctly on the steering wheel
* legs freely reach the pedals.
We train the left leg. Squeeze the clutch pedal quickly and all the way to the floor. We release it quickly enough for 1/3 of the move and then smoothly and slowly until it is completely released.
Let's do this exercise several times: let the foot get used to the elasticity of the pedal.
We train the right leg. While the engine is not running, we will not press the accelerator pedal. The right foot is above the accelerator pedal, touching it lightly. We put our foot on the brake pedal and press it. To coordinate the right leg, we will do this exercise several times with different pressures on the brake pedal.
We train to include transfers. Depress the clutch pedal. The right foot should be above the accelerator pedal without pressing it. Calmly and clearly move the lever to the first gear position. Further, with the clutch pedal depressed, we will shift gears sequentially in ascending order and in any order.
Remember: the mechanism loves clarity and smoothness.
Recommendation. For ease of engaging the second gear from the first, it is not necessary to move the lever to the neutral position. It is enough to press it slightly towards you (to the left along the way), move it all the way back.
In doing these exercises, you inevitably looked at the controls of the car. Now do the same without looking at the controls, get used to them. This will help you later.

5. Engine start

After making sure that the car is on the parking brake, depress the clutch pedal and set the gear lever to the neutral position (or make sure that it is in this position). The fact is that the included gear with the engine off is sometimes used to hold the car in place (instead of the “handbrake”). In this case, if we, without disengaging the gear and without releasing the clutch, try to start the engine, the following will happen: when the starter is turned on, namely, we start the engine with it, the car will jerk forward. This is fraught with trouble. After making sure that the gearshift lever is in the neutral position, turn the ignition key (Fig. 13) clockwise until the starter operates. As soon as the engine starts, the ignition key must be released immediately.

Rice. 13
Key positions:
I - the ignition is off, you can turn on the dimensions and headlights
Oh - everything is disabled
II - ignition on
III - starter position (spring-loaded)

Recommendation. If you are unsure if the gear is in neutral, depress the clutch and start the engine in that position. When the engine is running, do not drop the clutch pedal, but slowly try to release it. If the vehicle jerks, immediately depress the clutch pedal and shift out of gear. And in order to avoid any accidents, before starting the engine, check whether the “handbrake” is tightened. This precaution will prevent the vehicle from moving if the gear is engaged. The engine will then just stall.
You should be aware that for a reliable start of a cold engine, an enriched combustible mixture. When injection engine or carbureted automatic control air damper, the composition of the mixture at start-up is automatically adjusted. In a car with a conventional carburetor, to start a cold engine, a manual air damper is provided, which must be covered to ensure an enriched mixture at the time of start-up. This is achieved by extending the control knob. By pulling out the choke control knob, we start the cold engine, as discussed above. After a few seconds of operation, the engine speed will begin to increase as it warms up. In this case, it is useful to correct the speed (by ear) by the position of the control knob, i.e., slightly sinking the handle, achieve stable, but low speed (about 1500 rpm).
When starting a warm engine air damper must be fully open (handle recessed) to avoid over-enrichment of the mixture and "throwing" the spark plugs.

6. Starting the car from a place, driving in a straight line, braking and stopping

Up to this point, we have been self-studying in our car at its parking lot. Starting the car from a place requires compliance with certain safety conditions. To acquire the initial skills of driving a car, you need to choose any site free from people, cars, etc. If this site has a size of at least 30x30m, this will be enough for a start. Of course, the driving of the car to this site must be carried out by the driver.
Before you try to move the car from a place, you must clearly imagine how to stop it. To stop the car, the following is done: the left foot quickly depresses the clutch pedal, the right foot acts on the brake pedal (the degree of depression is determined by the need). The squeezed clutch thus excludes further forced movement of the car by the engine. The brake pedal will naturally stop the car from moving.
Psychologically, it is very important to convince yourself that you know how to respond to a process that has gone out of control. If something is not clear, something is wrong - the clutch pedal is “to the floor”, the brake pedal is pressed. After that, you need to turn off the transmission.
So, your car is on the site. And in such a way that there is a lot of free space in front of him. After making sure the car is on neutral gear with the handbrake tightened, we start the engine.

Exercise 1: Practicing the Clutch Engagement

The right foot is above the accelerator. Squeeze out the clutch pedal, turn on 1st gear. Keeping the clutch depressed, remove the car from the "handbrake". The car is ready for the exercise.
In order not to miss the moment of clutch actuation, start releasing the clutch pedal very slowly, observing the behavior of the car. You will feel the moment the clutch is engaged by the engine speed. When the clutch is engaged, the engine will be loaded, its speed will drop (decrease).
The left foot should remember this trigger position.
As soon as you feel that the engine has reacted by reducing the speed, you do not need to release the clutch pedal further (in this exercise). After some delay, press the pedal to the floor again and turn off the gear.
If the engine slows down, but does not stall, the goal of the exercise has been achieved. If the engine has stalled, then before restarting it, do not forget to turn off the gear.
Do this exercise several times.

Exercise 2. Pulling off the car

To move the car from a place, the engine needs a certain amount of power, which depends on its speed.
On the revs idle move, on which the engine is running without load with the accelerator pedal released, its power is minimal. At the moment of starting the car, the engine is loaded, overcoming the rolling resistance of the car, and so that it does not stop, you need to increase its speed by slightly pressing the accelerator pedal.
Let's try to start by simply adding speed, i.e. work only with the right foot. Press the accelerator pedal very carefully. An unloaded motor will respond responsively. Turnovers are controlled by ear.
Now let's start the exercise. Preparatory operations the same as in exercise 1:
* depress the clutch pedal;
* turn on 1st gear;
* releasing the clutch pedal, we find the position of operation (engine speed has fallen somewhat).
Then, adding speed with the accelerator pedal, we release the clutch pedal literally by 1-2 mm, keeping the left leg in tension. The vehicle will then move forward. At the moment the car starts moving, the accelerator pedal is slightly released (with a steady movement, the engine no longer needs power), and the clutch is completely released.
Having rolled the car in a straight line for several meters, we squeeze the clutch and slow down with our right foot. After stopping the car, immediately turn off the transmission.
If the car “nods” when braking, then the brake pedal was pressed too hard.
Do not rush to try again, calmly analyze your actions.

1. When starting off, the car jerked - the clutch was released too sharply
2. The engine stalled - when the clutch was released, the revolutions were insufficient
3. The engine "roars" - the speed is too high and added before the clutch worked, i.e. without load
After analyzing your actions, try again, but do not forget to make sure that there is a lot of space in front of the car. Lack of space can frighten you when you start moving and provoke an error.
If there is not enough space in front of the car, this exercise is performed while moving backward. Don't be afraid to move backwards. You are required to smoothly touch the car without interfering with the trajectory of its movement, i.e. the same thing you did just now when moving forward.
When driving backwards, you need to sit so that it is comfortable and clearly visible where the car is moving. To do this, turn on the seat half a turn to the right. We put our left hand on the steering wheel rim from the top center, we throw our right hand over the back of our seat, freely leaning on it. We are convinced that we can clearly see through the rear window of the car all the space behind it. In this position, without looking at the pedals, let's try to squeeze the clutch and release it smoothly (not including the gear). With the right foot, slightly add speed (by ear). Representing the car in reverse motion, we imitate its stop: we squeeze the clutch and press the brake. If it works, then you did everything right.
Let's start the exercise. Depress the clutch and engage reverse gear. Keeping the clutch depressed, we sit down comfortably. Car and we are ready to go. We do everything else in the same way, paying attention to the work of the legs and engine speed.
We emphasize once again that before starting the movement, it is necessary to remember your next steps, i.e. clearly understand what needs to be done to stop the car.
Exercise 2 is very important in the learning process. Try to get it done good results but don't tire yourself out. Fatigue dulls attention.
To practice starting off the car, an intermediate exercise can be recommended in which the clutch pedal is not fully released. The initial steps are the same as in the previous exercise.
We squeeze the clutch pedal, turn on the 1st gear, release the clutch, find the position of its operation (the engine reacted by reducing the speed). Further, having added speed by ear, we release the clutch pedal by 1-2 mm, having achieved this slow movement of the car, the clutch is no longer released. After rolling the car for 1-3 meters, the clutch must be fully squeezed out and the gear switched off.
Let's say right away that the implementation of this exercise makes the clutch work in an unfavorable mode (the driven disk works more time with slipping), but from the point of view of the training it gives best result in traction control leg training.

7. Movement along a curved trajectory, maneuvering

Exercise 1. Movement in a circle of arbitrary radius

The starting location for this session is the same as in the previous exercise.
Having outlined an arbitrary trajectory, we smoothly touch the car in 1st gear and slowly move in a circle, first counterclockwise.
When practicing taxiing skills, it is important that the task at hand does not distract you from the main thing - the ability to stop the car in any situation. The fact is that at the initial stage of training, the car, quite possibly, will not move along the trajectory that you intended. In this case, the correction in taxiing can be safely carried out only with full control over the movement of the car. If at the time of the exercise you suddenly did not have enough time to make the right decision, you should calmly stop the car without spraying on other actions.
Now let's talk specifically about what you need to pay attention to when performing the exercise.
1. You should look not in front of the “nose” of the car directly, but in the place where the car is heading for you (shown by arrows in Fig. 14).

Fig.14
2. It is necessary to take into account some inertia of the steering of the car (unlike a motorcycle, a bicycle), since the steering mechanism has a free play (backlash) within 10 °, provided for by the design. During taxiing, this play is selected quickly enough.
3. When driving along a curve, do not strive all the time to turn the steering wheel in the direction of the turn. The desired trajectory is provided by a certain position of the steered wheels.
When performing the exercise, it is useful to make intermediate stops. After driving a few laps (5-6), change direction and do the same exercise clockwise.

Exercise 2. Acquisition of taxiing skills while driving on the "eight" (Fig. 15).

Fig.15
In this exercise, you need to pay attention to the correct steering. The rudder turns freely with interception, approximately as shown in Fig. 16a and 16b.

Fig.16a. turn right

Fig.16b. turn left
In the process of performing the exercise in question, make intermediate stops.
To successfully complete the following maneuvering exercises, it is very important to be able to move the car over any smallest distance. This is achieved by competent clutch work.
When the clutch pedal is released, some time elapses during which the car travels a certain distance. In other words, if, when starting the car, try releasing the clutch pedal, immediately squeeze it out and apply the brake, you can make sure that the car will roll several meters during this time. But sometimes it is necessary to advance the car quite a bit, literally by centimeters. How to do it? To do this, it is enough to move the car on a half-pressed clutch, after which the clutch pedal should be immediately squeezed out.

Fig.17
I - fully depressed pedal
II - clutch actuation position
III - fully released pedal
IV - position of the pedal (conditional), at which the car will start moving
As we already know, position II (Fig. 17) determines the moment the clutch starts to actuate. From position II the car will start to move. Therefore, the less we release the pedal from position II with subsequent squeeze, the less distance the car will travel. This will be the goal of our next exercise - to move the car a minimum distance.

Exercise 3. Moving the car to a minimum distance.

We turn on the 1st gear and find the moment of clutch actuation (position II, Fig. 17). Further, at the same time adding a little engine speed, we release the clutch pedal to the conditional position IV, literally by a few millimeters. After the car moves, the clutch pedal is fully depressed. In this case, it is not necessary to use the brake pedal, because if you do everything right, the car will not have time to roll and stop under its own weight.
In this exercise, you need to set yourself the task of gradually moving the car to the smallest possible distance (10-20 cm).
Try the same when moving backwards. After practicing this exercise, you will gain confidence that the car can be tamed. There will come a pleasant feeling of complete control over the car.

Exercise 4. Maneuvering with the use of reverse.

We choose the trajectory of movement arbitrarily, for example, as shown in Fig. 18. In this exercise, the main thing to pay attention to is taxiing when reversing. We have already considered reversing in a straight line.
In the proposed exercise, when reversing, we turn. Here it is very important for the driver to choose for himself such a position behind the wheel, so that it is comfortable, the movements are relaxed, the zone where the car should be directed is clearly visible.

Fig.18a

Fig.18b
On fig. 18a shows the movement of the car in reverse with the right turn of the steered wheels. In this case, the driver must turn slightly to the right so that the glass area of ​​the rear right door and the rear window of the car are visible. You can turn the steering wheel with one, left hand, and two hands. It depends on the steepness of the turn and on the speed of movement.
On fig. 18b shows the movement of the car in reverse with the left turn of the steered wheels. In this case, the driver must choose a convenient position for himself: either turn around, as in the previous case, but much more so that the rear window area and partially the glass of the rear left door of the car are visible; or, perhaps more conveniently, sharp turn, turn to the left side and look through side glass left rear door. Try both options. Moreover, the driver can change the position during reverse maneuvering. If you feel that you are uncomfortable while driving, change position, but first stop the car. The main thing is that the zone into which the car is heading is visible.

8. Driving with gear shifting

To move the car in different road conditions and at different speeds, it is necessary that the torque on the drive wheels be variable. This is provided by the gearbox (gearbox).
Each gear has its own speed range, which has lower and upper limits and is set by engine speed.
The approximate range of speeds in each gear for a 4-speed gearbox is as shown in Table. 1.
I - 0 - 40
II - 10 - 60
III - 30 - 90
IV - 50 - max
When driving, the driver selects a speed mode convenient for himself, and uses the transmission according to the selected speed. To accelerate the vehicle to desired speed it is necessary to sequentially accelerate the car in each gear in ascending order (I, II, III, IV gears). For example, the selected speed mode in IV gear is 60 km / h. The final speed is not the maximum for the car, therefore, the acceleration in each gear should not be the maximum:
* starting the car from a place in 1st gear and accelerating to 20 km / h;
* switching to II gear and acceleration to 40 km / h;
* switching to III gear and acceleration to 60 km / h;
* switching to IV gear and maintaining the selected speed - 60 km / h.
In this case, the engine will operate in each gear in approximately the same speed range: from idle (700-800 rpm) to medium (2000-2500 rpm).

Exercise 1. Movement with switching to 2nd gear.

There must be enough space for this exercise. You will move in a straight line, without being distracted by taxiing.
Recommendation. The process of switching to II gear for ease of implementation is divided into several stages.
1. Starting the car from a standstill and smooth acceleration in 1st gear.
2. Depress the clutch pedal while releasing the accelerator pedal.
3. Quiet translation of the gearshift lever from I gear to II gear.
4. Sufficiently fast, but smooth release of the clutch pedal.
5. Adding engine speed for subsequent acceleration.
As skills are acquired, the 4th and 5th stages can be combined.
At the 1st stage during acceleration, the speed sufficient to switch to 2nd gear can be controlled not by the speedometer. and visually, by eye, and by engine speed (speed should be average).
At the 2nd stage, do not rush when depressing the clutch pedal without fail to immediately shift gear. By depressing the clutch and dropping the speed, you will coast enough time for a smooth shift of the gearshift lever (3rd stage). Stages 4 and 5 are a matter of technique.
Possible errors and their causes:
1. After acceleration, at the moment of switching, the engine “roared”, i.e. gained excessive speed without load - when the clutch was pressed, they forgot to release the accelerator pedal.
2. After acceleration at the moment of switching, the car slowed down sharply. - Clutch release too late. You released the accelerator pedal, but the clutch remained engaged. The engine worked like a retarder in 1st gear.
Practice this exercise.
Upshifts from II to III and from III to IV gears are similar to those discussed above. Just keep in mind that driving in higher gears is possible on high speeds. Therefore, more space is required for training. It can be any free road. However, when driving on it in the learning process, an experienced driver should sit with you.

Exercise 2. When decelerating, shift to a lower gear.

Returning to Table 1, let's pay attention to the lower limit of speeds in each gear. It shows that it is unacceptable to move at a speed less than the lower limit for a particular gear. The engine in this case will run intermittently at speeds below idle, and may even stop. At the time of operation, the engine will experience a very harmful for him " oil starvation».
If during the movement a situation arises that requires a reduction in speed, then, having reduced the speed to the minimum allowable for a given gear, it is necessary to shift to a lower gear suitable for this speed. At the same time, downshifting to reverse order not necessary.
Let's give examples.
First. We are moving in IV gear at a speed of 60 km / h. There is an intersection ahead where we need to turn. Slowing down, we reduce the speed to about 50 km / h (lower limit in IV gear), squeeze the clutch, continuing braking. We turn on the second gear, since the speed we have chosen for cornering is approximately 10 km / h.
Second. We move at the same speed in IV gear. There is a traffic light ahead. We reduce the speed to 50 km / h, squeeze the clutch, continuing to slow down until a complete stop in front of the traffic light. We put the transmission in neutral.
From the two examples given, it can be seen that intermediate transmissions were not required.
Try the following transition exercise:
* from IV to III
* from IV to II
* from III to II gear.
Shift to 1st gear only if the speed is practically zero.

9. Check in the garage

For further classes, you will need overall poles - wooden, plastic, ski poles, etc. The main thing is that they should be about one meter in size or a little more; so that in case of accidental collision with them, damage to your car is not caused; so that the bearings on which they will be installed do not damage the wheels of the car. There are enough of them 7-8 pieces.
We put the car on the site and place poles around it, as shown in Fig. 19.

Rice. 19
The task is to leave the garage and drive into it in reverse. Moreover, you need to perform this exercise with different sides.
When leaving the garage, it must be taken into account that when turning, the trajectories of the front and rear wheels are different. Rear wheel goes along the inner radius. Therefore, when leaving the garage, do not rush to turn right away, otherwise the front pole (Fig. 20) will be knocked down (and if this is a real garage, then the side of the car will suffer). To prevent this from happening, roll out the car in a straight line about halfway, then turn in the selected direction, controlling the inner side of the car.

Rice. 20

Exercise 1. Drive out of the garage, turn right and drive back in.

When leaving the garage, you need to focus on the right front corner (right front pole). We leave the garage to the right side and put the car, as shown in fig. 20.
To enter the garage, turn around driving position so that it is clearly visible. We will divide the race itself into three stages.
At the 1st stage, we focus on the nearest milestone, which must be rounded at a distance of 30-40 cm from the side of the car along a steep radius. At the end of the 1st stage, the car should be located at approximately 45 ° to the garage, the nearest pole should be visible through the glass of the rear right door and be at a distance of 30-40 cm from the side of the car, the steered wheels should be completely turned to the right (Fig. 21a).

Rice. 21a
At the 2nd stage, all attention is focused on the middle section of the poles, which the car must pass through the center. Watching the movement of the car along a steep arc into the garage, we wait until the rear of the car is oriented in the center of the middle alignment (Fig. 21b).

Rice. 21b
At the 3rd stage, focusing on the rear alignment (or on the central pole), we align the car so that it moves strictly in a straight line inside the garage.
It should be noted that correcting a possible error inside the garage by taxiing will not bring any benefit, it may only worsen the situation.
In the final phase inside the garage, the car should not go in an arc. Correcting the rear of the car, even by a small distance, will entail a significant shift towards the front (driven) part of the car (Fig. 22).

Rice. 22

Exercise 2. Leaving the garage with a left turn and reversing back.

This exercise differs from the previous one only in the orientation of the driver in his place.
Working on the drive to the garage will require patience. It is useful during training, setting guidelines for yourself, stopping the car in intermediate positions, getting out of it to analyze your actions.

10. U-turn in a confined space

To conduct a lesson on the site, we will make a corridor of landmarks, as shown in Fig. 23.

Rice. 23

Exercise 1. U-turn to the left using reverse.

In order for a turn to be most effective, three conditions are necessary:
* use of the corridor across the entire width;
* work with a wheel in all range;
* preparing the car before stopping by turning the steered wheels to move in the other direction.
So, let's try to make a U-turn rationally. We enter the corridor, clinging to right side(about half a meter from the poles). In the middle of the corridor, turn the steering wheel to the left to failure and in this position we pass 2/3 of the width of the corridor. We pass the rest of the way, quickly twisting the steering wheel in the other direction. those. to the right. You need to stop the car about half a meter from the restrictive poles.
Starting to move in reverse, continue to turn the steering wheel to the right until it stops. Thus, we also pass 2/3 of the width of the corridor. The rest of the way to a stop, we turn the steering wheel in the opposite direction, i.e. to the left. After stopping, we resume moving forward with the steering wheel turning to the left.
Recommendation. When performing maneuvering exercises, one should not be afraid to use the "roll", i.e. clutch movement. In this case, the car can move more slowly and it will be easier to control.
With the acquisition of skills and experience, your movements will be more rational.

11. Car parking

Parking a car can be done in three ways (Fig. 24):

Fig. 24a, parallel to the roadway;

Fig. 24b, perpendicular to the roadway;

Fig. 24c, at an angle to the roadway.
Parking perpendicular to the roadway is similar to driving into a garage. Parking at an angle to the road is not difficult if you can handle perpendicular parking.
We will stop in a car park parallel to the roadway. If the space for your car is limited, but sufficient, between the cars standing at the sidewalk, it is advisable to drive into this gap in reverse. The fact is that with the help of the front steered wheels, the “nose” of the car is easily brought in.

Exercise 1. Parallel parking.

We put the landmarks and the car relative to them, as shown in fig. 25.

Rice. 25
For example, let's use a graphic representation of the phased location of the car during the race (see Fig. 26).

Fig.26
In position 1, the steering wheels must be turned to the right. In position 2, the distance from the side of the car to the nearest pole should be ~ 0.5 m. From position 2 to position 3, the car should move in a straight line. In position 3, the steered wheels must be turned to the left. The distance from the rear right corner of the car to the line of poles is ~ 0.5 m. When moving from position 3 to position 4, it is important to control the right fender of the car. Position 4 shows the result that you should achieve after the workouts done. From position 4, a correction with the vehicle moving forward is possible.

12. Check-in to the flyover. Starting a car on a hill

To successfully enter the overpass, you must:
* Correctly coordinate the car;
* maintain straightness when entering the flyover;
* be able to stop the car in any position on the overpass, preventing it from rolling.
Vehicle coordination training should be started without entering the flyover.

Exercise 1. Check-in to the overpass.

We put the poles (without thrust bearings) relative to the car, as shown in Fig. 27. In this case, the poles will determine the track of the overpass.

Fig.27
We take into account that in close proximity to the overpass, the car must move strictly in a straight line. That is, maneuvering must be performed in advance. Otherwise, by pointing the front wheels correctly at the overpass, but continuing to move in an arc, you will not fall into the ruts of the overpass rear wheels.
Do this exercise several times. Now try to do the same with the displacement of the car relative to the placed landmarks in the other direction.

Exercise 2. Stopping a car on a flyover.

To perform the exercise, we select a natural slope (about 16 °) and lay the poles on it in the same way as indicated above.
Aiming the car at an impromptu flyover. stop it on the rise. In order to prevent the car from rolling back after stopping, while continuing to firmly hold the brake pedal, we tighten the parking brake. During a stop on the rise, let's pay attention to the sequence of actions: with the clutch pedal depressed and the brake pedal pressed, the handbrake is first tightened, and only then the gear is turned off and the pedals are released.

Exercise 3. Starting the car on the rise.

So, the car is on the rise with the parking brake. Our task is to release the car from the parking brake at the initial moment of its starting.
The sequence of actions is the following.
1. We turn on the 1st gear and put our right hand on the "handbrake".
2. We find the moment of clutch actuation and in this position we hold the left leg (remember that at the moment the clutch is actuated, the engine will react with a decrease in speed).
3. Having increased the speed, we lower the brake lever all the way down, after pressing the ratchet button.
4. Then we do everything as in normal starting.
If your actions are correct, the car will not roll back.
Possible errors and their causes:
1. When starting off, the engine stalled - the “handbrake” was not released in time
2. The engine "roars", the car rolled back - the "handbrake" was released ahead of time (the clutch has not yet worked). When the car rolls back, there is an involuntary desire to move the car forward due to more pressure on the accelerator, while forgetting about the clutch
So, if the goal is clear, it is necessary to start practicing actions. The main thing at the initial stage of training is not to rush to do everything at once. Learn actions sequentially, as we have discussed.
Recommendation. In the event of a rollback of the car, you must calmly continue to smoothly release the clutch until it engages. In this case, at the moment the clutch is actuated, the car will first stop and then start moving forward.
In this exercise most attention must be given to the work of the clutch.

Section II. ROAD DRIVING

Having acquired sufficient skills in driving a car, you have fulfilled only one of the requirements of the 21st section of the Rules traffic.
In order to take to the road to continue your studies, you must meet the following requirements.
1. Know and strictly follow the rules of the road.
2. The car must have front and rear identification marks of a training ride and be equipped with a rear-view mirror for the trainee:

3. You must have a driving instructor with at least three years of experience.
When learning on the road, you must wear your seat belts.
In addition to the general prohibition of driving practice
On the highways marked with the sign below, there are roads in cities where driving practice is also prohibited.

In Moscow it is:
* center within Garden Ring, including the ring itself
* all railway station squares Berezhkovskaya embankment ave. Vernadsky
* Vnukovskoe highway
* Volokolamskoe highway
* B. Dorogomilovskaya st.
* Ilinskoe highway
* Novoarbatsky Ave.
* Komsomolsky Ave.
* Krasnogorsk highway
* Kutuzovsky Ave.
* Leninsky Ave.
* Leningradsky Ave.
* Leningrad highway up to 29 km
* Lomonosovsky Ave.
* Minsk st.
* Minsk highway up to 19 km
* Ave. Mira
* Michurinsky Ave.
* Mosfilmovskaya st.
* Mozhayskoe highway
* Proletarian Ave.
* Podushkinskoe highway
* Rublevo-Uspenskoe Highway
* Rublevskoe Old Highway
* Smolenskaya st.
* Tverskaya (Gorky) st.
* Tverskaya-Yamskaya (Gorky) st.
* University Ave.
* Uspenskoe Second Highway
* Emb. Shevchenko
* Sheremetyevskaya st.

1. Start driving and stop at the curb (at the sidewalk)

Before you start driving, you must:
* make sure that you do not interfere with other road users;
* turn on the turn signal.
Recall that a warning signal (direction indicator) does not give an advantage to the driver in motion.
If the car is standing on the sidewalk and the road is clear in front of it, it is convenient to start moving under very acute angle without making sudden maneuvers. In this case, you will not create inconvenience for a moving vehicle. Whether your car is standing on the sidewalk or moving at low speed in close proximity to it - for the driver of another vehicle, it is almost the same (Fig. 28).

Rice. 28
If there is an obstacle in front of your vehicle (for example, another vehicle), then the starting maneuver requires great care. Vehicles moving on the road have priority. In this case, you will need acquired clutch skills to make the exit slow and controlled. Such a departure implies, in the event of a change in the situation, a suspension in any position (Fig. 29, pos. 2).

Fig.29
In order to safely stop at the sidewalk, you must:
* know in advance where we can do it;
* give a warning signal in advance (right turn signal);
* Gradually slow down and, if possible, approach the curb at a sharp angle.
It is very important that you approach the curb after slowing down. Entrance to sidewalk high speed can lead to error and backfire. Hitting a wheel with a curb could damage the wheel or, worse, cause you to lose control of your vehicle due to increased resistance on the right wheel.
Where stopping is prohibited is indicated in the 12th section of the SDA

2. Movement in a row while maintaining a distance

The speed and distance should be chosen so as to avoid collision with the vehicle in front, even in the event of its sudden braking.
When choosing a distance, the following factors should be considered:
* movement speed (the higher the speed, the greater the distance);
* visibility (light, fog, etc.);
* condition of the road surface;
* the condition of your vehicle;
* own state (fatigue, decreased reaction, etc.).
Driving in your lane on the road is the easiest and safest. In this case, you are required to maintain a distance and competent use of gears when changing speed modes.

3. Movement with lane change

This maneuver requires increased attention from the driver. In this case, two conditions must be met. Necessary:
* Give way to a vehicle moving in your lane.
* Give a warning signal.
Let's look at a few examples of rebuilding.
1. The speed behind the car in the next lane is greater than yours (fig. 30).

Rice. thirty
Rebuilding in this moment impossible. If the lane change is due to an upcoming turn and the turn is close, slow down early and wait for a safe opportunity to change lanes. The main thing (especially at first, while there is no experience) is not to rush, not to succumb to the impatient manifestations of other drivers (beeps, headlights) and not to take rash actions. Remember! Each action associated with changing the mode of movement must be controlled.
2. The speed behind the car is approximately equal to yours, and there is a sufficient distance to it (Fig. 31).

Rice. 31
Rebuilding is possible. In this case, for greater safety of rebuilding, the speed of movement can be slightly increased (if the situation allows).
3. The speed of your car is higher than the speed of the car moving in the next lane (Fig. 32).

Rice. 32
In this case, rebuilding is possible after the car in the next row is visible through the rear window in the rear-view mirror.
If necessary, rebuilding multi-lane road with overcoming several rows, you should not “cut” the road diagonally. In this case, an error is possible in estimating the speed and distance of several Vehicle moving in adjacent rows.
It is safer to perform this maneuver step by step from row to row, i.e., after changing to the next row, assess the situation in the next one, and so on. (Fig. 33).

4. Passage of unregulated intersections

Unregulated intersections are divided into equivalent and unequal, i.e. with main and secondary roads.
Driving through an unregulated intersection is one of the most difficult elements on the road.
When approaching an intersection, the driver must clearly know:
* further direction of its movement;
* who has the right of way in traffic at this intersection.
The direction of traffic at an intersection requires the appropriate positioning of your vehicle in front of it. For example, when moving to forward direction the car can be located in any row. When driving at the intersection to the right or left, it is necessary to take the right or left lane, respectively.
If the directions of traffic intersect, the priority right in traffic at the intersection is given to:
* vehicle with included flashing beacon;
* a vehicle located on the main road;
* tram;
* a vehicle without obstruction on the right.
Let's give examples.

Rice. 34
In Figure 34, even though the beacon vehicle is on the secondary road, it has the advantage.

Rice. 35
In Figure 35, the vehicle on the main road has the advantage in traffic. The tram also obeys this rule.

Rice. 36
In Figure 36, with an equal right to move (equivalent intersection), the tram has the advantage (despite the fact that the tram has an obstacle on the right).

Rice. 37
As Figure 37 shows, on equivalent roads, the one with no obstruction on the right has the advantage (in the absence of a tram and a vehicle with a flashing beacon).
In order to correctly assess the situation at the intersection, time is needed. The lower the speed with which we will drive up to the intersection, the more time will be to assess the specific situation and make the right decision.
Practice confirms that driving in a 15-20-meter zone in front of an intersection at a speed of no more than 10 km / h allows the driver to calmly understand the situation. We know that 2nd gear must be selected to drive at such a low speed. If, having reduced the speed in advance, turn on the second gear 15-20 m away, then you can focus all your attention on the main thing:
* in the absence of interference, continue moving in the intended direction;
* if there is an obstacle that does not allow moving on, stop in front of the intersection.
Consider the actions of the driver on the example of specific intersections.

Crossroad with STOP sign

If there is a sign prohibiting the passage of an intersection without stopping, the driver's position is greatly simplified. Before him is a specific task - to stop. It must be completed, and then other tasks must be solved. Question: where to stay and how?

Rice. 38
According to the traffic rules, in the absence of the STOP line, you must stop in front of the intersecting carriageway. It should be noted that leaving the conditional line (Fig. 38) without stopping is unacceptable. If you stop long before this line, the intersection will be less visible, which will create inconvenience when resuming traffic.
When stopping, in addition, you should consider how to position the car. If the further direction of movement is straight or left, the car must be coordinated strictly perpendicular to the crossed carriageway (moreover, when turning left, in the left lane); when turning right, the car must be stopped on the trajectory along which the movement is planned.

Crossroad with "Give way" sign

As in the previous case, we are on a minor road. The difference is that this sign does not require an unconditional stop. Therefore, there is a temptation to overcome it on the move.
In order for the intersection to be confident and safe, it is recommended to proceed as follows.

Rice. 39
1. For 15-20 m, reduce the speed to about 10 km / h and turn on the second gear (Fig. 39, pos. 1).
2. Moving at low speed, direct all attention first to the left side (if from this position left-hand side the intersection is poorly visible, you must first look in the direction of better visibility).
3. If interference is detected from the indicated side, we calmly stop in front of the intersecting carriageway. In the absence of interference from this direction, continuing to approach the intersection, we direct all attention in the opposite direction.
4. 3-5 m before the crossed carriageway (Fig. 39, pos. 2), a decision should be made on the possibility of continuing the movement.
If you did not have time to correctly assess the situation at the intersection, it is unacceptable to leave the crossed carriageway. Nothing will happen if you, without orienting yourself in time, stop unnecessarily in front of an intersecting carriageway.

Equivalent intersection

At an equivalent intersection, in the absence of a vehicle with a flashing beacon on and a tram, the “interference from the right” rule applies. Therefore, you must give way to all vehicles on your right.

Rice. 40
The most difficult maneuver at an equivalent intersection is the left turn. In this case, interference can be from two directions - to the right and towards. To pass a vehicle from the right direction, your car must be in front of the crossed carriageway (Fig. 40, pos. 1). When turning left, in order to pass an oncoming vehicle moving straight or right, the car should be stopped at the intersection in the position from which the turn will begin (Fig. 40, pos. 2), i.e. in the middle of the intersection. steered wheels must stand straight to avoid an unauthorized exit into the oncoming lane at the time of waiting.

5. Driving through regulated intersections

An intersection is regulated if the order of traffic on it is determined by the traffic controller or a traffic light.

Rice. 41a

Rice. 41b
On fig. 41a, 41b show the permitted directions of movement for two main positions of the traffic controller.
The traffic controller, who raised his hand with a baton up, demands attention from the vehicles. The actions of drivers in this case should be the same as in yellow signal traffic light.
When traffic is controlled by a traffic light Special attention should be given to a traffic light with an additional section. The included additional section allows movement in the specified direction. But in this case, when the main section of the traffic light at the same time prohibits movement (red or yellow), then, moving in the direction allowed by the additional section, it is necessary to let vehicles from other directions pass. For example, we need to turn right, as shown in Fig. 42.

Rice. 42
Remember that the main red (or yellow) section of the traffic light indicates that traffic is allowed from the other direction. A driver moving towards a green traffic light may not be aware that the permissive arrow is on from your direction. He knows one thing: from your direction - a red light. If the traffic light has additional sections, in the direction of which you do not need to go, do not occupy the rows corresponding to the sections. Otherwise, you may interfere with other vehicles and, according to the Rules of the Road, you will be required to clear the corresponding lane by driving in the direction indicated by the section (Fig. 43).

Rice. 43
One more recommendation. Never rush to move the car when the traffic light is green. Trying to start moving as soon as possible so as not to detain anyone will result in a mistake being made and the engine stalling. With calm actions, the delay at the intersection will not be more than 2-3 seconds.

6. Overtaking

Overtaking, i.e. lane departure is one of the most dangerous actions on the road. It requires increased attention from the driver if it is carried out with a departure into the oncoming lane.
Apart from general requirements listed in the rules of the road, when overtaking, it is useful to know a number of techniques that help to overtake safely.
If you decide to overtake the vehicle in front, you should move your car to the left a little in advance (about half the width of the car) so that the oncoming lane zone is clearly visible. With such a small offset, you will not interfere with oncoming vehicles (Fig. 44).

Rice. 44
In addition, it is necessary to maintain a sufficient distance to the person being overtaken, not to drive too close to him. When an oncoming vehicle catches up with your fellow passenger you are about to overtake, this distance can be used to increase your speed.
The greater the speed difference between the overtaker and the overtaken, the less time is needed to overtake and the safer it will be to overtake into the oncoming lane.
Figure 45 graphically shows a competent overtaking.
The speeds of the overtaken and overtaken in fig. 45a are equal, the distance is maintained, since the oncoming lane is busy. At the same time, the overtaking driver is slightly shifted to the left for better visibility of the oncoming lane.

Rice. 45a
In figure 45b, the oncoming car caught up with the overtaken one. At this moment, the overtaking person increases speed, the distance is reduced (if the lane behind the oncoming car is free).

Rice. 45b
In Figure 45c, the oncoming lane has become free. The speed difference between the overtaker and the overtaken is sufficient. There is a safe overtaking.

Rice. 45v
You should change lanes after overtaking not earlier than the one you just overtook is visible in the rear-view mirror.
It must be borne in mind that a higher gear is not always useful for a quick increase in speed. For example, you are moving at a speed of 50 km / h in IV gear. A car is moving ahead at a slightly lower speed, say 45 km/h. Overtaking it with a speed difference of 5 km / h will require a lot of time and a large section of the path. During this time, the situation oncoming lane can change. It is possible to increase the speed to 60 km / h in the same IV gear, but the increase will be slow (the transmission is weak). If we use 3rd gear(it works in the speed range of 30-90 km / h), then acceleration will be more intense, with much less time spent on increasing speed.

For the first time sat behind the wheel of a car with manual transmission and don't know how to get started? Do not know how to switch gears on the mechanics in time? You can find answers to all these, as well as other questions that are very often of interest to novice drivers, in our today's article.

Why you need to be able to drive a car on the mechanics

You never know what situation you will find yourself in in the near future. You may have to borrow someone else's car, which will be equipped with mechanical box gears. Or your friend wants a drink and asks you to take him home in his own car with a manual transmission? What about car rental abroad? Cars with mechanics are much more common than cars with automatic transmission.

If you learn to ride a mechanic, nothing will take you by surprise. A person who understands how to drive a car with a manual transmission will easily drive a car with an "automatic", but not vice versa.

Cars with manual transmission, in most cases, cost less than similar versions with automatic transmission. You will save money not only when buying a car. Driving a manual transmission is a significant cost savings over the years of a vehicle's life, as the fuel consumption of such vehicles is often lower than that of automatic transmissions. As fuel prices rise inexorably, the benefit will be clear.

If the battery of your manual transmission car is dead, you can start driving. One option is to use wires for lighting. If they were not at hand, you can always start the car “from the pusher”. Forget about this idea if you are using an automatic transmission car.

Many sports cars are available exclusively with manual transmissions. This is especially true for many models released several decades ago. In most cases, manufacturers of such cars understand that you can only get real pleasure from driving a powerful car with a manual transmission.

Driving a car on the mechanics is much more fun! If you spend your whole life in automatic transmission, you will never know what real control over a car is. Riding a car with an "automatic" is very artificial and passive. But the mechanics allows you to become one with the car.

How to ride a mechanic: the basics

First: get to know the driver's seat

Pedals: clutch, brake, gas. The clutch pedal is located on the left, it is not on cars with automatic transmission gears. It must be pressed when shifting gears up or down. More information will be next.

The brake pedal is located in the center. As you probably understand, it is designed for braking.

The rightmost pedal is the gas. It functions on the same principle as the gas pedal in a car with automatic transmission.

People who get into a car with a manual for the first time find it hard to get used to the fact that now they also have to use their left foot. Indeed, in cars with an “automatic” only the right leg is involved. The left foot will press the clutch pedal, and the right foot will be responsible for the brake and gas.

Gear shift lever. It is with the help of it that we will shift gears, it shifts the gears in the car's transmission. Many new manual vehicles are equipped with six gears. As a rule, there is a hint on the gearshift knob with which you can understand which positions of the lever are responsible for a particular gear. This will help you to drive properly on the mechanics.

Tachometer. This is one of the elements dashboard car, which displays the number of revolutions per minute of the engine crankshaft. When you first start driving a manual transmission car, the tachometer will help you determine when to shift up or down. In most cases, it is necessary to shift into a higher gear when the tachometer needle reaches “3” or 3000 rpm. If it drops to the mark “1” or 1000 rpm, it is necessary to switch down. After gaining some experience driving a manual, you will be able to easily determine when exactly to shift by reacting to the sound of the engine. Read more about this below.

Shifting gears and depressing the clutch and gas pedals with the engine off

Before you start putting further tips into practice, we advise you to practice doing everything with the engine off and the parking brake on. This will help you feel the engagement and disengagement of the transmission gears. You can also learn how to smoothly press the clutch pedal.

How to pull away in a car with a manual transmission

Probably the most intimidating part of learning to drive a manual car is getting started in first gear. It will take you some time to figure out how best to release the clutch and press the gas in order to catch that very optimal moment and start moving.

It is better to practice in an empty parking lot. The surface must be even, the presence of any other vehicles nearby is highly undesirable. It is desirable that there is a person in the front passenger seat who clearly understands and knows how to drive the mechanics correctly.

Press the clutch and brake pedals, then start the engine. To start a car with a manual transmission, always press the clutch before turning on the ignition. Although it is not necessary to keep your right foot on the brake pedal when starting the engine in a car on a mechanic (as is done in cars with automatic transmission), this habit will not hurt you.

The left foot fully depresses the clutch pedal, and the right foot applies the brake. We start the car.

The inclusion of 1st gear. We move the gearshift lever to the position corresponding to the first gear.

Never shift gears until the clutch pedal is fully depressed!

If you don't stick to it simple rule, then you will hear a very unpleasant rattle. If the situation repeats itself repeatedly, you will have to go to car master. Make sure your left foot is still fully depressing the clutch pedal, then shift into 1st gear.

To do this, use your right hand and move the gear lever up and to the left.

Make sure the transmission is indeed on. It can be easily felt as well as seen. The lever should stay in place after you take your hand off it.

Keep your feet on the clutch and brake pedals fully depressed. Do not take your left foot off the pedal, otherwise the car will stall. Move your right foot from the brake pedal to the gas pedal. At about the same moment, you need to start slowly releasing the clutch pedal with your left foot.

This is the most difficult stage for beginners who want to ride mechanically properly. Once again: we move the right foot from the brake pedal to the gas pedal and slowly press the gas ... At the same time, slowly release the clutch pedal with the left foot. Try to lightly press the gas pedal and hold it so that the tachometer needle shows about 1500-2000 rpm. At this time, it is necessary to gradually release the clutch pedal with your left foot.

If done correctly, you will begin to feel the gears of the gearbox engage with the engine, causing the car to slowly move forward. When the speed increases a little, you can release the clutch. Congratulations! Now you have learned to start and drive in first gear. If the engine stalls, start all over again.

Let's go to a stop. It is necessary not only to learn how to drive a mechanic, but also to stop in time. To stop a manual transmission machine, simply depress the clutch pedal with your left foot and the brake pedal with your right foot at the same time.

Train until you learn to start moving and ride in first gear without any hitches. If nothing works, don't be disappointed, you just need to start the process again.

Starting in first gear is no different from starting in reverse gear. True, in the latter case, you will need to select the appropriate position of the gearshift lever. On slopes, you can start moving even without pressing the gas pedal, you just have to slowly release the clutch.

Find a slide and practice on it. After getting some experience on a flat surface, be sure to practice on a hill. Starting on a hill is much more difficult than on a flat area, so give this moment enough time and effort. Very often, novice drivers who have just got behind the wheel of a car with mechanics get into trouble associated with a forced stop and start driving in a traffic jam on a section of road with a slope.

Upshift

Click on the picture to enlarge

As mentioned earlier, a person who has learned to start and drive in first gear has already mastered about 90% of driving techniques in mechanics. Upshifting is very easy. In most cases, it is necessary to switch to an increased one after the tachometer needle has reached 3000 rpm. The number may vary depending on specific car, but this information will not hurt you. If you shift too early, the car will "jump" a bit and you'll have to downshift to keep it from stalling.

When you're ready to turn on overdrive, you need to do everything in the following order:

• remove your right foot from the gas pedal, fully depress the clutch with your left foot and move the gearshift lever to the desired position in a single movement;
• release the clutch pedal and at the same time press the gas with your right foot;
• completely remove the left foot from the clutch pedal after engaging more high gear and continue to keep your right foot on the gas pedal.

Downshifting

Although it is not necessary to downshift when stopping the car on the mechanics, in some situations you need to be able to do this. For example, it is necessary to switch to a lower gear when driving in traffic jams. It is necessary to switch in those situations when the speed decreases, and the tachometer needle drops to 1000 rpm. and below.

It is also recommended to include lower gears when driving on dangerous roads, especially on slippery surface. Applying emergency braking will cause the car to skid, and it will not be possible to stop the car. Instead, it's much better to use downshifts. If the road is really slippery, it is better not to shift higher than 2-3 gears.

Gear shifting without tachometer readings

Not all cars are equipped with this wonderful device. Although at first it is very difficult to change gears on a mechanic without a tachometer in a timely manner, with the advent of certain skills, you will learn to drive a car with a manual transmission by the sound of the engine.

If the engine is making a high-pitched noise and you feel like adding gas isn't getting you the results you want, it's time to upshift. If the motor emits a low frequency noise and starts to vibrate, this is a sign of too high a gear, so you need to choose a lower one.

Do not drive with the clutch depressed

Many beginners make the mistake of keeping their foot on the clutch pedal all the time. As a result, the left leg does not rest. Although low pressure on the clutch pedal is not enough to completely disable the mechanism, it is quite enough for partial disconnection. This leads to premature clutch wear.

Conclusion: after successfully shifting into the selected gear (or entering the neutral position), remove your left foot from the clutch pedal.

How to stop properly

There are two ways to stop the car on the mechanics.

1. To slow down the car, it is necessary to switch to lower gears up to the second, and then press the brake pedal.
2. Depress the clutch pedal and move the gearshift lever to neutral, then take your left foot off the clutch pedal and apply the brake pedal as needed.

Although the first method can indeed be used, it will lead to much more wear on the transmission and clutch. It is much easier to use the second option. Shift to neutral and apply brakes. If you can't get into neutral, don't forget that you need to press not only the brake, but also the clutch to stop the car.

parking

When parking a car on a mechanic, always use the handbrake. You need to learn how to use it every time you leave your car, regardless of the slope of the ground. For added safety, it is recommended to leave the car in first gear.

If you are parked on a slope, move the gearshift lever to the “R” position. Be sure to turn the front wheels so that in the event of a sudden start of movement, the car is not on the road.

If you are just learning how to drive and experience fear in the very first lessons, do not worry. This happens to absolutely everyone who gets behind the wheel of a car for the first time. And if you are confident in your abilities and feel your car, its movement and speed, then soon you will overcome this fear and be a real driver. But how to learn to drive a car from scratch on your own? Before you begin to learn the intricacies of shifting, you need to master the theory. Today we will look at several aspects that should be focused on for those who are just going to master the skills of driving.

Knowledge of the rules of the road - first of all

The first step on the road to success is, of course, knowledge of the theory. Before you start studying the question of how to learn to drive a car from scratch, remember all the rules of the road. If you do not distinguish between signs or do not know the intricacies of getting out of traffic situations(for example, then, of course, in this way you will not become a real driver. Even if you have certain skills, but without knowledge of traffic rules nowhere. Learning theory is actually not as difficult as it seems at first glance. At some stage, it is even exciting, so be sure to learn the traffic rules before your first trip.

from scratch? Leaving for the autodrome

After you have mastered the theory, you can safely move on to practice. Why autodrome? Because a simple knowledge of the rules of the road will not give you the opportunity to feel normal in a dynamic flow of cars. First you need to get used to at least a race track for this just intended. Here you can learn everything that will be required of you in a driving school: starting off, downhill with the handbrake on, parking, "snake" and so on.

Moreover, each of these maneuvers requires knowledge of the dimensions of the car, especially when parking. The autodrome is also advantageous in that it does not have such obstacles as "Lexus", "Mercedes", and most importantly, that there are no pedestrians on it. At this stage, the main thing you need to master is Feeling the car itself, you will trust your actions and not be afraid to pass near the parking posts at a distance of less than 10 centimeters. As a rule, you can get used to the size of the car in 3-5 lessons. All this will take you less than one week. But at this stage, the question "how to learn to drive a car from scratch" is not yet closed. At the final stage, you need to learn how to confidently stay in a dense stream of cars.

How to learn to drive a car from scratch? Learning to drive around the city

If you didn’t need to apply the knowledge of traffic rules in the classes at the autodrome, then on the city streets you will have to remember everything that you learned earlier. Both theory and practice will come in handy. In fact, if you've overcome your fear of cars, then city driving won't seem intimidating either. The main thing is to watch the road and other road users, especially pedestrians. After 2-3 days of such a ride, you can move out onto a fairly busy road.